TERM PAPER

Submitted to the Amity University Uttar Pradesh In partial fulfillment of

requirements for the award of the Degree of

(B.Sc. Applied Mathematics)

By

Sakshi Bansal
Enrollment No: A4455620032

Under the Supervision of:

Supervisor
+ Co-Supervisors (if any)

……………. …………………………..

Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh

Sector 125, Noida – 201303 (India)

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 DECLARATION

I, Sakshi Bansal, student of B.Sc. Applied Mathematics hereby declare that the project titled

“Real life application of maxima and minima of one and more than one variables” Which is

submitted by me to Department of Mathematics, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity

University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree

of B.Sc. Maths (H), has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree,

diploma or other similar title or recognition.

Noida

Date
Name and Signature of student
Sakshi Bansal

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 CERTIFICATE

On the basis of declaration submitted by Sakshi Bansal, student of B.Sc. Applied Mathematics, I

hereby certify that the titled “Real life Application of maxima and minima of one and more than

one variables” which is submitted to Department of Mathematics, Amity Institute of Applied

Sciences, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, in partial fulfillment of requirement for the

award of the degree of B.Sc. Maths (H), is a faithful record of work carried out by her under my

guidance and supervision.

To the best of my knowledge this work has not been submitted in part or full for nay Degree or

Diploma to this University or elsewhere.

Noida

Date
(Dr. Sudhir kumar chauhan)

Department of Mathematics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida

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 AMITY INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SCIENCES
Synopsis of Seminar/ Term Paper/ TERM PAPER /Minor Project /Dissertation:

Title: Real life application of maxima and minima of one and more than one variables.

Name of Guide(s): Dr. Sudhir kumar chauhan

Programme:- Year/Semester:-
S.No. Enrolment No. Name Signature

Summary:-

Resource requirement:-

Schedule of work completion:- 30th of July 2021

Signature of Student Signature of Guide(s)

Sakshi Bansal

Signature of Programme Leader

Name: Sakshi

Approval by Board of Faculty

Member Signature Remark (Approved / Not Approved)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies that the successful completion of any task would be

incomplete without the mention of people whose ceaseless cooperation made it possible, whose

constant guidance and encouragement crown all efforts with success. I would like to thank Prof

Dr. Rupakshi Mishra Pandey, Department of mathematics and Amity University for giving me

the opportunity to undertake this project. I would like to thank my faculty guide Dr. Sudhir

kumar chauhan who is the biggest driving force behind my successful completion of the project.

He has been always there to solve any query of mine and also guided me in the right direction

regarding the project. Without their help and inspiration, I would not have been able to complete

the project. Also I would like to thank my batch mates who guided me, helped me and gave ideas

and motivation at each step.

Sakshi Bansal

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 list of content
 Introduction

 Maxima and minima

 HISTORY OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA

 PRESENT CONCEPT OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA

 uses of maxima and minima

 HOW IS MAXIMA AND MINIMA USEFUL IN OUR

DAILY life ?

 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF MAXIMA AND

MINIMA

 CONCLUSION

abstract
By the maximum values of a function f(x) in calculus, we do
not necessarily mean the absolutely greatest value
attainable by the function. A function f(x) is said to be
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maximum for a value c of x, provided f(c) is greater than
every other value assumed by f(x) in the immediate
neighbourhood of x=c. Similarly a minimum value of f(x) is
defined to be the value which is less than other values in
the immediate neighbourhood.

METHODOLOGY
 To maximize the beneficial values like profit,
efficiency, output of a company etc.

 To minimize the negative values like expenses,

effort etc.

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  Used in the study of inventory control, economic
order quantity etc

introduction
Maximum value of a function:

A function f(x) is said to have a maximum value for x=c

provided we can get a positive quantity δ such that for all
values of x in the interval (c-δ<x<c+δ ≠c) f(c)>f(x) i.e., if
f(c+h)-f(c)<0.

Minimum value of a function:

The function f(x) has a minimum value for x=c provided we

can get an interval c-δ'<x<c+δ' within which f(c)<f(x) (x≠c).
i.e., if f(c+h)-f(c)>0.
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The maximum and minimum values of a function are also
known as relatively greatest and least values of the function
in that these are the greatest and the least values of the
function relatively to some neighbourhoods of the points.
The extreme value is used for a maximum and a minimum
value. And while ascertaining whether a value f(c) is an
extreme value of f or not, we compare f(c) with the values of
f for values of x in any neighbourhood of c. So that the
values of the function outside the neighbourhood do not
come into question. Thus, a maximum (minimum) values of a
function may not be the greatest (least) of all the values of
the function in a finite interval. In facts a function can have
several maximum and minimum value may even be greatest
than a maximum value.

MAXIMA & MINIMA

The maxima and minima of function, known collectively as
extrema are the largest and smallest value of the function,
either within a range or on domain.
Example :

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Consider an arbitrary constant f(x).
The maxima and minima is a way to characterize the peaks
and troughs of f(x). For example, there is a peak at  x=a;
therefore this point is a  local maximum; similarly,  x=0 is
also a local maximum; however, since f(0) has the largest
value on the domain,  x=0 is also a  global maximum.
Analogously, x=b and x=c are local minimum points; x=c is
also global minimum.

HISTORY OF MAXIMA &

MIMIMA
Throughout the history of mathematics, maximum and
minimum problems have played an important role in the
evolution of the field. Since origin of life, all people applied
the concept of maxima and minima in their daily lives
without even knowing about the concept of maxima and
minima. In the earlier time the kings used to estimate the
army of the opposite side, doctors Used to record symptom
of any disease, cooks used to estimate the quantity of food
or people before any function, the businessmen used to
estimate profit or loss in any transaction. Even today also
the women in the house prepare the food according to
consumption by each individual.

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Sir Isaac Newton, a great scientist, invented the concept of
functions and hence concept of maxima or minima.

Present concept of maxima &

minima
The terms maxima and minima refer to extreme values of a
function, that is, the maximum and minimum values that the
function attains. Maximum means upper bound or largest
possible quantity. The largest number is absolute maximum.
That is, if f(a) is greater than or equal to f(x), where x is the
domain of the function, then f(a) is the absolute maximum.
The problem of determining the maximum or minimum is
encountered in geometry, mechanics, physics, and other
fields, etc. This was one of the motivating factors in the
development of the calculus in the seventeenth century.

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Uses of maxima & minima

 For marketing purpose we require vessels of

different shapes for which fabrication cost is less
but they could contain more material.

 when total perimeter of land is given, then

maxima and is used for getting more rectangular
land area.

 In factories, the fabrication cost of commodity

become less by using maxima and minima.

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how IS MAXIMA & MINIMA
USEFUL IN OUR DAILY
life?
Maxima and minima used up all over the place in our daily
lives. They can be found anywhere we are interested in the
highest or lowest value of given system; if you look hard
enough you can probably find them just about anywhere!

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Practical APPLICATIONS OF
MAXIMA & MINIMA
There are numerous practical applications in which it is
desired to find the maximum or minimum value of a
particular quantity.

I. A meteorologist creates a model that predicts the

temperature variance with respect to time. The absolute
maximum and minimum of this function over any 24-hour
period are the forecasted high and low temperatures, as
later reported on the Weather Channel or the evening news.

II. To an economist – maximum and minimum values

of the total profit function can be used to get an idea of the
limits the company must put on the salaries of the
employees, so as to not go in loss.

III. To a doctor – The maximum and the minimum

values of the function describing the total thyroid
level in the bloodstream can be used to determine
the dosage the doctor needs to prescribe to
different patients to bring their thyroid levels to
normal.

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IV. Use in war - maxima and minima can be used in
war to predict result of any event. It can be very
helpful to all soldiers as it helps to save time.
Maximum damage with minimum armor can be
predicted via these functions. It can be helpful in
preventive actions for military. It is used to
calculate ammunition numbers, food requests, fuel
consumption, parts ordering, and other logical
operations. It is also helpful in finding daily
expenditure on war.

V. Use in chemistry – we have used the maxima of

wave function and radial probability distribution
functions to determine where an electron is most
likely to be found in any given orbital.

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VI. Use in space station – A NASA engineer working on
the generation space shuttle studies a function
that computes the pressure acting on the shuttle
at a given altitude. The absolute maximum of this
function represents the pressure.

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 Result
Everything in this world is based on the concept of maxima
and minima, every time we always calculate the maximum
and minimum of every data. Now-a-days results are also
based on the concepts of grades which is again based on
the concept of maxima and minima.

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 Conclusion
The main thing about these techniques is that nothing
special to be done. We are using maxima and minima in our
daily life and in every field.

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 Future scope
The fact that nothing extra is required justifies that it has
got a pretty bright future ahead. Moreover there is no scope
of any failure whatsoever as no extra experimentation is
required.

Reference

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1) https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/maxima-
minima.html

2) https://www.cuemath.com/jee/introduction-to-
maxima-and-minima-derivatives-applications/

3) https://www.slideshare.net/lohit91/maxima-minima

4) Higher engineering mathematics by BV Verma

5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima

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