Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PUMP
Course Title: Project and Thesis
Course code: ME 400
Submitted By:
Supervised By:
Md. Ajgar Hossain
Mr. Shuvo Biswas Topu
ID No: BME 1703013206
Lecturer
MD. RASEDUL ISLAM
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sonargaon University ID No: BME1701011215
Md. Al Amin Ali
ID No: BME1703013330
S.M. Rabiul Islam Rabi
ID No: BME1703013357
Md. Sweet Islam
ID No: BME1703013417
SONARGAON UNIVERSITY
147/1, Green Road, Panthapath, Dhaka-1215
June 2021
1
DECLARATION
We hereby, declare that the work presented in this project is the outcome of the
investigation and research work performed by us under the supervision of Mr. Shuvo
University (SU). We also declare that no part of this project and thereof has been or
-----------------------------------------
Mr. Shuvo Biswas Topu
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sonargaon University (SU).
2
Approval
This is to certify that the project on “Design and Development of Solar Reciprocating Pump”
by (Md. Ajgar Hossain, ID- BME1703013206, MD RASEDUL ISLAM, ID-BME1701011215, Md.
Al Amin Ali, ID- BME1703013330,S.M. Rabiul Islam Rabi, ID-BME1703013357,Md Sweet
Islam,ID-BME1703013417 has been carried out under our supervisor. The project has been
carried out in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science
(BSc) in Mechanical Engineering of the year 2021 and has been approved as to its style and
contents.
-----------------------------------------
Mr. Shuvo Biswas Topu
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sonargaon University (SU).
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors want to express gratefulness, regards, gratitude and sincere thanks to
Engineering, Sonargaon University (SU). For his guidance and valuable counsel in
execution and completion of the study without which it would be impossible to carry
out the work. Also, thanks to Md. Mostofa Hossain, Associate Professor and Head
Authors grateful to the teachers who helped us directly or indirectly which was very
Finally, we are also grateful to the Vice Chancellor of Sonargaon University (SU) for his
overall support to finish the project works.
“The Authors”.
4
INDEX
CONTENT PAGE NO
Abstract
Chapter-1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Importance or significance 4
Objective 5
Chapter-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter-3
3.2 Components 12
3.3.2 Battery 15
3.3.3 DC Motor 16
5
3.3.7 Connecting rod 21
Chapter-4
FABRICATION
Chapter-5
5.1 Testing 33
5.2 calculations 34
5.2.1 Discharge 34
5.2.3 Power 35
5.2.4 Torque 36
6
Chaper-6
6.2 Advantages 42
6.3 Disadvantages 43
FUTURE EXTENSION
Chapter-7
CONCLUSION
7.1 Conclusion 48
7.2 References 49
7
LIST OF FIGURES
FIFURES PAGE
3.3 Battery 15
3.4 DC Motor 16
3.6 Pipes 19
3.7 Connector 19
4.2 Welding 25
8
LIST OF TABLES
9
ABSTRACT
In present days, people need more and more power for driving instruments. A solar
based reciprocating pump is a pump, running on electricity on electricity generated by
solar cell, available from collected sunlight as opposed to greed electricity or diesel
run water pump. Nowadays many types of pump are available such as, positive
displacement pump, impulse pump, velocity pump, gravity pump, steam pump, valve
less pump. A reciprocating pump is class of positive displacement pump, is used for
variety of purpose such as, car washing, irrigation, color spraying, extraction of oil
from bottom of the earth, large fountain, garden water pump, etc. If 50% of the diesel
pump were replaced with solar PV pump set, diesel consumption could be reduced to
the tune of about 225 billion liter/year.
10
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A solar powered pumping system methods needs to take account of the fact that
demand for irrigation system water will vary throughout the year. Peak demand
during the irrigation system season is often more than twice the average demand. This
means that solar pumps for irrigation are under-utilized for most of the year. Attention
should be paid to the system of irrigation water distribution and application to the
crops. The irrigation pump system should minimize water losses, without imposing
significant additional head on the irrigation pumping system and be low of cost. There
are several technology alternatives for supply power or lift to groundwater systems
including wind turbines, windmills, generators, solar arrays, and hand powered
pumps. The main driving factors for selecting the appropriate technology are regional
feasibility, water demand, systems efficiencies, and initial and long term costs. Other
factors often include the need for power and water reserves in the form of batteries
and storage tanks solar powered systems are often considered for use in developing
countries instead of other forms of alternative energy because they are durable and
exhibit long term economic benefits.
