Lecture 3

2.1.
Linear Measurements – Chain Surveying

Chain Surveying- only linear measurements are made in the field, suitable for surveys of
small extent on open ground to secure data for exact description of boundaries of a piece of
land or to take simple details, principle of triangulation
Survey stations: prominent point on the chain line and can be either at the beginning of the
chain line or at the end is main station. Subsidiary/tie station are points between the main
stations. Marked by pegs on soft ground. On roads, streets etc., marked by making two or
preferably three tie measurements with respect to some permanent reference objects near
the station .
Survey lines: Lines joining the main survey stations.
Base line is the biggest of main survey line and various survey lines are plotted with
reference to this.
Check/proof lines: lines run in the field to check the accuracy of the work. Length of the
check line measured in the field must agree with its length on the plan. It may be laid by
joining vertex of the triangle to any point on the opposite side or by joining two points on any
two sides of a triangle. Each triangle must have a check line.
Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad
2.1. Linear Measurements – Chain Surveying
Tie lines: line which joins the subsidiary or tie stations on
the main line. Main objective is to take details of nearby
objects and also serves as check line.


Arrangement of survey lines: Let us take case of plotting a simple triangle ABC. Let a
and b represent points A and B correctly plotted with respect to each other and C be the
correct position of point c to be plotted. Let there be some error (e) in measurement of side
AC so that c’ is the wrong position. Corresponding displacement of plotted position of C will
depend upon angle ACB.
When angle ACB = 90⁰ then displacement of C will be
equal to error in side AC
nearly 1.15 times the error in side AC
equal to twice of the error in side AC
Therefore, for accurate result angle ACB must be 90⁰.
Equilateral in case equal liability of errors in all sides Error in (a), (b) and (c) is e, 1.15e
No angle should be less than 30⁰ and more than 120⁰ to and 2e respectively
get a well-proportional or well-shaped triangle otherwise ill.
Conditions to be fulfilled by survey lines or survey stations
 Survey stations must be mutually visible
 Survey lines must be as few as possible to plot framework conveniently.
 Framework must have one or two base lines. If one base line is used, it must run
along length and through middle of the area. If two base lines are used, intersect to
form letter X.
 Lines must run through level ground as possible.
 Main-line should form well-conditioned triangles.
 Each triangle or portion of skeleton must be provided with sufficient check lines.
 All lines from which offsets are taken should be placed close to the corresponding
surface features so as to get short offsets.
 As far as possible, survey lines should not pass through obstacles.
 Fall within boundaries of the property to be surveyed to avoid trespassing.
Locating ground features: Offsets
 An offset is lateral distance of an object or ground feature measured from a
survey line.
 Point or object is located by measurement of a distance and angle (usually 90⁰)
from a point on the chain line.
 When the angle of offset is 90⁰, it is called perpendicular offset or sometime
simply offset and when the angle is other than 90⁰ then it is called oblique offset.
 Another method of locating offset is method of ties in
which distance is measured from two separate points on
chain line such that three points form as nearly as possible
equilateral triangle
 Method of perpendicular offsets involves less measuring
on ground
Locating ground features: Offsets
 Offsets should be taken in order of their chainages.
 In general, an offset should be taken wherever the outline of an object changes.
 In case of straight wall or boundary, an offset at each end is sufficient.
 To locate irregular bodies, sufficient offsets at suitable interval and at such
points where the direction suddenly changes.
 In case of nallah, offsets should be taken to both the sides of its width.
 However, in case of regular curves with constant width, offsets should be taken
to the centre line only and width should also be measured.

Taking Perpendicular Offsets
 Leader holds zero of tape at P to be located and follower carries tape box and
swings tape along the chain.
 Length of offset is shortest distance from the object to the chain obtained by
swinging the tape about the object as centre called swing offset.
Degree of precision in measuring offsets
 Normally, limit of precision in plotting is 0.25 mm.
 If scale of plotting is 1 cm = 2 m, 0.25 mm on paper is 0.05 m on
ground.
 Offsets should be measured to the nearest 5 cm.

Long Offsets
 Survey work can be accurately and expeditiously accomplished if the objects
and features that are to be surveyed are near to survey lines.
 Aim should always be to make the offset as small as possible.
 Long offset may be largely obviated by judiciously placing the main lines of the
survey near the object or by running subsidiary lines from the main lines.
 Triangle abc run to locate deep bend of outline of
fence, base of triangle is on main line and bd is check
line

2.1. Linear Measurements
Field book- oblong book of size 20 cm × 12 cm, opens lengthwise, chain or tape
measurements are entered, single line (large scale) and double line (ordinary work, distance
entered between two lines of page), starts from bottom of page and work upwards, entered
left/right
Single line booking for comparatively large scale and detailed dimension work

Double line booking: used for ordinary work, distance along the chain being entered
between the two lines of the page

Booking field notes

All distances along the chain line i.e. chainages are
entered on the central line or in the central column
Offsets are written opposite to central line on the right
or left of the column according to their ground
positions with respect to the chain line.
Close to the offsets, their sketches are drawn to guide
the draftsman to draw them correctly.
Tie or subsidiary stations along a chain line should be
indicated by a circular an oval around their chainages.

Field work-
Equipment
20 m chain, 10 arrows, ranging and offset rods, tape (10 or 20 m length), setting
right angle instrument, field book, pencil, plumb bob, pegs, wooden hammer,
chalks etc.
Steps
i. Reconnaissance (whole to part) identify the best positions by walking around
ii. Marking and fixing survey stations
iii. Running survey lines

Problems on Entering Records in Field Book
While measuring a chain line AB, the following offsets
are taken. How would you enter the field book?
(a) A telegraph post is 10 m perpendicularly from 2.5 m
chainage to the right of the chain line.
(b) A road crosses obliquely from left to right at 10 m
and 14 m chainage. Perpendicular offsets are 2 m and
3 m to the side of the road from 5 m and 20 m
chainage respectively.
(c) A tube-well is 5 m perpendicularly from 30 m
chainage to the left of the chain line.
(d) Total chainage of AB is 45 m.
Field Work
Equipment- a 20 m chain, 10 arrows, ranging rods and offset rods, a tape (10/20
m length), instrument (cross staff or optical square) for setting 90⁰, field book,
pencil for note-keeping, plumb bob, pegs, wooden hammer, chalks etc.
Chain survey- Steps

(a) Reconnaissance – work from whole to part, fix best positions of survey lines
and stations, reference sketch of ground prepared by showing principal
features such as building etc.
(b) Marking and fixing survey stations
(c) Running survey lines- chaining started from base line

Instruments for setting out right angles
Cross staff- consists of a frame or box with two pairs of vertical slits and is
mounted on a pole shod for fixing in the ground
i. Open- two pairs of vertical slits giving two lines of sights at right angles to
each other
ii. French- hollow octagonal box, vertical sighting slits are cut in middle of each
face such that lines between the centre of opposite slits make angle of 45⁰ with
each other, possible to set 45⁰/90⁰.

