CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE

Topic: Differential Equation 2

Euler-Cauchy Equation Family Of Curves

General Form A family of curves on a plane is usually defined by an equation
containing one or more parameters together with the coordinates of a
ax 2 y’’ + bxy’ + cy = 0 point on the plane. The differential equation of the family is obtained
by eliminating the parameters.

Isogonal & Orthogonal Trajectory

Auxiliary equation:
Any curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves at the
constant angle is called an isogonal trajectory of the family. A 90°
am2 + (b − a ) m + c = 0 trajectory of the family is called an orthogonal trajectory of the
family.

Case 1: (Real and Distinct Roots) Steps in Finding Isogonal Trajectories:

If the discriminantb2-4ac>0 (two real distinct roots), then the
general solution is:

 y = c1xm1 + c2 xm2

Case 2: (Real and Equal Roots)

If the discriminant b2-4ac=0 (two real and equal roots), then the
general solution is:
1. Obtain the differential equation of the family by differentiating
 y = xm ( c1 + c2lnx ) f(x,y,c) and solve for y’.
y '− tanθ
2. Replace y’ obtained in one by 1 + y 'tanθ .
Case 3: (Complex Conjugate Roots)
If the discriminant b2-4ac<0 (two complex conjugate roots), then the ⎛ dx ⎞
general solution is: 3. Integrate the function f ⎜ x,y, − dy ⎟ obtained in two.
⎝ ⎠
4. The result after integration is the isogonal trajectories of the
family of curves.
 y = c1xa sinbx + c2 xa cosbx
Steps in Finding Orthogonal Trajectories:

Wronskian
The Wronskian of a set of functions {z1(x),z2(x), ..., zn(x)} on the
interval a<x<b, having the property that each function possesses n-1
derivatives on this interval.

z1 z2 zn
z1 ' z2 ' zn '
1. Obtain the differential equation of the family by differentiating
W ( z1 ,...zn ) = z1 '' z 2 '' zn '' f(x,y,c) and solve for y’.
⎛ dx ⎞
2. Replace y’ obtained in one by its negative reciprocal ⎜ − dy ⎟ .
z1(n−1) z 2(n−1) zn(n−1) ⎝ ⎠
⎛ dx ⎞
3. Integrate the function f ⎜ x,y, − dy ⎟ obtained in two.
⎝ ⎠

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Differential Equation 2

4. The result after integration is the orthogonal trajectories of the Ž Simple Chemical Conversion
family of curves in. In a certain chemical reactions in which substance A is being
dr 2 dθ
converted into another substance, the time rate of change of the
?Note: For curves in the form f ( r,θ ) , replace dθ by −r dr . amount Q of unconverted substance is proportional to Q.

Physical Applications for First Order dQ

= −kt
Differential Equations dt
ΠThe Law of Growth and Decay
The Solution is:
If the rate of population growth or decay is proportional to the
present population P:
Q = Qoe−kt
dP dP
αP or = kP Where:
dt dt
Q the amount at any time t
Q0 the amount during t = 0
The solution is: k constant of proportionality

 Flow Problems (Chemical Solution or Mixture

Pt = Po e ± kt Problems)
Solutions in which some substance is varying because of certain
physical or chemical actions are usually analyzed in accordance
Where: with the following relation.
Pt = population at any time t
Po = the population during t = 0 dQ
k = constant of proportionality
= Ri − R o
Use ( + ) → for growth condition
dt
Use ( −) → for decay condition
Where:
 Newton’s Law of Cooling dQ
= rate of change of the substance in volume
The surface temperature of a cooling body changes at the rate dt
proportional to the difference in temperature between the Ri = rate of inflow
outside medium and the body itself. Ro = rate of outflow

dT  Rectilinear Motion (Newton’s Second Law of

= −k ( T − t s ) Motion)
dt Newton’s second law of motion states that the rate of change of
momentum of a particle is proportional to the resultant force
The solution is: acting on it in the same direction as the force.