Solar powered water pumping has been recognized as suitable solution for grid
isolated rural locations in poor countries where there are high levels of solar radiation.
Solar powered water pumping systems can provide drinking water without the need
for any kind of fuel or the extensive maintenance required by diesel pumps . SPPS is
also not adequate for large scale irrigation, but can work for small scale drip irrigation
1
systems. A large scale SPPS can be considered one that serves over 240 peoples.
Photovoltaic solar panels are often used for agricultural operations, especially in
remote areas or where the use of an alternative energy source is desired. In particular,
they have demonstrated time and time again to reliably produce sufficient electricity
directly from solar radiation to power livestock and irrigation watering systems.
2
In Today’s world there are many areas where drinking water is problem. In most of
the case hand pumps are used at villages and remote places to solve the problem.
There are operated with hands .It is difficult to operate it for children and women as it
consumes human power.
Solar power is one of the alternatives but is costly and unaffordable. This research
work through innovative ideas have tried to combine human power and solar pv
hybrid system with pendulum mechanism. The mechanism developed helps store
pendulum kinetic energy in fly wheels and converts oscillatory motion in to
smooth reciprocating motion to lift water .A small push required to continue the
oscillatory motion is given by a motor run on small solar pv panel. The pendulum
based water pump can be useful in the areas where electricity is not available.
Specially in India there are still many places where electricity and drinking water
systems are not as they are in other developed countries. This pump can solve
there problem of drinking water as they can use this mechanism to pump the water
under the earth’s surface.
At the same time, counterweights or flywheels are also rotated simultaneously. The
counterweights are arranged in such a way that, when one weight will come up at that
time second will be go down. Also vice-versa, so some torque will be also generated
3
by these counterweights. Now, the combine power produced by pendulum, electric
motor & counterweights is given to the pump through transmitting mechanism used in
the system. It will transmit this combined power to reciprocating single acting type
water pump. So, by using this power, pump will pump the water from desired head &
produce particular discharge. By using this hybrid pendulum based water pump. We
can continuously pump the water up to 3 hours & 30 minutes, because battery will be
gets discharged in same time. In order to charge this 12V, 7A battery on 10W solar
panel is used. It can fully charge the battery in four hours.
1.2IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE
The cost of this pumping system is very low as compare with solar water pumping
system. It is also possible to use such pumping system for irrigation purpose where
the electricity is not available because this hybrid solar pump does not require any
supply of electricity so it help to farmer to avoid the problem of load shading. The
overall system is energy efficient because for keeping pendulum in continuous
motion a small capacity 12 V 3A motor is used. The mechanism used is simple and
easy to understand. So the hybrid solar water pumping based on pendulum stored
energy is ecofriendly and play very important role in future as the sources of
conventional energy is depleting soon.
4
OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE OF PAPER
MINIMIZATION OF COST
The solar reciprocating pump will work without normal electricity. It will
work by DC current produced by solar energy. The maintenance cost for the regular
reciprocating pump will be more due to consumption of electricity. But for solar
reciprocating pump there will be very less maintenance cost comparative to regular
pump.
5
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
System Overview
Ideas identified with the sun oriented vitality have always been under
overwhelming innovative work. The essential goal is to improve the vitality
delivered from photovoltaic cells, by making the general frameworks more
productive and cost effectives. Here different processes are proposed to achieve
the efficient water pumping system followed by technology regarding to its
system components.
6
Malawi Solar Powered Water Pump System BY:- Hunter King1
and Dr. Andre Butler2:
This project will consist of a water pumping system to supply potable water to
an orphanage located in the Chuluchosema community of Malawi, Africa. The
water will be pumped from a nearby well up to a water tower located in the
orphanage center. The pump will be powered by a solar panel that will capture the
solar energy from the sun. This project is in association with Mercer’s
University’s Master’s Program for Environmental Engineering and Mercer on a
Mission.