Optical square- more convenient and accurate than cross-staff.
 consists of circular box with three slits E, F and G
 in line with openings E and G, a glass silvered at the
top and unsilvered at the bottom is fixed facing the
opening E
 opposite to the opening F, a silvered glass is fixed at
A making an angle of 45⁰ to the previous glass
 a ray from ranging rod at Q passes through lower
unsilvered portion of the mirror at B and seen
directly by eye at slit E
 another ray from object at P is received by the mirror
at A and reflected towards mirror at B which reflects
it towards eye. Thus, images of P and Q are visible
at B.
 If both images are in same vertical line, PD and QD
will be right angle to each other

Prism square- works on same principle as that of optical

square, more modern and precise, has merit that no
adjustment is required since angle between reflecting
surfaces (45⁰) cannot vary.
Site square- to set straight lines and offset line at 90⁰,

consists of a cylindrical metal case containing two
telescopes set at 90⁰ to each other, a fine setting screw
near the base, circular spirit level at top and knurled ring at
base, used in conjunction with a datum rod screwed into
base of instrument.

Why angular measurements?
Chain Surveying = Area to be surveyed is
comparatively small/fairly flat
But when the area to be surveyed is Large,

Undulating and Crowded with many details
and triangulation is not possible
 Compass Surveying is used

What is a magnetic compass
• Earth's Magnetic Field (compass
needles). Earth is like a giant
magnet with a North and South
Pole.
• The magnetic North and South

Pole are not aligned with the
Geographic North and South
Pole.
• The Geographic North Pole is

defined by the latitude 90° N and
is the axis of the Earth's rotation.
Compass Survey:
• It is the branch of Surveying in which direction of survey lines are measured with a compass and length of the line are
determined with Chain or Tape
• Generally compass is used to establish traverse in the field
• Traverse is a framework consisting of series of straight lines connected together forming a closed or open polygon.
B
A C CHAIN SURVEY TRAVERSE SURVEY
Only Linear Linear and Angular

D Measurements Measurements
• Points such as A, B, C are called as Traverse Points and the line joining Framework consist of Framework consist of
these points are called as “Traverse Line” Network of Triangles Open or Close Polygon
Check line on Proof line Check lines and Proof lines
• At each Traverse Station ANGLES are measured are required to check the are not required as
accuracy of plot Accuracy is checked by
method of Adjustment.
• Depending on instrument used traverse can be classified as:
Used for smaller area Used for larger area when
I. Compass Traverse when accuracy desired is accuracy desired is high
II. Plane Table Traverse low
III. Theodolite Traverse
Principle of Compass Surveying:
• Basic Principle: TRAVERSING = Series of connected lines.
• Recommended for large areas
Open Traverse
• Not recommended for areas where local attraction is Close Traverse
suspected due to the presence of magnetic substances
like steel structures, iron ore deposits, electric cables etc.
 In traversing, the direction of the survey line is measured

by the use of a measuring instruments like magnetic
compass, Theodolite, Plane Table etc. while the lengths
are measured by chaining or taping.
 When the direction is measured using magnetic compass,
then “Compass Traversing”
 A compass is a small instrument essentially consisting of a
magnetic needle, graduated circle and a line of sight http://n4.sdlcdn.com/imgs/a/m/5/Artshai-Small-Pocket-
Brass-Magnetic-SDL569972361-1-d04b6.jpg
How to choose one should go for open traverse or
closed traverse?
1. Open Traverse:
• It is a traverse which starts from a point of known location and
closes at either at the same point or another point of known
location.
• It can be checked by method of chords or astronomical
observations
• (e.g.) If river will come in between
• 2. Close Traverse:
• A close traverse is a one which starts from a point of known
location and closes at another point of unknown location.
• If a ground is their, a map is plotted, and area of boundary could
be determined.
• Close traverse is better because we can use a CHECK in this case
as ∑θ we know theoretically.
Direction of the line:
• Direction: In order to get the location of a point in surveying on, above or
below the surface of the earth, it is necessary to know its distances from a
point / station along a line whose direction is known.
• The direction of a line is defined by a horizontal angle with respect to a

reference line.
• Depending on the type of reference, the direction of the line is termed as
relative or absolute.
• In relative direction, the reference line does not remain fixed over time.
Location of the point (P) by
distance and direction
Relative Direction
• The direction of a line is expressed in different ways depending upon the type of survey. It is depends on
included angle, deflection angle etc.
• These quantities may be observed directly in the field or can be obtained indirectly by computation.
Interior Angle
In any closed polygon, the direction of any side can be depicted by the angle it
makes with its adjacent side. This angle measured clockwise or anti-clockwise is
known as interior angle. Figure shows interior angles at the stations A, B, C, D and E
of a closed polygon. The direction of the side AB can be obtained either of the
included angles at vertices such as A, B etc.
Deflection Angle
The angle between a line and the prolongation of the preceding line is called a
deflection angle.
Figure shows deflection angles. In this, the line BC is having a right deflection angle.
CD does have left deflection angle. Deflection angles may have values between 0°
and 180°, but usually they are not employed for angles greater than 90°.
Angles measured in Traversing or in Compass Surveying
• The direction of a
line is expressed in
different ways
depending upon
the type of survey.
It is depicted by
bearing, included
angle, deflection
angle etc.
• These quantities
may be observed
directly in the field
or can be obtained
indirectly by
computation.
Checks in closed traverse
• 1. The Sum of Interior angles of n-sided closed traverse = (2n-4) x 90o
• 2. Sum of Exterior angles of a n-sided closed traverse = (2n+4) x 90o
• Algebraic sum of deflection angle should be equal to 360o clockwise
•  Clockwise deflection angles = + ve, and
•  Anticlockwise deflection angle = – ve
Numerical-1: The data from a closed traverse survey PQRS (run in the clockwise direction) are given in the
table below. The closing error for the traverse PQRS (in degrees) is? GATE 2019
Line Included Angle
PQ 88
OR 92
RS 94
SP 89
Meridian
• Some reference direction based on which
direction of line is measured.
• The reference line with respect to which
horizontal angle of survey line are measured is
known as meridian.
• There are different types of meridians based on
the type of reference.
1. True Meridian
2. Magnetic Meridian
3. Grid Meridian
4. Arbitrary Meridian
• True meridian
– Line passing through geographic north and south pole and observer’s
position
– Position is fixed
– Established by astronomical observations
– Used for large extent and accurate survey (land boundary)
Meridian
• Magnetic meridian
• Line passing through the direction shown by freely
suspended magnetic needle
• Affected by many things i.e. magnetic substances
• Position varies with time Observer’s Geographic north
position pole
• Assumed meridian
• Line passing through the direction towards some
permanent point of reference
Geographic south
• Used for survey of limited extent pole
Disadvantage
• Meridian can’t be re-established if points lost.
Convergence of Meridian
• Meridians on the surface of the earth converge
towards each other as the distance from the
equator towards either of the poles increases.
Grid Meridian
• To eliminate the effect of convergence of meridian, a meridian through a
station is adopted as a reference meridian and all other meridians are
considered parallel to the reference meridian.
• Together, all of these are known as grid meridians and the reference
meridian is known as central meridian.
Bearing
• The horizontal angle measured in clockwise or anticlockwise
direction between the meridian and the survey line is termed as
bearing. Different types of bearings are defined based on
different criteria.
• The true bearing to a point is the angle measured in degrees in a
clockwise direction from the north line. We will refer to the true
bearing simply as the bearing. The four main directions of a compass
are known as cardinal points.
•
For example, the bearing of point P is 065º which is the number of
degrees in the angle measured in a clockwise direction from the north line
to the line joining the centre of the compass at O with the
point P (i.e. OP).
The bearing of point Q is 300º which is the number of degrees in the

angle measured in a clockwise direction from the north line to the line
joining the centre of the compass at O with the point Q (i.e. OQ).
Types of Bearing
• Based on meridian
• Azimuth
• Magnetic Bearing
• Grid Bearing
• Arbitrary Bearing
• Based on direction
• Fore Bearing
• Back Bearing
• Based on designation
• Whole Circle Bearing
• Quadrantal Bearing (or Reduced bearing)
1. Based on meridian 1. Azimuth
• The azimuth or true bearing of a line is its
horizontal angle from the North direction
of the true meridian measured clockwise.
1. Based on meridian 2.Magnetic Bearing
• The horizontal angle which a line makes with the magnetic meridian
measured from Magnetic North line is called magnetic bearing. It varies with
time.
• Magnetic meridian of a line can be measured in the field by using prismatic
compass (Figure).
• The horizontal angle between a line and a grid meridian is called grid bearing.
1. Based on meridian 3. Grid bearing
1. Based on meridian 4. Arbitrary Bearing
The horizontal angle of a line measured with respect to an arbitrary meridian is called arbitrary bearing.
2. Based on Designation
The angle representing bearing is designated depending on the measurement of the angle either in clockwise
and anti-clockwise direction measured either from the North or from the South limb whichever provides
minimum angle
• Whole circle bearing

• Quadrantal bearing (or Reduced bearing)
Whole Circle Bearing (WCB)
• The whole circle bearing (W.C.B) of a
line is the horizontal angle measured
clockwise from the North limb of the
meridian. It varies from 0° to 360°
• In Figure, The whole circle bearing

(W.C.B) of the line OA is 52° and that of
line OB is 208°.
Reduced/ Quadrantal Bearing (RB/QB)
• The quadrantal bearing (Q.B.) also known as
reduced bearing (RB) of a line is defined by the
acute angle which the line makes with the
meridian. Thus, it depends on the quadrant in
which the line presents.
• It is measured in clockwise or anti-clockwise

direction either from the North or from the
South limb of the meridian whichever is nearer
and thus provides minimum angle.
• Thus, reduced bearing of a line is designated by

the direction from which it is measured (i.e.,
either N for North or S for South) followed by
the value of the angle at the end, the direction
to which it is measured (i.e., either E for East or
W for West).
Conversion of WCB to QB (RB)
• Draw and convert … you don’t need any formula.
Reduced Bearing/ Whole Circle Bearing
Quadrantal Bearing
(i) N 30o50’ E (i)15o20’
(ii) S 39o35’ E (ii) 159o30’
(iii) S 15o85’ W (iii) 236o20’
(iv) N 64o30’ W (iv) 270o30’
259030’ 4. N 89020’W 4.
195045’ 3. S 56020’ W 3.
140025’ 2. S 20030’ E 2.
30050’ 1. N 15020’E 1.
3. Based on Direction
• Any straight line has two diametrically opposite directions.
• The direction in which a survey work proceeds is known as forward direction and the
opposite direction is known as backward direction.
• There are two types of bearing depending upon the direction of the line for which it is
being is determined.
• Fore Bearing
• Back Bearing
Fore Bearing In Figure(right), fore bearing of the line AB
is given by NOB.
• The bearing of a line measured in the
forward direction (i.e., along the progress
of survey) is known as fore bearing.
• Fore bearing = Back bearing ± 180°
Fore Bearing of a line

Back Bearing
• The bearing of a line measured in the backward direction (i.e., opposite to
the direction of progress of survey) is known as back bearing.
• In Figure , the back bearing of the line AB is NOA (= 223°). NOA is also called
bearing of the line BA. Thus,
• Back Bearing = Fore Bearing ± 180°
Fore Bearing (FB) and Back Bearing (BB)
Fore bearing and Back bearing depends on Direction of Traverse
θB B
If FB<180o If FB>180o
Line AB Line BA
θB B BB = θA FB = θB
FB = θA FB = θB
θA BB = FB + 180o BB = FB - 180o
BB = θB BB = θA
A
θA
A
Internal/ External Angle (θ) = | FB – BB | A FB

BB
Difference of fore bearing and Back bearing at any station is
either equal to Internal angle or External angle θ FB
A
BB
θ
Internal or External Angle (θ)
Closed traverse
Fore bearing and back bearing conversion
• The fore bearing of line AB, BC, and CD are respectively:
• AB: 15°30’ Ans:
195°30’
• BC: 112°30’ 292°30’
• EG: 260 ° 20’ 80°20’
• Determine back bearing.
• Find the FB from back bearing for the following lines

Ans:
• AB: 75 °30’ 255°30’
• CD: 110 °30’ 290°30’
40°30’
• EF: 220 °30’
2.2. Angular Measurements
Calculation of angle from bearings
 Angle between AB and AC = θ2 – θ1 = FB of AB – FB
of AC, both bearing measured from a common point
A
 Angle α = (180⁰ + θ1) - θ2
= BB of previous line – FB of next line
Clock wise Anti Clock wise

θi = BB - FB θi = FB - BB
If θi < 0 then add 360o

Determine Interior Angle in Traverse
A FB
• Internal/ External Angle (θ) = | FB – BB |
BB
θ
Q. The bearings of the lines OA, OB, OC, OD are 30°30′, 140°15′, 220°45′ and
310°30′, respectively. Find the angles AOB, BOC and COD.
• AOB = Bearing of OB – bearing of OA

= 140°15′ – 30°30′ = 109°45′
• BOC = Bearing of OC – bearing of OB
= 220°45′ – 140°15′ = 80°30′
• COD = Bearing of OD – bearing of OC
= 310°30′ – 220°45′ = 89°45′
1. How to measure Included Angle from Bearing of
the Survey Line?
• The included angle between two lines may either be an interior angle or an
exterior angle
A FB
BB B Clock wise Anti Clock wise
O
∠ θi = BB - FB ∠θi = FB - BB
θ
B
O
A FB
BB
θ
Ques- The following fore bearings were observed with a compass. Calculate the interior
angles
Line- AB (60⁰ 30’), BC (122⁰ 0’), CD (46⁰ 0’), DE (205⁰ 30’), EA (300⁰ 0’)
Sol: Included angle = Bearing of previous line – bearing of next line
Angle A = Bearing of AE – Bearing of AB
= (300⁰ - 180⁰) - 60⁰ 30’ = 59⁰ 30’
Angle B = (60⁰ 30’ + 180⁰) - 122⁰ = 118⁰ 30’
Angle C = (122⁰ + 180⁰) - 46⁰ = 256⁰
Angle D = (46⁰ + 180⁰) - 205⁰ 30’ = 20⁰ 30’
Angle E = (205⁰ 30’ - 180⁰) - 300⁰ + 360⁰ = 85⁰ 30’
Total Sum = 540⁰ 0’
Check: (n – 2) x 180⁰ = 3 x 180⁰ = 540⁰

Calculation of bearings from angle
 Bearing of line AB = θ1
 Bearing of next line BC = θ2 = θ1 + α - 180⁰
 Bearing of next line CD = θ3 = θ2 + β - 180⁰
 Bearing of next line DE = θ4 = θ3 + γ - 180⁰
 Bearing of next line EF = θ5 = θ4 + δ + 180⁰
(θ1 + α) (θ2 + β ) (θ3 + γ) are more than 180⁰ while (θ4 + δ) is less than 180⁰
Bearing of next line = add measured clockwise angles to the bearings of the
previous line.
If the sum is more than 180⁰ deduct 180⁰.
If the sum is less than 180⁰ add 180⁰.
In a closed traverse, clockwise angles

will be obtained if we proceed round the
traverse in anti-clockwise direction.
Q. The fore bearings of the lines AB, BC, CD and DE, are 45°30 ′ 120°15 ′, 200°30
′ and 280°45 ′, respectively. Find angles B, C and D.
• Interior B = BB of AB – FB of BC
= (45°30′ + 180°0′) – 120°15′
= 225°30′ – 120°15′ = 105°15′
• Interior C = BB of BC – FB of CD
= (120°15′ + 180°0′) – 200°30′
= 300°15′ – 200°30′ = 99°45′
• Interior D = BB of CD – FB of DE Clock wise Anti Clock wise
= (200°30′ – 180°0′) – 280°45′ ∠ θi = BB - FB ∠θi = FB - BB
= 20°30′ – 280°45′ = – 260°15′
• While traversing, If the included angle is negative then 360o is added to it.
Interior D = – 260°15′ + 360°0′ = 99°45′
A traverse ABCDA is made in the form of a square taking in clockwise order. If the bearing of
AB is 120°30 ′, find the bearing of the other sides.
FB of AB = 120°30′
FB of BC = BB of AB – ∠B
= (120°30′ + 180°0′) – 90°0′
= 300°30′ – 90°0′ = 210°30′
FB of CD = BB of BC + exterior ∠C While traversing, If the included

= (210°30′ – 180°0′) + (360° – 90°) angle is negative then 360o is
= 30°30′ + 270°0′ = 300°30′ added to it.
FB of DA = BB of CD – ∠D
= (300°30′ – 180°0′) – 90°0′
= 120°30′ – 90°0′ = 30°30′
FB of AB = BB of DA – ∠A
= (30°30′ + 180°0′) – 90°0′
= 210°30′ – 90°0′ = 120°30′ (checked)
∠θi = BB - FB ∠θi = FB - BB
Numerical 3: Following are the bearings taken in a closed compass traverse. Compute the
Angles and correct them for observational errors
Lines F.B. B.B.

AB S37o30’E N37o30’W
BC S43o15’W N44o15’E
CD N73o00’W S72o15’E
DE N12o45’E S13o15’W
EA N60o00’E S59o00’W
Angles Calculated Corrected Corrected

Value Value Value
A 263o30’ ∟A +15’ 263o45’ Total Error = 1o15’ = 75’
Correction for each angle = 75’/5 = 15’
B 260o45’ ∟B +15’ 261o00’
C 242o45’ ∟C +15’ 243o00’ Clock wise Anti Clock wise
D 265o00’ ∟D +15’ 265o15’ ∠ θi = BB - FB ∠θi = FB - BB
E 226o45’ ∟E +15’ 227o00’ If θi < 0 then add 360o
Numerical: The followings are the fore and back bearings of the sides of a closed traverse:
Side FB BB Included Exterior Interior
Angle Angle
AB 150o15’ 330o15’
A 150o15’ 209o45’
BC 20o30’ 200o30’ B 309o45’ 50o15’
CD 295o45’ 115o45’ C 95o15’
DE 218o0’ 38o00’ D 102o15’
EA 120o30’ 300o30’ E 82o30’
Calculate the interior angles of the traverse.