d dv
T = t s + ( To − t s ) e−kt ( mv ) = m ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = F
dt ⎝ dt ⎠

Where:
T = temperature of the body at any time t
Where: F force
m mass
ts = ambient temperature
dv/dt acceleration
k = constant of proportionality

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Differential Equation 2

Application of Second Order Linear

Differential Equations
ΠElectrical Circuit Problems

Using Kirchoff’s Voltage Law:

dI 1
RI + L + q − E(t) = 0
dt C

In terms of charge, the differential equation is:

d2 q R dq 1 1
2
+ + q = E(t)
dt L dt LC L

In terms of current:

d2I R dI 1 1 d ⎡⎣E ( t )⎤⎦

2
+ + I=
dt L dt LC L dt

 Spring Problems
The simple spring system shown consists of a mass m attached
lo the lower end of a spring that is itself suspended vertically
from a mounting. The system is in its equilibrium position when
it is at rest. The mass is set in motion by one or more of the
following means: displacing the mass from its equilibrium
position, providing it with an initial velocity, or subjecting it to an
external force F(i).

d2 x a dx k F(t)
2
+ + x=
dt m dt m m

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Differential Equation 2
Sample Problems
Solve x y’’ + xy’ − 9y = 0
2
1.
Solve 9x y’’ − 3xy’ + 4y = 0
2
2.
Solve 7x y’’ + 3xy’ + 2y = 0
2
3.
4. Find the Wronskian of the set {cos3x, sin3x}
5. Find the Wronskian of the set ⎡ x, x 2 , x 3 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
6. Calculate the Wronskian of the non-homogengeous differential
equation, y''+ y = tan( x )
7. Is the set {ex,e-x} linearly independent on (-infinity, infinity)?
8. Is the set {x,1, 2x-7}linearly dependent on (-infinity, infinity)?
9. Find the differential equation satisfied by the family of parabolas
having their vertices at the origin and their foci on the y-axis.
10. Find the differential equation of the family of circles having their
centers on the y axis.
11. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves x2+y2=c2?
12. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r=csinØ
13. The population of a certain country is known to increase at a
rate proportional to the number of people presently living in the
country. If after two years the population has doubled, and after
three years the population is 20,000,
Find (a) an expression for the approximate number of
inhabitants at any time, (b) the time needed for the inhabitants
to quadruple its initial size, and (c) estimate the number of
people initially living in the country.
14. A certain radioactive material is known to decay at a rate
proportional to the amount present. If initially there is 50
milligrams of the material present and after two hours it is
observed that the material has lost 10 percent of its original
mass, find (a) an expression for the mass of the material
remaining at any time t, (b) the mass of the material after four
hours, and (c) the time at which the material has decayed to one
half of its initial mass.
15. A cup of tea is prepared in a preheated cup with hot water so
that the temperature of both the cup and the brewing tea is
initially 190° F. The cup is then left to cool in a room kept at a
constant 72° F. Two minutes later, the temperature of the tea is
150° F. Determine (a) the temperature of the tea after 5 minutes
and (b) the time required for the tea to reach 100° F.
16. A body at a temperature of 50° F is placed outdoors where the
temperature is 100° F. If after 5 minutes the temperature of the
body is 60° F, find (a) how long it will take the body to reach a
temperature of 75° F and (b) the temperature of the body after
20 minutes.
17. A tank initially holds 100 gal of a brine solution containing 1 Ib of
salt. At t = 0 another brine solution containing 1 Ib of salt per
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
gallon is poured into the tank at the rate of 3 gal/min, while the
well-stirred mixture leaves the tank at the same rate. Find (a)
the amount of salt in the tank at any time t and (b) the time at
which the mixture in the tank contains 2 Ib of salt.
18. A tank contains 1000 liters of pure water. Brine that contains
0.05 kg of salt per liter of water enters the tank at a rate of 5
liters/min. Brine that contains 0.04 kg of salt per liter of water
enters the tank at the rate of 10 liters/min. The solution is kept