The water pump system will be built on Mercer’s campus and will then be sent to
the orphanage in Malawi to be assembled permanently. The water pumping
system will be built by materials that are sustainable enough to allow the system
to function properly long after the student has installed the system and has left.
The intent of this project is to provide a hands-on experience for the graduate
student by working with various professors and manufacturers as well as different
contacts from the developing country. The goal of this project is to supply potable
water to an orphanage without the residents retrieving it from a well.
Bio resource Engineering Solar water pump studies for small-scale irrigation
is a well-established procedure on many farms in western Canada and is practiced
on various levels around the world. It allows diversification of crops,
While increasing crop yields. However, typical irrigation systems consume a great
amount of conventional energy through the use of electric motors and generators
powered by fuel. The overall objective of this research was to determine the
feasibility of using photovoltaic (PV) modules to power a water pump for a small-
7
scale drip irrigation system in Montréal (Québec, Canada). The study involved
field observations, as well as computer simulations of global solar radiation and
PV electrical output. Field observations involved a summer and winter installation
of two amorphous silicon 42 W PV modules, directly connected to a 12 V surface
water pump.
For several years, many types of solar powered water pumping systems were
evaluated, and in this paper, diaphragm and helical solar photovoltaic (PV)
powered water pumping systems are discussed. Data were collected on diaphragm
and helical pumps which were powered by different solar PV arrays at multiple
pumping depths to determine the pumping performance, efficiency, and reliability
of the different systems.
8
The highest diaphragm pump hydraulic efficiency measured was 48%, and the
highest helical pump hydraulic efficiency measured was 60%. The peak total
system efficiency (e.g. solar radiation to pumped water) measured for the
diaphragm and helical pumps were5% and7%, respectively (based on PV modules
with 12% efficiency). The daily water volume of the three-chamber high head
diaphragm pump performed better than the dual-chamber high head diaphragm
pump (5 to 100% depending on PV array input power and pumping depth). Use of
a controller was shown to improve the quad diaphragm pump performance below
a solar irradiance of 600 W/m2 (20 m head) to 800 W/m2 (30 m head). While
diaphragm pumps made mostly of plastic demonstrated similar to much better
pumping performance than diaphragm pumps made with a high proportion of
metal, the metal pumps demonstrated a longer service life (>2 years) than the
plastic pumps service life .
9
CHAPTER-3
10
During the suction stroke the piston moves left thus creating vacuum in the
Cylinder. This vacuum causes the suction valve to open and water enters the
Cylinder. During the delivery stroke the piston moves towards right. This
increasing pressure in the cylinder causes the suction valve to close and delivery
to open and water is forced in the delivery pipe
. The air vessel is used to get uniform discharge. Reciprocating pumps are
self-priming and are suitable for very high heads at low flows. They deliver
reliable discharge flows and is often used for metering duties because of
constancy of flow rate. The piston connected to the connecting rod will move in
linear direction. If crank moves outwards then the piston moves towards its right
and create vacuum in the cylinder. The flow rate is changed only by adjusting the
rpm of the driver. These pumps deliver a highly pulsed flow.
11
3.2 COMPONENTS
There are several components in a solar reciprocating pump. Each and every
component is crucial for the machine. Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement
pump where certain volume of liquid is collected in enclosed volume and is
discharged using pressure to the required application. Reciprocating pumps are more
suitable for low volumes of flow at high pressures. The main components of the solar
reciprocating pump are given below.
12
3.3 COMPONENT SPECIFICATION
Solar panels work by absorbing sunlight with photovoltaic cells, generating direct
current (DC) energy and then converting it to usable alternating current
(AC) energy with the help of inverter technology. AC energy then flows through the
home's electrical panel and is distributed accordingly.
When photons hit a solar cell, they knock electrons loose from their atoms. If
conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides of a cell, it forms an
electrical circuit. When electrons flow through such a circuit, they generate electricity.
Multiple cells make up a solar panel, and multiple panels (modules) can be wired
together to form a solar array. The more panels you can deploy, the more energy you
can expect to generate.
Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels are made up of many solar cells. Solar cells are
made of silicon, like semiconductors. They are constructed with a positive layer and a
negative layer, which together create an electric field, just like in a battery.
PV electrons move from the negative side of the battery, through the lamp, and
return to the positive side of the battery. Solar panels generate direct current (DC)
electricity. With DC electricity, electrons flow in one direction around a circuit. This
example shows a battery powering a light bulb. The
AC electricity was chosen for the U.S. electrical power grid, primarily because
it is less expensive to transmit over long distances. However, solar panels create DC
electricity. How do we get DC electricity into the AC grid? We use an inverter.
13
FIG 3.2 ( SOLAR PANEL)
• Relatedpower;10w
• Voc:20.6V
• Vop:17.3V
• Short circuit current (Isc):0.69A
• Working current(Iop):0.58A
• Output Tolerance:±3%
• temperature range :- -40 degree c to +80 degree C
• battery voltage :- 12v
• glass thickness :- 3.2 mm
14
3.3.2 BATTERY
Solar batteries work by converting the DC energy being produced by your solar
panels and storing it as AC power for later use... When you install a solar battery as
part of your solar panel system, you are able to store excess solar electricity at your
home instead of sending it back to the grid.
Batteries used in home energy storage typically are made with one of three
chemical compositions: lead acid, lithium ion, and saltwater. In most cases, lithium
ion batteries are the best option for a solar panel system, though other battery
types can be more affordable.
PV electrons move from the negative side of the battery, through the lamp, and
return to the positive side of the battery. Solar panels generate direct current (DC)
electricity. With DC electricity, electrons flow in one direction around a circuit. This
example shows a battery powering a light bulb. The
15
It will take 4 hours to charge a 12V battery with a 10W solar panel depending on how
much sun time it has. You must use a charge controller which ensures that
the battery isn't overcharged.
3.3.3 DC MOTOR
16
1 RATED VOLATGE 12V
2 RATED CURRENT 7A
Piston pumps can pump at a constant flow rate against any kind of discharge
pressure. Both Piston pumps and Plunger pumps are reciprocating positive
displacement pumps that use a plunger or piston to move fluid/substance through
a cylindrical chamber.
17
In this project a pneumatic cylinder is being used in specific dimension.
82 DIAMETER( d) 25mm
4 HEAD 7m
18
3.3.5 SUCTION AND DELIVERY PIPES
Suction pipe connects the source of liquid to the cylinder of the reciprocating pump.
The liquid is suck by this pipe from the source to the cylinder Delivery pipe connects
cylinder of pump to the outlet source. The liquid is delivered to desired outlet location
through this pipe.
Suction valve is non-return valve which means only one directional flow is possible in
this type of valve. This is placed between suction pipe inlet and cylinder. During
suction of liquid it is opened and during discharge it is closed.
The circular is used to convert the circular motion into reciprocating motion for the
movement of the piston in the cylinder .The circular disc is made up of cast iron .The
specification is mentioned in the table.
19
DIAGRAM 3.8 ( CIRCULAR DISC)
1 DIA 124mm
2 THICKNESS 4mm
20
3.3.7CONNECTING ROD
The connecting rod is the connection between the circular disc and the piston. The
connecting rod is made of cast iron. It has two connection points at the both ends. The
connecting rod coverts the circular motion produced by the disc into reciprocating
motion.
The connection rod must be of a certain weight because it has an effect on the motion.
It if the rod is light, then the engine will be able to move faster and accelerate more
quickly. But weight is not the only important thing; the connection rod must be light
and strong at the same time. It should be strong enough to resist all forces produced
by the engine, as well as the powerful force that the piston creates when it is moving
to the dead center. If the connection rod is weak, that force made by the piston can
break it in half or pull it out from its place. The specification is given below.
LENGTH 160mm
THICKNESS 4mm
21
3.3.8 SWITCH & WIRE
A switch gate is connected between the battery and the motor to operate
at a perfect timing. The switch is connected between the wire used in the equipment is
3 mm diameter.
Structural frame bases are used to support mechanical equipment and provide rigid
platforms for attachment of vibration isolators, without allowing excessive differential
movement between driving and driven members. Frames are structural members
responsible to bear weight, be stiff and control vibrations at the very basic level.
Proper foundation of pumps mounting reduces vibration levels, which in turn leads to
a significant increase in Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), extended lifetime of
mechanical seals and bearings and consequently reduced total life cycle Cost.
22
Fig 3.11 (base frame)
23
CHAPTER-4
FABRICATION
• For preparing the base for the reciprocating pump iron rods are required. The
iron rods are collected.
• The rods are taken to the cutting machine for cutting purpose.
• 4 base supporting beams are cut by the cutting machine of the length of 42
centimeter.
• 6 side beams are cut by the length of 30 centimeter.
• 2 beams of 20 cm, 2 beams of 40cm, 2 beams of 10 cm are cut as per the
required dimensions.
24
• The base rods are ready for assembling purpose. The beams will be assembled
by welding process.
• The arc welding process is suitable for the assembly.
• The specimens are properly welded by the arc welding process.
• The strength is checked of the base material.
• Water is sprayed on the base for cooling purpose.
25
DIFFICULTIES & HANDLING
• While cutting the rods there was the dimension error. The cutting material
became waste and a new rod is cut with proper dimension and without any
error.
• While cutting the cutter wheel broke and the new wheel was fitted to the
cutting machine.
• At the time of welding the electrode holder was loose so it was tightened and
prepared for the next use.
• At the initial stage the welding was not strong enough. So the component was
again welded for strength purpose.
26
IMAGE 4.4 (MAKING OF CONNECTING ROD)
27
IMAGE 4.5 (MAKING OF CIRCULAR DISC)
• While cutting the circular disc there was little bit roughness. The surface was
finished by the grinding machine.
• The hole drilled on the circular disc was having some dimension error so the
error was overcome by little bit further drilling.
28
IMAGE 4.6 (CONNECTION WITH SOLAR PANEL)
29
IMAGE 4.7 (CONNECTION OF PISTON CYLINDER)
30
IMAGE 4.8(MOTOR WITH DISC)
• The suction and delivery pipes are cut as per the required size.
• A connector is joined with the cylinder where the ports are present.
• The suction pipe and the delivery pipes are joined with the connector.
• 2 tanks are placed near the base frame.
• One tank is suction tank and another tank is the delivery tank.
• The suction pipe is dipped in the suction pipe.
• The delivery pipe is dipped in the delivery tank.
31
• The motor is connected with the solar battery with wire.
• The battery is connected with the solar panel by the wire.
• An operating switch is connected between the motor and the battery for on and
off purpose.
• The testing of the total reciprocating pump is done after the full charge of the
battery by the solar panel.
• When the connecting rod was joined between the disc and piston rod, it was
seemed to be bent. So it was made straight by hammering.
• When the motor was fitted on the base it was loose so it was tightened by the
iron binder.
• The battery was not stable due to vibration of the motor and pump. So an extra
rod was welded at the place of battery and the battery was placed in a stable
condition.
32
CHAPTER-5
After fabrication of the total reciprocating pump it was ready for testing. The charge
storage was quite low. So the solar panel and the battery was kept in sunlight for 5-6
hours for charging purpose.
After the full charge again it was connected as previous position. The suction
tank was filled with water and the suction pipe was dipped into it. The delivery pipe
was dipped into the delivery tank.
The switch was on, the motor started rotating but it failed to suck the water from
the suction tank because of the air leakage. So the air leakage was stopped by
tightening the pipes with the pipe connector.
The pump started sucking from the suction tank but at the delivery time the water
was coming out from both the ends of the connector. So one end was sealed by the
glue .It was sealed permanently.
While the motor was rotating we noticed that the motor was unstable due to the
vibration so the vibration was reduced by tightening the motor with the base.
The pump was on up to 10 minutes. In that time we took the readings of the
rotation of the disc, discharge of water per minute etc. Then as per the data the results
for toque, discharge, and efficiency had been calculated and it is given below.
The theoretical discharge was compared with the practical discharge value and the
power consumption was also calculated.
