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Computational
Analysis of
Structured Media
Mathematical Analysis and its
Applications Series
Computational
Analysis of
Structured Media
Simon Gluzman
Bathurst St. 3000, Apt 606, ON M6B3B4 Toronto, Canada
Vladimir Mityushev
Pedagogical University,
Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Science
Institute of Computer Sciences,
ul. Podchorazych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland
Wojciech Nawalaniec
Pedagogical University,
Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Science
Institute of Computer Sciences,
ul. Podchorazych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland
Series Editor
Themistocles M. Rassias
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank our friends and colleagues, Pierre Adler, Igor Andrianov, Leonid Berlyand,
Piotr Drygaś, Barbara Gambin, Leonid Filshtinsky, Alexander G. Kolpakov, Pawel
Kurtyka, Natalia Rylko, Ryszard Wojnar, Vyacheslav Yukalov, for all their support
and useful discussions. We are also indebted to the whole Elsevier team for their
help and guidance throughout the publishing process. We are grateful to the editor for
carefully reviewing the book during this process. The authors (V.M. and W.N.) were
partially supported by Grant of the National Centre for Research and Development
2016/21/B/ST8/01181.
Simon Gluzman, Vladimir Mityushev, and Wojciech Nawalaniec

April 2017
xiii
PREFACE
Four legs good, two legs bad
— George Orwell, Animal farm
The present book may be considered as an answer to the question associated to the
picture on the last front matter page. Why does James Bond prefer shaken, not stirred
martini with ice?1 Highly accurate computational analysis of structural media allows
us to explain the difference between various types of random composite structures.
We are primarily concerned here with the effective properties of deterministic and
random composites. The analysis is based on accurate analytical solutions to the prob-
lems considered by respected specialists as impossible to find their exact solutions.
Consensual opinions can be summarized as follows: “ It is important to realize that
solution to partial differential equations, of even linear material models, at infinitesi-
mal strains, describing the response of small bodies containing a few heterogeneities
are still open problem. In short, complete solutions are virtually impossible” (see [5,
p. 1]).
Of course, it is impossible to resolve all the problems of micromechanics and their
analogs, but certain classes such as boundary value problems for Laplace’s equation
and bi-harmonic two-dimensional (2D) elasticity equations can be solved in analytical
form.
At least for an arbitrary 2D multiply connected domain with circular inclusions our
methods yield analytical formulae for most of the important effective properties, such
as conductivity, permeability, effective shear modulus and effective viscosity. Ran-
domness in such problems is introduced through random locations of non-overlapping
disks. It is worth noting that any domain can be approximated by special configura-
tions of packed circular disks.
Many respectful authors apply various self-consistent methods (SCM) such as ef-
fective medium approximation, differential scheme, Mori–Tanaka approach, etc. [2].
They claim that such methods give general analytical formula for the effective prop-
erties. Careful analysis though shows their restriction to the first- or second- order
approximations in concentration.
Actually SCM perform elaborated variations on the theme of the celebrated Maxwell
formula, Clausius–Mossotti approximation, and so forth [3]. All of them are justified
1
The complete answer on the question is yet to be found, and most likely after many experiments. But the
mathematical answer is given on 268.
xv
xvi Preface
rigorously only for a dilute composites when interactions among inclusions are ne-
glected. In the same time, exact and high-order formulae for special regular compos-
ites which go beyond SCM were derived.
Despite a considerable progress made in the theory of disordered media, the main
tools for studying such systems remain numerical simulations and questionable de-
signs to extend SCM to high concentrations. These approaches are sustained by un-
limited belief in numerics and equal underestimation of constructive analytical and
asymptotic methods. They have to be drastically reconsidered and refined. In our opin-
ion there are three major developments which warrant such radical change of view.
1. Recent mathematical results devoted to explicit solution to the Riemann–Hilbert
and R−linear problems for multiply connected domains, see Chapter 1, [4].2
2. Significant progress in symbolic computations (see MATHEMATICA R , MAPLE R ,
MATLAB R and others) greatly extends our computational capacities. Symbolic com-
putations operate on the meta-level of numerical computing. They transform pure
analytical constructive formulae into computable objects. Such an approach results
in symbolic algorithms which often require optimization and detailed analysis from
the computational point of view. Moreover, symbolic and numeric computations do
integrate harmoniously [1].
But we can not declare a victory just yet, because even long power series in con-
centration and contrast parameters are not sufficient because they won’t allow to cover
the high-concentration regime. Sometimes the series are short, in other cases they do
not converge fast enough, or even diverge in the most interesting regime. Your typical
answer to the challenges is to apply an additional methods powerful enough to extract
information from the series. But in addition to a traditional Padé approximants applied
in such cases, we would need a
3. New post-Padé approximants for analysis of the divergent or poorly convergent
series, including different asymptotic regimes discussed in Chapter 5.
In the present book, we demonstrate that the theoretical results [4] can be effec-
tively implemented in symbolic form that yields long power series. Accurate analytical
formulae for deterministic and random composites and porous media can be derived
employing approximants, when the low-concentration series are supplemented with
information on the high-concentration regime where the problems we encounter are
characterized by power laws.
As to the engineering needs we recognize the need for an additional fourth step.
The engineer would like to have a convenient formula but also to incorporate in it
all available information on the system, with a particular attention to the results of
numerical simulations or known experimental values.
2
Poisson’s type formula for an arbitrary circular multiply connected domain is one of its particular cases.
Preface xvii
Method of “regression on approximants” consists in applying different multivariate

regression techniques to the results of interpolation and (or) extrapolation with various
approximants within the framework of supervised learning paradigm. In this case
approximants by themselves are treated as new variables and experimental, exact or
numerically “exact” data, or else training data set, are used to construct regression
on approximants. Some statistical learning procedure should be included in order to
select the best regression and to make sure it is better indeed than choosing the best
performer among the approximants.
Consider a non-dimensional effective property ϑ( f ). Here f stands for the concen-
tration of particles. Let the asymptotic expansion of ϑ( f ) in the weak-coupling limit
be
ϑ( f ) ' a0 + a1 f + a2 f 2 + a3 f 3 + a4 f 4 + · · · , as f → 0. (0.0.1)
In addition to the expansion, let us consider as available to us, “exact” numerical
values ϑ( fi ) (or “labels”), for the effective property for some typical values of f = fi ,
i = 1, 2, . . . , K.
This information to be incorporated into the algorithm:
(a) construct all possible approximants for such expansion, such as Ap∗j ( f ), j =
1, 2, . . . , M. The approximants are also assumed to incorporate the information from
the high-concentration regime whenever such information is available.
(b) make “predictions”, i.e., calculate with all constructed approximants for all fi
the values of Ap∗j ( fi ).
Let us consider all predictions as a j-dimensional vector Ap∗ ( fi ) and organize
Ap ( fi ) and ϑ( fi ) into pairs {Ap∗ ( fi ), ϑ( fi )} , i = 1, 2, . . . , K, thus creating a training
∗
data set.
(c) based on information contained in the training data set, we attempt to learn the
(multivariate) mapping ϑ∗ = F(Ap∗ ) (regression model), allowing to make predictions
for arbitrary f (since Ap∗ depends on f );
(d) most simple regression models, such as multivariate linear regression and k-
Nearest Neighbors could be used.
(e) for learning, i.e., selection of the best regression based on prediction error in-
curred by particular regression within a given training data set, one can use, e.g., a
jackknife (or leave-one-out cross-validation) error estimates. Starting from the whole
training data set, the jackknife begins with throwing away the first label, leaving a re-
sampled data set, which is used to construct regression and “ prediction” is made for
the “ missing ” label. In turn, such obtained prediction is compared with the true label.
Resampling is continued till predictions and comparison are performed for each and
every label from the training data set.
(f) as a cumulative measure for the prediction error one can take mean absolute
percentage error calculated over all labels.
xviii Preface
Such approach is amenable to automation and true predictions of the sought phys-
ical quantity for any f can be generated.
REFERENCE
1. Czapla R, Nawalaniec W, Mityushev V, Effective conductivity of random two-dimensional com-
posites with circular non-overlapping inclusions, Comput. Mat. Sci. 2012; 63: 118–126.
2. Kanaun SK, Levin VM, Self-consistent methods for composites. Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag;
2008.
3. Landauer R, Electrical conductivity in inhomogeneous media. ed. Garland JC, Tanner DB, Electri-
cal Transport and Optical Properties of Inhomogeneous Media, 1978.
4. Mityushev VV, Rogosin SV, Constructive methods to linear and non-linear boundary value prob-
lems of the analytic function. Theory and applications. Boca Raton etc: Chapman & Hall / CRC;
1999/2000. [Chapter 4].
5. Zohdi TI, Wriggers P, An introduction to Computational mechanics. Berlin etc: Springer-Verlag;
2008. [Chapter 1].
Simon Gluzman, Vladimir Mityushev, and Wojciech Nawalaniec

Kraków, Poland
April 2017
Preface xix
Nomenclature
Geometry
ak stands for center (complex coordinate) of the disk Dk
D stands for circular multiply connected domain
Dk stands for disk (inclusion) in R2 or ball in R3
+
D stands for ∪nk=1 Dk
D stands for a domain in R2 or in R3
Dk stands for simply connected domain (inclusion) in R2 or in R3
∂D stands for boundary of D
Ek (z) stands for Eisenstein function of order k
em1 ,m2 ,m3 ,...,mn stands for basic sum of the multi-order m = (m1 , . . . , mn )
f stands for volume fraction (concentration) of the inclusions
n = (n1 , n2 ) normal vector to a smooth oriented curve L
n = n1 + in2 complex form of the normal vector n = (n1 , n2 )
s = (−n2 , n1 ) tangent vector
Rd stands for the Euclidean space
Sm stands for Eisenstein–Rayleigh lattice sums
U stands for unit disk on plane
BCC means body-centered cubic lattice
FCC means face-centered cubic lattice
HCP means hexagonal close-packed lattice
SC means simple cubic lattice
ω1 and ω2 stand for the fundamental translation vectors on the complex plane
Conductivity
σ(x) stands for scalar local conductivity
σk is used for conductivity of the kth inclusion
σ is used for conductivity of inclusions of two-phase composites when the con-
ductivity of matrix is normalized to unity
σe stands for effective conductivity tensor
σi j stands for components of the effective conductivity tensor
σe stands for scalar effective conductivity of the macroscopically isotropic com-
posites
σ∗ , σe,n ( f ), σadd , σad
1 etc stands for various approximations of σe
σ+ −σ−
ρ = σ+ +σ− stands for contrast parameter between media with the conductivities σ+
σ−1
and σ− ; for two-phase composites ρ = σ+1
s stands for the critical index for superconductivity
t stands for the critical index for conductivity
xx Preface
Elasticity
µ stands for shear modulus and viscosity
k stands for bulk modulus
ν stands for Poisson’s ration
κ stands for Muskhelishvili’s constant
σ xx , σ xy = σyx , σyy the components of the stress tensor
xx , xy = yx , σyy the components of the strain tensor
Other symbols and abbreviations

∼ indicates asymptotic equivalence between functions, i.e., indicates that func-
tions are similar, of the same order
' indicates that the two functions are similar or equal asymptotically
A and B stand for the critical amplitudes
C stands for the complex numbers
C stands for the operator of complex conjugation
error measures the error as a ratio of the exact value
H α (L) stands for functions Hölder continuous on a simple smooth curve L
H α (D) ≡ H(D) stands for functions analytic in D and Hölder continuous in its clo-
sure
PadeApproximant[F[z], n, m] stands for the Padé (n, m)−approximant of the function
F(z)
R stands for the real numbers
℘(z) stands for the Weierstrass ℘−function
ζ(z) stands for the Weierstrass ζ−function
1D, 2D, and 3D mean one-, two-, and three- dimensional
LHS and RHS mean the expressions “left-hand side” and “right-hand side” (of an
equation), respectively
EMA means effective medium approximations
RS means random shaking
RSA means Random Sequential Addition
RVE stands for representative volume element
RW means random walks
SCM means self-consistent methods
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Man’s quest for knowledge is an expanding

series whose limit is infinity, but philosophy
seeks to attain that limit at one blow, by a short
circuit providing the certainty of complete and
in-alterable truth. Science meanwhile
advances at its gradual pace, often slowing to
a crawl, and for periods it even walks in place,
but eventually it reaches the various ultimate
trenches dug by philosophical thought, and,
quite heedless of the fact that it is not supposed
to be able to cross those final barriers to the
intellect, goes right on.
—Stanislav Lem, His Master’s Voice
The terms closed form solution, analytical solution, etc., are frequently used in liter-
ature in various contexts. We introduce below some definitions for various solutions
with different levels of “exactness”.
Consider an equation Ax = b. One can write its solution as x = A−1 b where A−1
is an inverse operator to A. Let a space where the operator A acts be defined and
existence of the inverse operator in this space be established. Then, a mathematician
working on the level of functional analysis can say that the deal is done. This is a
standard question of the existence and uniqueness in theoretical mathematics. In the
present book, we consider problems when the existence and uniqueness take place and
we are interested in a constructive form of the expression x = A−1 b.
1. We say that x = A−1 b is a closed form solution if the expression A−1 b consists
of a finite number of elementary and special functions, arithmetic operations, compo-
sitions, integrals and derivatives.
2. A solution is an analytical form solution if the expression A−1 b consists of a fi-
nite number of elementary and special functions, arithmetic operations, compositions,
integrals, derivatives and series.
The difference between items 1 and 2 lies with the usage of the infinite series for a
analytical solution. We use the term constructive solution for items 1 and 2 following
the book [20]. In the second case, we have to cut the considered infinite series to
get an expression convenient for symbolic analytical and numerical analysis. This
book steadfastly adheres to the analysis of obtained truncated series. In particular, to
Computational Analysis of Structured Media 1

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Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2 Computational Analysis of Structured Media
constructive investigation of their behaviour near divergence points when the physical
percolation effects occur. The main feature of such a constructive study is in retention
of the fundamental physical parameters, concentration for instance, in symbolic form.
The term analytical solution means not only closed form solution, but also a solution
constructed from asymptotic approximations.
Asymptotic methods [1, 2, 3, 5, 15] are assigned to analytical methods when solu-
tions are investigated near the critical values of the geometrical and physical parame-
ters. Hence, asymptotic formulae can be considered as analytical approximations.
In order to distinguish our results from others, we proceed to classify different
types of solutions.
3. Numerical solution means here the expression x = A−1 b which can be treated
only numerically. Integral equation methods based on the potentials of single and
double layers usually give such a solution. An integral in such a method has to be ap-
proximated by a cubature formula. This makes it pure numerical, since cubature for-
mulae require numerical data in kernels and fixed domains of integrations. Fredholm’s
and singular integral equations frequently arise in applications [6, 20, 22, 23]. Effec-
tive numerical methods were developed and systematically described in the books [6,
10, 11, 12, 23] and many others. Nevertheless, some integral and integro-differential
equations can be solved in a closed form, e.g., [25].
Central for our study, series method arises when an unknown element x is expanded
into a series x = ∞ ∞
P
k=1 ck xk on the basis {xk }k=1 with undetermined constants ck . Sub-
stitution of the series into equation can lead to an infinite system of equations on ck .
In order to get a numerical solution, this system is cut short and a finite system of
equations arise, say of order n. Let the solution of the finite system tend to a solution
of the infinite system, as n → ∞. Then, the infinite system is called regular and can be
solved by the described truncation method. This method was justified for some classes
of equations in the fundamental book [14]. The series method can be applied to gen-
eral equation Ax = b in a discrete space in the form of infinite system with infinite
number of unknowns. In particular, Fredholm’s alternative and the Hilbert–Schmidt
theory of compact operators can be applied [14]. So in general, the series method be-
longs to numerical methods. In the field of composite materials, the series truncation
method was systematically used by Guz et al. [13], Kushch [17], and others.
The special structure of the composite systems or application of a low-order trun-
cation can lead to an approximate solution in symbolic form. Par excellence examples
of such solutions are due to Rayleigh [26] and to McPhedran’s et al, [18, 24] where
classical but incomplete analytical approximate formulae for the effective properties
of composites were deduced.
It is worth noting that methods of integral equations and methods of series are
often well developed computationally. So that many mathematicians would stop on a
formula which includes numerically computable objects without actually computing.
Introduction 3
For instance, the Riemann–Hilbert problem for a simply connected domain D was
solved in a closed form and up to a conformal mapping [8]. Its solution for a disk is
given in a closed form by Poisson’s type integral. According to the famous Riemann
theorem any simply connected domain whose boundary contains more than one point
can be conformally mapped onto the unit disk U. The solution of the Riemann–Hilbert
problem can be written as a composition of Poisson’s type integral and the mapping ϕ :
D → U. Construction of the map ϕ is considered as a separate computational problem.
Analogous remark concerns the Riemann–Hilbert problem for a multiply con-
nected domain. In accordance with [27] this problem is solved in terms of the principal
functional on the Riemann surface which could be found from integral equations. So,
realization of the theory [27] could be purely numerical, but again remains undevel-
oped into concrete algorithm.
In the same time, the Riemann–Hilbert problem for an arbitrary circular multiply
connected domain D was solved analytically in [20], more precisely in terms of the
uniformly convergent Poincaré series [19]. Therefore, it is solved for any multiply
connected domain D up to a conformal mapping ϕ : D → D (see demonstration of its
existence in [9]).
Similar remark concerns the Schottky–Klein prime function [4]. This function
was constructively expressed in terms of the Poincaré α-series for an arbitrary circular
multiply connected domain D [21]. Formulae of [21] include centers and radii of
holes of D in symbolic form. Therefore, the formulae obtained in [21] are referred to
constructive solutions from item 2. Analogous particular formulae [7] are valid under
an additional separation condition on D, which means that the holes are far away from
each other. In the same time, a numerical algorithm based on the series method can be
applied to an arbitrary domain [7]. However, this algorithm does not retain geometric
parameters of D in a symbolic form.
4. Discrete numerical solution refers to applications of the finite elements and dif-
ference methods. These methods are powerful and their application is reasonable when
the geometries and the physical parameters are fixed. In this case the researcher can
be fully satisfied with numerical solution to various boundary value problems. Many
specialists perceive a pristine computational block (package) as an exact formula: just
substitute data and get the result! They have a good case if such a block allows to
investigate symbolic dependencies and, perhaps by fitting methods to understand a
process or an object. However, a sackful of numbers is not as useful as an analytical
formulae. Pure numerical procedures can fail as a rule for the critical parameters and
analytical matching with asymptotic solutions can be useful even for the numerical
computations.
Moreover, numerical packages sometimes are presented as a remedy from all de-
ceases. It is worth noting again that numerical solutions are useful if we are interested
in a fixed geometry and fixed set of parameters for engineering purposes. Different
geometry or parameters would require to relaunch the numerical procedure every time
properly generating random data and conducting Monte-Carlo experiment [16].
This book deals with constructive analytical solutions. In other words with exact
and approximate analytical solutions, when the resulting formulae contain the main
physical and geometrical parameters in symbolic form. The obtained truncated series,
actually are considered as polynomials. They are supposed to “remember their infinite
expansions”, so that with a help of some additional re-summation procedure one can
extrapolate to the whole series. A significant part of the book is devoted to restoration
of these infinite series by means of special constructive forms called approximants,
expressions that are asymptotically equivalent to the truncated series. But the approx-
imants are richer in a sense that they also suggest an infinite additional number of the
coefficients {ck }∞
k=n+1 . The coefficients are supposed to be in a good enough agree-
ment with unknown exact ck . Their quality should be tested against the real data or
with respect to the error incurred to original equations. The quality of approximants
significantly improves when more than one asymptotic regime can be studied and in-
corporated into the approximant.
REFERENCE
1. Andrianov IV, Manevitch LI, Asymptotology: Ideas, Methods, and Applications. Dordrecht,
Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2002.
2. Andrianov IV, Awrejcewicz J, Danishevs’kyy VV, Ivankov AO, Asymptotic Methods in the Theory
of Plates with Mixed Boundary Conditions. Dordrecht, Boston, London: John Wiley & Sons; 2014.
3. Awrejcewicz J, Krysko VA, Introduction to Asymptotic Methods. New York etc: Chapman &
Hall/CRC; 2006.
4. Baker HF, Abel’s theorem and the allied theory, including the theory of the theta functions. Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Press; 1897.
5. Berlyand L, Kolpakov AG, Novikov A, Introduction to the Network Approximation Method for
Materials Modeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012.
6. Colton D, Kress R, Integral Equation Methods in Scattering Theory. New York etc: John Wiley &
Sons; 1983.
7. Crowdy D, The Schwarz problem in multiply connected domains and the Schottky–Klein prime
function. Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 2008; 53: 221–236.
8. Gakhov FD, Boundary Value Problems. 3rd Moscow: Nauka; 1977. Engl. transl. of 1st ed.: Perg-
amon Press, Oxford, 1966.
9. Golusin GM, Geometric Theory of Functions of Complex Variable. 2nd Moscow: Nauka; 1966.
Engl. transl.: AMS, Providence, RI 1969.
10. Grigolyuk EI, Filshtinsky LA, Perforated Plates and Shells. Moscow: Nauka; 1970 [in Russian].
11. Grigolyuk EI, Filshtinsky LA, Periodical Piece–Homogeneous Elastic Structures. Moscow:
Nauka; 1991 [in Russian].
12. Grigolyuk EI, Filshtinsky LA, Regular Piece-Homogeneous Structures with defects. Moscow:
Fiziko-Matematicheskaja Literatura; 1994 [in Russian].
13. Guz AN, Kubenko VD, Cherevko MA, Diffraction of elastic waves. Kiev: Naukova Dumka; 1978
[in Russian].
14. Kantorovich LV, Krylov VI, Approximate methods of higher analysis. Groningen: Noordhoff;
1958.
15. Kolpakov AA, Kolpakov AG, Capacity and Transport in Contrast Composite Structures: Asymp-
totic Analysis and Applications. Boca Raton etc: CRC Press Inc.; 2009.
Introduction 5
16. Krauth W, Statistical Mechanics: Algorithms and Computations. Oxford: Oxford University Press;
2006.
17. Kushch I, Micromechanics of Composites. Butterworth-Heinemann: Elsevier; 2013.
18. McPhedran RC, McKenzie DR, The Conductivity of Lattices of Spheres. I. The Simple Cubic
Lattice. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1978; A359: 45–63.
19. Mityushev VV, Convergence of the Poincaré series for classical Schottky groups. Proceedings
Amer. Math. Soc. 1998; 126(8): 2399–2406.
20. Mityushev VV, Rogosin SV, Constructive methods to linear and non-linear boundary value prob-
lems of the analytic function. Theory and applications. Boca Raton etc: Chapman & Hall / CRC;
1999/2000. [Chapter 4].
21. Mityushev V, Poincaré α-series for classical Schottky groups and its applications. ed. Milovanović
GV and Rassias MTh, Analytic Number Theory, Approximation Theory, and Special Functions,
827–852, 2014.
22. Muskhelishvili NI, Some Basic Problems of Mathematical Elasticity Theory. 5th Moscow: Nauka;
1966. English translation of the 1st ed.: Noordhoff, Groningen, 1953.
23. Mikhlin SG, Integral Equations and Their Applications to Certain Problems in Mechanics, Mathe-
matical Physics and Technology. 2nd New York: Macmillan; 1964.
24. Nicorovici NA, Movchan AB, McPhedran RC, Green’s tensors and lattice sums for elastostatics
and elastodynamics. Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1978; A453: 643–662, doi:10.1098/rspa.1997.0036.
25. Samko S, Kilbas AA, Marichev OI, Fractional Integrals and Derivatives: Theory and Applications.
Switzerland; Philadelphia: Gordon & Breach Science Publishers; 1993.
26. Rayleigh Lord, On the influence of obstacles arranged in rectangular order upon the properties of
a medium. Phil. Mag. 1892; 34: 481–502.
27. Zverovich EI, Boundary value problems of analytic functions in Hölder classes on Riemann sur-
faces. Uspekhi Mat. nauk 1971; 26: 113–179 [in Russian].
CHAPTER 2
Complex Potentials and R-linear

problem
...the danger of proving too much would not
have been great if there had not been in
Penguinia, as there are, indeed, everywhere,
minds framed for free inquiry, capable of
studying a difficult question, and inclined to
philosophic doubt. They were few; they were
not all inclined to speak, and the public was by
no means inclined to listen to them. Still, they
did not always meet with deaf ears.
— Penguin Island, Anatole France
1. Complex potentials
In this chapter we establish an equivalence between the R-linear problem with constant
coefficients and the perfect contact problem (transmission problem) from the theory
of composites. Rigorous proof requires some extensive groundwork with forays into
the different parts of Complex Analysis.
In many interesting cases, the general problems of continuum mechanics can be
reduced to boundary value problems for 2D Laplace’s equation
∂2 u ∂2 u
+ =0 (2.1.1)
∂x12 ∂x22
in a domain D ⊂ R2 . The function u(x1 , x2 ) is called harmonic in D . Let z = x1 + ix2
denote a complex variable. It is well known that any function u(x1 , x2 ) harmonic in
a simply connected domain D can be presented as the real part of the function ϕ(z)
analytic in D
u(x1 , x2 ) = Re ϕ(z), z ∈ D. (2.1.2)
The function ϕ(z) is called complex potential. This equation relates the important in
application class of partial differential equations and analytic functions. This is the
main reason why we pay attention to boundary value problems stated and solved in
terms of Complex Analysis.
Computational Analysis of Structured Media 7

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811046-1.50002-2
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BOX A.2.1 Cauchy–Riemann equations and analytic functions

Let two real functions u(x1 , x2 ) and v(x1 , x2 ) be continuously differentiable at a neighbour-
hood V0 of a point z0 = x10 + ix20 and satisfy there the Cauchy–Riemann equations
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= , =− , (x1 , x2 ) ∈ V0 . (2.1.3)
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x1
Then, the function ϕ(z) = u(x1 , x2 ) + iv(x1 , x2 ) is called analytic at z0 . It follows from (2.1.3)
that the complex derivative ϕ0 (z) does not depend on the direction of differentiation and
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂u
ϕ0 (z) = +i = −i . (2.1.4)
∂x1 ∂x1 ∂x1 ∂x2
An ordinary complex differentiation in the neighborhood of z0 implies existence of all
derivatives of ϕ which yields infinite differentiability of the real functions u and v.
Application of the operator ∂x∂1 to the first relation (2.1.3), ∂x∂2 to the second one and their
summation yields Laplace’s equation (2.1.1).
–Cauchy–Riemann equations [13, 43]
1.1. Domains and curves on complex plane

The complex plane is isomorphic to the real plane R2 and denoted as C. The extended
complex plane (Riemann sphere) is obtained from C by addition of the infinite point:
C = C ∪ {∞}. Any complex number z can be presented in the form z = |z|ei arg z where
b
|z| denotes the modulus of z and the argument arg z is chosen as 0 ≤ arg z < 2π. Some-
times, it is supposed that −π < arg z ≤ π.
The following geometrical sets will be considered in the complex plane. Let a con-
tinuous curve L ⊂ b C be parametrized by equation z = g(t) (0 ≤ t ≤ 1) and C > 0, 0 ≤
α ≤ 1 be given constants. The curve belongs to the class C m,α if |g(m) (t1 ) − g(m) (t2 )| <
C | t1 − t2 |α , for all t1 , t2 ∈ [0, 1]. If m ≥ 1, then L is called smooth. A curve L of class
C 1,α is called Lyapunov curve . Let a simple smooth curve L bound a domain D and
be oriented in such a way that L = ∂D leaves D to the left. The opposite orientation of
L will be denoted by −L or −∂D.
The complex conjugation is denoted by bar as z = x1 − ix2 . It defines the operator
of complex conjugation Cz = z. The inversion (reflection) with respect to a circle
| z − a |= r is defined by the formula
r2
z∗ = + a. (2.1.5)
z−a
Let ϕ(z) be analytic in a disk |z − a| < r. Then, the function ϕ(z∗ ) is analytic in
|z − a| > r. Vice versa, if ϕ(z) is analytic in |z − a| > r, then the function ϕ(z∗ ) is
analytic in |z − a| < r. The inversion preserves boundary properties of functions on the
circle. An open half-plane can be treated as a disk of the infinite radius.
Complex potentials and R-linear problem 9
D
D
Figure 2.1 A bounded and an unbounded multiply connected domains.
Domain D is called simply connected if any curve Γ in D is homotopic to a point,

i.e., it can be continuously reduced to a point within D. In the opposite case, domain D
is multiply connected. If the boundary of D consists of n simple continuous mutually
disjoint curves, the connection of D is equal to n. Infinitely connected domains with
countable connectivity, for instance, doubly periodic domains will be also considered.
Two types of domains are displayed in Fig. 2.1. For definiteness, it is supposed that
every closed curve is oriented in counter-clockwise sense.
BOX A.2.2 Conformal Mapping

A rigorous definition of Conformal Mapping can be found in textbooks on Complex Analysis.
For our purposes it is sufficient to characterize Conformal Mapping as a map ϕ : D → D0
which is analytic in a domain D and ϕ0 (z) , 0 in D. The conformal mapping is one-to-one
correspondence of D and a domain D0 . Conformal Mapping preserves the angles between
smooth curves and the connectivity of the domain.
A Conformal Mapping ϕ transforms (locally near a point z0 ) a small circle onto another
small circle, as the linear function w = ϕ(z0 ) + ϕ0 (z0 )(z − z0 ) approximates map locally up to
the terms O(|z − z0 |2 ). It is worth noting that an R-differentiable function transforms a small
ellipse onto another small ellipse.
Analytic functions and Laplace’s equation (2.1.1) are invariant under conformal mappings.
More precisely, let u(x1 , x2 ) ≡ u(z) satisfy Laplace’s equation in D, ϕ conformally maps D
onto D0 and ϕ−1 be the inverse map of D onto D0 . Then, ϕ−1 maps conformally D0 onto D
and the function w(ξ1 , ξ2 ) := u[ϕ−1 (ξ1 + iξ2 )] satisfies Laplace’s equation in D0 in variables
ξ1 = Re ϕ(x1 + ix2 ) and ξ2 = Im ϕ(x1 + ix2 ). This follows from the relation
∂2 u ∂2 u 2 ∂ w
2
∂2 w
!
+ = |ϕ 0
(z)| + ,
∂x12 ∂x22 ∂ξ12 ∂ξ22
where the Jacobian of the R2 -transformation of D onto D0 , i.e., (x1 , x2 ) 7→ (ξ1 , ξ2 ), is given
by formula
!2 !2
∂U ∂V
|ϕ0 (z)|2 = + .
∂x1 ∂x2
Here, U(x1 , x2 ) = Re ϕ(z) and V(x1 , x2 ) = Im ϕ(z).
–Conformal Mapping [13, 43, 44]
1.2. Equations in functional spaces

Let L be a finite union of simple closed curves on b
C. Functions continuous in L form
the Banach space of continuous functions C(L) endowed with the norm
k ϕ kC := max | ϕ(z) | .
z∈L
Analogous space is introduced for functions continuous in D ∪ ∂D with the norm

k ϕ kC := max | ϕ(z) | . (2.1.6)
z∈D∪∂D
A function ϕ is called the Hölder continuous function on L (we write ϕ ∈ H α (L)) with
the power 0 < α ≤ 1 if there exists such a constant C > 0 that |ϕ(x) − ϕ(y)| < C|x − y|α
for all x, y ∈ L. H α (L) is a subspace of the continuous functions. It is a Banach space
with the norm
| ϕ(x) − ϕ(y) |
k ϕ kα :=k ϕ kC + sup . (2.1.7)
x,y∈L,x,y | x − y |α
Let L be a smooth curve consisting of not more than finite collection of connected
component. Let L divide the complex plane onto two domains D+ and D− . The set of
all continuous functions on L contains two subsets of functions analytically extended
into D+ and D− . These subsets will be denoted C(D± ).
Analogous designations H α (D± ) ≡ H(D± ) are used for Hölder continuous func-
tions. It follows from Maximum Modulus Principle for analytic functions that conver-
gence in the space H(D± ) implies the uniform convergence in the closure of D± .
The Lebesgue space L p (L) consists of functions f having the finite integral ||ϕ|| p :=
R 1p
L
| ϕ(t) | p
ds . The space L p (L) for p ≥ 1 is Banach. The Hardy space H p (U) for
p > 0 is defined for any p > 0 as the space of all analytic functions in the unit disk
U = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} satisfying the following condition

Z 2π
sup | f (reiθ ) | p dθ < ∞.
0<r<1 0
H p (U) are Banach spaces for any p, 1 ≤ p < ∞. Such spaces can be defined also for
harmonic setting. For instance harmonic Hardy spaces h p (U) , 0 < p < ∞, are the
spaces of all harmonic functions u, satisfying the following condition
Z 2π
sup | u(reiθ ) | p dθ < ∞.
0<r<1 0
h∞ (U) is the space of all bounded harmonic functions on U.

Consider an operator equation
x = Ax + b, (2.1.8)
where A is a linear operator on a Banach space B. Widely used method of the so-
lution of the equation (2.1.8) is the method of successive approximation. Taking an
arbitrary element x0 ∈ B (called an initial point of approximation) one can determine
the sequence of approximations
xn+1 = Axn + b, n = 0, 1, . . . (2.1.9)
The convergence of this sequence is connected with the convergence of the operator
series
I + A + A2 + · · · + An + · · · (2.1.10)
Usually, the absolute convergence of the series (2.1.10) is considered when the follow-
ing number series converges
1+ k A k + k A k2 + · · · + k A kn + · · · (2.1.11)
It is not always the case of our study. We shall use another type of convergence
associated to the space B. Let B be the space of continuous functions C on D ∪ ∂D
endowed with the norm (2.1.6). The convergence in C means the uniform convergence
on D ∪ ∂D which differs from the absolute convergence. It will be seen below that the
method of successive approximations for the R-linear problem converges uniformly
for any location of inclusions and may become divergent when separation condition
(2.3.106) is not satisfied. Therefore, the uniform convergence is preferable for our in-
vestigations. In order to study such a convergence we consider an equation dependent
on a spectral parameter.
Theorem 1 ([21, p. 75]). Let A be a linear bounded operator in a Banach space B. If

for any element b ∈ B and for any complex number ν satisfying the inequality |ν| ≤ 1
equation
x = νAx + b (2.1.12)
has a unique solution, then the unique solution of the equation
x = Ax + b (2.1.13)
can be found by method of successive approximations. The approximations converge
in B to the solution
∞
X
x= Ak b. (2.1.14)
k=0
Corollary 1. Let A be a compact operator in B. If the equation

x = νAx (2.1.15)
has only trivial solution for all ν ∈ C, |ν| ≤ 1, then equation (2.1.12) has a unique
solution for all b ∈ B, and for all |ν| ≤ 1. This solution can be found by the method of
successive approximations convergent in B.
1.3. Relation between analytic and harmonic functions

Let D be a simply connected domain. The real part of a function analytic in D is a
function harmonic in D. And conversely, each function u(z) harmonic in D is the real
part of a function ϕ(z) analytic in D
u(z) = Re ϕ(z), z ∈ D.
The function ϕ(z) is determined by u(z) up to an arbitrary purely imaginary additive
constant due to the formula
Zz
∂u ∂u
ϕ(z) = u(z) + iv(z), where v(z) = − dx + dy + C, (2.1.16)
∂y ∂x
w
where w is an arbitrary point in D and C is a real constant.

Let now D be a multiply connected domain. The real part of a function analytic in
D is a harmonic in D function. The converse assertion is no longer true. This situation
is described in the following two statements
Theorem 2 (Logarithmic Conjugation Theorem [3, p. 179; 32, p. 23]). Let D be a

finitely connected unbounded domain (∞ ∈ D) . Let D1 , D2 , . . . , Dn be simply con-
nected domains, the components of b C\(D ∪ ∂D), and let z j ∈ D j for j = 1, 2, . . . , n.
If u is real valued and harmonic on D, then there exist ϕ analytic in D and real con-
stants A1 , A2 , . . . , An such that

n
X
u (z) = Re ϕ (z) + A j log z − z j (2.1.17)
j=1
A j = 0.
Pn
for all z ∈ D. Moreover, j=1
The principal value of logarithm is defined as follows log z := log |z| + i arg z. For
details, see also page 20.
Theorem 3 (Decomposition Theorem [32, p. 23]). Let D and D j be domains defined

in the previous theorem. Any function u harmonic in D and continuous in its closure
has the unique decomposition
n h
X i
u(z) = Re ϕ j (z) + A j log (z − z j ) + A, (2.1.18)
j=1
where ϕ j is analytic in D ∪ ∂D j ∪ D j and ϕ j (∞) = 0 for all j = 1, 2, . . . , n. The con-

stants A j and A are real and nj=1 A j = 0.
P
dϕ(z) is called the period of ϕ(z) along L.

R
For L being a closed curve the integral
L
P h i
Calculating periods of the function ω(z) := nj=1 ϕ j (z) + A j log z − z j along each
component Lm of (−∂D), one can see by virtue of logarithmic function properties that
Z
dω(z) = 2πiAm .
Lm
Therefore the constants 2πAm which appear in (2.1.17), (2.1.18) are imaginary parts of
the periods of the multi-valued analytic function ω(z) along the components of (−∂D).
1.4. Cauchy type integral and singular integrals

The classical Cauchy integral formula [14] can be presented in the following way. Let
L be a simple, closed, piece-wise smooth curve on the complex plane C dividing b C
onto two simply connected domains D+ and D− 3 ∞. If function Φ(z) is analytic in
D+ and continuous up to the boundary, it can be represented in the form of Cauchy
integral
Φ(t) Φ(z), z ∈ D+ ,
Z (
1
dt = (2.1.19)
2πi t−z 0, z ∈ D− .
L
If Φ(z) is analytic in D− and continuous up to the boundary, we have

Φ(t) Φ(∞), z ∈ D+ ,
Z (
1
dt = (2.1.20)
2πi t−z −Φ(z) + Φ(∞), z ∈ D− .
L
Let L be a simple, rectifiable Jordan closed curve (or open arc) on C and φ ∈ H α (L),
then
φ(t)
Z
1
dt, z ∈ bC\L
2πi t−z
L
is called Cauchy type integral. It gives two analytic functions Φ+ (z) and Φ− (z) in the
domains D+ and D− respectively if L is closed curve (or unique function Φ(z), analytic
C \ L, if L is open arc).
in b
Let again L be a simple, rectifiable Jordan closed curve on C and φ ∈ H α (L). Let
B(t, ε) denote the disk with the center at t of radius ε. The following limit
φ(τ) φ(τ)
Z Z
1 1
lim dτ = v.p. dτ (2.1.21)
ε→0 πi τ−t πi τ−t
L\B(t,ε) L
φ(τ)
1
R
is called Cauchy principal value of a singular integral πi τ−t dτ or simply singular
L
integral (with Cauchy kernel).
C onto two domains D+ , D− 3 ∞. Then
Let simple, closed, smooth curve L divide b
+
the boundary functions Φ (t), Φ (t) of the Cauchy type integral
−
φ(τ)dτ
Z
1
Φ± (z) = , z ∈ D± ,
2πi τ−z
L
do satisfy the Sochocki–Plemelj formulae1

φ(τ)dτ
Z
1 1
Φ (t) = ± φ(t) +
±
, t ∈ L. (2.1.22)
2 2πi τ−t
L
1
Sokhotsky–Plemelj formulae in literature. The surname of the Polish-Russian mathematician Julian
Sochocki (1842-1927), was originally spelled in Russian in scientific literature. Later it was written also
in Latin in several different ways. One of the authors of this book (V.M.) goes by several different names
as well (LOL). For example, Polish colleagues know him as Władimir Mitiuszew.
1.5. Poisson integral.

Any function from h p (U) (1 < p ≤ ∞) can be represented in the form of Poisson inte-
gral, i.e., if u ∈ h p (U) (1 < p ≤ ∞), there exists a function φ ∈ L p (0, 2π) such that
Z2π Z2π
1 1 − r2 1
u(re ) =
iθ
φ(t)dt = Pr (θ − t)φ(t)dt, (2.1.23)
2π 1 + r − 2r cos(θ − t)
2 2π
0 0
2
0 ≤ r < 1, θ ∈ (−π, π], where Pr (τ) = 1+r21−r
−2r cos τ
is called Poisson kernel. It should be
noted that Poisson kernel Pr is in fact the real part of the so called Schwarz kernel :
1 − r2 eit + reiθ eit + z
Pr (θ − t) = = Re = Re . (2.1.24)
1 + r2 − 2r cos(θ − t) eit − reiθ eit − z
It is not always hold for an arbitrary harmonic function in U, but it is true for bounded
harmonic functions in U, hence for any one continuous up to the boundary.
Let a harmonic function u be continuous in the closure of the unit disk. Then,
u(eit ) = lim
iθ it
u(reiθ ).
re →e
Moreover, if φ(t) is an arbitrary continuous function on [−π, π] and φ(−π) = φ(π), the
Poisson integral solves the Dirichlet problem (see Section 2.5 of the book [32])
u(eit ) = φ(t), |t| = 1.
1.6. Schwarz operator

The problem of determination of an analytic function in a domain via boundary values
of its real part is often called Schwarz problem (see, e.g., [14, 32]). In the case of
simply connected domain it is simply reduced to the Dirichlet problem for harmonic
functions. An operator that stays in correspondence to a given on ∂D real-valued func-
tion u and analytic in D function ϕ, such that Re ϕ|∂D = u, is called Schwarz operator
T: u 7→ ϕ. In the case of unit disc U, the Schwarz operator has an explicit form
ζ + z dζ
Z
1
(Tu)(z) := u(ζ) . (2.1.25)
2πi ζ−z ζ
∂U
For the upper half-plane, we have

Z∞
1 x2
(Tu)(z) := u(ξ) dξ, x2 > 0.
π (ξ − x1 )2 + x22
−∞
One can also use the following (equivalent) form for the Schwarz operator in the unit
disk
Z Z
1 dζ 1 dζ
(Tu)(z) := u(ζ) − u(ζ) , z ∈ U. (2.1.26)
πi ζ − z 2πi ζ
∂U ∂U
For general simply connected domains, Schwarz operator can be introduced using
the so called complex Green function (see, e.g., [27]). Recall that the Green function
of the Dirichlet problem for a domain D ⊂ b C is the function G(z, ζ) of two complex
variables, satisfying the following properties: (i) G(z, ζ) = log |z−ζ|
1
+ g(z, ζ), where g
is continuous in D × D, harmonic in z ∈ D for any fixed ζ ∈ D, and in ζ ∈ D for any
fixed z ∈ D; (ii) g(z, ζ) is continuous in ζ ∈ D ∪ ∂D for any fixed z ∈ D, and besides
g(z, t) = − log |z−t|
1
, z ∈ D, t ∈ ∂D.
Using the Green function, one can solve Dirichlet problem, i.e., find a harmonic
in D function u(z), whose boundary values coincide with a given Hölder-continuous
function h(τ) on ∂D
∂G
Z
1
u(z) = h(τ) (z, τ) dsτ , z ∈ D,
2π ∂n
∂D
∂
where ∂n denotes the normal derivative to ∂D. It is known also that if ω(z) is an
analytic function realizing the conformal mapping of the domain D onto unit disc U,
then the Green function can be presented in the form
ω(z) − ω(ζ)
G(z, ζ) = log ,
1 − ω(z)ω(ζ)
Introduce a harmonic conjugate to G(z, ζ) in variable z (cf. (2.1.16))
Zz
∂G ∂G
H(z, ζ) := − dx1 + dx2 ,
∂x2 ∂x1
w
where w is an arbitrary point in D. Then the following formula gives a complex Green
function for the domain D
ω(z) − ω(ζ)
M(z, ζ) := G(z, ζ) + iH(z, ζ) = log .
1 − ω(z)ω(ζ)
Thus, the Schwarz operator can be represented in the form
∂
Z
1
(Tu)(z) := u(τ) M(z, τ)dsτ , z ∈ D.
2π ∂n
∂G
The Schwarz operator is related to a conjugation problem stated in the theorem

below where the simply connected domains Dk (k = 1, 2, . . . , n) complement D to the
extended complex plane: ϕ = ϕ− ∈ H(D) and ϕ+ ∈ H(∪nk=1 Dk ).
Theorem 4 ([32, 34]). The problem

Re ϕ(t) = g(t), t ∈ ∂D (2.1.27)
is equivalent to the problem
ϕ− (t) = ϕ+ (t) − ϕ+ (t) + g(t), t ∈ ∂D, (2.1.28)
i.e., the problem (2.1.27) is solvable if and only if (2.1.28) is solvable. If (2.1.27) has
a solution ϕ(z), it is a solution of (2.1.28) in D and solution of (2.1.28) in Dk can be
found from the following simple problem for the simply connected domain Dk with
respect to function 2Im ϕ+ (z) harmonic in Dk
2Im ϕ+ (t) = Im ϕ− (t) − g(t), t ∈ ∂Dk , (k = 1, 2, . . . , n). (2.1.29)
The problem (2.1.29) has a unique solution up to an arbitrary additive real constant.
The problem (2.1.27) is called the Schwarz problem for the domain D. Along the
similar lines (2.1.29) is the Schwarz problem for the domain Dk . The operator solving
the Schwarz problem is called the Schwarz operator (in appropriate functional space).
The function v(z) = 2Im ϕ(z) is harmonic in Dk . Therefore, the Schwarz problem
(2.1.29) is equivalent to the Dirichlet problem
v(t) = Im ϕ− (t) − g(t), t ∈ ∂D.
For multiply connected domains D, the Schwarz problem (2.1.27) is not equivalent
to a Dirichlet problem for harmonic functions, since any function harmonic in D is
represented as the real part of a single-valued analytic function plus logarithmic terms
(see Theorem 2 on page 12).
Denote Lk = ∂Dk , then ∂D = − ∪nk=1 Lk . The problem
Re ϕ(t) = g(t) + ck , t ∈ Lk , k = 1, 2, . . . , n, (2.1.30)
with undetermined constants ck is called the modified Schwarz problem. The problem
(2.1.30) always has a unique solution up to an arbitrary additive complex constant
[27].
2. R-linear problem
2.1. Statement of the problem and modeling of the perfect contact
Let D be a multiply connected domain described above. Let Dk (k = 1, 2, . . . , n) be a
simply connected domains complementing D to the extended complex plane. In the
theory of composites, the domains Dk are called inclusions. The R-linear conjugation
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So it came to pass that the little motherless boy, weeping for the
mother he was never to see again, was now Sir Henry Alden of
Aldenmere.
At first all was confusion and dismay, but after a time Mr. Eyrle
took the reins of government and restored something like order.
When the news began to spread there were callers innumerable.
The country that night supped full of horrors. Sir Ronald Alden had
died abroad and the shock of his death had killed the beautiful,
lovely wife, so devoted to him.
They robed her in white, as they had done the first Lady Alden;
they covered her with flowers, they laid them on the silent breast, in
the white hands, and crowned with them the golden head. So fair,
and still, and silent she lay when Lord Lorriston and Kenelm Eyrle
between them led the unhappy mother into the room. No words
could tell her grief. Did there flash across her a memory of that
evening so long ago when she had taken Sir Ronald into the sunlit
garden to renew his friendship with Lady Hermione and Miss
Severn?
It was not until she had gone away and the two gentlemen stood
in the death chamber alone, that Lord Lorriston remembered the
packet.
He spoke of it to Mr. Eyrle.
“Will you fetch it, Kenelm?” he said, “and I will read it here in her
presence. I have a conviction that there we shall find the key to the
mystery.”
Kenelm went in search of it. It lay on the table in the room where
she died. He brought it at once to the earl, who took it from him.
“Before I read what may be her justification, Kenelm,” said Lord
Lorriston, “look at her face. Was anything ever so fair, so noble, so
true? That face is but the index of a soul more fair, more noble, and
truer still. Nor murder, nor jealousy, nor unholy hate ever marred the
perfect beauty of that soul, or ever found a home there. That is the
temple of a pure spirit—how could you so misjudge her?”
“Only from her own words; and those I heard against my own
will.”
Lord Lorriston bent down and kissed that white brow.
“There was no justification necessary, in my eyes,” he said; “still I
will read what is written here.”
CHAPTER LII.
SIR RONALD’S CONFESSION.
“Not to be opened until after my death,” was written on the outer

cover of the packet in Sir Ronald’s bold, clear hand, “and then to be
read by no one save my wife. Should she die first, under penalty of
my curse I forbid this to be opened, and command it to be
destroyed.”
When Lord Lorriston had read that he showed it to Mr. Eyrle.
“Will it be honorable for us to read the contents?” he asked.
“Yes,” replied Mr. Eyrle, “a sudden idea has occurred to me, and
in your daughter’s name, I think that paper should be read.”
Lord Lorriston read it aloud, kneeling by the side of the beautiful
dead woman, whose love had proved so fatal to herself and to him
who loved her. It began:
“My Dearest Hermione—I am going abroad in an expedition
that may be attended with some danger, although I have every hope
of returning in safety; yet I write this because against the accidents
of life we cannot take precaution. I know not what may happen,
therefore I write this; no one but you will read it—oh, wife of my heart
—and I lay my soul bare before you. Hermione, what has been the
life of my life, the soul of my actions? What has been the source of
all my virtues, all my few good deeds, all that is noblest and best in
me?—my love for you. What drove me mad?—my love for you. Men
have loved before, and men will love again, but I do not believe that
ever one loved a woman so entirely, so devotedly, so wholly as I
loved you.
“My darling, my wife, that love was no ordinary passion, common
words will not tell it. Do you know what dew is to thirsty flowers,
sunshine to birds, light and warmth to fair spring blossoms? that you
are to me. The light of my soul, my one hope and treasure. Ah,
sweet wife of mine, go out in the woods and count the leaves on
each tree; go to the shore and count each grain of sand; look up at
the bright heavens and count each pale, pure star; you could do that
more easily than I can tell you how deeply, how dearly, how well I
love you. The world does not hold your peer, my love. Looking back,
I cannot remember the time when I did not love you with the same
passionate love. When we were children I worshiped the ground you
stood upon, and my love grew with my growth. When I came back to
Aldenmere and found all the promise of your beautiful youth fulfilled,
and you yourself lovelier than dream of poet ever was, I swore to
myself that if any man living could win you I would be that man. My
darling, you know how I tried. I loved you, I sought you, I was never
happy out of your presence, or away from you. My very life was so
wrapped in yours that I had no existence away from you. I can
remember when I first began to hope that you would care for me. I
can remember every faint token of preference you ever gave me, all
your pretty shy, sweet, maidenly ways. Hermione, sweet, true wife,
do you remember the evening out among the flowers when I spoke
to you of love and you did not send me from you? I went home that
night with my heart on fire, resolved to ask you at once to be my
wife, for I could brook delay no longer; my love was eating my very
life away. Darling, was it a sweet, maidenly whim to make me still
more eager, or was it that you were really engrossed? For one whole
week I went every day to Leeholme, but could not contrive to spend
one solitary five minutes with you. Oh, love, my love, had it been
otherwise the story of my life would have been different.
“At last, when I could bear the silence and suspense no longer, I
wrote to you and asked you to be my wife. You remember what
followed. I received a letter, written apparently by you, refusing me
with few words. Hermione, I went mad; my love had been so mighty,
so powerful, so strong, I could not bear the shock of seeing it all
scattered to the winds. I could not bear the refusal. God keep any
other man from suffering what I did then! I could not tell you, darling,
even if I tried. I do not believe any man suffered so much and lived.
A thousand times each day I was tempted to end my own life, but the
Alden pride, so strong in the men of my race, forbade me to die
because a woman was fair and false. Ah, me! what I suffered! I
hated my life; I loathed myself. I tried to drown all memory of my
most fatal love in the whirl of fashion, the pursuit of study. My darling,
I might as well have taught myself to fly as to forget you. Then there
came a time when the sneers of men, the sarcasm of women
aroused all the pride of my nature; it should never be said that I was
wasting away for the love of one who never loved me. I heard that
you were going to marry Kenelm, and I, reckless, despairing, half
mad and wholly wicked, married poor Clarice.
“I should have been true to you, my love—the sweet, pure love of
my youth—I should have been true to you, even though you had
never cared for me. When I married Clarice I meant most royally to
do my duty, to be kind to her, to make her happy, to indulge her, and
I succeeded. I never loved her, but I cannot tell if she found that out.
All went on calmly, if not happily, until the day when I met you in the
woods. You remember it, Hermione, then my heart leaped up like a
burning flame, devouring all before it, and then I learned that most
fatal truth, that you had never received my letter and, what was of
still more importance, you had not answered it, therefore had never
rejected me. Then I learned that you loved me. I wonder that I ever
recovered my senses when I remember the madness of my love.
You remember our farewell. With your last words ringing in my ears
—with your last gentle look haunting me—I swore to myself, like the
reckless madman that I was, to find out who had trapped me, who
had lured me to destruction, who had taken the letter I wrote to you,
and had answered it—imitating your writing and signing your name.
“How was I to find out? I swore that I would move heaven and
earth but that I would unravel the mystery in the end. I need not tell
you all my efforts. For long they seemed in vain, utterly, helplessly in
vain. At last, my attention was called to a strange fact, and that was
that my wife’s maid, Mary Thorne, seemed to be entirely mistress of
her. If Clarice ordered her to do anything she did it if she liked, if not
it was neglected. I found, too, that Clarice had given her at different
times large sums of money. I remonstrated with her, but you
remember her pretty, bewitching, caressing ways. She only smiled
and told me that she had always spoiled Mary Thorne. But,
Hermione, underneath that smile I detected fear, real fear, and I
wondered how it was. One day, going quite unexpectedly into my
wife’s dressing-room, I heard her ask Mary Thorne to do something
and the girl insolently refused. I could not bear that. I spoke sharply
and insisted on her instant dismissal, but to my surprise Clarice grew
pale with fear. ‘I do not think my mistress will allow me to leave, Sir
Ronald,’ said the woman, and she was right. Clarice hung weeping
round my neck and begged me not to send away a maid to whom
she was much attached, and who was most valuable to her. I yielded
to her wish, but from that moment a certain conviction came over me
that Mary Thorne knew some secret she was keeping from me. I
dare not think the secret concerned that letter, though instinct told
me so. I sent for my groom—the one who had taken the letter—and
what I discovered was this: The letter was safely delivered, and
placed on your toilet-table by your own maid. Mary Thorne, who was
engaged in doing something for you at the time, my darling, saw it
placed there. Mary was working in your room, she told me, on the
day that letter was delivered. You were out, and she sat sewing in
your room. While she was there Clarice went in to speak to her, and
bending over the toilet-table, saw the letter in my handwriting
addressed to you.
“Mary told me that she saw Clarice deliberately take up that letter,
place it in the pocket of her dress and then quit the room. She
returned in half an hour and placed upon the table another envelope,
the exact counterpart of the one she had taken away.”
CHAPTER LIII.
THE SLAVE OF PASSION.
They paused in the reading of that confession, and Lord

Lorriston, looking at Kenelm, said to him:
“This is worse than my darkest dreams ever foreshadowed.”
But Kenelm made no reply. He was thinking of the two fair
women he had seen lying here dead, both slain by the fatal love of
one man. Then they read on:
“I was determined,” said Sir Ronald, “to solve the mystery, to
know who had taken my letter and who had written that false
missive. No one ever knew the pains I took over it, the enormous
expense! But I would have spent the last shilling I have in the world
rather than have failed. For many long months I had detectives
employed secretly, but the mystery seemed so great they could not
fathom it. At last I heard it, as I have said, through Mary Thorne, who
had been Clarice’s maid. She told me this story: On the day of that
visit to Thringston, she was sitting helping in some work in Lady
Hermione’s room, when she saw her mistress start in, and after
looking earnestly at the address of the letter, put it in the pocket of
her dress and go out of the room quietly as she entered it. In half an
hour she returned and placed an envelope there so exactly similar
no one could tell them apart. That little circumstance struck Mary
Thorne as being very peculiar. Most maids make themselves
mistresses of their mistress’ secrets. Mary knew that of poor Clarice.
She knew that Clarice loved me. She knew, also, in common with the
rest of the world, that I loved Lady Hermione. Most things, even our
nearest and dearest secrets that we hesitate almost in telling each
other, are known and discussed in the servants’ hall. There is no
doubt that all this had been told there.
“So Mary Thorne watched her young mistress. It is not pleasant
to have to write of the treachery of those we have trusted. Clarice
trusted this girl implicitly, and she, in return, betrayed her, read her
letters, watched all she did, and made herself mistress even of the
poor lady’s hidden faults. Clarice stole my letter—the one I had
written to you—stole it, read it, and destroyed it by tearing it into
minute pieces. These pieces, Mary Thorne, with infinite patience and
perseverance worthy of a better cause, put together, and managed
to read sufficient of it to know that it was an offer of marriage from
me to my dearest Hermione.
“When she told me, my first impulse was to raise my hand and
slay. One moment’s reflection showed me that it was, after all, the
fault of her class—that want of honor, that morbid desire to pry into
the secrets of others, all come from the loose, imperfect method of
training.
“I pass it over now, as I did when I heard it. My eyes fell once
more on that letter—the letter that has proved the curse of my life. I
read again the words I had written when full of hope, as a spring
morning is of beauty. They seemed to raise living heads like
poisonous adders and sting me. No further proof was wanting to me.
Mary Thorne had evidently thought some day or other, to make her
price of these fragments of a letter. She had carefully preserved
them—she had gathered them from a fireplace in Clarice’s room.
Then she watched her mistress. Clarice, under pretext of a violent
headache, shut herself up in her room, and spent many hours in
practicing writing. Pieces of paper that the girl had preserved
showed that she had been imitating your handwriting. Should
Kenelm Eyrle ever read this story, or hear of it, he will remember that
we had often in our childish days been astonished by the facility with
which Clarice imitated different handwritings.
“Shut up in her room, she forged that letter in your name to me.
Deliberately, wickedly, cruelly, falsely forged the words that cut me
off from the world of men, blighted my life, marred every hope and
plan, brought curse and ruin upon me, the words that have lost me
this world, and, I fear, oh! I fear, will lose me the next. Mary Thorne
watched her young mistress dress herself and steal unobserved
from the house to post the letter that was my death warrant. And
then she waited and watched, thinking that when I recovered from
your dismissal I should turn with my whole heart to her. I did not do
so. I have never loved any woman but you, my Hermione. I never
could. I tried, but it was not in my power. You are soul of my soul, life
of my life, my heart has never beat for any love but yours. So, my
wife, I heard this tale of treachery, of the cruel and wicked wrong
done to me. Mary Thorne had saved all these fragments of papers
and lived in the hope of some day making money of them. She was
in love with James Conyers, the groom who had taken the letter, and
whose assistance I had sought. The bribe I offered proved sufficient
for her. It was a large sum of money to be paid on the spot, and a
promise that James Conyers should have the farm called ‘The
Willows’ when the lease of the then tenant had expired. One
morning, a beautiful bright morning, when the world was full of
melody, she told me this. We were standing under a grove of tall,
stately oak trees, and, Hermione, as the words dropped slowly from
her lips they maddened me. I can remember watching the sunlight
as it came filtering through the great green boughs. I can remember
listening to the sweet song of a little bird, while mad anger and
fierce, wild passion ran riot in my veins. Ah, my darling! a man
commits a great crime, and his excuse is, ‘I was mad!’ People cry
him down. They say, ‘This is but an excuse; he was sane enough!’
Ah! my wife, I know that madness comes in swift, keen darts of
flame, in a fiery surging of hot blood through heart and brain, in a
sudden impulse that calls in a mighty voice for the deed to be done
—and it is done. As I stood under the trees, Hermione, the sunlight
grew blood-red. The girl, in her weak, shrill voice, finished her tale.
She had given me every detail of the forgery and the fraud. When
her voice ceased, it was as though some cord had snapped
suddenly in my brain, and I turned away. ‘You will not forget your
promises, Sir Ronald?’ she said. ‘No; I will not forget them.’ And as I
walked from the oak trees I kept repeating to myself those words, ‘I
will not forget them!’
“Was I mad? Only God knows. I can remember that every beat of
my pulse sent a burning thrill through me, that the beating of my
heart seemed to come to me as a hot, heavy sound. Hermione, do
you remember? Oh! sweet wife, how it pains me to look across the
gulf of years, the sweet, sinless happy years; do you remember that
one evening at Leeholme Park? You showed some curiosities that
your cousin had brought from abroad with him. Amongst them was a
small, sharp, bright, pointed Grecian dagger, an antique of great
value, with a jeweled handle—one which Grecian ladies wore as a
toy, which had, without doubt, been used in many a deathblow. I took
it up in my hands to admire it, and you gave it to me, asking me with
a smile never to let your cousin know, or he would be jealous.
“It must have been fate that led me that morning to the little
drawer, where I kept all my souvenirs of you. This lay amongst them,
and I saw that one of the rubies was missing from the handle. I had
some intention of going over to Leeholme that day, so I put it in my
pocket, thinking that I would call at a jeweler’s and have it replaced. I
wish it had not been so, Hermione. Had not that weapon been in my
hands, the deed would not have been done. I walked on with the
same hot surging through heart and brain, this same dull roaring, as
of distant cannon in my ears, and the sunlight was all red. It came to
me like a picture in a red frame. I saw a lake—clear, cool, deep, dark
water—with green boughs bending over it. One bough was swinging
to and fro in the wind, and on it sat a little bird singing sweet, jubilant
notes. Clarice sat underneath the tree. She looked so white and cool
in the midst of the hot sunlight, and the mad, red wildfire that danced
before my eyes. She was smiling—looking at the water and smiling
as though her thoughts were happy ones.
“Hermione, how far was I guilty? Standing within the pure
presence of the great God, I swear to you I do not know. I was not
master of myself. The red flame seemed to leap about me and to
mock me! Hisses of laughter sounded in my ears! Oh! my darling,
when I saw her sitting there, so bright, so beautiful, so happy—when
I remembered that her fraud had parted me forever from you, I went
mad! It all returns to me as the memory of a scene in which I had no
share—as though I had stood by and seen some other person do it. I
remember taking out the dagger and creeping silently behind her
chair, she neither saw nor heard me. She was singing in a soft, low
voice to herself. I saw the rings of golden hair on her white neck. A
fury of murderous hate came over me. She had parted me from you.
“A thousand mocking devils seemed to be mocking around me as
I plunged that dagger right into her heart. She uttered no cry, no
sound, but fell with her face foremost into the lake, and I ran away.
“I remember how the green bough was swaying and the little
birds singing when I turned round to see, and there was a gleam of
golden hair in the cool, dark water. Hermione, I am making no false
excuses to you—I am not seeking to clear myself from blame—but
sure as I am now living and writing the words, so sure was I mad
when I murdered the unhappy girl, whose only fault had been loving
me too well and forging a letter that she thought would bring me to
her feet. I was mad! God knows it! Believe me, sweet wife!”
CHAPTER LIV.
A DREAM AND THE AWAKENING.
Lord Lorriston’s voice died away in a low sob as he read the

words.
“It is terrible,” said Kenelm, “that Ronald is right. When he did that
deed he was mad. What a fearful love his was.”
Then Lord Lorriston read on:
“There came to me, Hermione, a curious instinct of self-
preservation the moment that terrible deed was done. The red flame,
the mocking devils, the hissing flame all vanished. I was cold, sick,
faint, shuddering with awful, unknown dread. I went straight home
into the library. I opened some paper, took a pen in my hand and
waited.
“How long did I wait? Oh, my God! when I remember the agony
of those bright, sunny, cruel hours—how the sun shone, how the
flowers bloomed, how the bees and butterflies flitted past the roses
in the window, how the birds sang, how warm gusts of sweet odor
came floating into the room, and I sat motionless, silent, mute and
dumb with horror, waiting till some one should come and tell me what
was the matter in the woods. Waiting with a soul so full of horror I
wonder that I did not die. Waiting with such sick dread as no words
can realize—every golden gleam of sunlight bringing to my mind the
fair hair floating in the dark water. Waiting until it seemed to me the
whole world was still in one awful pause—the sunbeams never
moved, the listening air was still—the deep, brooding silence grew
so awful, so terrible that I tried to cry out, but could not.
“Then it came—the rush of many feet, the murmur of many
voices, all crying for Sir Ronald—Sir Ronald—for my lady was
drowned in the wood!
“Mary Thorne had found her, and she was the first to tell me the
tale. There was no suspicion in her mind. I saw at once she never in
the least suspected me of having caused the lady’s death. Oh!
Hermione, I cannot tell you all the horrors. I do not know how I bore
it. A thousand times each day the impulse came to me to own myself
guilty and to put an end to my tortures. I made all kinds of pretexts
and excuses to throw people off their guard, to give them a false
clue, a false step, yet longed that they should turn round suddenly
and find me guilty.
“People talk of remorse. Ah! my darling; the remorseless sting of
that terrible pain never left me. It seemed to eat my very heart away,
to prey upon my mind. It robbed me of health, of strength, of peace. I
suffered terribly—God knows—most terribly for my sin! I could never
tell you how much. Perhaps the most bitter hour of all was when I
stood with Kenelm by the body of Clarice and heard the story of his
love for her. How cruel Fate was! I loved you! Kenelm loved Clarice,
and we were parted.
“Can you imagine what a long, dark, dull brooding dream is,
Hermione? That was mine after she was buried. A man who commits
a murder is hung for the crime; his lot is merciful compared to that of
the man who repents and lives on. I have wept tears of blood for
mine. I would have given my life over and over again ten thousand
times never to have done the deed. I would have suffered the
extremity of torture for the power to undo it.
“But remorse and repentance were all in vain; nothing could bring
my wife back to me. She was gone forever. Nothing could undo my
crime. Its record was written in the Book of God. Who could tear out
the page? Hermione, I wore myself to a shadow. I neither slept, nor
ate, nor rested. My nights and days were one long agony. I used to
lie on my face for long hours together praying God to pardon me—to
pity me—but peace and rest were all over in this world. I only
remember that time as a hideous darkness in which there came no
gleam of light.
“Until, like a white dove over troubled waters, like a sunbeam in
deepest night, like a soft, sweet strain or harmony amongst terrible
discord, came your little note, Hermione, and then, like snow before
the sun, my sorrow seemed dispelled. I dared to raise my head, I
dared to hope that God had pardoned me. I dared to hope white-
winged peace might hover over me once more.
“You know the rest, sweet wife. For a short time I was happy
because my love for you was so mighty there was no room for
anything else in my heart, but after a time the fear, the shame, the
remorse, the unutterable dread, the terrible anguish, all came over
me again, and I knew that in the end they would kill me. Ah! my wife,
what words will thank you for your love and care? Yet the more
noble, the more true I found you, the deeper and more intolerable
grew my remorse.
“Then my little children were born, and I looked in the sweet,
innocent faces. My pain was martyrdom, and as they grew and
began to talk to me, to love me, I loathed myself with the deepest
loathing. Were my red hands such as holy lips should cover with
tender kisses?
“Hermione, I can bear it no longer, so I am going away. It is at my
own instigation that this offer has been made to me. I can bear the
sweetness, the brightness, the purity of your presence, the
tenderness of your love, the affection of my children, no longer. I go
out like Cain, with the red brand upon my brow.
“I shall never return, love. Something tells me that death awaits
me in that far-off land, that I am unworthy to sleep where the heroes
of my race rest. I who married a woman and slew her. I have asked
you, on my return, to meet me under our favorite tree. I shall never
see you there, but go, my love, sometimes, when the wind whispers
in the leaves, and it will tell how dearly I loved you. The great God is
very merciful and He knows what I have suffered. It may be that my
restless spirit will sigh among the branches. Go there, sweet wife,
when the dew falls, and remember that I loved you with a love
exceeding that of all other men.
“You will come, in time, to think of my life as a short one of
tragedy—a love story that ended in madness and murder—a dream
that had a most terrible awakening.
“You may ask me why—when I have tried so hard to elude all
suspicion, and have succeeded—why have I preserved the dagger—
why have I written this? I cannot tell you, Hermione. There is an old
saying, ‘Murder will out.’ I feel compelled to write this confession.
The idea is strong upon me that if I do not, harm and evil will come to
you, and, my wife—life of my life, soul of my soul—we shall meet no
more. You may never read this; it may be lost, it may be
undiscovered, but if ever it comes to light, in reading it, judge me
mercifully, for I was mad when I took the life of the woman I had
sworn to love and cherish. I pray God in His mercy to pardon me,
and I pray Him to keep from all men a love so terrible as mine.”
And there the manuscript ended. Lord Lorriston laid it down, and,
kneeling by the side of his dead daughter, he wept aloud. It was a
terrible story—a story of love so mighty in its wild passion it had
blighted their lives.
Kenelm Eyrle listened to the deep sobs of the strong man, then
he laid his hand reverently in the folded hands of the dead lady.
“It seems to me,” he said, “that she was born the victim. Clarice
betrayed her, and Ronald’s love has brought her nothing but misery.”
Then they discussed the story of her self-sacrifice. Kenelm
understood it. He told Lord Lorriston how they had opened the box to
find the document, and had found there the dagger.
“This confession must have been lying near it, and Hermione
took it without my knowing. She had read it and declared herself
guilty in order to save him.”
“She loved him well, poor child,” said Lord Lorriston.
“She would have died for him,” continued Kenelm. “She would
have gone, for his sake, to prison, and from the prison to the
scaffold, if by doing so she might have saved him.”
“She loved him dearly. His death has broken her heart,” said Lord
Lorriston. “In her case death is far more merciful than life—she
would have been wretched, knowing his guilt, and wretched,
knowing his death. It is better as it is.”
Even the father who had loved her so dearly kissed her face and
murmured the same words, “It is better as it is.”
The story of that last hour of her life is known to none. The doctor
said she died of disease of the heart; it might be so—but those who
loved her knew her heart was broken. She had taken out that
strange, sad confession of his, so mingled with love of her in order to
destroy it, and she died with it in her hands.
What passed between her soul and God, who shall tell? Her
terrible sorrow, her shame, her despair—she had to suffer it all
alone; there was no one to help her bear it in that terrible hour; no
one to soothe her agony; she struggled with it and died alone. The
merit of the grand, self-sacrifice she would so willingly have
accomplished was all her own; she had taken upon herself the
burden of his guilt and been willing to suffer for it. All her sweet
woman’s nature rose in rebellion against it—her true and loyal
nature, that had in it no taint of anything mean or false—her delicate,
sensitive, spiritual nature, that loved right and hated wrong, but she
had trampled all under foot, and by reason of her great love had
been willing to die the most shameful of deaths for his sake.
They thought a great deal of it at the time, but in after years they
thought still more. How dearly she had loved him! How great was the
sacrifice she would have made for him, when for his sake she was
willing to die on the scaffold to shelter his sin!
The whole country round was grieved at the intelligence. People
said, with tears in their eyes, they were not surprised; they would not
believe in the doctor’s fable of disease of the heart—that she died
because she loved Sir Ronald so well; she could not live without him.
Gloom and mourning spread from place to place, for she had been
loved as dearly in the cottages of the poor as in the halls of the rich.
CHAPTER LV.
THE REST IS PEACE.
“There must have been a spell in Aldenmere,” so people said.

This was the second fair young wife who had been carried from
there to the grave; the second who had met with a tragical death.
What would become of the place? Who would take care of the
children? These and a hundred other questions they asked, but no
one answered them.
They did not bury Lady Hermione by Clarice’s side. Lord
Lorriston, knowing all, could not endure the thought of it. She was
taken thence, and the grave is on the western side of Leeholme
churchyard, a warm, lovely, sunny spot, where the sun shines and
the dew falls, where birds sing sweetest music and flowers yield
richest perfume. The story of her deep, true love and unutterable
sorrow, of her grief and heroic self-sacrifice, are buried with her.
The little Harry was heir to Aldenmere, but Lord Lorriston said the
associations connected with the place were all so sad, that the
children should not live there; they should make their home at
Leeholme until the young heir was of age, and then he could please
himself about returning there. The servants were all paid off; they
were not sorry to leave a place rendered gloomy by two such
tragedies. Some of them declared that long as they lived they should
never regain their natural spirits.
Aldenmere was closed. The head gamekeeper and his wife were
put in charge of the place. The state apartments, the magnificent
guests’ chambers, the superb reception-rooms, were all closed and
left to solitary desolation. Lord Lorriston declared that he never even
wished to see the place again—it was so full of sorrowful memories
for him.
The little orphan children were taken home to Leeholme, where,
under the loving care of Lord and Lady Lorriston, they grew in
strength, beauty and goodness. The after life of Sir Henry Alden, of
Aldenmere, was eventful, but his story has been told by pens more
eloquent than mine. The little child whom Sir Ronald kissed and
blessed before he went on that long voyage from which he was
never to return, made his name famous all over Europe. There was
one thing he never knew, and that was the true history of his father’s
life. Nor was that secret ever known.
Kenelm Eyrle found some means of pacifying the detectives he
had so hastily summoned. They never heard one word of the truth,
nor was it ever told; Lord Lorriston never even told his wife, and the
secret of the first Lady Alden’s death remains a secret still.
Lord and Lady Lorriston found comfort after a time in the children
they had adopted. Baby Maud grew up the exact picture of her
mother, the same sweet face and tender eyes. There were times
when, as Lorriston grew older, he would forget the tragedy at
Aldenmere, and, seeing the golden head, would call her Hermione.
There were times, too, when he longed to take the child on his knee
and tell her how nobly her mother had kept her vow. But he never did
so. The children grew up with no other knowledge save that their
parents had both died when they were very young.
There were times, too, when Kenelm Eyrle regretted his
sternness, his lost desire for vengeance, his long years of search for
the criminal whom he afterward found in his dearest friend. If he had
been less vigorous, less exact, Lady Hermione might have lived. He
was very lonely; the great purpose of his life was accomplished; he
had found out who murdered Clarice, but in making that discovery he
made many others. Clarice was not what he had thought her. He had
believed her one of the noblest and truest of women; now he found
out that she had committed the most dishonorable of all frauds. The
whole of the sad tragedy at Aldenmere was the consequence of her
fault. If she had not stolen that letter and forged another there would
have been no wrong, no suffering, no murder; after all, she had but
reaped what she had sown—lo, that while his pity for her never grew
less, his love, the intense passionate worship he had felt for her
during life and for her memory after death, decreased. He had
believed her an angel—she was but a faulty woman; he had believed
her a goddess—she was but an ordinary fellow-creature, with more
faults and imperfections than fell to the lot of most people.
The very consciousness of this made him more lonely than ever.
He had so fitted his life with a reverential and worshiping love of her,
that now that love had changed its character, his life seemed empty.
He had not been to the Dower House for some time, because he felt
that it was not kind nor wise to add to the perplexities of Lady
Pelham.
One morning a messenger came with a note for him. It said
simply: “You have been so kind to me that I cannot help writing to tell
you that my husband lies even now on his deathbed and has sent for
me. He has promised to do me justice and to clear my good name
before the world.”
A few days afterward he read in the papers that Sir Alfred
Pelham was dead, and before his death he had exonerated his wife
from all blame. He had sworn to her innocence, and had withdrawn
the charges brought against her after begging her to pardon him.
Kenelm Eyrle read it with pleasure. He read long articles in which
the law, as it exists, enabling a man to wrong his wife in so deadly a
fashion, was reprobated as it deserved to be.
He often found himself wondering whether she would return to
the Dower House or not; he found his thoughts returning continually
to her. Her beautiful face haunted him. He remembered her indignant
appeals to Heaven for the justice she was not likely to obtain from
man. It was a source of keen pleasure to him when she wrote to say
that she intended to return to the Dower House, the only place where
she had ever known either peace or happiness. She did return. It
would be long to tell how their friendship ripened into love—how
gradually the living love replaced the dead one in Kenelm Eyrle’s
breast.
He is not so confident now over matters; time was when he would
have laughed to scorn any one who had hinted that Clarice could be
not only replaced but surpassed. Now he was not so violent in his
opinions nor so apt to rush into extremes. The first impetuous love of
his youth was lavished on Clarice Severn; the love of his sadder,
wiser manhood was given to Juliet Payton. They were married some
time afterward and lived happily enough at “The Towers.” Mrs. Eyrle
is very kind to Sir Ronald’s orphan children, for long after Lady
Hermione’s death, Kenelm never saw them without tears in his eyes.
Children of his own make “The Towers” merry with their happy
laughter; life is made up of sunshine and shade. He had suffered
much, but peace and rest came to him after long years. There is one
duty he never omits, and that is visiting the graves of the fair women
who lost their lives through an unhappy love.
THE END.

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Computational analysis of structured

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

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For information on all Academic Press publications

Publisher: Janco Candice

Typeset by SPi Books and Journals

Simon Gluzman, Vladimir Mityushev, and Wojciech Nawalaniec

Four legs good, two legs bad

— George Orwell, Animal farm

Method of “regression on approximants” consists in applying different multivariate

Simon Gluzman, Vladimir Mityushev, and Wojciech Nawalaniec

Other symbols and abbreviations

Man’s quest for knowledge is an expanding

—Stanislav Lem, His Master’s Voice

Computational Analysis of Structured Media 1

Complex Potentials and R-linear

— Penguin Island, Anatole France

Computational Analysis of Structured Media 7

BOX A.2.1 Cauchy–Riemann equations and analytic functions

1.1. Domains and curves on complex plane

Figure 2.1 A bounded and an unbounded multiply connected domains.

Domain D is called simply connected if any curve Γ in D is homotopic to a point,

BOX A.2.2 Conformal Mapping

1.2. Equations in functional spaces

Analogous space is introduced for functions continuous in D ∪ ∂D with the norm

U = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} satisfying the following condition

h∞ (U) is the space of all bounded harmonic functions on U.

Theorem 1 ([21, p. 75]). Let A be a linear bounded operator in a Banach space B. If

Corollary 1. Let A be a compact operator in B. If the equation

1.3. Relation between analytic and harmonic functions

where w is an arbitrary point in D and C is a real constant.

Theorem 2 (Logarithmic Conjugation Theorem [3, p. 179; 32, p. 23]). Let D be a

stants A1 , A2 , . . . , An such that

Theorem 3 (Decomposition Theorem [32, p. 23]). Let D and D j be domains defined

where ϕ j is analytic in D ∪ ∂D j ∪ D j and ϕ j (∞) = 0 for all j = 1, 2, . . . , n. The con-

dϕ(z) is called the period of ϕ(z) along L.

1.4. Cauchy type integral and singular integrals

If Φ(z) is analytic in D− and continuous up to the boundary, we have

do satisfy the Sochocki–Plemelj formulae1

1.5. Poisson integral.

1.6. Schwarz operator

For the upper half-plane, we have

The Schwarz operator is related to a conjugation problem stated in the theorem

extended complex plane: ϕ = ϕ− ∈ H(D) and ϕ+ ∈ H(∪nk=1 Dk ).

Theorem 4 ([32, 34]). The problem

“Not to be opened until after my death,” was written on the outer

They paused in the reading of that confession, and Lord

Lord Lorriston’s voice died away in a low sob as he read the

“There must have been a spell in Aldenmere,” so people said.

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