PAPER

MULTIPLE FUNCTION DIFFERENTIALS

(Optimum methods of a mathematical implicit function,

Extreme values, Conditional optimization)

Arranged by:

Muhammad Naufal S. (2210631200052)

Adita erlangga (2210631200074)
Reza Ma’ruf (2210631200093)

MATHEMATICS
AGRIBUSSINES STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPERBANGSA KARAWANG
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023/2024
 FOREWORD

It is with great pleasure that I introduce Drs. Slamet Abadi, M.Si, an esteemed
academician and dedicated educator, who has taken on the role of Mathematics Lecturer.
Driven by his passion for mathematics and an unwavering commitment to nurturing young
minds, Drs. Slamet Abadi has consistently demonstrated his expertise and made a significant
impact in the field of education.
With a strong educational background, holding a Master of Science (M.Si) degree,
Drs. Slamet Abadi possesses an exceptional command of mathematical concepts and theories.
His deep understanding of the subject matter, coupled with his ability to impart knowledge
effectively, has inspired countless students to explore and appreciate the beauty of
mathematics.
Throughout his career, Drs. Slamet Abadi has consistently exemplified
professionalism and dedication. He approaches teaching with enthusiasm and a genuine
desire to see his students succeed. By employing innovative teaching methods and
encouraging active participation, he creates a dynamic learning environment that fosters
critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and a love for learning.
Beyond the classroom, Drs. Slamet Abadi has also been actively involved in research
endeavors, further enriching his teaching methodologies and contributing to the advancement
of mathematical knowledge. His scholarly contributions have been recognized and published
in reputable academic journals, affirming his expertise and intellectual prowess.
It is an honor to have Drs. Slamet Abadi as a member of our esteemed faculty. His
unwavering commitment to academic excellence, combined with his personable nature,
makes him a truly outstanding educator. Through his passion for mathematics and his genuine
concern for his students' growth, Drs. Slamet Abadi has become a source of inspiration and a
beacon of knowledge.
I extend my heartfelt gratitude to Drs. Slamet Abadi for his invaluable contributions to
our institution and the field of mathematics education. I have no doubt that his expertise and
dedication will continue to shape the minds of future mathematicians, and his impact will be
felt for years to come.
Karawang, 9 Mei 2023

Muhammad Naufal S. Reza Ma’ruf Aditia erlangga

 LIST OF CONTENTS

Contents
FOREWORD......................................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER I .......................................................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 4
A. Background................................................................................................................................... 4
B. Problem Statement ....................................................................................................................... 5
C. Purpose.......................................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II ......................................................................................................................................... 6
DISCUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 6
A. Compound Function Differential................................................................................................ 6
B. Optimal methods of mathematical implicit functions ............................................................... 9
C. Conditional Optimization .......................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER III ..................................................................................................................................... 16
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 16
Reference ............................................................................................................................................. 17
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background

In mathematics, multivariate differential refers to the use of partial derivatives to analyze

functions that involve multiple variables. Multivariate functions often arise in various fields
such as physics, economics, computer science, and engineering. In some cases, these functions
can be expressed implicitly, where the relationship between the variables cannot be easily
expressed explicitly in the form of equations.

Optimal methods are used to find extrema (maximum or minimum values) of a function.
In the context of multivariate functions, we are interested in finding extrema of implicit
functions, where the variables are not explicitly expressed. Common optimal methods used in
the analysis of implicit functions involve partial derivatives, partial differential equations, and
numerical methods.

To analyze an implicit function, we first need to compute the partial derivatives of the
function. Partial derivatives provide information about how the function changes with respect
to each independent variable, while the other variables are held constant. By using partial
derivatives, we can determine critical or stationary points where the first derivative vanishes or
becomes zero. These points may represent extrema of the function.

After finding the critical points, we can use optimal methods such as Newton's method,
gradient method, or least squares method to find the extrema of the implicit function. These
methods involve numerical search to find points where the partial derivatives vanish or
approach zero.

However, in some cases, we may also be interested in constrained optimization, where

the extrema must satisfy certain constraints or limitations. In this case, we can use the Lagrange
multiplier method to combine the objective function with the given constraints. The Lagrange
multiplier method allows us to find extrema while taking these constraints into account.
B. Problem Statement

In this paper, we will discuss the optimal method of a mathematical implicit function,
extreme values, and conditional optimization using the differential concept of compound
functions in an economic context. More specifically, we'll look for ways to solve optimization
problems involving mathematical implicit functions and conditional constraints.

C. Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the concept of

differential compound functions and optimal methods in economic mathematics. In addition,
this paper also aims to provide examples of applications of the concept in solving optimization
problems in the economic context.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSION

A. Compound Function Differential

In mathematical economics, differential compound functions are used to analyze how

changes to one variable may affect other variables in a system of equations. For example, we
can use the differential compound function to calculate the elasticity of the demand or supply
equation.
The differential formula of a compound function or partial derivative is as follows:

Given a function f(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) that depends on n variables, the partial derivative of
the function to the i-th variable (xi) is expressed as ∂f/∂xi or fi(x₁, x₂, ..., xn).

The general formula for partial derivatives is: ∂f/∂xi = lim (Δxi → 0) [f(x₁, x₂, ..., xi +
Δxi, ..., xn) - f(x₁, x₂, ..., xi, ..., xn)] / Δxi

In this formula, we keep the other variables fixed except for the variable that takes its
partial derivative (xi). Then, we take the limit when Δxi approaches zero to get a partial
derivative of that variable.

It is important to remember that partial derivatives measure the extent to which the
change in the function f(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) results from a change in a particular variable (xi),
assuming the other variable is fixed.

In mathematical analysis of economics, partial derivatives are used to model

relationships between economic variables, calculate elasticity, look for extreme values, and
analyze the degree of responsiveness of functions to changes in certain variables.

Example Problem:
Suppose there are two goods, namely X and Y, and the prices of both goods are Px and Py. The
equation of demand for goods X and Y respectively is as follows:

Qx = 100 - 2Px - Py
Qy = 80 - Px - 2Py
Calculate the elasticity of the demand equation to the prices of Px and Py when Px = 10 and
Py = 20.

Settlement:
. To calculate the elasticity of the demand equation to the prices of Px and Py, we need to take
a partial derivative of the equation of demand to each price. Price elasticity can be calculated
using the formula:

E = (dQ / Q) / (dP / P)

where:
E is price elasticity
dQ is the change in the number of requests
Q is the number of requests
dP is the price change
P is the price

Let's calculate the elasticity of the demand equation to the prices of Px and Py at the time Px =
10 and Py = 20.

For item X (Qx) request:

Qx = 100 - 2Px - Py

A partial child against Px:

dQx/dPx = -2

Partial derivative of Py:

dQx/dPy = -1

We need to calculate the price elasticity with respect to Px:

E(Px) = (dQx/dPx) * (Px/Qx) = (-2) * (10 / Qx)
For item Y (Qy) request:
Qy = 80 - Px - 2Py

A partial child against Px:

dQy/dPx = -1

Partial derivative of Py:

dQy/dPy = -2

We need to calculate the price elasticity against Py:

E(Py) = (dQy/dPy) * (Py/Qy) = (-2) * (20 / Qy)

Now we can calculate the elasticity of the demand equation to the prices of Px and Py at the
time Px = 10 and Py = 20:

For Px = 10:
E(px) = (-2) * (10 / qx) = (-2) * (10 / (100 - 2(10) - 20))
= -20 / (100 - 20 - 20)
= -20 / 60
= -1/3

For Py = 20:
E(Py) = (-2) * (20 / Qy) = (-2) * (20 / (80 - 10 - 2(20)))
= -40 / (80 - 10 - 40)
=-40/30
= -4/3

Thus, when Px = 10 and Py = 20, the elasticity of the demand equation to the price of
Px is -1/3, while the elasticity of the equation of demand to the price of Py is -4/3. Negative
price elasticity indicates that demand is inelastic to price changes.
B. Optimal methods of mathematical implicit functions

The optimal method is used to find the extreme value (maximum or minimum) of a
function. When the function is given in implicit form, that is, in the form of an equation that
does not directly express the dependent variable as a function of the independent variable, we
can use the differential method to find its extreme value.
The Optimal Method formula (Lagrange method) for a mathematical implicit function
with constraints can be used to find the extreme value (maximum or minimum) of the function.
This formula extends the optimal method for functions with constraints in implicit form. Here
is the formula:

Suppose we have an implicit function f(x, y) = 0 that is a constraint, and an objective

function (for example, a utility function or cost function) g(x, y) that we want to optimize.

The Lagrange function that combines objective functions and constraints is as follows:

L(x, y, λ) = g(x, y) + λ * f(x, y)

In this formula, λ is a real number referred to as the Lagrange multiplicator or Lagrange

coefficient.

Then, we find the extreme values by solving a system of equations of partial derivatives
of x, y, and λ:

∂L/∂x = ∂g/∂x + λ * ∂f/∂x = 0

∂L/∂y = ∂g/∂y + λ * ∂f/∂y = 0
∂L/∂λ = f(x, y) = 0

In the above system of equations, we find the values of x, y, and λ that satisfy the
equation. After obtaining those values, we can test whether they are maximum, minimum, or
saddle point by using other methods such as the second test of partial derivatives or the Hessian
matrix.
 This formula of the Optimal Method of Mathematical Implicit Functions allows us to
solve optimization problems with constraints in implicit form, and find the extreme values of
the objective functions that we want to optimize.