33
5.2 CALCULATIONS
Losses Ignored
Pipe Length=1m
5.2.1 DISCHARGE
Q = π×d2 ×L×N/(4×60)
= π×(0.05)2 ×0.125×35/(4×60)
= 14.30×10-5 m 3 /s
P = ρ×g×h
= 1000×9.81×.5
= 4905 Pa
= 2×π×N×r/60
= 2× π×35×0.062/60
34
=0.227m/s
= 0.097×0.052/ 0.0092
=2.16m/s
5.2.3 POWER
P = 12×7 P
= 84 W
P = 2πNT/60 Where,
2π × 35 × T /60
=84
T= 22.92N-m
35
Radius of flywheel in meter R = 0.062 m
= 0.376 Kg.
5.2.4 TORQUE
T = F. r T
= (m × a) × r
=0.228N-m
Q୲୦ = A. L. n/ 60 Where,
A = area of pump in m2
36
A = π/ 4 ×d2
= π/ 4 ×0.0062
= 2.82×10--5 m2
Theoretical discharge
Q୲୦ = ( .0125×2.82×10-5×35)/60
=0.002×10-5m3/s
Q୲୦ = 0.02×10-5×1000
=20×10-5 lit/sec
Q୲୦ = 20×10-5×60
=12×10-3m3/’h
Efficiency= (4×10-3/12×10-3)×100
=33.3%
37
In order to charge the 12V, 7A battery, various solar panels having different power
range is available
For 6 W 6 hrs
For 10 W 4 hrs
Hence, It will be advisable to use 10 W solar panel which can fully charge the 12 V,
7A battery in 4 hours. As total discharging will be occurred in 3.5 hrs.
38
5.3 COST ESTIMATION
Connector 1 50 50
Wire 3MTR 15 45
Switch 1 10 10
Wheel 4 62.5/pcs 250
Non-Returnable 1 250 250
valve
Solar Charger 1 150 150
Connector
Others 570
TOTAL COST=4855(BDT)
39
Total project cost= material cost + machining cost + standard parts cost
= 11630 BDT
CHAPTER-6
SCOPE& APPLICATION
6.1 APPLICATION OF RECIPROCATING PUMP
40
6.2ADVANTAGES
• Solar-powered Water Systems are practical in flat terrain where the sun
shines.
• Solar-powered water pumps can be placed in or next to the pond or other
source of water and the water can be pumped where it is needed.
• Solar water pumping is clean and efficient.
• Solar electric water pumping cuts down on waste because it’s based on
natural cycles. Your panels give the most pumping power on the sunniest
days---when you need the most water.
• Solar power is clean. You never have to worry about polluting the
groundwater or air with a gas-powered pump.
• Solar-powered water systems take very little maintenance because they only
have a few moving parts.
• They have long life---usually 20 to 40 years. And solar water systems never
run out of fuel as long as the sun is shining
• Power required for driving the motor is small. So it is energy efficient.
• It is cost efficient. As the total cost of the project is 11630 BDT(Around
12000BDT). So, it is cost efficient.
• It does not require any electricity because the battery is charge by solar panel.
• It is eco-friendly:- It uses solar energy for charging the battery. So it does not
create any pollution. Hence it is eco-friendly.
• It can be used in rural & tribal areas for pumping the water, where the
electricity is not available or problem of load shading is major.
• Mechanism is simple & easy to understand.
• To pump the water. It requires less force and operation is simple.
• No human energy rather than pushing the pendulum with hand is required.
• No fatigue to the operator.
41
6.3 DISADVANTAGE
42
As they have an inductor at the input, which has tendency
to have data current ripple as low as required, in this manner precluding the need
of the input capacitor at the board voltage, they are picked up from the boost
converter, having a basic high step-up voltage ratio, which dispose of the required
transformer turns ratio. To ensure the maximum utilization of the available energy
dc/dc converter with a higher voltage transformation ratio is suggested. It is due to
the low-voltage property of the PV panels and small input current ripple so that it
does not oscillate over the maximum power point (MPP) of the PV module.
