Homework 8

P7.2.15 The voltage waveform v , mV

of Figure P7.2.15 is 15
applied to an initially-
uncharged 40 60 80
t , s
0.5 H inductor. (a) 20
Derive expressions for
the inductor current -15 Figure P7.2.15

during the time intervals:

0  t  10 μs, 10  t  40 μs, 40  t  60 μs, 60  t  80 μs, and t  80 μs. (b)
What is the flux linkage in the inductor at t  10 μs and at t  50 μs ? Check the
final value of current against the final flux linkage. (c) What is the energy stored in
the inductor at t  80 μs ? (d) How do the expressions for the current through the
inductor derived in (a) above change it the inductor current was initially 0.5 A?
1 t 1 t
Solution: i (t )  vdt  I (t 0 ) (a) 0  t  10 s: i (t ) 
L t0 0 .5 0 
1.5tdt  1.5t 2 mV, where t is in

s. At t = 10 s, i(t) = 150 mA.

10  t  40 s: i (t ) 
1
0 .5 
10
t

( t  25)dt  150   t 2  50t 
t
10  150

 t 2  50t  250 mA. At t = 40 s, i(t) = 150 mA.

 15dt  150   30t  40 +150 = –30t + 1350 mA.

1 t
40  t  60 s: i (t )  
t

0.5 40

At t = 60 s, i(t) = –450 mA.

60  t  80 s: i (t ) 
1
0.5 
60
t

(0.75t  60)dt  450  0.75t 2  120t  t
60  450 

0.75t 2  120t  4050 mA. At t = 80 s, i(t) = –750 mA.

t  80 s: i(t) = –750 mA.
Check: Total area = 0.51510 + 0.51515 – 0.51515 – 1520 –
 375
0.51520 = –375 nWb-T. Hence i(t) =  750 mA.
0 .5
(b) At t  10 s, i (t )  150 mA, so   Li  75 nWb-T.

At t  50 s, i (t )  150 mA, so   Li  75 nWb-T.

1 2
(c) At t  80 s, i(t) = –750 mA, so w  Li  0.14 J.
2
(d) All the expressions derived above for the current are increased by 0.5 A.

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P7.2.21 Determine the energy stored in the inductor in
Figure P7.2.21, assuming a dc steady state.
Solution: The current through the inductor is 5/5 = 1 A. The energy
stored in the inductor is (1/2)11 = 0.5 J.

P7.3.6 Determine the equivalent inductance a

between terminals ‘ab’ in Figure 7.3.6,

assuming all inductances are 0.5 H.
Solution: 0.5 H in parallel with 0.5 H is 0.25 H; in
b
series with 0.5 H, this gives 0.75 H. In
Figure P7.3.6
parallel with 0.5 H, this gives 0.3 H. It
follows that Leq = 0.3 + 0.5 = 0.8 H.

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P7.4.4 Given the circuit of Figure P7.4.4. (a) Derive the
IX
dual circuit; (b) compare the resistance or +
5 7IX
conductance seen by the independent source –

in each circuit; (c) compare the power 3A

delivered or absorbed by each circuit element in the 10  4

two circuits.
Solution: (a) Bearing in mind that the dual of a series Figure P7.4.4
connection is a parallel connection, the dual circuits are
2A
as shown, with each element in one circuit
IX = +
being the dual of the corresponding element 1A
5V 7IX +
7V
in the other circuit. Note that in (a) the 5 –
3A –
polarity of the CCVS is a voltage drop + +
when the mesh 10  10 V 4 8V
is traversed CW. In (b) the current
– –
of the VCCS leaves the node that
+ VX = 1 V – (a)
is the dual of the mesh in (a).
5A
(b) It is seen from the currents and 10 A 5 S 8A
voltages that the CCVS in (a) is 15 A +
+ 10 S 7A
equivalent to a resistance of 7/2 = 3.5 7VX
3V 4S 2V
, so that the resistance seen by the –
–
source is 15||7.5 = 5 . Similarly, the
Figure P7.4.4-1 (b)
VCCS in (b) is equivalent to a conductance of 7/2 = 3.5 S, so that the
conductance seen by the source is 157.5/22.5 = 5 S.
(c) It is seen that the voltages and currents are interchanged for dual elements,
so that the powers are the same. These powers are: independent sources
deliver 45 W, 5 /5 S resistors dissipate 5 W, 10 /10 S resistors dissipate
10 W, 4 /4 S resistors in parallel with dependent source dissipate 16 W,
dependent sources absorb 14 W.

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P7.4.6 (a) Derive the mesh-current equations using
the mesh currents shown in Figure P7.46; (b)
deduce the node-voltage equations of the +
–
dual circuit; (c) derive the circuit that will give 3 mH 2 mH
1V
these node-voltage equations with respect to i3 i1
2 V 3 V
a specified reference node.
Solution: (a) The mesh-current equations are: i2

j210-3i1 = 1 V – 3 V
1 mH
j110-3i2 = 3 V – 2 V (a)
j310-3i3 = 2 V – 1 V a
(b) The node-voltage equations of the dual circuit are:
j210-3v1 = 1 A – 3 A
+
j110-3v2 = 3 A – 2 A v1
1A 2 mF – 3A
j310-3v3 = 2 A – 1 A
(c) The circuit that gives these node-voltage
v3 – – v
2
equations is as shown. + +
3 mF 1 mF
c b

Figure P7.4.6-1 (b)

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