Example Problem:
Suppose there is a mathematical implicit function given by the following equation:

x^2 + y^2 = 25

Find the extreme value (maximum or minimum) of this function.

Settlement:
To find the extreme value (maximum or minimum) of the implicit function x^2 + y^2 = 25, we
need to use a calculus technique involving derivatives. We can use the substitution method to
solve this problem.

The first step is to solve the implicit equation to obtain one of the variables as a function that
depends only on the other variable. In this case, we can solve the equation for y:

y = ±√(25 - x^2)

This equation yields two functions y as functions of x, namely y = √(25 - x^2) and y = -√(25 -
x^2).

These two functions describe the semicircles above and below the x-axis on the circle with
radius 5.

Then, we need to examine critical values or extreme candidates. This occurs when the
derivative of the function y with respect to x is zero or undefined. In this case, we have to find
the derivative of the functions y = √(25 - x^2) and y = -√(25 - x^2).

For the function y = √(25 - x^2), we can calculate the derivative as follows:

dy/dx = (-x) / √(25 - x^2)

This derivative will be equal to zero when -x = 0 or x = 0. However, if we check the value x =
0 in the equation x^2 + y^2 = 25, we get y = ±5. In this case, x = 0 gives no extreme value.

Then, we check the derivative of the function y = -√(25 - x^2):

dy/dx = -(-x) / √(25 - x^2)

= x / √(25 - x^2)

This derivative cannot be defined when its denominator is equal to zero, i.e. when 25 - x^2 =
0. So, x^2 = 25, which means x = ±5.

So, we have three extreme candidates: x = -5, x = 0, and x = 5.

Now we need to check the y values corresponding to each of these x values using the equation
x^2 + y^2 = 25.

For x = -5, we have y = √(25 - (-5)^2) = 0.

For x = 0, we have seen before that this does not give extreme values.

For x = 5, we have y = √(25 - 5^2) = 0.

So, we have two extreme values: (-5, 0) and (5, 0).

In this case, the function x^2 + y^2 = 25 describes a circle with radius 5. These extreme points
are the maximum and minimum points of the function since this function reaches the function
x^2 + y^2 = 25 mapped to cartesian coordinates, we can see that this is the equation of a circle
with radius 5 and its center being at the point (0, 0).

The extreme points found earlier, namely (-5, 0) and (5, 0), are points along the circle on the
x-axis. The point (-5, 0) is the minimum point, while the point (5, 0) is the maximum point.
This can be proved by substituting the x and y values in the equation x^2 + y^2 = 25 with
values (-5, 0) and (5, 0) and seeing if the equation remains correct.

For point (-5, 0):

(-5)^2 + 0^2 = 25 + 0 = 25 (true)

For points (5, 0):

(5)^2 + 0^2 = 25 + 0 = 25 (true)

Thus, the extreme points (-5, 0) and (5, 0) are the minimum and maximum points of the function
x^2 + y^2 = 25.

In this context, these extreme values represent points along the circle with radius 5 at which
the function reaches the minimum (0) and maximum (25) values.

*Please note that in this issue, we do not have an absolute maximum or minimum value defined
in the function. This function achieves the highest value (25) at any point along the circle and
the lowest value (0) at the center of the circle. Therefore, we can only identify the local extreme
points on this circle as the maximum and minimum values of the function.

C. Conditional Optimization

Conditional optimization involves finding the extreme value of a function by paying

attention to some constraint or constraint. In mathematical economics, conditional optimization
is often used to maximize utility functions or minimize costs by considering given constraints.
Conditional optimization formulas are used to find the extreme value (maximum or
minimum) of a function taking into account certain constraints or constraints. Suppose we have
an objective function f(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) that we want to optimize, and there are k constraints that
must be met in the form of equations or inequalities. Here is the general formula for conditional
optimization:

1. Objective function:
F(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) = f(x₁, x₂, ..., xn)

2. Constraints:
 a₁(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) ≤ b₁
a₂(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) ≤ b₂
...
ak(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) ≤ bk

3. Lagrange function:
L(x₁, x₂, ..., xn, λ₁, λ₂, ..., λk) = f(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) + λ₁[a₁(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) - b₁] + λ₂[a₂(x₁, x₂, ..., xn)
- b₂] + ... + λk[ak(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) - bk]

In this formula, λ₁, λ₂, ..., λk are the Lagrange multiplicators or Lagrange coefficients associated
with each constraint.