6.5 KEY ASPECTS AND SCOPE OF SOLAR PUMP
Another important aspect would be the ability to model the potential solar radiation,
PV power output, and subsequent water output for the purpose of irrigation
43
scheduling. Photovoltaic powered water pumping systems (photo irrigation) have
been studied by researchers in many years. Studies mostly concentrated on DC motors
cause of energy obtained from solar panel is DC (Lawrance et al., 1995, Dorsum et
al., 2005). These are shown that better results were obtained for performance analysis
Photo-irrigation system has advantages than flooding irrigation. Some of these are,
bringing utilization of water sources more efficient, preventing erosion and growing
of weeds only by irrigating the requested areas (Cuadros et al., 2004), decreasing
moisture stress (Pande, et al., 2003), no operation cost, providing opportunity for local
energy sources and exhibiting a parallel point of view with water requirement
(Ghoneim 2006).
The advantages of using wireless sensor is to reduce wiring and piping costs, and
easier to install and maintenance especially large areas (Dursun et al., 2010). Energy
of pumps used for the agricultural irrigation is generally provided from electrical
energy or fossil fuels. Since fossil fuels commence to annihilate besides its increasing
of prices and hazards to environment alternative energy seeking efforts has become
inevitable also in agricultural sector. Solar energy that is sensitive to environment,
clean and requiring no maintenance is an alternative renewable energy source
especially for countries like Turkey having a high amount of annual solar irradiation
rate. When it is considered by means of requirement for irrigation the advantage of
PV pumping systems is that water demand and increasing for sun shining are
compatible characteristically (Anis et al., 1994). In summer months obtained solar
energy increases and also naturally water requirement of trees increases.
The cost of solar PV has come down and cost of diesel has been regularly increasing.
At present the cost of solar PV is very much less to diesel, solar PV cost shall be half
of diesel within three to four years, since approaching towards grid parity. 400,000
telecom towers are associated with diesel generating sets having capacity 3 to 5 KW.
60% Telecom towers located in urban and semi urban areas and 100% located in the
villages are run by diesel generating sets. Recently in 2013, Maurya V.N. et al [35]
focused their attention to capital cost modeling. In fact, off-grid potential is unlimited
in India and is about 20 to 25% potential of the world (Arora 2014). Solar water
pumps are often thought of as being an expensive technology, which is not able to
44
pump enough water and which is not durable. However, solar water pumps have come
a long way in 25 years and today there are solar pumps on the market which have
improved on previous technology, e.g.: Submersible pumps which can pump up to
200m heads; Pumps that are able to pump larger volumes of water, e.g.: At 100m,
about 10,000 liters per day; At 50m, about 20,000 liters per day; Above performance
can be doubled through dual systems (if the borehole allows this).
Good quality and reliability Simple to install Furthermore, solar pumps are well
known for having the following features: Require minimal attention as they are self-
starting; Solar pumps are “good” for boreholes as they pump over the whole day;
Weak boreholes can be used effectively with a low volume pump due to pumping 8 to
10 hours a day; In most cases, a solar pump offers an ideal solution to the diesel
option which requires operating funds (with uncertainty about future diesel prices),
time investment for operating pump (manual starting etc.) and logistics for fuel,
maintenance, installation and de-installation.
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FUTURE EXTENSION
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CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION AND REFERENCE
7.1 CONCLUSION
The method used here to build solar powered water pumping system is cost effective
comparatively to an electrically operated hydraulic pump. Since here non-
conventional energy is used to achieve the required head. Discharge obtained from the
observations is 2.5liters per minute. The reciprocating pump built by us is built with
the help of simple and easily available materials still we have successful to
demonstrate the worth of a reciprocating pump. This device serves its purpose to
some extent, but with proper course of actions, it can perform still better.
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7.2 REFERENCES
1. Prof. R.S. Khurmi, J.K. Gupta; Theory of Machines; Eurasia publishing house
pvt.Ltd.2006 2nd Edition
2. Prof. Ramamurathan; Fluid mechanism and machines; Dhanpat Rai and sons
publication
3. Prof. V.B. Bhandari;Machine Design; Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. New Delhi
7.F. P. Beer & E. R. Johnson; Engineering Mechanics - Space Forces, Mechanics for
engineers, Statics; McGraw Hill Publications 4th Edition
9. report-on-reciprocating-pump.pdf
WEBSITES
1.www.Wikipedia.org
2. www.google.com
3. www.irjet.net
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