thoroughly mixed and drains from the tank at 15 liters/min. How
much salt is left in the tank after 1 hour?
19. A tank contains 100 gal of brine made by dissolving 80 Ib of salt
in water. Pure water runs into the tank at the rate of 4 gal/min,
and the well-stirred mixture runs out at the same rate. Find (a)
the amount of salt in the tank at any time t and (b) the time
required for half the salt to leave the tank.
20. A 50-gal tank initially contains 10 gal of fresh water. At t = 0, a
brine solution containing 1 Ib of salt per gallon is poured into the
tank at the rate of 4 gal/min, while the well-stirred mixture leaves
the tank at the rate of 2 gal/min. Find (a) the amount of time
required for overflow to occur and (b) the amount of salt in the
tank at the moment of overflow.
21. An object falls from rest in a medium offering a resistance. The
velocity of the object before the object reaches the ground is
given by the differential equation dV/dt + V/10 = 32 ft/sec. What
is the velocity of the object one second after it falls?
22. A body weighing 64 Ib is dropped from a height of 100 ft with an
initial velocity of 10 ft/sec. Assume that the air resistance is
proportional to the velocity of the body. If the limiting velocity is
known to be 128 ft/sec, find (a) an expression for the velocity of
the body at any time t and (b) an expression for the position of
the body at any time t.
23. A steel ball weighing 2 Ib is dropped from a height of 3000 ft
with no velocity. As it falls, the ball encounters air resistance
numerically equal to v/8 (in pounds), where v denotes the
velocity of the ball (in feet per second). Find (a) the limiting
velocity for the ball and (b) the time required for the ball to
hit the ground.
24. An RL circuit has an emf given (in volts) by 3 sin2t, a resistance
of 10 ohms, an inductance of 0.5 henry, and an initial current of
6 amperes. Find the current in the circuit at any time t.
25. An RC circuit has an emf given (in volts) by 400 cos 2t, a
resistance of 100 ohms, and a capacitance of 10 -2 farad.
Initially there is no charge on the capacitor. Find the current in
the circuit at any time
26. An RCL circuit connected in series has R = 180 ohms, C =
1/280 farad, L = 20 henries, and an applied voltage E(i) = 10 sin
t. Assuming no initial charge on the capacitor, but an initial
current of 1 ampere at t = 0 when the voltage is first applied, find
the subsequent charge on the capacitor.
Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado
 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Differential Equation 2
10. Find the equation of the curve at every point of which the
Bring Home Problems tangent line has a slope of 2x.
1. What type of curve is generated by a point which moves in A. x = -y2 + C C. y = y2 + C
uniform circular motion about an axis, while travelling at a B. y = -x2 + C D. x = y2 + C
constant speed, !, parallel to the axis? 11. The rate of population growth of a country is proportional to the
A. helix C. spiral of Archimedes number of inhabitants. If a population of a country now is 40
B. hypocycloid D. cycloid million and 50 million in 10 years time, what will be its population
20years from now?
2. Find the solution the Cauchy-Euler equation A. 56.19 C. 62.18
2 B. 71.29 D. 59.24
x y’’ + 3xy’ –15y = 0 .
12. A certain radioactive element follows the “law of exponential
A. y = c1x3 + c2 x−5 C. y = c1x3 + c 2 x5 change” and has a “half-life” of 38 hours. Find the percentage
B. y = c1e3x + c2e5x D. y = c1e3x + c2e−5x of radioactivity that remains after 76 hours.
A. 35.6% C. 37.6%
3. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves
B. 25.5% D. 45.7%
x2 + y2 = cx
13. A hot pie that was cooked at a constant temperature of 325° F
A. x2 + y2 = cy C. x2 − y = c is taken directly from an oven and placed outdoors in the shade
to cool on a day when the air temperature in the shade is 85° F.
B. x2 − y2 = cy D. x − y 2 = c
After 5 minutes in the shade, the temperature of the pie had
4. The orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves x2 + y 2 = c 2 been reduced to 250° F. Determine (a) the temperature of the
pie after 20 minutes and (b) the time required for the pie to
are
reach 275° F.
A. lines C. hyperbolas A. (a) 238.6°F; (b) 4.12min C. (a) 138.6°F; (b) 4.12min
B. parabolas D. ellipses B. (a) 238.6°F; (b) 3.12min D. (a) 138.6°F; (b) 3.12min

5. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves y = kx2 14. A bar of iron, previously heated to 1200° C, is cooled in a large
bath of water maintained at a constant temperature of 50° C.
1 1 2 2 The bar cools by 200° in the first minute. How much longer will it
A. x 2 − y 2 = k C. x −y =k
2 2 take to cool a second 200°?
1 1 A. 1.24 min C. 2.48 min
B. x 2 + y 2 = k D. x2 + y 2 = k B. 2.41 min D. 4.82 min
2 2
6. Find the equation of the family of orthogonal trajectories of the 15. A body of unknown temperature is placed in a refrigerator at a
constant temperature of 0° F. If after 20 minutes the
system of parabolas y2 = 2x + C
temperature of the body is 40° F and after 40 minutes the
A. y = ce − x C. y = ce x temperature of the body is 20° F, find the initial temperature of
B. y = ce2x D. y = ce −2x the body.
A. 60° F C. 80° F
7. The set of function of [ x, 1, 2x − 7] is B. 70° F D. 90° F
16. A cup of tea is prepared in a preheated cup with hot water so
A. Linearly dependent C. Linearly independent that the temperature of both the cup and the brewing tea is
B. Both A and B D. None of the Above initially 190° F. The cup is then left to cool in a room kept at a
8. Given function f(x) and g(x). Find the Wronskian. constant 72° F. Two minutes later, the temperature of the tea is
150° F. Determine (a) the temperature of the tea after 5 minutes
A. f ( x ) / g( x ) C. f ( x ) g’ ( x ) + f’ ( x ) g( x ) and (b) the time required for the tea to reach 100° F.
B. e x D. f ( x ) g’ ( x ) − f’ ( x ) g( x ) A. (a) 113.9°F; (b) 6.95 min C. (a) 113.9°F; (b) 7.95 min
B. (a) 213.9°F; (b) 6.95 min D. (a) 213.9°F; (b) 7.95 min
9. Find the equation of the curve which passes through points (1,4)
17. The temperature of a metal is 20oC. It is submerged in a large
d2 y body of liquid of temperature 5oC. After one (1) minute, the
and (0,2) if = 1.
dx2 temperature of the metal dropped down to 10oC. What will be
A. 2y = x2 +3x + 4 C. 4y = 2x2 + x + 4 the temperature of the metal after 30 seconds?
B. 5y = x2 + 2x + 2 D. 3y = 2x2 + x + 4 A. 13.65°C C. 15.12 °C
B. 12.46 °C D. 17.34 °C

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Differential Equation 2
18. A body falls from rest against a resistance proportional to the well-stirred mixture leaves the tank at the same rate. Find the
cube of the speed at any instant. If the limiting speed is 3m/s, time at which the mixture in the tank contains 2 Ib of salt.
find the time required to attain a speed of 2.50 m/s A. 23.28 sec C. 1.204 sec
A. 0.31 s C. 0.78 s B. 0.388 sec D. 32.45 sec
B. 0.25 s D. 0.57 s 26. An RL circuit has an emf of 5 volts, a resistance of 50 ohms, an
19. A 50 kg mass is shot from a cannon straight up with an initial inductance of 1 henry, and no initial current. Find the steady
velocity of 10m/s off a bridge that is 100 meters above the state current.
ground. If air resistance is given by 5v determine the velocity of A. 1/10 A C. 5/10 A
the mass when it hits the ground. B. 5 A D. 1 A
A. 38.62 m/s C. 18.62 m/s
27. Using the above situation, Find the transient current in the circuit
B. 28.62 m/s D. 8.62 m/s
e 50t e 50t
20. A body weighing 64 Ib is dropped from a height of 100 ft with an A. − C.
initial velocity of 10 ft/sec. Assume that the air resistance is 10 10
−50t
proportional to the velocity of the body. If the limiting velocity is e e −50t
B. − D.
known to be 128 ft/sec, find an expression for the velocity of the 10 10
body at any time t.
28. An RCL circuit connected in series has R = 10 ohms, C = 10-2
−t −t
A. v = −118e 4 + 128 C. v = 118e 4 + 128 farad, L = 0.5 henry, and an applied voltage E = 12 volts.
−t −t Assuming no initial current and no initial charge at t = 0 when
B. v = −118e 4 + 821 D. v = 118e 4 + 821 the voltage is first applied, find the subsequent current in the
21. A 45 N weight is projected downward with an initial speed of system.
4.60 m/s against a resistance which is proportional to the speed. 12 −10t 12 −10t
If the limiting speed is double the initial speed, how far has the A. I = e sin10t C. I = − e cos10t
5 5
body traveled when it has reached a speed of 6m/s?
12 12
A. 5.18 m C. 1.87 m B. I = e −10t cos10t D. I = − e −10t sin10t
B. 2.17 m D. 3.57 m 5 5
22. A tank contains 400 liters of brine. Twelve (12) liters of brine, 29. A 10 ohms resistance R and a 1.0 henry inductance L are in
each containing 2.50N of dissolved salt enter the tank per series. An AC voltage e(t) = 100sin 377t is applied across the
minute and the mixture, kept uniform by stirring, leaves at the series circuit. The applicable differential equation is:
rate of 8 liters per minute. If the concentration is to be 2.00N di
Ri + L = e ( t ) Solve for the particular solution (without the
per liter at the end of one (1) hour, how many Newton of salt dt
were originally present in the tank? complimentary solution) to the differential equation, and
A. 240 N C. 181 N determine the amplitude of the resulting sinusoidal current i(t).
B. 130 N D. 161 N
A. 0.265 ampere C. 0.292 ampere
23. A tank contains 200 liters of fresh water. Brine containing 2.50
B. 0.321 ampere D. 0.241 ampere
N/liter of dissolved salt runs into the tank at the rate of 8
liters/min and the mixture kept uniform by stirring runs out at 4 30. An RCL circuit connected in series with a resistance of 2 ohms,
liters/min. Find the amount of salt when the tank contains 240 a capacitor of 1/260 farad, and an inductance of 0.1 henry has
liters of brine. an applied voltage E(t) = 100 sin (X)t. Assuming no initial
A. 183.30 N C. 231.60 N current and no initial charge on the capacitor, find an expression
B. 230.45 N D. 134.75 N for the charge on the capacitor at any time t.
30 −10t 36 30 25
24. A tank contains 1000 liters of pure water. Brine that contains A. q = e cos50t + e −10t sin50t + cos60t − sin60t
0.05 kg of salt per liter of water enters the tank at a rate of 5 61 61 61 61
liters/min. Brine that contains 0.04 kg of salt per liter of water 30 −10t 36 −10t 30 25
B. q = e cos50t + e sin50t − cos60t + sin60t
enters the tank at the rate of 10 liters/min. The solution is kept 61 61 61 61
thoroughly mixed and drains from the tank at 15 liters/min. How 30 −10t 36 −10t 30 25
much salt is left in the tank after 1 hour? C. q = e cos50t + e sin50t − cos60t − sin60t
A. 26.83 kg C. 25.72 kg 61 61 61 61
B. 24.89 kg D. 23.55 kg 30 −10t 36 −10t 30 25
D. q = e cos50t + e sin50t + cos60t + sin60t
25. A tank initially holds 100 gal of a brine solution containing 1 Ib of 61 61 61 61
salt. At t = 0 another brine solution containing 1 Ib of salt per
gallon is poured into the tank at the rate of 3 gal/min, while the Put God first above all things !

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado