SUBJECT: PHYSIOLOGY

Brought to you by: Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College T.M.C.P. Unit

Blood:

Short Notes:

 Hazards of blood transfusion. (2016)  Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. (2004)

 Platelets. (2015)  Iron deficiency anemia. (2004)
 Blood transfusion hazards. (2013,11s)  Functions of platelet. (2004,08s)
 Anemia. (2016,13)  Bleeding time & Coagulation time. (2004)
 Co-operativity of binding Oxygen with  Platelet function & dysfunction. (2011s)
hemoglobin. (2011)  Erythropoiesis. (2011s)
 Describe the fate of RBC. (2010)  What are the natural anti-coagulants? [2] (2004)
 Bleeding time. (2007,05)  E.S.R. (2006)
 Erythropoietin. (2004)  Blood buffers.

Long Questions:

 Define erythropoiesis. Give an account of step wise development of erythrocytes. State the factors those regulates
the erythropoiesis. Explain the term pernicious anemia. [1+4+3+2] (2018)
 What is erythropoiesis? Describe the erythropoiesis and factors stimulating it. [6+4] (2016)
 Define hemostasis. Describe the steps of hemostasis in brief. Write a note on purpura. [2+5+3] (2015)
 Name the coagulation factors. Outline the steps of blood coagulation. What is bleeding time and clotting time?
[2+5+3] (2006,2004)
 Discuss the steps of erythropoiesis. What are the factors involved in this process? [5+5] (2012s,07s)

Nerve-Muscle Physiology:

Short Notes:

 Difference: Skeletal Muscle & Smooth Muscle.  Properties of Skeletal muscles.

What is Myasthenia Gravis? [1+3] (2009)  Lambert-Eaton Syndrome.
 Resting membrane potential & action potential.  Tetanus.
(2004)  Rigor mortis.

Long Questions:

 Write is neuromuscular junction? Describe the mechanism of transmission there. Comment on the physiological
alteration in Myasthenia Gravis. [2+4+4] (2011)
 What is the difference between Skeletal & Smooth muscle? Discuss the molecular events of skeletal muscle
contraction. [4+6]. (2011)

Cardiovascular Syndrome:

Short Notes:

 End Diastolic Volume. (2018)  Define systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood
 ECG leads. (2016) pressure, pulse pressure & mean arterial
 Hypertension. (2014) pressure & give their normal values. (2010)
 Normal E.C.G. (2013)  Cardiac output. (2004,08s)
 Heart Sounds. (2015,11,05,12s)  Stroke volume & end-diastolic volume. (2004)
 Cardiac cycle events in diastole. (2011)  Essential hypertension. (2011s)
 Jugular pulse wave. (2011)

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 SUBJECT: PHYSIOLOGY
Brought to you by: Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College T.M.C.P. Unit

 P wave in E.C.G. (2007)  Properties of cardiac muscles.

 S.A. Node. (2004)  Starling’s law.
 Cardiac Index. [3] (2007s)

Long Questions:

 Write down the description of the mechanical events of the Cardiac Cycle. Write a note on the Second heart sound.
[8+2] (2017)
 Enumerate the phases of cardiac cycle with a neat diagram. What is Marey’s Law? What is the normal heart rate in
human beings? [6+2+2] (2013,09)
 Define blood pressure. Describe how Sino-aortic reflex regulates blood pressure? [2+8] (2006)
 What is cardiac output? Name the factors controlling it. How cardiac output is measured? [2+4+4] (2011s)
 Details about: Conduction system of the heart (junctional tissue).
 Regulation of Heart rate.
 Regulating factors of Blood pressure.

Respiratory System:

Short Notes:

 Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve. (2018)  Asphyxia. (2017,15,13s,02)

 Bohr Effect (2018)  Vital capacity. (2008s,07s)
 Respiratory distress syndrome. (2011)  Respiratory Alkalosis. (2002)
 Enumerate lung volumes & capacities & give  Hypoxia. (2004,02)
their normal values. [2+2] (2009)  Lung Compliance.
 Anatomical dead space & Physiological dead  Surfactant.
space. (2004)  Regulation of Respiration.
 Alveolar ventilation & Pulmonary Ventilation.  Cyanosis. (2014,06)
(2004)  High altitude sickness.

Long Questions:

 Define hypoxia. State the different type of hypoxia. Describe the causes, the compensatory changes & management
of hypoxic hypoxia. [2+3+5] (2014,11)
 Enumerate the muscles involved in respiration. Describe the mechanism of respiration. Define Apneoa. [3+6+1]
(2007)
 What is vital capacity? Discuss how oxygen is transport in the blood. What is Bohr Effect? [2+6+2] (2012s)
 Details of Lung Volumes & Capacities & their normal values.

Gastrointestinal System:

Short Notes:

 Role of pancreatic enzyme in digestion. (2018)  Write a note on Gastric mucosal barrier. What is
 Jaundice. (2017) peptic ulcer? [3+1] (2010)
 Peptic Ulcer. (2015)  Composition of Saliva.
 Functions of Gall bladder. (2014)  GI Hormones.
 Functions of saliva. (2017,14,07,04,12s,07s)  Gastric Secretion.
 Gastrin. (2016,11,07,13s)  Function of Bile.
 Define jaundice. Compare obstructive &
hemolytic jaundice. [1+3] (2012)

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 SUBJECT: PHYSIOLOGY
Brought to you by: Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College T.M.C.P. Unit

 What are the agents that stimulate the HCL  Bile salts. (2006,05)
secretion in Stomach? Mentioned the receptors  Taste buds. (2017,05)
& blockers of the agents. [1+3] (2009)

Long Questions:

 Describe the important constituents of Pancreatic Juice & their functions. [5+5] (2017)
 Define Jaundice. Classify them with examples. Why there is a bleeding disorder in case of obstructive jaundice.
[3+4+3] (2013s)
 Describe the movements of small intestine along with their functions. What is paralytic ileus? [7+3] (2008s)
 Jaundice in Details.

Excretory System:

Short Notes:

 Normal Constituents of Urine. (2015)  Glycosuria. (2006)

 GFR. [1/4] (2018,14, 09,07) State the factors  Juxtaglomerular Apparatus. (2018,04,12s)
regulating GFR. [3] (2009)  Renal (Plasma) Clearance.
 Renin-Angiotensin System. (2013)  Diuresis.
 Angiotensin II. (2011)  Renal failure.
 Name two diuretics & explain their mechanism  Buffer Actions.
of action. (2010)

Long Question:

 Describe a nephron with diagram. Mentions the functions of different parts. What is renal hypertension? [4+6] (2011)
 What is nephron? Classify nephron. Describe the different parts of a nephron. [2+2+6] (2008s)

Central Nervous System:

Short Notes:

 Reflex Arc. (2017)  Neuron. (2007s)

 Referred pain. (2013,11s,08s)  Mention the effects of lesion of posterior
 Functions of Basal ganglia. (2011) column. (2011s)
 Why visceral pain is often referred to a somatic  Details of Reflex Actions.
structure? (2009)  Pathophysiology of Pain.
 Fast pain & Slow Pain. (2007)  Parkinson’s disease.
 Upper motor neuron lesion. (2016,06,12s)  Blood-brain Barrier.
 Baroreceptor reflex. (2005,04)

Long Questions:

 Enumerate various cutaneous sensory receptors. Describe with diagram the neural pathway of pain sensation.
Explain why tooth ache may be a sign of problem with heart. [3+5+2] (2018)
 Describe the corticospinal pathways with a suitable diagram. Mention its function. [7+3] (2013,07)
 What is the receptor pain sensation? Mention with a diagram the pain pathway. How do you explain referred pain
from a tooth to ear? [10] (2007s)
 What is reflex? What are the different components of reflex arc? What are the differences between upper motor
neuron lesion and lower motor neuron lesion? [2+2+6] (2010)

1st Year Q.B. by Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College T.M.C.P. Unit Page 3
 SUBJECT: PHYSIOLOGY
Brought to you by: Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College T.M.C.P. Unit

 Mention with a diagram the fibers carrying pain sensation from periphery to cortex. What are fast & slow pain? [7+3]
(2005)
 Describe the spino-thalamic tracts. What are their functions? [7+3] (2004)

Special Scenes:

Short Notes:

 Organ of Corti. (2017)  Myopia. (2004)

 Function of skin. (2016)  Dark adaptation. (2007s)
 Wald’s Visual Cycle. (2011)  Details of Errors of refraction of Eye.
 Trace the Visual pathway with a diagram. What  Accommodation of Eye.
is homonymous hemianopia? [3+1] (2010,06)  Taste Buds.

Long Questions:

 Describe the visual pathway with a suitable diagram. What is visual acuity? [8+2] (2016)

Endocrinology:

Short Notes:

 Contraceptive Pills. (2015)  Ovarian hormones. (2013s)

 Diabetes mellitus. (2013)  Pregnancy tests. (2013s)
 Arizonian Crisis. (2011)  Acromegaly. (2012s)
 Exophthalmos. (2007)  Aldosterone escape phenomenon. (2011s)
 Glycosuria.(2006)  Applied physiology (hypersecretion or
 Aldosterone. (2005) deficiency) of Hormones.
 Cretinism.(2044)  What is Diabetes Insipidus?

Long Questions:

 Enumerate the hormones from the islets of Langerhans. Describe briefly the actions of insulin on carbohydrate
metabolism. Write a brief note on Diabetes Mellitus. [2+5+3] (2015)
 Name the hormones involved in calcium homeostasis & discuss their functions. What is Tetany? [3+6+1] (2010)
 Write about synthesis, function & control of secretion of thyroxin. What is myxedema? (2009)
 What are pancreatic hormones? Discuss briefly the effects of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism. What are the
clinical features of a person suffering from diabetes Mellitus? [2+5+3] (2015,07)
 Enumerate the hormones of anterior pituitary gland. Mention the functions of growth hormone. Describe the
features of acromegaly. [2+4+4] (2006)
 Enumerate the hormones secreted from thyroid gland. Describe the functions of thyroxin. What is cretinism? Write
clinical feature of it. [2+5+1+2] (2014)

Reproductive System:

Question:

 Define menstruation. Describe the uterine changes during menstrual cycle. What is amenorrhea? [2+6+2] (2013s)
 Describe the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle. [8](2005)
 Enumerate the Ovarian hormones. Describe their functions. [2+8] (2004)
 Puberty & Changes during puberty. (2014)

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 SUBJECT: PHYSIOLOGY
Brought to you by: Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College T.M.C.P. Unit

 Oral contraceptive Pills. `

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