4. Partial derivatives and systems of equations:

∂L/∂x₁ = ∂f/∂x₁ + λ₁ * ∂a₁/∂x₁ + λ₂ * ∂a₂/∂x₁ + ... + λk * ∂ak/∂x₁ = 0
∂L/∂x₂ = ∂f/∂x₂ + λ₁ * ∂a₁/∂x₂ + λ₂ * ∂a₂/∂x₂ + ... + λk * ∂ak/∂x₂ = 0
...
∂L/∂xn = ∂f/∂xn + λ₁ * ∂a₁/∂xn + λ₂ * ∂a₂/∂xn + ... + λk * ∂ak/∂xn = 0
a₁(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) - b₁ ≤ 0
a₂(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) - b₂ ≤ 0
...
ak(x₁, x₂, ..., xn) - bk ≤ 0

We find the values x₁, x₂, ..., xn, λ₁, λ₂, ..., λk that satisfy the above system of equations.
After obtaining these values, we can test whether they maximize or minimize objective
functions by comparing them with other values or using the second test method of partial
derivatives.

This conditional optimization formula allows us to find extreme values of objective

functions with

Example Problem:
Suppose there exists a utility function given by the following equation:
U(x, y) = x^2 + 2y^2
Constraint: x + y = 10

Find x and y values that maximize the functionality of this utility by paying attention
to the constraints given.

Settlement:
To find the x and y values that maximize the utility function U(x, y) = x^2 + 2y^2 by paying attention
to the constraints x + y = 10, we can use the Lagrange multiplicationor method.

The first step is to define the Lagrange function:

L(x, y, λ) = U(x, y) + λ(g(x, y) - k)

Here, λ is the Lagrange factor which is the multiplier for the constraint, g(x, y) is the constraint
function (x + y), and k is the value of the given constraint (10).

In this case, the Lagrange function will be:

L(x, y, λ) = x^2 + 2y^2 + λ(x + y - 10)

Next, we need to find the partial derivative of L against the variables x, y, and λ, and equate them to
zero to find the critical point.

∂L/∂x = 2x + λ = 0 ... (1)

∂L/∂y = 4y + λ = 0 ... (2)
∂L/∂λ = x + y - 10 = 0 ... (3)

From equation (1), we can replace λ with -2x in equation (2):

4y + (-2x) = 0
y = x/2 ... (4)
Next, we substitute y = x/2 in equation (3):

x + (x/2) - 10 = 0
(3x/2) - 10 = 0
3x/2 = 10
3x = 20
x = 20/3 ... (5)
Using the found value of x (x = 20/3), we can substitute it back in equation (4) to get the value of y:

y = (20/3)/2

y = 10/3 ... (6)

As a final step, we need to check whether the points (x, y) found are indeed maximizing the utility
function U(x, y) by paying attention to the constraints x + y = 10.

U(x, y) = x^2 + 2y^2

U(20/3, 10/3) = (20/3)^2 + 2(10/3)^2

= 400/9 + 200/9
= 600/9
= 200/3

Thus, the values of x = 20/3 and y = 10/3 maximize the utility function U(x, y) = x^2 + 2y^2
by taking into account the constraints x + y = 10 . At this point, the maximum utility value is 200/3.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

In this paper, we have discussed the differential compound functions in the context of
economic mathematics. We also discuss optimal methods for mathematical implicit functions,
extreme values, and conditional optimization. Through examples of problems and solutions,
we provide illustrations of how this concept can be applied in solving economic problems.

In differential compound functions, we see how changes to one variable can affect other
variables in the equation system. We illustrate this concept by calculating the elasticity of the
demand equation in the example problem given.

Then, we discuss the optimal methods for mathematical implicit functions. In the
example problem given, we use the Lagrange method to find the extreme value of an implicit
function.

Next, we explain about conditional optimization in economic mathematics. We

illustrate how optimization problems can be solved by considering a given constraint, as in the
example of a utility problem with constraints.

In conclusion, an understanding of differential compound functions, optimal methods,

and conditional optimization is essential in economic mathematics. These concepts help us
analyze economic behavior, look for extreme values, and optimize functions taking constraints
into account. With the application of this concept, we can make better decisions in an economic
context.
 Reference

- "Advanced Calculus: A Differential Forms Approach" by Harold Edwards. Date and place
of issue: 1994, United States.

- "Introduction to Mathematical Optimization: From Linear Programming to Metaheuristics"

by Wayne L. Winston. Date and place of issue: 2003, United States.

- "Convex Optimization" by Stephen Boyd and Lieven Vandenberghe.Date and place of

issue: 2004, USA.