D=218o0’
E=120o30’ C = 295o45’
∠ θi = BB - FB ∠θi = FB - BB
A=150o15’
B=20o30’
Ques- The following interior angles were measured with a sextant in a closed traverse. The
bearing of line AB was measured as 60⁰ 0’ with prismatic compass. Calculate the bearings
of all other line if angles A = 140⁰ 10’, B = 90⁰ 8’, C = 60⁰ 22’, D = 69⁰ 20’
Sol:
Bearing of AD = Bearing of BA + 140⁰ 10’ - 180⁰ = (60⁰ 0’ +
180⁰) + 140⁰ 10’ - 180⁰ = 200⁰ 10’ or, Bearing of DA = 20⁰ 10’
Bearing of DC = Bearing of AD + 69⁰ 20’ - 180⁰ = 89⁰ 30’ or,

Bearing of CD = 269⁰ 30’
Bearing of CB = Bearing of DC + 60⁰ 22’ + 180⁰ = 329⁰ 52’

or, Bearing of BC = 149⁰ 52’
Bearing of BA = Bearing of CB + 90⁰ 8’ - 180⁰ = 240⁰ or,

Bearing of AB = 60⁰ (check)

Magnetic Declination/ Departure
• The horizontal angle which a magnetic meridian makes with the true or astronomic meridian
is called the magnetic declination, or magnetic variation, departure of the line.
• If the north end of the compass needle deflects right of the true meridian, the declination is
said to be east (Figure a) and if it deflects to the left of the true meridian, the declination is
said to be west (Figure b). Declination varies from place to place and at any station time to
time.
(Figure a) (Figure b)
Source: www.cyberphysics.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk
Magnetic Declination/ Departure:
• Magnetic declination varies from time to time and also from place to place.
In India, ‘Survey of India’ department conducts astronomical survey and
publishes Isogonic Charts from which magnetic declinations at any point can
be found.
• The lines joining the points at which declination is the same at the given
time are called ‘Isogonic Lines’. Lines joining points of zero declinations are
called ‘Agonic Lines’.
Magnetic Declination
 Diurnal/Daily variation: During a period of 24 hours, difference in declination between
morning and afternoon is often as much as 10’ of arc. Factors: Locality, Season, Time, Year
 Annual variation: Yearly variation of period of 1 year, Declination has a yearly swing of
about 1’ or 2’ in amplitude.
 Secular variation: Periodic and roller-coaster (sine curve) pattern, swings like pendulum
 Irregular variation are due to what are known as magnetic storms, earthquakes and other
solar influences. Cannot be predicted and may occur anytime. Change of this kind
amounting to more than a degree have been observed.
Determination of True Bearing
 True bearing = Magnetic bearing Declination
Ques- The magnetic bearing of a line is 48⁰ 24’. Calculate the true
bearing if the magnetic declination is 5⁰ 38’ East.
Sol: Declination = + 5⁰ 38’ , True Bearing = 48⁰ 24’ + 5⁰ 38’

Ques- In an old map, a line AB was drawn to a magnetic bearing of 5⁰ 30’ the magnetic
declination at the time being 1⁰ East. To what magnetic bearing should the line be set
now if the present magnetic declination is 8⁰ 30’ East.
Sol: True Bearing = 5⁰ 30’ + 1⁰
Present declination = 8⁰ 30’ East (+)
True Bearing = Magnetic Bearing + 8⁰ 30’
Magnetic Bearing = 6⁰ 30’ - 8⁰ 30’ = - 2⁰ = 358⁰
Ques- Find the magnetic declination at a place if the magnetic bearing of the sun at
noon is (a) 184⁰ (b) 350⁰20’
Sol: (a) At noon sun is exactly on geographical meridian. Hence, the true bearing of the sun at
noon is zero or 180⁰ depending upon whether it is to the north or south of the place. Since MB
of sun is 184⁰, the true bearing will be 180⁰, TB = MB + Declination (Decl) or, Decl = -4⁰ (4⁰ W)
(b) Decl = 9⁰40’ E

The reduced bearing of a 10 m long line is N30oE. The departure of the line is
(a) 10.00m (b) 8.66 m (c) 7.52 m (d) 5.00 m
(GATE 2016, II- Shift) Ans: D
Correction for Declination
• When magnetic directions are used to obtain estimates for azimuth or an old
survey is required to be retraced, it is necessary to reduce the magnetic directions
to true bearings or azimuths by making use of declination for necessary
corrections.
True Bearing = Magnetic Bearing ± Magnetic Declination
If Declination is East + (ve)
If Declination is West - (ve)
Numerical: On an old map a line was drawn to a magnetic

bearing of 320o30’ , when the declination was 3o30’ W. Find
the present bearing of the line, if the declination is 4o15’ E.
Ans. 312o45’
Variation of Magnetic Declination
• Declination at a place will vary due to four causes:
Secular Variation Annual Variation Diurnal Variation Irregular Variation
Occurs continuously over It is a variation of declination It is a variation of It is caused due to storm,
long period of time in a year declination in one day volcanic eruption,
earthquake etc.
Approximately follows ‘Sine Caused due to revolution of Caused due to rotation of
Curve’ over a period of 300 earth around the sun. earth about its own axis.
years. Range = 1’ to 2’ Range = 3’’ to 12’’
Range = 5 to 10 min
Time period of variation may Annual variation is not same Diurnal variation is The irregular variation may
be even more as annual rate of change of (a) Greater in day than in be quite large, depending
secular variation nights, summer than in upon the magnitude of the
No reliable method to winter, at poles than at disturbances
measure equator
(b) It changes from year to
year
Earth Magnetic Field Declination from 1590 to 1990
Devices to measure Magnetic Declination?
• A compass is a small instrument essentially consisting of magnetic needle, a
graduated circle, and a line of sight.
• The compass cannot measure angle between two lines directly but can
measure angle of a line with reference to magnetic meridian at the instrument
station point is called magnetic bearing of a line.
• The angle between these two lines is then calculated by getting bearings of
these two lines.
1) The prismatic compass
2) The surveyor’s compass
The prismatic compass The surveyor’s compass

Prismatic compass
• Prismatic compass is a light and simple instrument used for rough surveys where
too much accuracy is not required and prismatic compass is used to the fine
bearing of the traversing and included angles between them.
• This compass can be used as a hand instrument or can be fitted on a tripod and
is a portable magnetic compass and the greatest advantage of the prismatic
compass is without changing the position the sighting and reading can be done
simultaneously.
The surveyor’s compass
• The surveyor’s compass is similar to the prismatic
compass except for the following points.
(a) There is no prism on it. Readings are taken with the
naked eye.
(b) It consists of an eye-vane (in place of prism) with a
fine sight slit.
(c) The graduated aluminium ring is attached to the
circular box. It is not fixed to the magnetic needle.
(d) The magnetic needle moves freely over the pivot.
The needle shows the reading on the graduated ring.
(e) The ring is graduated from 0° to 90° in four
quadrants. 0° is marked at the north and south, and
90° at the east and west. The letters E (east) and W
(west) are interchanged from their true positions. The
figures are written the right way up.
(f) No mirror is attached to the object vane. The surveyor’s compass
Prismatic Compass Surveyors Compass
• Graduation circle is fixed to broad edge type needle. Hence, it • Graduation circle is fixed to the pointed needle. Hence, it
will not rotate with the line of sight. rotates with the line of sight
• There is a prism at viewing end

• At viewing end there is no prism. There is only a slit
• Sighting and reading can be done simultaneously
• Sighting and viewing cannot be done simultaneously
• The magnetic needle do not act as an index
• Magnetic needle acts as index while reading
• The graduations are in whole circle bearing
• The graduations are in Quadrantal system
• Graduations are marked inverted since its reflection is read
through prism
• Graduations are marked directly. They are not inverted
• The reading is taken through a prism and reading and sighting
is taken from the same position • The reading is taken by directly viewing from top glass. But
sighting and reading is taken from the different position
• Tripod may or may not be used. It can be held on a stretched
hand also.
• Tripod is essential for using it. More Accurate
• Less Accurate
Instruments used for Compass Survey
1. Prismatic Compass/Surveyors Compass
2. Tape
3. Ranging Rods
4. Tripod
5. Arrows
Field procedure of observing Bearing from Compass

1. Fixing the compass with tripod stand
2. Centering
3. Levelling
4. Adjustment of prism
5. Observation of bearing
1. Fixing the compass with tripod stand
1. The tripod stand is placed at the required station with its legs well apart.
2. The prismatic compass is held by the left hand and placed over the threaded top of the
stand.
3. The compass box is turned clockwise by the right hand.
4. Thus the threaded base of the compass box is fixed with the threaded top of the stand.
2. Centering
1. The compass is centered by dropping a piece of stone from the bottom of the compass box.
2. Centering may also be done with the aid of a plumb bob held centrally below the compass box.
3. Levelling
1. Levelling is done with the help of a ball-and-socket arrangement provided on top of the
tripod stand.
2. This arrangement is loosened and the box is placed in such a way that the graduated ring
rotates freely without touching either the bottom of the box or the glass cover on top.
4. Adjustment of prism
• The prism is moved up and down till the figures on
the graduated ring are seen sharp and clear.
5. Observation of bearing
After centering and levelling the compass box over the station, the
ranging rod at the required station is bisected perfectly by sighting
through the slit of the prism and horsehair at the sight vane.
Field Procedure of Compass Traversing
1. Reconnaissance
2. Preparation of index sketch
3. Marking the station on the ground
4. Measurement of bearings of traverse legs
1. How to measure Included Angle from Bearing of the Survey Line ?
2. How to measure Bearing from Included Angle of the Survey Line ?

Local Attraction
• A magnetic needle indicates the north direction when freely suspended or pivoted.
• If the needle comes near some magnetic substances, it does not show the actual north.
• This disturbing influence of magnetic substances is known as ‘local attraction’.
• If the difference of the fore and back bearings of the line is exactly 180° then there is no local attraction.
• To compensate for the effect of local attraction, the amount of error is found out and is equally distributed
between the fore and back bearings of the line.
• For example, consider the case when

• Observed FB of AB = 60°30′
• Observed BB of AB = 240°0′
• Calculated BB of AB = 60°30° + 180°0′ = 240°30′
• ∴ Corrected BB of AB = 1/2 (240°0′ + 240°30′) = 240°15′
• Hence, Corrected FB of AB = 240°15′ – 180°0′ = 60°15′
Local Attraction
 Magnetic needle uninfluenced by other attracting forces (magnetic substances)
 Any local attraction which prevents needle from pointing to magnetic north.
 Sources: magnetite in the ground, wire carrying electric current, steel structures, railroad
rails, underground iron pipes, keys, steel-specs, metal buttons, axes, steel tapes, chains
Detection – by finding difference in fore and back bearing of a line and if it is deviating from
180⁰ then influenced by local attraction provided there are no observational and instrumental
errors.
Avoidable attraction from the articles on person, chains, tapes etc.

Elimination of Local Attraction:
If it is there then all measured bearing will be incorrect and amount of error will be equal in all the
bearings. Two methods are there.
(a) Method 1: The interior angles of a traverse are calculated from the observed bearings. Then an
angular check is applied. The sum of the interior angles should be equal to (n – 2) × 180° (n being the
number of sides of the traverse). If it is not so, the total error is equally distributed among all the angles
of the traverse. Then, starting from the unaffected line, the bearings of all the lines may be corrected
by using the corrected interior angles. This method is very laborious and is not generally employed.
(Special Case: No line 180° then closest 180° to be taken, apply half correction to each FB and BB of
the line respectively)
(b) Method 2: In this method, the interior angles are not calculated. From the given table, the
unaffected line is first detected on the basis of difference of FB and BB to be 180°. Then, commencing
from the unaffected line, the bearings of the other affected lines are corrected by finding the amount of
correction at each station. This is an easy method, and one which is generally employed.
.

Q. : Following are the bearings observed while traversing with a compass, an area where local attraction was
suspected. Find the correct bearings of the lines and also the true bearings, if the magnetic declination is 10°W.
Solution: Procedure
(a) On verifying the observed bearings, it is found that the FB and BB of
AB differ by exactly 180°. So stations A and B are free from local
attraction. Hence the observed FB and BB of AB are correct.
(b) The observed FB of BC is also correct.

The actual BB of BC should be 139°30′ + 180°0′ = 319°30′
But the observed BB is 317°0′.
So, a correction of (319°30′ – 317°0′) = +2°30′ should be applied at C.
(c) Correct FB of CD = 215°15′ + 2°30′ = 217°45′

Therefore, the actual BB should be 217°45′ – 180°0′ = 37°45′
But the observed BB is 36°30′.
So, a correction of (37°45′ – 36°30′) = +1°15′ should be applied at D.
(d) Correct FB of DE = 208°00′ + 1°15′ = 209°15′
• The correct BB should be (209°15′ – 180°0′) = 29°15′
• But the observed BB is 29°0′. So, a correction of (29°15′ – 29°0′) = +0°15′ should be applied at
E.
(e) Correct FB of EA = 318°30′ + 0°15′ = 318°45′
• The actual BB of EA should be 318°45′ – 180°0′ = 138°45′ which tallies with the observed BB of
EA.
• So, station A is free from local attraction as stated at the beginning. The result is tabulated
as follows:
Note
• The true bearing is tabulated as follows:
Note
Ques- The following bearings were observed while traversing with a compass.
Line FB BB Line FB BB
AB 45⁰ 45’ 226⁰ 10’ CD 29⁰ 45’ 209⁰ 10’
BC 96⁰ 55’ 277⁰ 5’ DE 324⁰ 48’ 144⁰ 48’
Mention which stations were affected by local attraction and determine the corrected bearings.
Sol: Line DE is correct, hence, both D and E are free from local attraction and all other bearings
measured at these stations are also correct. DC is correct. Bearing BC is 276⁰ 30’- 180⁰ = 96⁰ 30’ (- 25’
at C)
Line Observed Correction Corrected Remarks
Line FB BB BB-FB AB 45⁰ 45’ 0 at A 45⁰ 45’
AB 45⁰ 45’ 226⁰ 10’ 180⁰ 25’ BA 226⁰ 10’ - 25’ at B 225⁰ 45’ Diff is 180⁰
BC 96⁰ 55’ - 25’ at B 96⁰ 30’ Stations B
BC 96⁰ 55’ 277⁰ 5’ 180⁰ 10’ and C are
CB 277⁰ 5’ - 35’ at C 276⁰ 30’
CD 29⁰ 45’ 209⁰ 10’ 179⁰ 25’ affected
CD 29⁰ 45’ - 35’ at C 29⁰ 10’ by local
DE 324⁰ 48’ 144⁰ 48’ 180⁰ DC 209⁰ 10’ 0 at D 209⁰ 10’ attraction
DE 324⁰ 48’ 0 at D 324⁰ 48’
ED 144⁰ 48’ 0 at E 144⁰ 48’
Ques- Apply the corrections if the bearings of the previous example are measured in quadrantal
system as under:.
Line FB BB Line FB BB
AB N 45⁰ 45’ E S 46⁰ 10’ W CD N 29⁰ 45’ E S 29⁰ 10’ W
BC S 83⁰ 05’ E N 82⁰ 55’ W DE N 35⁰ 12’ W S 35⁰ 12’ E
Sol:
Line Observed Correction Corrected Remarks
AB N 45⁰ 45’ E 0 at A N 45⁰ 45’ E
BA S 46⁰ 10’ W - 25’ at B S 45⁰ 45’ W
BC S 83⁰ 05’ E - 25’ at B S 83⁰ 30’ E Stations B
CB N 82⁰ 55’ W - 35’ at C N 83⁰ 30’ W and C are
affected
CD N 29⁰ 45’ E - 35’ at C N 29⁰ 10’ E by local
DC S 29⁰ 10’ W 0 at D S 29⁰ 10’ W attraction
DE N 35⁰ 12’ W 0 at D N 35⁰ 12’ W
ED S 35⁰ 12’ E 0 at E S 35⁰ 12’ E

Ques- The following bearings were observed in running a closed traverse. At what stations do
you suspect the local attraction? Determine the correct magnetic bearings. If declination was 5⁰
10’ E, what are true bearings?
Sol:
Line FB BB BB-FB Line Observed Correction Corrected True Remarks
bearing bearing
AB 75⁰ 5’ 254⁰ 20’ 179⁰ 15’
AB 75⁰ 5’ + 30’ at A 75⁰ 35’ 80⁰ 45’
BC 115⁰ 20’ 296⁰ 35’ 181⁰ 15’
BA 254⁰ 20’ + 1⁰ 15’ at B 255⁰ 35’ 260⁰ 45’
CD 165⁰ 35’ 345⁰ 35’ 180⁰
BC 115⁰ 20’ + 1⁰ 15’ at B 116⁰ 35’ 121⁰ 45’
DE 224⁰ 50’ 44⁰ 5’ 180⁰ 45’ CB 296⁰ 35’ 0 at C 296⁰ 35’ 301⁰ 45’
Stations A, B
EA 304⁰ 50’ 125⁰ 5’ 179⁰ 45’ CD 165⁰ 35’ 0 at C 165⁰ 35’ 170⁰ 45’ and E are
DC 345⁰ 35’ 0 at D 345⁰ 35’ 350⁰ 45’ affected by local
attraction
DE 224⁰ 50’ 0 at D 224⁰ 50’ 230⁰ 0’
ED 44⁰ 5’ + 45’ at E 44⁰ 50’ 50⁰ 0’
EA 304⁰ 50’ + 45’ at E 305⁰ 35’ 310⁰ 45’
AE 125⁰ 5’ + 30’ at A 125⁰ 35’ 130⁰ 45’

Ques- The following are bearings are taken on a closed compass traverse. Compute the interior
angles and correct them for observational errors. Assuming the observed bearing of line CD to
be correct adjust the bearing of the remaining sides.
Sol:
Line FB BB BB-FB
Angle A = BB (EA) – FB (AB) = 50⁰ 5’
AB 80⁰ 10’ 259⁰ 00’ 178⁰ 50’
Angle B = BB (AB) – FB (BC) = 138⁰ 40’
BC 120⁰ 20’ 301⁰ 50’ 181⁰ 30’ Angle C = BB (BC) – FB (CD) = 131⁰ 0’
CD 170⁰ 50’ 350⁰ 50’ 180⁰ Angle D = BB (CD) – FB (DE) = 120⁰ 40’
DE 230⁰ 10’ 49⁰ 30’ 180⁰ 30’ Angle E = BB (DE) – FB (EA) = 99⁰ 10’
EA 310⁰ 20’ 130⁰ 15’ 180⁰ 05’ Sum of all angles = 539⁰ 35’
Error = (5-2) x 180⁰ - 539⁰ 35’ = - 25’
Hence, a correction of +5’ is applied to all the angles.
Practice Corrected angles are A = 50⁰ 10’; B = 138⁰ 45’; C = 131⁰
5’; D = 120⁰ 45’; E = 99⁰ 15’
Note Starting with the corrected bearings of CD, all other
bearings can be calculated as
Sol:
Bearing of DE = BB (CD) - angle D = 350⁰ 50’ - 120⁰ 45’ = 230⁰ 5’
Bearing of ED = 50⁰ 5’
Bearing of EA = BB (DE) - angle E = 50⁰ 5’ - 99⁰ 15’ + 360⁰ = 310⁰ 50’

Bearing of AE = 130⁰ 50’
Bearing of AB = BB (EA) - angle A = 130⁰ 50’ - 50⁰ 10’ = 80⁰ 40’

Bearing of BA = 260⁰ 40’
Bearing of BC = BB (AB) - angle B = 260⁰ 40’ - 138⁰ 45’ = 121⁰ 55’

Bearing of BC = 301⁰ 55’
Bearing of CD = BB (BC) - angle C = 260⁰ 40’ - 138⁰ 45’ = 170⁰ 50’

Bearing of DC = 350⁰ 50’

Ques- The following bearings were observed in running a closed traverse. Determine the
correct magnetic bearings of the lines.
Line FB BB BB-FB
Sol: Bearing of CD is correct as it is more close to 180⁰.
AB 71⁰ 05’ 250⁰ 20’ 179⁰ 15’
Corrected FB of CD = 161⁰ 35’ + 5’ = 161⁰ 40’
(45’) Corrected BB of CD = 341⁰ 50’
BC 110⁰ 20’ 292⁰ 35’ 181⁰ 15’ Now, Difference in FB and BB of CD is 180⁰.
(1⁰ 15’) Angle A = BB (EA) – FB (AB) = 50⁰ 5’
CD 161⁰ 35’ 341⁰ 45’ 180⁰ 10’
Angle B = BB (AB) – FB (BC) = 140⁰ 0’
(10’)
DE 220⁰ 50’ 40⁰ 05’ 180⁰ 45’
Angle C = BB (BC) – FB (CD) = 131⁰ 0’
(20’) Angle D = BB (CD) – FB (DE) = 120⁰ 55’
EA 300⁰ 50’ 121⁰ 10’ 179⁰ 40’ Angle E = BB (DE) – FB (EA) = 260⁰ 45’(Ext)= 99⁰ 15’(Int
(20’) Sum of all angles = 541⁰ 15’
Error = (5-2) x 180⁰ - 541⁰ 15’ = - 1⁰ 15’
Hence, a correction of -15’ is applied to all the angles.
Corrected angles are A = 49⁰ 50’; B = 139⁰ 45’; C = 130⁰
45’; D = 120⁰ 40’; E = 99⁰ 0’
Sol: Corrected bearings of all the lines are obtained from the included angles and the
corrected bearing of CD.
FB of DE = 341⁰ 40’ - 120⁰ 40’ = 221⁰ 0’
BB of ED = 41⁰ 0’
FB of EA = 41⁰ 0’ + 261⁰ = 302⁰ 00’

BB of AE = 122⁰ 00’
FB of AB = 122⁰ 00’ - 49⁰ 50’ = 72⁰ 10’

BB of BA = 252⁰ 10’
FB of BC = 252⁰ 10’ - 139⁰ 45’ = 112⁰ 25’

BB of BC = 292⁰ 25’
FB of CD = 292⁰ 25’ - 130⁰ 45’ = 161⁰ 40’ (Check)

N: The following bearings were observed where local attraction was suspected. Calculate the actual bearings.
Solution:
Procedure (a) The FB and BB of DA are numerically equal but their quadrants are exactly opposite. So, stations D and A
are free from local attraction. Hence, the observed FB and BB of DA are correct
(b) FB of AB = S 40°30′ W (correct)

Therefore, the actual BB of AB should be N 40°30′ E But the observed BB of AB is N 41°15′ E.
So, a correction of (40°30′ – 41°15′) = – 0°45′ is to be applied at B.
(c) Correct FB of BC = S 80°45′ W – 0°45′ = S 80°0′ W

Therefore, the actual BB should be N 80°0′ E
But the observed BB of BC is N 79°30′ E.
So, a correction of (80°0′ – 79°30′) = + 0°30′ is to be applied at C.
(d) Correct FB of CD = N 19°30′ E + 0°30′ = N 20°0′ E
• The actual BB of CD should be S 20°0′ W. But the observed BB of CD is S
20°0′ W.
• So, station D is free from local attraction, which tallies with the previous
comment.
• The result is tabulated as follows:

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2.1.

Linear Measurements – Chain Surveying

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Booking field notes

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Chain survey- Steps

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Prism square- works on same principle as that of optical

Site square- to set straight lines and offset line at 90⁰,

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

But when the area to be surveyed is Large,

 Compass Surveying is used

• The magnetic North and South

• The Geographic North Pole is

• Generally compass is used to establish traverse in the field

A C CHAIN SURVEY TRAVERSE SURVEY

Only Linear Linear and Angular

 In traversing, the direction of the survey line is measured

• The direction of a line is defined by a horizontal angle with respect to a

The bearing of point Q is 300º which is the number of degrees in the

• Whole circle bearing

• In Figure, The whole circle bearing

• It is measured in clockwise or anti-clockwise

• Thus, reduced bearing of a line is designated by

Fore Bearing of a line

Internal/ External Angle (θ) = | FB – BB | A FB

• Find the FB from back bearing for the following lines

Clock wise Anti Clock wise

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

• AOB = Bearing of OB – bearing of OA

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

In a closed traverse, clockwise angles

FB of CD = BB of BC + exterior ∠C While traversing, If the included

Lines F.B. B.B.

Angles Calculated Corrected Corrected

Calculate the interior angles of the traverse.

Bearing of DC = Bearing of AD + 69⁰ 20’ - 180⁰ = 89⁰ 30’ or,

Bearing of CB = Bearing of DC + 60⁰ 22’ + 180⁰ = 329⁰ 52’

Bearing of BA = Bearing of CB + 90⁰ 8’ - 180⁰ = 240⁰ or,

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Numerical: On an old map a line was drawn to a magnetic

The prismatic compass The surveyor’s compass

• There is a prism at viewing end

Field procedure of observing Bearing from Compass

1. How to measure Included Angle from Bearing of the Survey Line ?

2. How to measure Bearing from Included Angle of the Survey Line ?

• For example, consider the case when

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad

(b) The observed FB of BC is also correct.

(c) Correct FB of CD = 215°15′ + 2°30′ = 217°45′

Department of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad