DNB QUESTION PAPER_TOPIC WISE

​SECTION I-II
1) {1-10} Introduction
INFORMED CONSENT
1. Informed consent (Dec 2000) (June 2010).

2. Describe consent in anaesthesia practice including ethical and legal aspects (Dec
2010)

3. What are the ingredients of professional negligence? Write a note on informed

consent. (Dec 2012)

4. Informed Consent. (Dec 2015).

*Informed consent(December 2017).

SIMULATION
1. Simulator in anaesthesia education (June 1997).​ {pg. 49-ISACON 2009} 

2. Simulators in anaesthesia training (June 2010).

3. Describe the role of patient simulator in anaesthesia and critical care training,
mentioning few clinical scenarios where it can be useful (June 2014)

4. What is the role of “simulation” for training and evaluation of Anaesthesia residents?
What are its major advantages and disadvantages? (Dec 2015)

5.Simulators in anesthesia(June 2017)

6.What are simulators? Describe different types of simulators and their role for medical
education, training and research. 2+8 (June 2018).
MEDICAL INFORMATICS
1. Utility of anaesthetic records (Dec 1994). {​Anaesthesia Information management system- 
IJA 2014-Issue 1​}

2.​ Computer based patient record for anaesthesia (Dec 1997).

3. Record keeping-Documentation in Anaesthesia (Dec 2015).

4.Discuss the ethical aspects associated with anaesthesia care.Discuss about record
keeping and its importance(5+5).(December 2018).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Vicarious liability for negligence (June 1994).

2. Effect of anaesthesia and surgery on immunological mechanism (June 1995).

3. Safe anaesthetic procedure (Dec 1999). {​Pg. 87-ISACON 2008} 

4. Stress management in anaesthesia practice (Dec 2003).

-Stress and anesthesiologists (June 2003) (June 2005).

5. Ethics in anaesthesia (June 2004).

-Write briefly on research ethics (Dec 2008).

6. Stress response to trauma and surgery (June 2006).

* Enumerate the neuroendocrine response to surgery.(December 2017).

7. Evidence Based Medical education (June 2008).

-Discuss the role of EBM in anaesthesia practice. Quote few examples (June 2009).

8. Communication skill and anesthesiologist (June 2010).

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11) Sleep, Memory and Consciousness
1. Write down the physiology of sleep. How does it differ from anaesthesia? What
phases occur during various stages of anaesthesia? (June 1999).
12) ANS
1. Clinical tests for evaluation of autonomic nervous system (June 2008).​ [Pg. 295-Miller 
7​th​ Ed] 

2. A 50 year old male and known diabetic is scheduled for upper abdominal surgery.
How will you evaluate the ANS? (Dec 2009).

3. Describe clinical manifestations of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. What are its

implications? (Dec 2010)

4. How is autonomic neuropathy evaluated preoperatively? What is its significance in

anaesthesia? (June 2012).

5. What is significance of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus? How can it be

assessed? (Dec 2012).

*Preoperative evaluation for Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy and its anaesthetic

implications. 6+4 (June 2018)

6. What are the signs and symptoms of autonomic neuropathy? What is its significance
and how is it evaluated preoperatively? (Dec 2013).

7. a) how will you evaluate a patient with autonomic neuropathy preoperatively?

b) What are its anaesthetic implications? (June 2016)

8.What is Valsalva maneuver? With the help of a diagram, write its effect on the blood

pressure of a: a) Normotensive patient b) Patient with autonomic neuropathy 2+4+4

(December 2016)

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13) CNS Physiology
1. Regulation of CBF (Dec 2001).

-Discuss the regulation of CBF (June 2008).

2. Regulation of ICP (June 2001)

3. ICP (Dec 2003).

4. How is CBF regulated? What is the effect of various anaesthetic drugs on CBF?
(June 2009).

-Enumerate the factors regulating CBF and the effect of various anaesthetic drugs on
CBF (June 2010)​ [Pg25-RACE 2008] 

5. What is cerebral autoregulation? Discuss the implications of various inhalational

anaesthetic agents on cerebral autoregulation (June 2011). [​Pg. 615, 6,619-Morgan 4rth 
Ed]. 

6. Write and illustrate blood supply of the brain, what is cerebral perfusion pressure
(CPP)? What factors can affect ​CPP  

7.​ Effect of anesthetic agents on developing brain(June 2017). 

Neurologic Monitoring​.
1. SSEP (June 1998) **.

2. Minimum monitoring for post spinal fusion in scoliosis (June 2003).

3. Methods of intracranial pressure monitoring, uses and complication of ICP monitoring

(June 2005).

4. ICP monitoring and its applications (Dec 2007)​ [Pg. 55-ISACON 2007, Pg. 
395-ISACON 2009]. 

2014) 

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14) Neuromuscular Physiology and Pharmacology
1. Neuromuscular transmission (Dec 1999).​ [Pg. 93-RACE 2012] 

2. Briefly describe the physiology of NMJ.Name the commonly used cholinesterase

inhibitors and describe any one in detail with its relevance in anaesthesia (Dec 2013).

3. Draw the structure of Acetylcholine (Ach) receptor. Describe the changes that occur
in Ach receptor when Ach binds at the receptor site (Dec 2014).

4. a) neuromuscular transmission with the help of a diagram.

b) Factors that influence neuromuscular transmission (June 2016).

5.a) Draw a neatly labeled diagram of the neuromuscular junction

. b) What are the types of neuromuscular blocking agents?

c) What is Phase II block? 3+4+3 (December 2017)

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15) Respiratory Physiology.​
ODC
1. Oxygen dissociation curve (Dec 1996).

2. Oxygen cascade, oxygen transport and Oxygen Dissociation Curve (June 2005).

.Oxygen cascade (with diagram) & its implications (April 2016).

3. Describe the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve. How does it differ from the
carbon dioxide dissociation curve? (Dec 2011).

4. Describe the OHDC.How does it differ from the Carbon dioxide Dissociation Curve?
What is Haldane effect? (June 2013)

5. Describe oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve. How does it differ from carbon
dioxide dissociation curve? (Dec 2013)

6. What is oxygen flux? Draw oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve and enumerate the
factors producing leftward and rightward shift of the curve (June 2014)

7. a) what are Bohr Effect and Haldane effect? (3+3)+4.

b) Their role in carbon dioxide transport in the body. (June 2015).

8. A) what is oxygen flux?

b) Draw oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve and enumerate the factors producing
leftward and rightward shift of the curve (June 2016).

9.a) What is oxygen flux?

b) Draw a labeled diagram of the oxygen dissociation curve (ODC).

c) What are the factors that cause a shift of the ODC?

d) What is the partial pressure of oxygen at the level of the mitochondria? 2+3+4+1
(June 2017).

FRC
1. FRC (Dec 1998).

2. Define FRC.What is its significance in anaesthesia? (Dec 2008).

3. Define FRC and closing volume. Describe their clinical significance (Jun 2011).

4. Draw and label a diagram showing various lung volumes and capacities. Discuss the
importance of FRC in anaesthesia practice ​(​June 2013).

5.a) Define functional residual capacity (FRC). b) Enumerate the effects of age and
Trendelenburg position on FRC. c) Anaesthetic implications of the changes in FRC.
(December 2016)

2+(3+3)+2

ANATOMY OF LARYNX & VOCAL CORD PALSIES

1. Tracheo-bronchial tree with diagram (June 1999).​ [Pg. 2 –Ajay Yadav] 

2. Discuss the anatomy of diaphragm with a diagram. How does it behave under
different stages of anaesthesia (June 1999).​ [Pg. 49-RACE 2003, Pg. 553-Morgan] 

3.​a) Sensory and motor nerve supply of larynx.

b) Give diagrammatic representation of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy for: i) Bilateral

complete ii) Bilateral incomplete (3+3)+2+2 (december 2016) 

4. Anatomy of larynx. Enumerate with diagrams the types of vocal cord palsies (June
2005).

5. What is the nerve supply of Larynx? Enumerate signs and symptoms of Bilateral
Recurrent Laryngeal nerve Palsy following total thyroidectomy (Dec 2009).

6. Describe innervation of Larynx. Briefly discuss various palsies following nerve injury
(June 2011)

7. Describe the anatomy of larynx and its innervations. What are the differences
between neonatal and adult larynx? (June 2012).

8.Nerve supply of larynx.(December 2017).

8.Anatomical differences in the airway and the differences in respiratory physiology
between a neonate and an adult. 5+5 (December 2016)

9. Describe the innervations of larynx and the palsies following nerve injury with the help
of diagram(s) (Dec 2012)

10. Describe the anatomy of Larynx with the help of diagrams. Illustrate the position of
vocal cords associated with various palsies of the larynx (June 2014)

11. Innervation of larynx and palsies following nerve injury (Dec 2015).

12.a) Anatomy of larynx with a well labelled diagram.

b) The modified Cormack and Lehane grading for the direct laryngoscopic view. 6+4

(June 2018).

1. Closing volume of the lung and its measurement (June 1997).

2. Lung compliance (June 2006).

3. Discuss the distribution of ventilation and perfusion in a normal lung with the help of a
labeled diagram. What are the factors affecting ventilation perfusion ratio? (June 2009).

4. HPV (June 2005) (June 2009) (June 2016). ​[Pg. 1054-Barasch 6​th​ deep 29-RACE 2009] 

5. Describe the metabolic functions of the lung (Dec 2009).

6. What are the major causes of hypoxemia? What is HPV? How can GA worsen v/q
mismatch (Dec 2010).

7. Define Fink effect, Diffusion hypoxia and second gas effect. How are they of
importance to the anesthetist? (Dec 2011).

8. Define and classify dead space ventilation. Define minute ventilation. Under what
conditions is minute ventilation increased? (June 2012).

9. What are the measures of tissue oxygenation? Describe briefly oxygen delivery,
oxygen consumption and oxygen extraction (Dec 2014).

10.a) Draw a neatly labeled diagram to show the distribution of ventilation and perfusion
in a normal lung.

b) Enumerate the various factors affecting ventilation & perfusion of the lung. 4+6
(December 2017)
11. Clinical importance of anatomical and physiological dead space.(June 2018)

12.Describe the anatomy of the tracheobronchial tree with a neat labelled diagram and
its anaesthetic implication(6+4).(December 2018)

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16) Cardiac Physiology
1. Coronary circulation (June 1996)​ [Pg. 752-Stoelting physio pharma] 

2. Describe the arterial circulation of the heart with the aid of a diagram mentioning the
unique features of coronary blood flow. Explain the Goldman’s cardiac risk index and its
importance to the anesthetist (June 2000).​ [Pg. 21-RACE 2001, Pg. 137-RACE 2003] 

3. Factors affecting coronary circulation (June 2002).

4. Describe coronary circulation. Discuss factors affecting oxygen demand and supply
to the myocardium (Dec 2010).

5. Describe the pressure and volume changes during different phases of cardiac cycle
(Dec 2014).

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17) Hepatic Physiology-Pathology
1. Plasma proteins and anaesthesia (Dec 1999).

2. Discuss synthetic functions of the liver. What is the role of albumin in

pharmacokinetics? (June 2011).

3. What are the functions of Liver? Describe the anesthetic implications of ascites and
its management (June 2013/Dec 2011).

4. Enumerate the functions of liver. Discuss the anaesthetic implications in a patient

with cirrhosis and ascites.

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18) Renal Physiology
1. Regulation of kidney in acid base balance (Dec 1995).
2. Discuss the countercurrent mechanism in the kidney. Discuss the renal protection
strategies during preoperative period (Dec 2003).

3. Role of kidney in acid base balance (Dec 2004) (June 2006).

4. Define base excess. How do kidneys compensate for acid base balance? (June
2011).​ [Pg. 712 –Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

5. Describe the countercurrent mechanism in the kidney. Discuss the renal protection
strategies during perioperative period (June 2012).

6.a) Enumerate the buffer systems in the body. b) Renal compensation for metabolic
acidosis. 3+7 (December 2016)

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​ ​SECTION III

19) Basic Principles of Pharmacology.

1. Continuous infusion of drugs in anaesthesia (June 1994)

2. Interactions of pre-existing drug therapy with anaesthetic agents and techniques

(June 1996).

-Drug interactions (June 2006).​ [Pg. 7-RACE 2002, Pg. 601-ISACON 2009] 

3. Enzyme induction-describe the mechanism with routine anaesthesia examples (Dec

1996).

-Enzyme induction-its role in anaesthesia with examples (Dec 2004).

4. Transdermal administration of drugs (June 2008).

5. Describe 3 compartment model of distribution of intravenous drugs. What is zero

order kinetics (Dec 2014).

6. Anaesthesia and neurotoxicity (April 2016).

7. Context sensitive half-life (time) (April 2016).

8. a) Placental transfer of anaesthetic drugs and its implications.

 b) Variations in MAC in different age groups. 5+5 (December 2017).

9. Hypoproteinemia and anaesthetic agents.(June 2018).

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20) Inhaled Anesthetics-MOA
MINIMUN ALVEOLAR CONCENTRATION
1. Minimum alveolar concentration (Dec 1996)
2. Define minimum alveolar concentration. What are the factors affecting MAC?
What is its significance in anaesthesia? (June 2009).​ [Pg. 163-Morgan] 
3. What is minimum alveolar concentration? Discuss the factors which affect the
alveolar concentration of an inhalational agent (Dec 2010).
4. Define Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) of an inhalational
anaesthetic.Describe briefly the methods used to measure ‘’Depth of
Anaesthesia’’ (​June 2013).
5. Define MAC.What are the types of MAC? Describe the role of blood gas and oil
gas solubility of volatile anesthetics (Dec 2014).
6. a) What is minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)?

b) Factors which affect the alveolar concentration of an inhalational agent (Dec 2015).

SEVOFLURANE
1. Sevoflurane (June 1997). [​Pg. 173-Morgan] 

2. Sevoflurane Vs Desflurane (June 2000).​ [Pg. 172-173-Morgan] 

3. Isoflurane vs. Sevoflurane (Dec 2003).

4. Compare and contrast Sevoflurane and isoflurane (Dec 2008)

5. Enumerate the effects of sevoflurane on various organ systems (Dec 2015).

6. Sevoflurane Vs Halothane

7. a) What is minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)?

b) What is the MAC of desflurane in O2 and N2O?

 c) What are the unique properties of desflurane?

d) Functioning of a desflurane vaporizer. 1+2+3+4 (June 2017)

8. Pre-conditioning by volatile anaesthetic agents (Dec 2015).

9.Discuss and compare the respiratory and cardiac effects of Sevoflurane,Isoflurane

and Desflurane(10).(December 2018).

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21) Inhaled Anesthetics-Uptake and Distribution
1. Concentration effect and second gas effect produced during uptake of inhalational
agent (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 543-Miller] 

2. Factors that determine the anaesthetic uptake of volatile anaesthetic agent (Dec
2015).

3. Factors which govern uptake of inhalational agents. (Dec 2015).

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22) Pulmonary Pharmacology(nitrous oxide)
1. Nitrous oxide: current status (June 2008).​ [CEACCP 2005 vol 5 no.5, IJA 2007, Pg. 
433-ISACON 2009] 

2. Nitrous oxide-current status in anaesthesia practice (June 2011)

3.a) Current status of Nitrous Oxide in clinical practice.

b) Effects of chronic exposure to Nitrous Oxide. 5+5 (December 2016)

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23) CVS Pharmacology
1. CCB’s in surgical patients (June 1994).

2. Compare and contrast dopamine and dobutamine as an inotropic agent (Dec 2006).

3. Classify inotropes on the basis of their mechanism of actions. Compare dopamine

and dobutamine (June 2009).
4. Classify antihypertensive drugs. Describe the management of hypertensive
emergency (Dec 2009).​ [Pg. 448-451-Morgan, Pg. 301-ISACON 2009] 

-Classify antihypertensive drugs. Describe the management of a hypertensive episode

during anaesthesia (Dec 2010).

5. Compare and contrast Sodium Nitroprusside and Nitroglycerine and its clinical
implications (Dec 2015).

6. Compare Sodium Nitroprusside and Nitroglycerin. (April 2016).

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24) Inhaled Anesthetics-Metabolism and Distribution
1. Nephrotoxicity of halogenated anesthetics (Dec 1994) (June 1996).​ [Pg. 69-Stoelting 
physio-pharma] 

2. Merits and demerits of halothane and isoflurane (Dec 1995).

3. Hepatotoxicity of halothane (Dec 1997).​ [Pg. 66-Stoelting] 

4. Nephrotoxicity of fluorinated anesthetics (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 650-Miller] 

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25) Inhaled Anesthetics-Delivery systems
CIRCUITS

BAIN’S CIRCUIT
1. Describe the functional analysis of Bain’s circuit. How will you check the functional
integrity of Bain’s circuit (June 2011).

2. a) Functional analysis of “Bain Circuit”.

b) How will you check the functional integrity of Bain’s circuit? (Dec 2015)

*How will you check the functional integrity of Bain’s Circuit?(December 2016)

1. Coaxial circuits (Dec 1998) (June 2002)​ [Pg. 27 -RACE 2010] 

2. Paediatric circuits (Dec 2000).​ [Pg. 543-OAR] 

3. Mapleson’s breathing system (June 2001)

4. Draw schematic diagrams of various types of Mapleson’sbreathing circuits. Give the

functional analysis, advantages and disadvantages of Bain circuit (June 2010)

5. Classify anaesthesia circuits. Describe the tests used for checking the integrity of
Bain’s circuit (Dec 2014).

6.The advantages and disadvantages of closed circuit breathing system

Low flow anaesthesia. (June 2018).

VAPORIZERS
1. Types of plenum vaporizers (Dec 1995).

2. Characteristics of ideal vaporizer (June 2004).

3. Classify vaporizers. Briefly mention the effects of altered barometric pressure on the
performance of the vaporizers (June 2008).​ [Pg. 15-RACE 2006] 

4. Classify vaporizers. Discuss the effect of altered barometric pressure on the

performance of vaporizers? (Dec 2010).​ [Pg. 179-ISACON 2009] 

5. What are the two major effects of pressure fluctuation in the anaesthesia machine on
vaporizer output? Describe the improvisations in designing to overcome this problem
(June 2011) [​Pg. 128-Dorsch & Dorsch] 

6.​ What is the difference between pumping and pressurizing effect in a vaporizer? What
modifications are done to prevent these effects (Dec 2014).

7. a) what are anaesthesia vaporizers?

b) How are these classified?

c) Physical principles in their functioning (June 2016) 

SAFETY FEATURES IN MODERN DAY ANAESTHESIA MACHINE
1. Safety features in a modern day anaesthesia machine (June 2009) (June 2010).​ [Pg. 
no 47-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

2. Describe briefly the safety features in modern anaesthesia machines. Discuss

various features that prevent the delivery of hypoxic gas mixtures (Dec 2011)

3. Enumerate the safety features in a modern anaesthesia machine. Describe the

hypoxia prevention safety devices (June 2012).

4. Enumerate the safety features in modern anaesthesia machines. Describe the

features to prevent delivery of hypoxic gas mixture ​(June 2013​)

*a) Enumerate safety features in modern anesthetic machines to prevent delivery of

hypoxic gas mixture.(December 2016)

5. .Various safety features incorporated in modern day anaesthesia machines (April

2016).

6.Safety features in an anesthesia workstation(June 2017).

PRE-ANAESTHETIC MACHINE CHECK

1. Check out procedure to be followed routinely before using an anaesthesia machine
and other monitoring equipment (June 2000).​ [Pg. 88-Morgan] 

2. Describe the pre anaesthetic check list for anaesthesia machine and equipment (Dec
2009).

3. Describe the anaesthesia machine check protocol prior to induction of anaesthesia

(Dec 2010).

1. Evolution of rotameter (June 1999).

2. What is low flow anaesthesia? Discuss its advantages and disadvantages (Dec 2006)
(June 2011).

3. Functional analysis of pressure reducing valve (June 2007)​ [Pg. 95-Wards] 

4. Link 25 proportioning system (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 109-110-D&D] 

5. Role of humidification in anaesthesia practice (Dec 2008).

6. What are the different types of carbon dioxide absorbents? Describe their
composition. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each (June 2012).

7. What is scavenging in OT? What are the four basic parts of a scavenging system?
What are the hazards of a scavenging system? (Dec 2012).

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26) IV Anesthetics.​
ADRENERGIC DRUGS

GENERAL 
1. Adrenergic receptor antagonist and their uses (Dec 1994)

2. Name the adrenergic agonists and antagonists. Describe in detail their uses in
anaesthesia practice (June 2005).

3. Adrenergic agonists (June 2006). 

BETA BLOCKERS 
1. Beta receptor blockade:-its relation in anaesthesia (June 1996).​ [Pg. 32-OAR] 

2. Perioperative beta blocker therapy (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 597-ISACON 2009] 

3. Manifestation and treatment of beta adrenergic toxicity (June 1997).​ [Pg. 330-SPP] 

4. Effect of atenolol pretreatment on CVS, NMJ and IOP (June 2003).

5.Classify β-blockers and mention their benefits in subjects of Ischemic Heart Disease
(IHD) scheduled for surgery.(June 2017)

ALPHA-2 AGONISTS 
1. Clinical use of alpha 2 agonists in anaesthesia (Dec 2004).

2. What are alpha 2 agonists? Discuss the pharmacodynamics and anaesthetic uses of
alpha 2 agonists (Dec 2013).

3. a) what are alpha 2 agonists? 2+ (4+4).

 b) Pharmacodynamic properties of alpha 2 agonists and their uses in anaesthesia.
(June 2015).

->CLONIDINE 
1. Clonidine in anaesthesia practice (June 2007).

2. Clonidine in anaesthesia and ICU (June 2008).

3. Discuss PK and PD of clonidine and its role in clinical practice (June 2011).

->DEXMEDETOMIDINE 
1.​ Dexmedetomidine: Clinical applications and complications (June 2008).

2. Dexmedetomidine (June 2010).

3. Discuss pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine.What is its

role in clinical practice (June 2012).​ [Pg. 96-RACE 2011, IJA 2011] 

4.​ Role of Dexmedetomidine in anaesthesia practice (Dec 2015).

5.a) Pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine.

b) Role of dexmedetomidine in critically ill patients.

c) Compare dexmedetomidine with clonidine. 4+3+3 (December 2017)

CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS

1. Calcium channel blockers drugs and anaesthesia (Dec 1995)

2. Calcium channel blockers and anaesthesia (Dec 1998).​ {CJA] 

PROPOFOL
1. Propofol (June 1996)​ [Pg. 154-Stoelting PP] 

2. Compare Protocol with Midazolam (June 1999).

3. Propofol as compared to Thiopentone (Dec 1999).

4. Discuss the MOA, PD and PK of protocol (Dec 2011)

5. a) Mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics of Propofol.

b) Its effect on various organ system and its clinical use. (Dec 2015).

6. Propofol Infusion syndrome (April 2016).

ETOMIDATE
1. Describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of etomidate. Describe briefly
its role in clinical practice (Dec 2010).

2. a) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Etomidate. (4+4)+2.

b) Role of etomidate in anaesthesia. (June 2015).

3.Pharmacodynamic effects of etomidate on cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine,

central nervous and hepato-renal systems in the body. 2+2+2+2+2 (December 2016)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Impact of cancer therapy on anaesthetic management (Dec 1994)

*Anaesthetic implication of anticancer drug(10).(December 2018).

2. Midazolam (1996-2000).

3. Untoward effects of intravenous sodium bicarbonate (Dec 1997).

4. Role of corticosteroids in the practice of anesthesiology (June 2000).

5. Adenosine and its clinical uses (June 2002).

6. Mannitol in surgery/surgical uses of mannitol (June 2004).

7. PK of IV Thiopentone (June 2004).

8. Mention the commonly used immunosuppressive drugs and their interaction with
anaesthetic agents (June 2007). ​[Pg. 1257-Satish Deshpande] 

9.​ACE Inhibitors(December 2018)

10.​.IV Paracetamol(December 2018). 

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27) Opioids​.
REMIFENTANIL
1. Remifentanil (June 1998).

2. Remifentanil in clinical practice (June 2001)

3. Remifentanil (April 2016)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. What are the various routes of administration of morphine? Discuss the

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epidural morphine (June 1996).​ [Pg. 
90-Stoelting physio-pharma] 

2. Narcotic antagonists (June 1998).​ [Pg. 120-Stoelting physio-pharma] 

3. Spinal opiate receptors (Dec 1999).

4. Pharmacology of fentanyl congenial (Dec 2000)

5. What are the various routes of administration of opioids? Discuss the merits and
demerits of each. (Dec 2001).

6. Transdermal opioids (June 2003).

7. Acute pain relief in ovoid dependent pain (June 2004).

8. Mention the intrathecal and epidural opioids in clinical practice and their
complications (June 2006).

9. Various epidural narcotics for management of postoperative pain (Dec 2006)

10. Epidural opiates in anaesthesia practice (Dec 2007). [​Pg. 397-Morgan] 

11. Classify opioids.Discuss the merits and demerits of epidural fentanyl and morphine
(Dec 2011).

12. What are the various routes of administration of morphine? Discuss the
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epidural morphine (June 2012).

13. Classify opioid drugs.Briefly mention the mechanism of action and pharmacology of
Remifentanil along with its indications and limitations (Dec 2013).
14. Classify opioids according to their action on opioid receptors. Compare and contrast
Fentanyl and Remifentanil (June 2014).

15. What is eutectic mixture? Describe the principle of transdermal drug delivery.
Describe disadvantages & advantages of transdermal fentanyl patch. (Dec 2014).

16. a) what is the mechanism of action of neuraxial opioids?

b) Enumerate commonly used drugs for neuraxial block with their doses.

c) What are their advantages and adverse effects (April 2016).

*a) What is the mechanism of action of neuraxial opioids?

b) Which is the ideal opioid for epidural use and why?

c) What are the advantages and side effects of use of neuraxial opioids? 4+2+4
(June 2017)

17.a) What is opioid induced hyperalgesia?

b) What is the difference between opioid induced hyperalgesia and opioid tolerance?
c) Measures taken to overcome opioid induced hyperalgesia. 2+2+6 (December 2016)

18.Classify the narcotic drugs along with their mechanism of action and usefulness in
anaesthesia.(3+3+4).(December 2018).

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28) IV Drug Delivery Systems.
1. TIVA (Dec 1996) (June 2000) (June 2001) (Dec 2001) (Dec 2003) (June 2006).​ [Pg. 
41-RACE 2009] 

*​TIVA: describe the technique and drugs used.(June 2018) 

2.PCA(Dec 1996)(June 1998)(Dec 1998)(June 2003)(Dec 2004)(Dec 2007).​[Pg. 

518,Aitkenhead][Pg. 1487-Barasch]. 

3.​ What is total intravenous anaesthesia? What mathematical models are commonly use
with target control infusion (TCI)? Describe the best indications for use of TCI (Dec
2014).
4. Write the benefits of patient controlled analgesia (PCA).Write a prescription and
setting of PCA pump to deliver morphine for post-operative pain relief(Dec 2014).

5.Target Controlled Analgesia.(December 2018).

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29) Pharmacology of Muscle Relaxants and Antagonism.
1. Interaction of depolarizing with NDMR’s (Dec 1995)

2. Hoffman's degradation (Dec 1996).

3​.​ Rocuronium (Dec 1998) (June 2001) (Dec 2001)

4. Pipecuronium (June 1995) (Dec 1996).​ [Pg. 12-RACE 2006] 

5. Elimination of Atracurium from the body (Dec 1999).​ {pg. 231-Stoleting PP] 

6. Enumerate the problems with muscle relaxants (Dec 2005).

7. Adverse effects of NMBA (June 2008).​ [Pg. 213-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

8.​Phase II Block(December 2018). 

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30) Local Anesthetics
LAST
1. Management of ​local anaesthetic toxicity​ (June 2000).​ [Pg. 59 –ISACON 2008] 

2. Treatment of systemic toxicity of LA drugs (June 2003).

3. Lipid emulsion for the treatment of local anaesthetic toxicity-mechanism and dosage
(June 2008).

4. Role of lipid emulsions in local anaesthetic toxicity (June 2010).

5. Discuss the clinical manifestations of local anaesthetic toxicity and its management
(June 2011).
6. Describe the toxicity of commonly used local anaesthetic agents and its management
(June 2012)

7. Toxicity of currently used local anaesthetics and their management (Dec 2015).

8.Clinical features and management of local anaesthetic toxicity. 5+5 (December 2016)

*The signs, symptoms and management of local anaesthesia toxicity.

3+3+4 (June 2018)

1. Mechanism of action of local anaesthetic agents (June 1997).​ [Pg. 181-Stoelting pp, Pg. 
265-Morgan] 

2. Complication of local anesthetics (June 1999).

3. Ropivacaine (June 2002).

4. Classify Local anaesthetics.Discuss their mode of action. How will you treat Lidocaine
Toxicity? (June 2013).

5. What is baricity? Describe the relevance of baricity in spinal anaesthesia.Describe

the adjuvants used with intrathecal block (Dec 2014).

6. a) Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ropivacaine.

b) Compare Ropivacaine with Bupivacaine and Levobupivacaine (June 2016)

7. Diagnosis & management of Bupivacaine toxicity(December 2017).

8.Liposomal bupivacaine.(June 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
31) Nitric Oxide and Inhaled Pulmonary Vasodilators
1. Nitric oxide (Dec 1995) (June 2010).

2. Role of nitric oxide in ICU (Dec 1999).

3. Nitric oxide in clinical practice (June 2000).

4. Nitric oxide for management of pulmonary hypertension (Dec 1998).

5. Nitric oxide-current status (Dec 2008)

6. Inhaled nitric oxide.(June 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
32) Complementary and Alternative Therapy

---------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------

​SECTION IV-ANAESTHESIA MANAGEMENT

33) Risk of Anaesthesia (Anesthetic complications)​

VAE
1. Air Embolism during anaesthesia. (June 1996).

2. Pathophysiology of VAE.Mention the methods of detection, prevention and treatment

(1996-2000).

3. Embolisms during anaesthesia (Dec 1998).​ [Pg. 388-Aitkenhead] 

4. Air embolism under anaesthesia (June 2002).

5. VAE (Dec 2003).

6. Air embolism: methods of detection and management (Dec 2006).

7. Discuss the pathophysiology. Signs and symptoms and management of VAE (June
2009).

8. How will you diagnose VAE? Describe its pathophysiology and management (Dec
2009).

9. Describe the causes and management of VAE (Dec 2010).

10. Enumerate the causes of air embolism in clinical practice. Discuss the clinical
features and its management (Dec 2011). [​Pg. 638 Morgan 4​th​ Ed]. 
11. How do you diagnose and manage a case of VAE during spine surgery? (Dec 2012)

12. Diagnosis and management of venous air embolism (Dec 2015).

13.Predisposing factors, diagnosis and management for venous air embolism. 3+3+4
(December 2016)

14.Prevention and management of intraoperative air embolism in an adult patient

undergoing posterior fossa tumour surgery. 5+5 (June 2018).

ARRHYTHMIAS
1. Prevention and treatment of ventricular arrhythmias during GA (Dec 1995).

2. Cardiac arrhythmias during anaesthesia (Dec 1996)

3. Discuss the etiology and management of SVT’s during surgical procedures (June
1998)/Management of multifocal ventricular ectopic during anaesthesia (June 1998).

4. Discuss the etiology and management of various cardiac arrhythmias occurring

during anaesthesia (Dec 2003) (Dec 2004).

5. Describe the cardiac conduction system. How do you manage a patient with PSVT?
(Dec 2010).

6. Describe the common arrhythmias encountered during pre-operative period. Discuss

the therapeutic uses of Amiodarone (June 2011).

7. Discuss the etiology and management of Supraventricular arrhythmias during surgery

under GA (June 2012)

8. Enumerate the different types of arrhythmias encountered in the intraoperative

period. Discuss the causes and management? (June 2013).

* a) Classify anti-arrhythmic drugs.

b) What is the management of intraoperative ventricular dysrhythmias? 4+6

(December 2017).

9. Management of a patient with PSVT/VF in the hospital (June 2016).

10.Enumerate the causes and types of arrhythmias during anaesthesia and their
management(5+5).(December 2018).

BRONCHOSPASM
1. Intraoperative bronchospasm (Dec 1995)​ [Pg. 111-RACE 2008] 

2. Management of intraoperative bronchospasm (June 2007)​ [update in anaesthesia] 

3. Bronchospasm during anaesthesia and immediate postop period and its

management (Dec 1999)​ [Pg. 53-ISACON 2009] 

4. Intraoperative bronchospasm (Dec 2004).

5. Discuss the differential diagnosis of intraoperative bronchospasm. How will you

manage it? (Dec 2011).

6. What is the differential diagnosis of intraoperative bronchospasm? How will you

manage it? (June 2012).

7. Describe the differential diagnosis of intra-operative bronchospasm. Write down its

management (Dec 2012).

8.Define bronchospasm. How does it affect the pressure volume flow loop? What are
the intra-operative causes of bronchospasm? How is it managed? 2+2+3+3 (December
2016)

LARYNGOSPASM
1. Laryngospasm during anaesthesia (Dec 2007).​ [Yao, Ph 441-ISACON 2009] 

2. Enumerate the causes and differential diagnosis of post extubation laryngospasm.

How will you manage it (Dec 2011)

3.A 10 yr. old female develops laryngospasm after extubation: Causes and
management.(December 2017).

ANAPHYLAXIS (ANAPHYLACTOID) REACTIONS

1. Clinical manifestations and management of anaphylactic reactions in anaesthesia
practice (June 1995).

2. Hypersensitivity reaction in anaesthesia practice (Dec 1995).

3. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of anaphylactoid reactions in

anaesthesia (June 2001) (Dec 2001).

4. Identification of anaphylaxis under GA and its management/Anaphylactoid reaction

during anaesthesia (June 2003) (Dec 2003).
5. Recognition and management of anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia (Dec 2003).

6. Anaphylactic reaction on the operation table (Dec 2005).

7. Management of acute anaphylaxis (June 2008).

8. Clinical manifestations and management of a patient with acute anaphylaxis (June

2010).

9. Discuss clinical manifestations and management of acute anaphylaxis (Dec 2011).

10. Enumerate the agents implicated in allergic reactions during anaesthesia. How
would you manage a patient with anaphylaxis during anaesthesia? (Dec 2012).

11. What is anaphylaxis? Describe in a stepwise manner management of

hypersensitivity reaction in an anaesthetized patient (Dec 2014).

INFECTIONS
1. Infections related to anaesthesia practice (Dec 2001).​ [Pg. 974-Morgan] 

2. Transmission and precaution against HIV in hospital setting (June 1995).

.HIV and anaesthesia (June 2003).

.AIDS (June 2004).

.AIDS and the anaesthesiologist (June 2005).

3. Hepatitis B and anesthesiologist (Dec 2000) (Dec 2004).​ [IJA 2004] 

DELAYED RECOVERY
1. Possible causes of delayed recovery from GA (Dec 2004). ​[Pg. 269-ISACON 2009] 

2. What are the potential causes of delayed resumption of spontaneous recovery after
abdominal surgery with general anaesthesia? Discuss the problem, its diagnosis and
management (June 2005).​ [Pg. 112-RACE 2002] 

3. Discuss the causes of delayed recovery from anaesthesia and the management
(June 2006).

4. Discuss the causes of delayed recovery following GA (Dec 2008).

DESATURATION
1. Management of a patient who is not maintaining oxygen saturation after an elective
abdominal surgery (Dec 2005).

2. List the various causes of reduced arterial oxygen tension in the intraoperative period
and outline their management (June 2010).

3. A 30 year old female ASA Grade 1 following exploratory laparotomy is not

maintaining oxygen saturation in the postop period. Discuss its causes and
management (June 2011).

*a) What are the causes of oxygen desaturation in an ASA-I patient in the immediate
postoperative period following upper abdominal surgery?

b) Stepwise management of this patient. 5+5 (December 2016)

4. Enumerate the causes of impairment of respiratory function during

anaesthesia.Which interventions can prevent Atelectasis during anaesthesia (Dec
2013).

5. What are the various causes of intraoperative desaturation? Write troubleshooting

plan in a patient who has developed desaturation intraoperatively (June 2014).

PMI
1. Prevention and treatment of intra-operative MI (June 2000).​ [pg. 298-IJA 2007] 

2. Discuss the diagnosis and management of MI in a patient undergoing non-cardiac

surgery (Dec 2008) [​Pg. 287-302-IJA 2007] 

3.​Intra-operative monitoring for cardiac ischemia.(December 2017). 

INTRAOPERATIVE HTN
1. Etiology and treatment of hypertension during surgery (June 1994).

2. Define perioperative hypertension. Describe the causes and management (Dec

2005).

3. What are the causes of intra-operative hypertension in a previously normotensive

patient? Discuss various modalities to manage it (Dec 2011).

4. Causes of intraoperative hypertension and discuss its management (Dec 2006).

5. Classify acute hypertensive episodes. Discuss the principles of management and the
drugs used in the management of hypertensive emergency (Dec 2013).

6. What are the anaesthetic concerns in a patient with uncontrolled hypertension posted
for elective surgery? Discuss the complications and drug interactions of
antihypertensive drugs during perioperative period (June 2014).

7. Causes and management of intraoperative hypertension in a previously normotensive

patient (June 2015).

8.What is Pulmonary Hypertension?Discuss etiology,clinical features,diagnosis and its

anaesthetic implications(2+2+2+2+2).(December 2018).

HYPERCAPNIA
1. CO2 carriage in blood and effects of hypercapnia (June 1995)

2. What are the causes of hypercarbia during the intraoperative period? Discuss the
effects and management (June 2006).

3.Causes of intraoperative hypercarbia and its management. (December 2017).

PULMONARY EDEMA
1. Treatment of acute pulmonary edema (Dec 1994).

2. Pulmonary edema in intraoperative and immediate postoperative period (June 2002).

3.Diagnosis and management of intraoperative pulmonary edema. 3+7 (June 2018).

BLOOD LOSS
1. Blood loss monitors (Dec 1995)

2. Discuss the management of massive blood loss (June 2007).​ [ATOTW 136] 

3. Write an algorithm for the management of early hemorrhagic shock. What are the
goals in early resuscitation during active bleeding? (Dec 2012)

HYPOTENSION
1. Etiology and management of hypotension during anaesthesia (June 1996).

2. Hypotension during anaesthesia (Dec 1998).​ [ATOTW 148] 

OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
1. Occupational hazards for/to the anesthetist (June 1996) (June 2001) (Dec 2001) (Dec
2003)​ [CEACCP] 

2. Describe in detail the occupational hazards to anesthetists (Dec 2005).

1. Causes of perioperative seizures (Dec 1994)

2. Peripheral nerve injury under anaesthesia is preventable complication (Dec 2000).

3. Risk and management of pulmonary aspiration (Dec 2000)

4. Iatrogenic complications in anaesthesia (1996-2000)

5. Discuss the management of massive blood loss (June 2007).

DVT

1. How will you diagnose DVT? Write the methods of prophylaxis and
management (June 2008).

2. How will you diagnose DVT? Describe the predisposing factors and its
management (Dec 2009)
3. What are the clinical features of DVT? Describe the prophylactic and management
strategies (June 2013).

4. Diagnosis, management and prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (April 2016).

5. Deep vein thrombosis and preventive strategies. (June 2017).

6.Diagnosis & management of fat embolism(December 2017)

---------------------------------------------------------------
34) Preoperative Evaluation​.
PAC
1. PAC clinic (June 1994).
2. Preoperative visits (Dec 1999).

3. ASA physical status classification for preoperative anaesthetic risk assessment (June
2010).

4. What are the goals of pre-anaesthetic check up? ASA risks grading and fasting
guidelines (Dec 2011). [​Pg. 1002 Miller 7​th​ Ed] 

5. What is ASA physical status classification? Briefly describe other factors that may
alter the risk associated with anaesthesia (June 2013)

6. What are the objectives of preoperative anaesthesia check up in a patient scheduled

for elective surgery? What is American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical
status classification (June 2014).

SMOKING
1. Hazards of smoking relevant to anesthetist (June 1997).

2. Discuss the assessment, preparation and problems of anaesthesia in a chronic

smoker for cholecystectomy (Dec 1999).

3. Enumerate the effects of chronic smoking and the anaesthetic implications (Dec
2008).

4. Chronic smoking and the anesthesiologist (June 2009).​ [IJA 2009] 

5. Describe the effects of smoking and its anaesthetic implications (Dec 2010).

6.Effects of Smoking and anaesthesia concerns. (June 2018).

LIVER DISEASE
1. Assessment of risk factors for patient with moderate to severe liver disease (Dec
2001).​ [RACE 2011] 

2. Preoperative preparation and surgical risk assessment in a patient with cirrhosis of

liver (June 2000).​ [Pg. 1269-1271-Barasch] 

3. Pre-anaesthetic evaluation and preparation of a patient with portal hypertension for

lieno renal shunt (June 2007)
IHD
1. Evaluation of cardiac patient for non –cardiac surgery (June 2004).

2.Enumerate the RCRI.Draw the algorithm of cardiac evaluation for non-cardiac surgery
as recommended in ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on peri-operative CVS evaluation and
care(June 2010).

3. How will you evaluate a 50 year old male patient with history of IHD presenting for
major abdominal surgery? (Dec 2011).

4. How will you evaluate a patient with history of IHD presenting for major abdominal
surgery (Dec 2013).

5.A patient with history of ischaemic heart disease on medical management is

scheduled for upper abdominal surgery.

a) Give an outline of the risk stratification.

b) Enumerate the steps in preoperative preparation and anaesthesia management.

4+(3+3) (December 2016)

VHD
1. Preoperative evaluation of a patient with VHD (Dec 2005).

2. Pre-operative evaluation and preparation of a patient with TOF (June 2006).

1. Pre-operative evaluation of autonomic functions (June 2002) (Dec 2004).

2. Pre-anaesthetic evaluation and preparation of patient for pheochromocytoma (Dec

2004).

3. Pre anaesthetic evaluation of a patient of MS for MTP and sterilization (Dec 2005).

4. Preoperative preparation of a diabetic patient with history of bleeding varices lieno

renal shunt operation (Dec 2005).

5. Pre.anaesthetic evaluation of a thyrotoxic patient scheduled for thyroidectomy (Dec

2005).
6. ASA physical status classification (Dec 2007).

7. Bedside PFT’s (June 2010).

8..a.What is acid aspiration syndrome

b.What are its clinical features and management(5+5).

(December 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
35) Anaesthetic Complications of Concurrent Disease
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA​:​-
1.Discuss the pathophysiology and diagnosis of a case of pheochromocytoma.Give an
account of preparation, monitoring and anaesthetic management of a 25 year old
patient suffering from pheochromocytoma(June 1995)

2. Discuss the anaesthetic management of a 35 year old patient with

pheochromocytoma scheduled for bilateral adrenalectomy (Dec 2006).

3. A young man is suffering from pheochromocytoma.Discuss the preoperative

preparation and anesthetic management for removal of the tumor (June 1997).

4. What is pheochromocytoma? What are its clinical features? Discuss preoperative

investigations, preparation and anaesthetic management of such a case for surgical
removal (Dec 1998).​ [Pg. 501, ISACON 2011] 

5. Discuss pre anesthetic assessment, preparation and management of a 16 year male

kept for pheochromocytoma excision. How will you manage post anaesthetic
complications? (Dec 2000).

6.Discuss the pre anaesthetic preparation, anaesthetic goals and intraoperative

management of a 30 year old female patient with diagnosis of pheochromocytoma
scheduled for excision of adrenal tumor(June 2011).

7. Preoperative preparation, anaesthetic goals and intraoperative management of a 30

year old female with Pheochromocytoma scheduled for laparoscopic adrenalectomy
(June 2015).
8.Pre-operative assessment, preparation and anaesthetic management of a 16 year old
girl posted for laparoscopic resection of left sided adrenal mass (pheochromocytoma).
3+3+4 (June 2017)

IHD

CORONARY STENT 
1. Guidelines for management of anaesthesia in a patient with coronary stent (June
2008).

2. Draw the algorithm for preoperative management of a patient receiving antiplatelet

therapy as recommended by ACC/AHA guidelines in perioperative cardiovascular
evaluation and care. Describe the preoperative management of a patient with coronary
stent (Dec 2009)​ [Pg. 235-ISACON 2009] 

3. Describe the anaesthetic considerations in patients having coronary artery stent (Dec
2010).

***********************************************************************

CARDIAC PATIENT FOR NON CARDIAC SURGERY 

1. Discuss the preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of an emergency
abdominal operation in a 60 year old man who had MI 6 weeks back (1996-2000).

2. Preoperative preparation and evaluation of a patient with history of exertional angina

for surgery under general anaesthesia. (June 1996)

3.Discuss briefly the preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 50 year

old patient who had acute MI three months ago, and is scheduled for inguinal hernia
repair(Dec 2006).

4. Discuss your anaesthetic management of strangulated inguinal hernia in a patient

with a recent MI (June 1999).

5. Describe the arterial circulation of the heart with the aid of a diagram mentioning the
unique features of coronary blood flow. Explain the Goldman’s Cardiac risk Index and
its importance to the anesthetist (1996-2000).
6. Pathophysiology of CAD. Discuss the anaesthetic management of a patient with
angina (June 2004).

7. Cardiac evaluation for non-cardiac surgery (June 2004).

8. Anaesthetic management of a case of essential hypertension scheduled for upper

abdominal surgery (June 2005).

9. Classify cardiomyopathies. Describe management of a 60 year old male with dilated

cardiomyopathy scheduled for laparotomy (Dec 2010)

10. What is diastolic dysfunction? Discuss the evaluation and implications to the
anesthetists (Dec 2011). [​Chapter 6-Stoelting co-existing] 

11. Discuss the pre-operative evaluation of a patient with IHD.Discuss the perioperative
monitoring for MI and its management (June 2012).

12. What are the predictors of cardiac risk in cardiac patients undergoing non cardiac
surgery? Describe briefly the anaesthetic consideration in a patient with coronary artery
disease with ejection fraction of 40% for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Dec 2012).

13. How will you evaluate a patient with history of ischaemic heart disease presenting
for major abdominal surgery (Dec 2013).

14. Preoperative evaluation of cardiac patient scheduled for non-cardiac surgery (Dec
2015).

15. Classify cardiomyopathies. Describe briefly the anaesthetic management of a 48

year old female patient with dilated cardiomyopathy scheduled for total abdominal
hysterectomy. (April 2016).

VHD
1. Clinical features of infective endocarditis, principle guidelines to use antibiotics as
prophylaxis against, during surgery (June 2005).

2. Discuss the anaesthetic management of 20 year old male with RHD with MS for
closed mitral valvotomy (June 2007).​ [Pg. 3 –OAR, Pg. 31-Stoelting] 

3. Preop evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 30 year old patient with MS and
AF scheduled for balloon angioplasty and valvuloplasty (Dec 2007)​ [CEACCP vol 5 no.6 
2005] 
HTN
1. Define HTN.How will you evaluate and prepare preoperatively a 40 year old female
patient scheduled for abdominal hysterectomy. Discuss the anaesthetic and
postoperative management of such a case? (Dec 2000)

DM
1.​ Discuss pre and post anaesthetic management of acute abdomen in a patient with
uncontrolled diabetes (Dec 1994)

2.Discuss the preoperative investigations, preparation and anaesthetic management of

a 50 year old diabetic patient presenting for an exploratory laparotomy for a lump in the
abdomen.(Dec 1999)

3. Management of DKA (Dec 1998).​ [Pg. 803-Morgan, Pg. 1300-Barasch] 

4. Principles of management of DKA (June 2002).

5. DKA (June 2004).

-Preoperative management of DKA (June 1994) (Dec 2004).

6. Preoperative patient of a diabetic patient with history of bleeding varices lienorenal

shunt (Dec 2005).

7. Anaesthetic management of a case of DM scheduled for open cholecystectomy (Dec

2005).

8. Diabetic patient with autonomic neuropathy for TAH (June 2006).

9. Discuss the anaesthetic management of an inadequately managed diabetes mellitus

patient with ketoacidosis posted for BKA (June 2007).​ [Pg. 1300 Barasch] 

10. Describe the different methods used for perioperative control of blood sugar in
diabetic patients undergoing major abdominal surgery with their advantages and
disadvantages (Dec 2009).​ [Pg. 782-Yao] 

11. Describe the clinical manifestations of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. What are its
implications? (Dec 2010).

12. What is the significance of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus? How can it
be assessed? (Dec 2012)
13. Describe the preoperative evaluation of a patient with DM scheduled for surgery.
Briefly describe the methods of maintaining intraoperative blood sugar levels in a
diabetic patient scheduled for major abdominal surgery (​June 2013​).

14. Discuss complications of diabetes mellitus of interest to anaesthesiologist.describe

anaesthetic management of emergency laparotomy in a diabetic (June 2014)

15. a) W.H.O diagnostic criteria for Diabetes Mellitus

b) Preoperative evaluation and preparation of a 50 year old male scheduled for elective
abdominal surgery (June 2015).

16. Anaesthetic management of an uncontrolled diabetic patient for amputation of

diabetic foot. (June 2016)

17.Clinical and biochemical features of diabetic ketoacidosis and its management(5+5).

(December 2018)

THYROID

HYPOTHYROIDISM 
1. A 50 year old woman with hypothyroidism is scheduled for abdominal hysterectomy.
Discuss the anaesthetic management (Dec 2008).

2. Describe the clinical features of hypothyroidism. Discuss the anaesthetic

consideration in a hypothyroid patient scheduled for upper abdominal surgery (Dec
2011)

THYROID STORM 
1. Etiopathology and management of thyroid crisis (Dec 1999)

2. Thyroid crisis (June 2002)

3. Thyroid storm (June 2004).

4. Manifestations and management of thyroid storm (June 2008) (June 2009).​ [Pg. 
1016-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

5. Describe the manifestations and management of thyroid storm intraoperatively.

Describe the management of such a case (Dec 2009).
6. What are the perioperative risks in patients with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism? How
will you manage a patient posted for emergency surgery (June 2014).

7. Manifestation of thyroid storm and its management (June 2016).

8.Thyroid storm(December 2018).

1. Describe preop evaluation and preparation of a patient of thyrotoxicosis. Describe

anaesthetic and postoperative management of such a case. (June 1996).​ [Pg. 73-RACE 
2004, Pg. 64-ARC-06] 

2. A 35 year old lady with huge thyroid mass presenting with thyrotoxicosis is posted for
subtotal thyroidectomy. Discuss the preoperative preparation and anaesthetic
management (Dec 2000).​ [Pg. 1282-Barasch, Pg. 807-Morgan] 

3. Myxedema coma (June 2002) (Dec 2004).

4. Causes of airway obstruction following thyroid surgery and its management (June
2003).

*a) Preoperative evaluation & preparation of a 30 year old female with hyperthyroidism
for subtotal thyroidectomy.

b) Enumerate the causes of respiratory distress post thyroidectomy & its management

(3+3)+4 (December 2017)

5. Thyrotoxic patient for subtotal thyroidectomy (June 2006).

6. Enumerate the NS of larynx. Enumerate the signs and symptoms of bilateral

recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy following total thyroidectomy (Dec 2009).

7. Discuss preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 40 year old

hyperthyroid patient posted for total thyroidectomy. Enumerate postoperative
complications (June 2012).

8. Describe in brief symptoms & signs, diagnosis and anaesthetic management of

retrosternal goiter (Dec 2014).

9. Preoperative evaluation, preparation and anaesthetic management of a patient with

multinodular goiter with retrosternal extension (Dec 2015).
COPD
1. Discuss the current concepts in the management of a case of chronic obstructive
airway disease in respiratory failure (1996-2000).

2. Anaesthetic management of a case of COAD (Dec 2001).

3. Describe in detail the anaesthetic management of patients with reactive airway

disease (June 2001).

4. Discuss the anaesthetic management of patients with reactive airway disease (Dec
2001).

5. Intraoperative anaesthetic considerations in COPD patient scheduled for upper

abdominal surgery (Dec 2005).

6. What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? How will you manage oxygenation
and pain in post-operative period of a case of COPD undergoing upper abdominal
surgery? (Dec 2012)

CARCINOID TUMOR
1. Carcinoid tumor (June 2004).  

2. A 30 year old woman is scheduled for removal of carcinoid tumor. Write the
anaesthetic management (June 2008).​ [Pg. 172-Oxford handbook of anesthesia] 

CUSHING’s syndrome
1. Discuss the anaesthetic management of a 25 years old female with Cushing’s
syndrome for bilateral adrenalectomy (June 2007).​ [Pg. 395-Stoelting] 

2. A 30 year old female with Cushing’s syndrome is scheduled for bilateral

adrenalectomy. Describe the anaesthetic management (Dec 2009).

1. Anaesthetic problems in an anemic patient (Dec 1998).

2. A 60 years old man presents for elective parathyroidectomy. Discuss the anaesthetic
management (Dec 2007)​ [Pg. 398-Stoelting] 

3.​ Anaesthetic implications in a patient with sickle cell disease coming for surgery (April
2016).

4.a) What is diastolic dysfunction?

 b) How should we evaluate for diastolic dysfunction in the pre-operative period?

c) What are its implications to the anaesthesiologist? 2+4+4 (June 2017)

5..Perioperative management of a myasthenic patient posted for

thymectomy(10)(December 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
36) Patient Positioning.
1. Positional hazards under anaesthesia (1996-2000)​ [Pg. 965-Morgan] 

2. Enumerate various positions in relation to anaesthesia and discuss in detail the

problems associated with them (Dec 1996).​ [Pg. 170-RACE 2003] 

3. Describe the complications associated with sitting position during posterior fossa
surgery and their management (Dec 2010).

4. Discuss the anaesthetic problems of surgery in prone position (June 2011).

* Complications related to prone position under general anaesthesia (June 2018).

5. Describe the precautions that need to be taken when positioning anaesthetized

patient in prone position. Give an account of positive pressure ventilation in prone
position (June 2014).

6. Various patient positions during anaesthesia and their complications (June 2015).

7. Complications associated with sitting position. (Dec 2015).

8. a) various indications and disadvantages of Trendelenburg’s position during

anaesthesia and surgery.

b) How can these be prevented? (Dec 2015).

*What are the complications of steep Trendelenburg position?(December 2016)

---------------------------------------------------------------
37) Neuromuscular Disorders and Malignant Hyperthermia
MG
1. MG versus Myasthenia syndrome (June 1994)

2. What is myasthenia gravis? What are its clinical features? Discuss the preoperative
investigations, preparation, anaesthetic management of such a case presenting for
interval appendicectomy and management of the likely complications. (June 1998) ​[Pg. 
818-Morgan, P 69-RACE 2001, Pg. 109-RACE 2005, RACE 2011] 

3.Discuss pre-anaesthetic assessment,preparation,anaesthetic management and

post-operative complication in 20 year old female with myasthenia gravis posted for
thymectomy(June 2001)(Dec 2001).

4. Anaesthetic management of MG (June 2003)

5. MG and its anaesthetic management (Dec 2003).

6. Preoperative preparation of a case of MG scheduled for thymectomy (June 2005).

7. Myasthenic syndrome (June 2006).

* ) Myasthenia gravis Vs Myasthenic Syndrome in tabular form.(June 2017).

8. Discuss the anaesthetic management in a patient of MG scheduled for thymectomy

(Dec 2006)

9. What are the clinical features of MG? Discuss perioperative evaluation and
anaesthetic management of a case presenting for interval appendicectomy (June 2012).

10. What are the anaesthetic concerns in the management of a patient with myasthenia
gravis scheduled for thoracoscopic thymectomy (Dec 2012).

11. Preoperative preparation and anaesthetic management of a patient with myasthenia

gravis posted for thymectomy (April 2016).

MH
1. MH (Dec 1998) (Dec 2003) (June 2004).​ [Pg. 945-Morgan] 

2. Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of MH (June 1999).

3. What is malignant hyperthermia? Discuss its clinical features and laboratory finding.
Why is it important for the anesthetist to know about this syndrome? (June 2002).

4. Temperature regulation in adults, predisposing factors, diagnosis and management of

MH (June 2005).

5. What are the diagnostic features that would lead to identify malignant hyperthermia
during immediately after anaesthesia and state the guidelines of management? (Dec
2005).

6. Diagnosis and management of an acute attack of malignant hyperthermia (June

2006).

7. A 4 years old child weighing 15kg undergoing strabismus surgery suddenly develops
tachycardia, rigidity of extremities and rise in temperature during anaesthesia. Discuss
the anaesthetic management (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 945-Morgan] 

8. Describe clinical presentation, pathophysiology and management of malignant

hyperthermia (Dec 2010).

9. Describe the etiology, clinical features and treatment of malignant hyperthermia (Dec
2012).

GBS
1. GBS (June 2004).

2. GBS-discuss briefly etiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology and management

including anaesthesia (Dec 2007)​ [Stoelting 254}​.

PARKINSON’s disease
1. Pre-op evaluation and anaesthetic considerations of a patient with Parkinson’ disease
(June 2008) (Dec 2008).​ [Pg. 227-Stoelting, Pg. 650 Morgan, IJA 2007, Pg. 630-Barasch] 

---------------------------------------------------------------
38) Fundamental Principles of Monitoring and
Instrumentation (PHYSICS related to anaesthesia)
VENTURI
1.​ Venturi principle and its clinical implication (June 1995)​ ​[Pg. 181-Aitkenhead] 

2. Application of Venturi principle in anaesthesia practice (Dec 2000)

3. Venturi principle and its use in anaesthesia (June 1999).

4. Venturi principle and its application (Dec 2001) (Dec 2004).

5. Venturi principle and its application in anaesthesia (June 2003)

6. Venturi principle and its importance to anesthetist (Dec 2003).

7. What is venturi principle? Discuss its applications in anaesthesia practice (Dec 2006)

8. What is venturi principle? What are its applications in anaesthesia? (June 2009).

9. What is “Venturi Principle”? Describe its application in anaesthesia practice. (Dec

2015)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Describe Bernoulli’s principle and its various applications in anaesthesia (June 2012).

* Bernoulli’s principle and its applications in Anaesthesiology. (June 2018).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Define Boyle’s law and its application in anaesthesia (Dec 2014).

2. Applications of the following in anaesthesia

a) Boyle’s law

b) Charles's law

c) Bernoulli’s principle (June 2016)

MINIMUM MONITORING STANDARD

1. Minimum patient monitoring during anaesthesia (June 1995) (June 1998).​ [Pg. 
118-Morgan] 

2. What is minimum monitoring standard? Describe the objectives and methods (Dec
2005).

3. Invasive intraop monitoring (June 2001) (Dec 2001)

4.Minimum monitoring standards in Anesthesia.(june 2017).

---------------------------------------------------------------
39) Monitoring Depth of Anaesthesia.
BIS
1. What is BIS monitoring? What are its clinical applications in anaesthesia practice?
(Dec 2008).

2. BIS (June 2010).​ [Pg. 99-ISACON 2009] 

1. Minimum Alveolar Concentration (1996-2000).

2. Causes and prevention of awareness under anaesthesia (Dec 1995).

3. Awareness under anaesthesia (1996-2000)​ [Pg. 66-RACE 2006, IJA 2009] 

4. Awareness and wakefulness under anaesthesia (June 1999) (Dec 1994) [​Pg. 
148-157-IJA 2009] 

5. Awareness during anaesthesia (Dec 1998) (Dec 2000).

6. Assessment of intraop awareness (Dec 2005).

7. What do you mean by awareness during anaesthesia? Mention the monitors in use to
measure the depth of anaesthesia (June 2006).

8. Discuss the pharmacological principles of measuring the depth of anaesthesia and

techniques for monitoring the depth of anaesthesia (June 2002).

9. List and brief statement and effectiveness of each of the means available for
detecting awareness during anaesthesia (June 2005).
10. What are the measures by which you can measure the depth of anaesthesia during
the intra operative period? (June 2005).

11. Why is it important to measure the depth of anaesthesia? Briefly describe the
methods used (Dec 2011).

12. Describe awareness under anaesthesia.what are the risk factors for awareness.
How can depth of anaesthesia be monitored (Dec 2013).

13. What is awareness during surgery? Describe methods of monitoring awareness.

What are the complications associated with awareness during surgery (June 2014).

14. a) Awareness under anaesthesia.

b) Risk factors for awareness under anaesthesia.

c) How can the depth of anaesthesia be monitored? (June 2016)

15.a) What are the stages of anaesthesia?

b) Enumerate the various EEG based index systems to assess the depth of
anaesthesia.

c) What is entropy? 3+4+3 (December 2017)

---------------------------------------------------------------
40) Cardiovascular Monitoring
IJV
1. Complications of cannulations of IJV. (Dec 1996)(Dec 2004).

2. Techniques and approaches to IJV cannulation (Dec 2007).

3. Enumerate various approaches for central venous pressure monitoring. Describe the
technique and complications of IJV cannulation (Dec 2009).

4. Describe the anatomy of IJV with the help of a diagram. Discuss any one approach
for IJV cannulation (Dec 2011)

5. Enumerate various approaches for central venous cannulation. Describe the

technique and complications of IJV cannulation (June 2012).
6. Describe the anatomy of IJV with a diagram. Discuss any one approach to IJV
cannulation and its complications (Dec 2013).

7. Describe the anatomy of carotid triangle with the help of diagram(s).describe the
techniques of right internal jugular vein cannulation and its uses in anaesthesia (Dec
2014).

8. a) Enumerate various approaches to central venous cannulation.

b) Anatomical landmarks, techniques, advantages and disadvantages of any of the

approaches to central venous cannulation (June 2016)

CARDIAC OUTPUT MONITORING

1. Non invasive cardiovascular monitoring (Dec 1994)

2. Cardiac output management with thermodilution technique (June 1995).

3. What are the determinants of cardiac output and discuss various non-invasive
methods of measurement of cardiac output (Dec 2006)

4.Stroke volume variations and its anaesthetic implications(June 2018).

CVP MONITORING
1. CVP (June 1999)​ [Pg. 131-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

-CVP, its application in anaesthesia (Dec 1996) (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 1285-Miller] 

-CVP monitoring and its implications (Dec 2008).​ [Pg. 238-RACE 2007] 

2. Methods of central venous cannulation, uses, limitations and complications of CVP

monitoring (June 2005).

*Enumerate complications of Central Venous Cannulation(June 2018).

a) CVP waveforms and their correlation with ECG with the help of a diagram

b) Diagnostic significance of CVP waveform. (June 2015)

3. Various approaches for central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring and fluid challenge
test using CVP monitoring

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. PAC (June 1998).

-Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring (June 2006).

3. Jugular venous oximetry (June 2002).

4. Central venous cannulation (Dec 2003).

6. Describe the indications, contraindications and complications of invasive arterial

blood pressure monitoring. Describe the technique (Dec 2009).​ [Pg. 123-Morgan] 

*​A patient develops gangrene of the fingers after right radial artery cannulation.

a) What can be the possible explanation for this?

b) Modified Allen’s test and its interpretation.

c) What are the other complications/ side effects of radial artery cannulations?

2+4+4 (June 2017)

7. Describe the mechanism by which Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping augments coronary

perfusion. What are the indications and contraindications for the use of IABP (Dec
2012).

*a) Enumerate the circulatory assist devices.

b) Indications, contraindication and complications of Intra Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)?

(December 2016)2+(2+2+4)

---------------------------------------------------------------
41) TEE
1. TEE (June 2001) (Dec 2001).​ [Yao] 

2. How is USG useful in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine and explain the
usefulness of TEE during cardiac surgery (Dec 2005).​ [IJA 2007] 
3. TEE in anaesthesia practice (June 2008).​ [RACE 2011] 

4. Describe the role of intraoperative echocardiography in clinical anaesthesia (Dec

2009).

5. USG->principles and its uses in day to day practice of anaesthesia (June 2010).

6. Discuss the use of TEE in anaesthesia practice (June 2011).

7. Describe the role of TEE in hemodynamic monitoring of a patient with CAD

scheduled for surgery under General Anaesthesia (June 2013).

8.Transesophageal echocardiography(December 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
42) ECG
1. Modified bipolar standard limb lead systems and its usefulness for intraoperative
monitoring (Dec 1995).

---------------------------------------------------------------
43) ICD and Pacemakers
1. Discuss different types of pacemakers and briefly enumerate precautions to be taken
during surgery with pacemaker (June 2007).

2. Enumerate the evidenced based indications for pacemaker insertion. Mention the
general principles of anaesthetic management of a patient with pacemaker scheduled
for surgery (Dec 2009).

3. a) Indications for pacemaker insertion.

b) General principles of anaesthetic management of a patient with pacemaker

scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (June 2015) (Dec 2015).

---------------------------------------------------------------
44) Respiratory Monitoring​.
PULSE OXIMETER
1. Limitations of pulse oximeter (Dec 1995).

2. Pulse oximetry (Dec 2000).​ [Pg. 140-Morgan] 

3. Physical principles of pulse oximetry (June 2005).​ [Pg. 1-ISACON 2009] 

4. Pulse oximetry-principles and applications (Dec 2007).

5. What are the recent advances in pulse oximetry? Briefly describe the multi
wavelength and reflectance pulse oximetry (Dec 2013).

6.a) What is Beer-Lambert law?

b) Enumerate the limitations of pulse oximetry.

c) What is arterial oxygen content (CaO2)? 2+4+4 (December 2017).

CAPNOGRAPHY
1. Role of capnography during anaesthesia (June 1996).​ [Pg. 45-RACE 2004] 

2. Capnography (Dec 1994) (June 2000) (Dec 2001)

3. Discuss principles of monitoring end tidal CO2 (June 2007).

4.-What is capnography? Draw a neat labeled diagram of a normal capnograph and

discuss clinical considerations of capnography (Etco2 monitoring) (June 2012).

5.Principles of Capnometry and its importance in the field of anaesthesia

(4+6).(December 2018).

1. Factors influencing tissue oxygenation (1996-2000) **.​ [Pg. 65-RACE 2010] 

2. Respiratory monitoring in anaesthesia (Dec 2003).

3. Discuss various methods of oxygen monitoring in anaesthesia practice (June 2007). 

[Pg. 65-RACE 2010] 
---------------------------------------------------------------
45) Renal Function Monitoring

---------------------------------------------------------------
46) Neurologic Monitoring.​
1. SSEP (June 1998) **.

2. Minimum monitoring for post spinal fusion in scoliosis (June 2003).

3. Methods of intracranial pressure monitoring, uses and complication of ICP monitoring

(June 2005).

4. ICP monitoring and its applications (Dec 2007)​ [Pg. 55-ISACON 2007, Pg. 
395-ISACON 2009]. 

5.​a) Define intracranial pressure (ICP).

b) Enumerate factors causing increase in ICP.

c) Pharmacological measures to reduce ICP intraoperatively in a patient undergoing

craniotomy. 2+4+4 (December 2017) 

---------------------------------------------------------------
47) Neuromuscular Monitoring
1. Methods of monitoring neuromuscular junction function (Dec 1995).

2. Methods of monitoring of neuromuscular transmission during anaesthesia (Dec

2004).

3. Intraoperative neuromuscular monitoring (June 2007).

4. Compare and contrast TOF and Double burst (Dec 2008).

5. What are the factors affecting neuromuscular blockade? Discuss various methods to
monitor neuromuscular blockade (June 2009).​ [Pg. 37-ISACON 2009] 
6. Enumerate various techniques of monitoring neuromuscular blockade during
anaesthesia. List the advantages and limitations of each of these techniques (June
2010).​ [Pg. 127-RACE 2010] 

7. Discuss various patterns of nerve stimulation in neuromuscular monitoring and their

interpretation with the help of diagrams (June 2011).

8. With the help of diagrams, explain the various patterns of nerve stimulation used for
neuromuscular (N-M) monitoring during anaesthesia practice (Dec 2015)

9. Various patterns of nerve stimulation in neuromuscular monitoring and their

interpretation with the help of diagram(s). (April 2016).

10.a) Various techniques adopted for neuromuscular monitoring during anesthesia.

b) Enumerate the advantages and limitations of these techniques. 7+3 (June 2017)

---------------------------------------------------------------
48) Temperature Regulation & Monitoring
1. Discuss the regulation of body temperature. How will you prevent hypothermia in a
neonate posted for major abdominal surgery (Dec 2002).

2. Describe in brief the sites and devices for temperature monitoring (Dec 2008).

3. Classify hypothermia. Describe the path physiological effects of hypothermia (June

2012).

4. Briefly describe thermoregulation in the human body. Discuss the impact of

perioperative hypothermia (​June 2013​)

5.a) Why is an infant more prone to hypothermia than an adult?

b) What are the consequences of inadvertent intraoperative hypothermia in an infant?

c) Various methods of prevention of intraoperative hypothermia. 4+3+3 (June 2017)

6.The prevention and management of:

Hypothermia in an adult patient under general anaesthesia(June 2018)

---------------------------------------------------------------
49) Perioperative Acid-Base Balance
1. Anion gap (Dec 2006).

* Define anion gap and enumerate the factors which increase the anion gap.(December
2017)

2. Preanalytical consideration of ABG measurement (Dec 1999).

3. What are the major buffer systems in the body? Enumerate the causes, effects and
management of metabolic acidosis (Dec 2009).​ [Pg. 716-Morgan] 

4. What is anion gap? Describe the causes and management of metabolic acidosis from
low cardiac output (Dec 2012).

5. Approach for management of a patient with metabolic acidosis on arterial blood gas
analysis admitted in ICU (Dec 2015).

6. What is base excess/deficit? How do the kidneys compensate for acid-base balance?
(April 2016).

7.a.How is pH maintained in the body?

b.What are the adverse effects and management of metabolic

acidosis(5+5).(December 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
50) Airway Management in the Adult
AIRWAY ASSESSMENT
1. Airway assessment (June 2005).

2. List the bedside test available to predict the difficult intubations. Comment on their
use (June 2005).

*a) Enumerate the various bedside airway assessment tests.

b) What is the role of ultrasonography in airway assessment? 5+5 (December 2017)

3.a) Predictors of Difficult Mask Ventilation in adult patients.

b) Various modalities to overcome difficult mask ventilation. 5+5 (June 2018).

SGA
1. Supraglottic Airway devices (Dec 2007). [​Pg. 85-RACE 2009, Pg. 633-OAR] 

2. I-gel Airway (June 2008) (June 2010).​ [IJA 2009]

3. Enumerate the different SGA’s.tabulate the differences between Proseal LMA and
I-gel airway (June 2011).

4. Classify Supraglottic Airway Devices (SAD’s).What are the modifications done in third
generation SAD’s? Discuss the complications associated with the use of SAD’s (Dec
2014).

5. a) Enumerate various supraglottic airway devices.

b) Tabulate the differences between Proseal LMA and i-gel airway (June 2015).

6. .Methods of cleaning and sterilization of supraglottic airway devices (SAD (Dec

2015).

7.Ambu Aura Gain Laryngeal Mask.(December 2016)

8.Buska mask (December 2017).

LMA
1. Merits and demerits of LMA (June 1996).

2. LMA: various modifications (June 2007).​ [IJA 2005] 

3​.​ Discuss the role of LMA in ASA Difficult Airway Algorithm (​June 2013) 

DIFFICULT AIRWAY

TM ANKYLOSIS 
1. Describe airway management of a patient of ankylosing spondylitis with severe
restriction of neck movement posted for total hip replacement (Dec 1996). 

2. Discuss the preoperative assessment and the method of anaesthesia in patient with
TM ankylosis for the release of ankylosis (Dec 2003).
3. A 20 year old is scheduled for release of TMJ ankylosis.Discuss the various methods
to secure the airway (Dec 2008). -Describe briefly the difficult airway algorithm. How will
you perform awake intubation in an adult with restricted mouth opening? (Dec 2011). 
[IJA 2011] 

4.​a) How will you evaluate the airway in a patient with Temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ)
ankylosis?

b) Technique of awake flexible fiberoptic guided intubation in such a patient. 4+6

(December 2016) 

5.​A 20 year old male with TM joint ankylosis with inter incisor gap of 5 mm and
retrognathia is posted for condylectomy.

a) How will you prepare the airway for awake fiberoptic intubation?

b) At the end of the procedure, mouth opening increased to 1.5 cm, how will you plan
extubation in this patient? 5+5 (December 2017). 

***********************************************************************

1 Assessment and management of difficult intubation (June 1995).

2. Evaluation of difficult airway (June 2002).

*Difficult airway algorithms.(December 2018).

3. Difficult intubation/Predictive factors and intubation difficulty (Dec 2003).

4. Describe briefly the difficult airway algorithm. How will you perform awake intubation
in an adult with restricted mouth opening? (Dec 2011)

5.a) Recent guidelines of Difficult Airway Society (DAS) for unanticipated difficult
airways(December 2016)

6. a) Steps of anaesthetic management of:

A 4 year old boy with retropharyngeal abscess.(June 2017)

7.Compare and contrast

Macintosh laryngoscope and Videolaryngoscope in difficult airway management (June

2018)
8.Sniffing v/s Ramped positions for intubation. (June 2018).

ATTENUATION OF LARYNGOSCOPIC RESPONSE

1. Attenuation of laryngoscopic reaction to intubation (Dec 2000).

2. Discuss various methods to obtund intubation response to laryngoscopy and

intubation (June 2007).​ [Pg. 145-OAR] 

3. Describe the oculocardiac reflex? Discuss measures to attenuate pressor response

to laryngoscopy/intubation (June 2011).

VOCAL CORD PALSIES

1. Vocal cord palsies with the aid of diagrams of direct laryngoscopic view (Dec 2000).

2. Anatomy of larynx. Enumerate with diagrams the types of vocal cord palsies (June
2005).

3. Describe innervations of larynx.Briefly discuss various palsies following nerve injury

(June 2011). [​Pg. 13 –Wylie 5​th​ Ed]

FOB
1. Modes of ventilation during bronchoscopy (Dec 1994).

2. Draw a labeled diagram of a flexible FOB and describe methods for its sterilization or
high level disinfection (Dec 2007).

3. Describe the techniques for anaesthetizing the airway for awake fiberoptic
laryngoscopy and intubation through nasal route in an adult with restricted mouth
opening (Dec 2010).

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADULT AND PAEDIATRIC LARYNX

1. Describe the anatomy of larynx with difference in adult and children. What is
importance of recurrent laryngeal nerve in anaesthesia practice (June 2002).

2. How does the paediatric airway differ from that of an adult? What are the implications
for an anesthesiologist (Dec 2009).​ [Pg. 36-IJA 2004, Pg 923-Morgan] 

3.​Anatomical differences in the airway and the differences in respiratory physiology

between a neonate and an adult. 5+5 (December 2016)
 

AWAKE INTUBATION
1. How will you anaesthetize the airway of a 40 year old man for awake intubation?
(Dec 2006).

2. Describe the anatomy of larynx. How would you anaesthetize the airway for awake
intubation (June 2009).

3. Describe the nerve supply of nasal cavity and larynx. How would you block these
nerves for awake nasal intubation​? (June 2013​)

4. Describe various local anaesthetic techniques used to provide anaesthesia of the

airway. What are the complications associated with airway blocks? (Dec 2014)

1. Double Lumen ETT (June 1996).

2. Airway management in an unconscious patient (June 1998).

3. Discuss the management of CICV situation in the OT (Dec 2006).

4. What is the role of airway exchange catheters in modern anaesthesia practice?

Describe in short management of post extubation stridor. (Dec 2014).

RSI

1.​ Describe in a stepwise manner rapid sequence intubation (RSI).What are the
different modifications suggested with RSI? (Dec 2014).

2. a) What is rapid sequence induction (RSI)?

b) What are the indications of RSI?

c) What are the possible pitfalls and precautions to be taken while planning for RSI?

(June 2017).

---------------------------------------------------------------
51) Spinal, Epidural and Caudal ​Anaesthesia.
ANTICOAGULANTS AND RA
1. Antithrombotic prophylaxis and neuraxial anaesthesia (June 2006).

2.​ Enumerate the guidelines for RA in a patient on anticoagulant therapy (Dec 2008). 
[Pg. 299-Morgan 4​th​ Ed, Pg. 106-RACE 2006] 

3. Enumerate the guidelines for RA in a patient on antiplatelet therapy (June 2009).

4. Describe anaesthetic concerns for regional anaesthesia in a patient on

anticoagulants (Dec 2010).

5. What are the recommendations for neuraxial anaesthesia in a patient on

anticoagulant therapy? (Dec 2011)

6. Describe the guidelines for central neuraxial blockade in a patient on anticoagulant

therapy (June 2013).

7. Guidelines for central neuraxial blockade in patients taking various anticoagulants.

(June 2015).

8. Management of neuraxial blockade (central, regional, peripheral) in a patient on

anticoagulation therapy (Dec 2015).

9.Regional anaesthesia and low molecular weight heparins. (June 2018).

10.Anticoagulants and Regional Anaesthesia(December 2018).

PDPH
1. PDPH (June 1999).​ [IJA 2006, ATOTW-181, Pg. 125 –RACE 2012} 

2. What is PDPH? What are the factors affecting it? Describe the management of such
a case (Dec 2009).

3. What are the differences between a subdural and subarachnoid block? Write the
clinical features and management of PDPH (Dec 2011)

4. Define PDPH.Describe its clinical features and management ​(​June 2013)

5. Pathophysiology and management of post Dural puncture headache (June 2016)

6.While performing an epidural block, there was an accidental dural puncture:

a) What are the various options available to the anesthesiologist in this situation?

b) List the various methods for prevention of post dural puncture headache.
c) Management of post dural puncture headache. 3+3+4

(June 2017)

7.Preventive measures and management of Post Dural Puncture Headache (PDPH) in

an adult patient. 5+5 (june 2018)

1. Complications of epidural anaesthesia (June 1995).

2. Pulmonary function changes following central neuraxial blockade (June 1999).​ [Pg. 
297-Morgan] 

3. Continuous subarachnoid block (Dec 1996).

4. IVRA (June 1995) (June 1997). (Dec 1998)(Dec 2003)​[Pg. 981-Barasch, Pg. 311-SAARC 
9​th​] 

5. Epidural analgesia for postop pain relief (Dec 1996).

6. Epidural pressure and various factors affecting the same (Dec 1998).

7. Indications and contraindications of regional anaesthesia (Dec 2001).

8. Effect of intrathecal neostigmine on spinal anaesthesia (June 2002).

9. CSE (June 2002).

10. Caudal block (June 2003).

11. Modified CSE (June 2003).

12. Caudal epidural analgesia in anaesthesia practice (Dec 2004).

13. Complications of extradural anaesthesia (June 2006) (June 2007).​ [Pg. 153-RACE 
2007] 

14. Anatomy of epidural space and methods of identification (Dec 2007)​ [Pg. 24 and 
33-Pramila Bajaj] 

*​Methods for identification of epidural space.(June 2018). 

15. Describe the boundaries of epidural space. Discuss five common complications of
epidural block (Dec 2011)

16. Compare the clinical features of epidural block with subdural block and total spinal.
(June 2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------
52) Nerve Blocks.
STELLATE GANGLION BLOCK
1. Indications and methods of stellate ganglion block (June 2002).

2. Stellate ganglion block-indications and complications (Dec 1995).

3. Enumerate the indications, contraindications, complications and method of

establishing stellate ganglion block (Dec 2008).

4. Describe the anatomy of stellate ganglion. Discuss indications, techniques and

implications of stellate ganglion block (Dec 2010).

5. Define CRPS.Describe the technique and complications of Stellate Ganglion Block

(​June 2013).

6. a) Anatomy of Stellate Ganglion.

b) Technique of stellate ganglion block

c) Enumerate complications of Stellate ganglion block (June 2015).

7.Stellate Ganglion Block.(December 2018).

BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCK

1. Anatomy of brachial plexus and its importance to the anesthetists (June 2002).

2. Discuss one method of brachial plexus block through supraclavicular approach and
enumerate the complications associated with it (June 2007).​ [Pg. 333-Morgan] 

3. Anatomy of brachial plexus with the help of a diagram. Enumerate the various
techniques of brachial plexus block (June 2010)

4. a) Anatomy of brachial plexus with the help of a diagram.

b) Name the various approaches to brachial plexus block. Describe any one of them.
(June 2016)

5.a) Draw a neatly labeled diagram of the brachial plexus.

 b) Enumerate the various approaches for brachial plexus block.

c) What are the complications of supraclavicular approach and its management?

3+2+5 (December 2017)

OPHTHALMIC BLOCKS
1. Peribulbar blocks (Dec 1998).

2. Peribulbar block-indications, techniques and complications (June 2010).

3. Merits and demerits of retrobulbar vs. peribulbar block (June 2002).

COELIAC PLEXUS BLOCK

1. Describe the anatomy of celiac plexus. Discuss the indications and methods to block
celiac plexus (June 2009(Dec 2011).​ [Pg. 385-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

2. Illustrate the anatomy of celiac plexus with the help of a diagram. Describe the
technique of celiac plexus block and its complications (Dec 2009).

3. Enumerate the method available for pain relief in patients with Carcinoma Pancreas.
Describe Celiac Plexus block with the help of a diagram (June 2013)

ANKLE BLOCK
1. Innervation of foot and technique of performing ankle block (Dec 1995)

2. Describe the nerve supply of foot and the technique of ankle block for amputation of
great toe (Dec 2006).

3. Describe the nerve innervations of the foot with diagram and discuss the local
anaesthetic block at the ankle for the amputation of gangrenous toes in a patient (June
1999). [​Pg. 352-Morgan] 

4. Describe the regional block for removal of infected corn foot (Dec 2010)

5. A 20 years old male is scheduled for amputation of traumatic toes. Describe the
various nerve blocks at the ankle (Dec 2015).

6.A 36 year old diabetic with poorly controlled blood sugar and Hba1c of 7.2 is posted
for removal of an infected toenail.
 a) Which type of regional anesthesia technique would be ideal for this patient and
why?

b) Technique of regional anesthesia and enumerate the nerves involved. (2+2)+(4+2)

(June 2017).

PARAVERTEBRAL BLOCK
1. Describe anatomy of paravertebral space and describe one method of establishing
paravertebral block (June 2007).​ [Pg. 354-Morgan] 

2. Describe the anatomy of paravertebral space with diagram. Describe one method of
establishing paravertebral block (June 2012)

3. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of interpleural block and paravertebral

block (Dec 2014).

SCIATIC BLOCK
1. Describe the course of sciatic nerve and any one approach to block the nerve (June
2011).

2. Describe sciatic nerve with regard to its root value, branches and write the Labat’s
approach of sciatic nerve block (Dec 2014).

3. What are the indications and approaches of Sciatic nerve block? Explain one
technique (April 2016).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. `Three-in-one` block (Dec 2001).

2. Horner’s syndrome (June 2003).

3. Describe with the help of a labeled diagram, the anatomy of lumbar plexus and
describe the techniques of lumbar plexus block (June 2008).​ [Pg. 343-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

4.​Transversus abdominis plane block​: Technique and indications (June 2017)

* Indications, technique and complications of TAP (Transversus abdominis plane) block.

3+5+2 (June 2018)

5.a) What is Bier’s block

 b) What is the volume and concentration of lignocaine used for IVRA for upper and
lower limb procedures?

c) What are the concerns to the anaesthesiologists when deflating the tourniquet?

(December 2017).

---------------------------------------------------------------
53) USG guidelines for RA
1. What principle is used in USG? How is USG useful in anaesthesia? (June 2008).

2. a) what is the principle of physics on the use of ultrasound in medical practice?

b) Role of Ultrasound in practice of anaesthesia and ICU (Dec 2015).

3.a) What is the principle used in ultrasonography?

b) What are the clinical uses of ultrasonography in anaesthesia practice? 4+6 (June
2017)

---------------------------------------------------------------
54) IV Fluid and Electrolyte Physiology.​
CRYSTALLOID/COLLOID
1. Merits and demerits of crystalloids and colloids (June 1994)

2. Crystalloid and colloid (Dec 1999).​ [Pg. 1705-Miller]  

3. Crystalloid Vs Colloid (Dec 2003).

4. Discuss the different types of colloid solutions. Describe their advantages and
disadvantages (June 2012)

5. a) what are the different types of crystalloids used in an adult patient?

b) Mention their composition, advantages and disadvantages? (June 2016)

1. Plasma volume expansion (June 1999) (Dec 1999).

2. Uses, advantages and disadvantages of plasma expanders (June 1998).

3. Plasma expanders (Dec 2001).

4. Plasma volume expanders (June 2005).

5. Water and electrolyte disturbances and their pre anaesthetic correction in small gut
obstruction (Dec 1996).

6. Gelatin as spinal preloading (June 2002).

7. Comparative evaluation of RL, Low molecular weight Dextran and 3.5%poly

8. Human Albumin (Dec 2003).

9. Third space loss-its importance to anesthesiologist (Dec 2005).

10. Merits and demerits of various synthetic colloids (Dec 2006).

11. Discuss the role of plasma proteins in anaesthesia (June 2007).

12. Compare and contrast as IV fluid (Dec 2008).

13. Describe different fluid compartments in the body. Describe how oedema develops
(Dec 2014)

14. Balanced salt solutions (April 2016).

15. What is “Fluid Responsiveness”?

b) Various static and dynamic indices of fluid responsiveness. (April 2016).

Mg2+
1. Role of Magnesium in anaesthesia practice (June 2000).​ [FRCA/BJA] 

2. What are the therapeutic uses of magnesium? How does it work? (Dec 2005)

3. Role of Magnesium in anaesthesia and ICU (Dec 2004) (June 2006) (June 2007). 
[ATOTW 90] 

4. What are the physiological functions of magnesium? Describe its therapeutic uses in
anaesthesia (June 2012)
5.Role of Magnesium in Anaesthesia(10).(December 2018).

K+
1. Hypokalemia (Dec 1998) (June 2000).​ [Pg. 677-Morgan] 

2. Hypokalemia-definition, clinical manifestation and management (June 2010).

3. Define hypokalemia. What are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? How will
you treat hypokalemia intraoperatively? (June 2011)

*a) What are the ECG changes caused by hyperkalemia?

b) How is intraoperative hyperkalemia treated? 4+6 (December 2016).

1. Treatment of hyperkalemia (June 2002).

2. Causes, diagnosis and treatment of hypo and hyperkalemia (June 2005)

3. Hyperkalemia (June 2006).

4. Define hyperkalemia. Discuss signs and symptoms and anaesthetic consideration

(June 2009).​ [Pg. 680-Morgan] 

5. Enumerate the causes, clinical manifestations and management of hyperkalemia

(Dec 2011).

*a) Enumerate the causes of hyperkalemia.

b) Signs & symptoms of hyperkalemia

c) Management of hyperkalemia 3+4+3 (December 2017).

6. Causes, diagnosis and treatment of hypo and hyperkalemia (June 2005).

7. Define hyperkalemia and enumerate its causes. Describe the signs and symptoms,
ECG Diagnosis and management of a patient with serum potassium of 6.5meq/L.10.
(April 2016).

***********************************************************************
1. Discuss the ECG abnormalities due to various electrolyte imbalances (Dec 2008). 
[Pg. 679-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 
SIADH
1. Water intoxication (June 1999).

2. How is the diagnosis of dilutional hyponatremia made? What is its significance in

anaesthesia? (June 2002).

3. What is SIADH? Describe the clinical features and management of SIADH (Dec
2011)

4. Describe the causes and management of acute dilutional hyponatremia in the

immediate postoperative period (Dec 2012)

Na+
1. What are the manifestations of Hyponatremia and how will you treat it? (Dec 2006).

2. Enumerate the signs and symptoms of Hyponatremia. Describe the management in a

patient with serum sodium level of 115 meq/L scheduled for knee replacement under
RA (Dec 2009). ​[Pg. 671-Morgan]. 

3. What are the causes and clinical features of Hyponatremia in the post-operative
period? Describe its management (June 2013).

4.​ a) Management of hyponatremia (serum sodium level of 109 meq/l) in a patient.

(June 2016).

5.a) Enumerate the causes of hyponatremia.

b) Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia with respect to serum sodium levels.

c) Management of hyponatremia. 3+3+4 (June 2017)

Ca2+
1. Discuss causes, clinical manifestations and treatment of hypocalcaemia...What are
the anaesthetic considerations? (June 2012)

---------------------------------------------------------------
55) Transfusion Therapy
BLOOD COMPONENT THERAPY
1. Present trend of blood component therapy (June 2000)

2. Blood component therapy (Dec 1998) (June 2002) (June 2005)​ [Pg. 161 ISACON 2008, 
Pg. 1758-Miller] 

3. Role of blood components in perioperative period (Dec 2007).

4. Enumerate the indications for transfusion of packed red cells, FFP, platelets and
cryoprecipitate (June 2010)

5. a) Steps for separation of whole blood for component therapy.

b) Indications and contraindications for fresh frozen plasma. (Dec 2015).

COMPLICATIONS
1. Blood transfusion and related disease transmission (Dec 1995).

2. Complications and Sequelae of BT (June 1996) (Dec 2008)​ [Pg. 700-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

3 .Complications of BT (June 1997).

4. Management of mismatched BT (Dec 2003).

5. How will you diagnose mismatched BT intraoperatively? Describe its management

(Dec 2009).

MASSIVE BLOOD TRANSFUSION

1. Massive blood transfusion (June 2003).

2. What is massive blood transfusion? What are the complications of massive blood
transfusion? (June 2009).​ [Pg. 702-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

3. Define massive BT. Discuss the complications associated with massive blood
transfusion (June 2011).

4. Define massive blood transfusion. Describe the complications of massive blood

transfusion and their management​ (June 2013​)

5. a) Define massive blood transfusion.

b) What are the risks of transfusion of blood and blood products (June 2016)

6..a.Massive Blood transfusion

b.Discuss its complications and their management(5+5).(December 2018).

1. Storage lesions in blood (Dec 1995).

*What are the changes in stored blood at 28 days and its implications when transferred
to a patient (December 2017).

2. Recent trends of BT and blood products (1996-2000).​ [Pg. 147-RACE 2011] 

3. Clinical uses of blood (June 2002).

4.A 26 year old, ASA grade I male weighing 75 kg was posted for surgery for fracture
shaft of femur. His pre-operative Hb was 13 gm% and he bled 850 ml during the
surgery:

a) What should be the transfusion trigger hematocrit for blood transfusion in this
patient?

b) How would you calculate allowable blood loss in this patient?

c) What are the methods of reducing intraoperative blood loss? 2+2+6 (June 2017)

5.Fresh frozen plasma - Indications and advantages(June 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
56) Coagulation​.
1. DIC (June 1995) (June 1998).

2. What is DIC? Enumerate its causes and management (June 2009)​ [Pg. 403-barasch 
6​th​ Ed] 

3. Discuss the physiology of Hemostasis and its significance (June 2005).

4. What is ​TEG​? Draw a labeled diagram to show a normal tracing. What are its
implications? (Dec 2008).​ [Pg. 394-Barasch 6​th​ Ed, Pg. 338-Yao] 
*​Role of PT, APTT and thromboelastography in clinical practice. 3+3+4 (December
2016)

*a) Draw a well labelled diagram of a normal ​Thromboelastograph (TEG).

b) Clinical applications of different forms of TEGs in anaesthesiology practice. 4+6

(June 2018)

5. Describe various tests for monitoring peri-operative coagulation (June 2011). [​Pg. 
392-Barasch 6​th​ Ed] 

*​What is point-of-care coagulation testing (POCCT) and its importance in the

perioperative period? (December 2017). 

6. Briefly outline the evaluation and management of a patient with suspected

perioperative coagulopathy (June 2012)

7. Describe the algorithm of the evaluation and initial therapy of a patient with suspected
perioperative coagulopathy (Dec 2012).

8. a) Draw the “classical coagulation cascade”.

b) Methods of perioperative coagulation monitoring. (June 2015).

9. Pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation.(June 2017)

10.a.Coagulation Pathways.

b.Management of a patient in disseminated intravascular

coagulation.(5+5).(December 2018)

---------------------------------------------------------------
57) Autologous Transfusion VIIa and Bloodless Medicine.
AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD TRANSFUSION
1. Autologous BT (June 1996) (June 1998) (June 1999) (June 2000) (Dec 2004) (Dec
2007).​ [ACNA-2005] 

2. Auto transfusion (June 2004).

3. What is autologous BT? Describe the various techniques of autologous BT (Dec
2006).​ [Pg. 151-RACE 2011][Pg. 1781-Miller] 

4. Discuss criteria for patient selection, contraindications, advantages and

disadvantages of autologous BT (June 2012).

BLOODLESS MEDICINE/BLOOD CONSERVATION STRATEGY

1. Perioperative blood conservation (Dec 2000)

2. What are the methods adopted by the anesthetist to reduce the need for allogenic
blood transfusions (June 2005).

3. Artificial blood/synthetic oxygen carrying substances (June 2006).

4.Write the blood conservation strategies in a 20 year old female scheduled for excision
of angiofibroma of nose(June 2008).​[Pg. 65-RACE 2009] 

*​Pre-operative evaluation, preparation and management of a 14 year old boy having a

nasal angiofibroma. 2+3+5 (June 2017) 

5. Different techniques of reducing the need of allogenic blood transfusion (June 2010)

6.Techniques of induced hypotension(June 2018).

RECOMBINANT FACTOR VIIa

1. Recombinant factor VIIa (Dec 2006).

2. What is recombinant Factor VIIa? Describe the clinical usage of it (Dec 2010).

---------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION V-ADULT SUBSPECIALITY MANAGEMENT
58) Anaesthesia for Treatment of Chronic Pain.​

WHO STEP LADDER PATTERN FOR PAIN RELIEF

1. WHO regimen of chronic pain management (June 1997).​ [Pg. 26-RACE 2005] 

2. The WHO three step ladder pattern for pain relief in advanced cancer (Dec 1997)
(Dec 2001).

*a) WHO step-ladder pattern for pain relief in advanced cancer.

b) Pre-emptive analgesic. 5+5 (December 2017).

1. Role of anesthesiologist in managing shoulder dystrophy syndrome (Dec 1994).

2. Trigeminal neuralgia, clinical features and management (Dec 1996).​ [Pg. 375 and 
408-Morgan] 

3. Management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (June 1997).​ [Pg. 406-Morgan] 

4. Anaesthetists role in pain and palliative care (Dec 2005).

*Role of anaesthesiologists in palliative care medicine.(June 2018).

5. Phantom limb pain (June 2006).

6. Pain management options in a patient with intractable pain due to carcinoma of head
of pancreas (Dec 2007) (June 2011).​ [Pg. 297-RACE 2010] 

7. Define and classify chronic pain. Describe the methods of treatment of CRPS in left
upper limb in a 20 year old male patient (Dec 2009).

8. Explain the term CRPS? What are the types of CRPS? Describe its clinical features
and options for treatment (June 2012).

9. What is IASP (international association for study of pain) definition of pain? How do
you classify pain? Briefly describe the interdisciplinary management of chronic pain.
(Dec 2012).

10. a) Define and classify chronic pain.

b) Methods of treatment of complex regional pain syndrome of left upper limb in a 20
year old male patient. (June 2015).

11. What are the drugs used for chronic pain management? Mention their site of action,
mechanism of action and complication of each drug (Dec 2015).

12. .Assessment and management of pain in a terminally ill patient. (April 2016).

13. a) Classify various pharmacological agents for pain relief.

b) Enumerate the major side effects of each (June 2016).

14.a) What are the pain assessment tools available for assessment of post operative
pain?

b) Special methods for assessment of pain in children and the non-communicating

adult. 4+(3+3) (June 2017)

15.a) What is the International Association for Study of Pain (IASP) definition of pain?
b) Classify pain.

c) Interdisciplinary management of pain. 2+2+6 (June 2017)

---------------------------------------------------------------
59) Palliative Medicine (Hospice Care)
1. What is hospice? When should you begin hospice care? How does hospice serve
patients and families? (Dec 2012)

2. a) Define Hospice care. Who qualifies for it and where is HOSPICE care provided?
(2+2+2)+4.

b) Pain management strategies for HOSPICE care (June 2015).

---------------------------------------------------------------
60) Anaesthesia for Thoracic Surgery

OLV

1. One lung anaesthesia (June 1995).

2. Problems and management of one lung anaesthesia (June 1997).

3. One lung anaesthesia-problems and management (Dec 2004).

4. What are the indications for OLV? Discuss the ventilatory management during one
lung anaesthesia (Dec 2006). ​[Pg. 589-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

5. What are the indications of OLV? What are the methods of lung separation? Discuss
the problems involved (June 2009).

6. What are the indications for OLV? Describe the management of hypoxemia during
OLV​ (​June 2013)

7. a) Indications of one lung ventilation.

b) Management of severe hypoxemia during one lung ventilation (June 2016)

*Prevention and management of hypoxemia under one lung ventilation(June 2018)

*Discuss the indications of one lung anaesthesia,along with their associated

physiological changes and ways to overcome it.(10).(December 2018).

PNEUMONECTOMY

1. Discuss the anaesthetic management of a patient posted for pneumonectomy Ca

Right Bronchus-preparation and management (June 2004).

2. Discuss the pre-operative evaluation and preparation of a 55 year old male with
bronchiectasis scheduled for right lower lobe excision (Dec 2010).

3. How would you evaluate and prepare a patient with chronic bronchiectasis scheduled
for pneumonectomy? Briefly enumerate the postoperative complications (June 2012).

4. Preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a patient with COPD

scheduled for right lower lobe pneumonectomy (Dec 2015).

5. Pre anaesthetic evaluation and preparation of a patient with left lower lobe
bronchiectasis for left lower lobectomy (June 2016).

ESOPHAGECTOMY
1. Preoperative assessment, preparation specific to thoraco abdominal
esophagectomy.Describe your anaesthetic problem during operation (June 2005). ​[Pg. 
379-OHA], [Pg. 609-Morgan] 

2. A 68 year old patient with carcinoma esophagus is scheduled for transthoracic

esophagectomy.Outline the preoperative evaluation, preparation and anesthetic
management (June 2010)

3. A 68 year old male with carcinoma esophagus is posted for total esophagectomy and
gastric pull up. Describe the preoperative preparation, evaluation and anaesthetic
management (June 2011).

4. Preoperative evaluation and principles of anaesthesia in a 55 year old chronic

smoker scheduled for esophagectomy (June 2015).

5.A 55 year old smoker is posted for oesophagectomy requiring one lung ventilation.

a) Outline the changes in respiratory mechanics during one lung ventilation and
pre-operative evaluation of this patient.

b) Various methods used to optimize oxygenation during one lung ventilation. 4+3+3

(June 2017)

PFT’s

1. Relevance of PFT’s (Dec 2000).​ [Pg. 153-RACE 2009] 

2. Describe with diagram the flow volume loops in:

(a)Healthy adult

(b)Patient with restrictive lung disease

(c)Patient with obstructive lung disease (June 2009).​ [Pg. 8-Yao] 

3. Draw a diagram to show various lung volumes and capacities. Describe the
spirometry features of patients with obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disorder (Dec
2010).

4. Describe various pulmonary function tests and their relevance in clinical practice (Dec
2013).
5. Draw a diagram to show various lung volumes and capacities. How does a
spirometry permit classification of pulmonary dysfunction as an obstructive defect or
restrictive defect? (April 2016).

MEDIASTINOSCOPY

1. Write the indications of mediastinoscopy? Write the anaesthetic implications of

mediastinoscopy (June 2008).​ [CEACCP 2007][Morgan 607] 

2. a) Indications of Mediastinoscopy.

b) Anaesthetic considerations in a patient scheduled for mediastinoscopy (June 2015).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

1. Anaesthesia for drainage of empyema thoracis (June 2000).​ [Pg. 372-OHA] 

2. Broncho-pleural fistula (June 2002).

3. Anaesthetic consideration for patient with BPF for repair (Dec 2005).

4. Hydro pneumothorax (June 2003).

5. A 40 year old male with emphysematous bulla in right lung is scheduled for
thoracoscopic excision of bulla (VATS).Describe the anaesthetic management (Dec
2009).

*Preoperative evaluation and intraoperative ventilator strategies in a 30 year old male

posted for video assisted thoracoscopy for decortication for empyema right lung . 6+4

(December 2017)

6.Enumerate the post-thoracotomy complications.(June 2017)

61) Anaesthesia for cardiac surgery

CPB

CARDIOPLEGIA
1. Cardioplegia and its role in cardiac anaesthesia practice (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 439-Satish 
Deshpande] 
2. Describe the role of cardioplegia in myocardial preservation. What are the other
techniques employed for myocardial preservation during cardiopulmonary bypass? 

1. Myocardial preservation (June 1994) (June 2004)

2. Myocardial protection during CPB (Dec 1997).​ [Pg. 1089-Barasch] 

*​ Myocardial protection during Cardio-pulmonary bypass. (June 2017). 

3. Anticoagulation and CPB (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 1088-Barasch] 

4. Discuss the various criteria required before weaning a patient from CPB (June 2011).

5. Describe the commonly encountered problems following CPB in the post-bypass

period (Dec 2012).

OPCAB
1. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of OPCAB (Dec 2006)

2. Enumerate the indications of OPCAB.Describe the technique, advantages and

disadvantages (Dec 2009).​ [Pg. 177-RACE 2009] 

3.​ a) Enumerate the indications of off pump coronary bypass surgery.

b) Techniques, advantages and disadvantages of OPCAB(June 2016) 

1. Discuss anaesthetic management of 20 years old male with RHD with MS for closed
mitral valvotomy (June 2007).

2. Pre Op evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 30 year old patient with MS and
AF scheduled for balloon angioplasty and valvuloplasty (Dec 2007).

3. Enumerate the circulatory assist device. What are the indications, contraindications
and complications of IABP? (Dec 2010).

-Describe the mechanism by which IABP augments coronary perfusion. What are the
indications and contraindications for the use of IABP? (Dec 2012)

CARDIAC TRANSPLANT
1. Preop anaesthetic implications in a patient with transplanted heart posted for
incidental surgery (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 22-Stoelting] 
---------------------------------------------------------------
62) Anaesthesia for Correction of Cardiac Arrhythmias
(pacemakers)
1. Specific problems and their prevention during anaesthesia in a patient with artificial
pacemaker (Dec 2000).​ [RACE 2008, Pg. 437-RACE 2009] 

2. Pacemakers (June 2002).

3. What are the indications for elective cardioversion? How do you prepare and perform
this procedure? (Dec 2006).

4. Discuss different types of pacemakers and briefly enumerate precautions to be taken

during surgery in a patient with pacemaker (June 2007) [​Pg. 74-OAR] 

5. Describe the cardiac conduction system. How do you manage a patient with PSVT?
(Dec 2009).

6. a) Cardiac conduction system.

b) How will you manage a patient with “Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (Dec
2015).

---------------------------------------------------------------
63) Anaesthesia for Vascular Surgery.

AORTIC CLAMPING AND CROSS CLAMPING

1. Discuss hemodynamic and metabolic changes during aortic clamping and cross
clamping. Describe the renal protective measures during aortic clamping (June 2011).

2. a) Hemodynamic and metabolic changes following aortic cross clamping.

b) Therapeutic interventions for managing these changes (June 2015).

3. Describe briefly physiologic changes during aortic cross clamping and unclamping
during vascular surgery. Which therapeutic interventions can minimize these effects?
(April 2016).
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Role of anesthetist in a case of TAO (June 2002).

2. Describe the anaesthetic management in a patient with Abdominal Aortic dissection

scheduled for aortic bypass graft (Dec 2009).​ [Pg. 226-RACE 2010] 

3. Describe the preoperative evaluation, anaesthetic management and intra operative

monitoring of a patient scheduled for Carotid Endarterectomy (Dec 2012).

---------------------------------------------------------------
64) Anesthesia for Neurosurgery.

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

1.A 40 year old male had pulse 45/min and BP 190/110 mmHg, diagnosed case of
tumor mass in the posterior fossa. How will you prepare and manage the case for
removal of tumor (June 2004)

2. A 20 year old female with mass in posterior cranial fossa is scheduled for craniotomy.
Describe the anaesthetic management (Dec 2009).​ [Pg. 205-RACE 2011] 

3. Describe the anaesthetic considerations for excision of a mass in the posterior cranial
fossa in a 20 year old patient (Dec 2011).

4. A 20 year old female with mass in posterior fossa is scheduled for craniotomy.
Describe the preoperative preparation and anaesthetic management ​(​June 2013).

5. Anaesthetic concerns for posterior cranial fossa surgery (June 2016)

INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM/AV MALFORMATION

1. Describe anaesthetic and postoperative management of a patient undergoing

intra-cranial aneurysm surgery (Dec 1996).​ [Pg. 385-ISACON 2009] 

2. Discuss the perioperative management of cerebral AVM (Dec 2005).

3. Describe the preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 20 year old

male scheduled for Cerebral AVM Surgery (June 2013)
4. Anaesthetic management of a 30 year old patient with posted for clipping of
intracranial aneurysm. (April 2016).

TRANSSPHENOIDAL HYPOPHYSECTOMY

1. Anaesthetic management of a case of pituitary adenoma for Tran sphenoidal

hypophysectomy. (June 2006).

2.A 25 years old man presents with marked features of acromegaly and is posted for
Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy.Discuss the anaesthetic management(Dec
2007).​[EORCAPS-2011]. 

3.​ Anaesthetic considerations and management of postoperative complications in

transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (June 2015). 

REGULATION OF ICP/ICT

1. Discuss the regulation of ICT and methods available for reducing it under
anaesthesia (Dec 1994).

2. Discuss the regulation of ICP.Describe the methods available for reducing it under
anaesthesia (June 2012).

1. Hydrocephalus and its various methods of management (June 2002).

2. What is cerebral protection? Explain the methods adopted in clinical practice for
cerebral protection (June 2005)

3. Intraoperative problems of neurosurgical procedures under anaesthesia in sitting

position (June 2007).

4. Enumerate various positions used for surgical approach to infratentorial intracranial

tumours (Dec 2015).

5.Mention the nerve blocked in awake craniotomy and what all parameters are
monitored during surgery?(June 2017).

---------------------------------------------------------------
65) Anaesthesia for Bariatric Surgery​.
1. Morbid obesity-its anaesthetic implication (Dec 1994).

2. Discuss the anaesthetic techniques and postoperative problems in an obese patient

for large hernia of anterior abdominal wall (Dec 1996).

3. Define morbid obesity. Enumerate the changes that occur in the respiratory,
cardiovascular and metabolic systems in obesity. A 40 year old patient with height 158
cams and weighing 150 kgs is scheduled for pyelolithotomy.How will you evaluate this
patient preoperatively? Discuss the problems involved and the anaesthetic
management (June 2000).

4. Obesity: anaesthetic problems (1996-2000).

5. Describe obesity and problems related to this. How would you manage the
anaesthesia and choice of anaesthetic agent (June 2003).

6...Morbid obesity-anaesthetic problems (Dec 2004).

7. Anaesthetic considerations in obesity (June 2005).

8. Anaesthetic problems in a patient with extreme obesity (June 2006) (June 2007).

9. Discuss the perioperative problems in a patient with morbid obesity (Dec 2008).

10. Discuss the problems and their anaesthetic implications of a 40 year old morbidly
obese patient scheduled for gastric banding (June 2009).

11. Define morbid obesity. Outline the intraoperative anaesthetic considerations in this
patient scheduled for bariatric surgery (June 2010).

12. Define BMI.Classify obesity and discuss the anaesthetic considerations in morbidly
obese patients (Dec 2011).​ [Pg. 289-OAR] 

13. Discuss the preoperative evaluation of a 25 year old man with OSA scheduled for
laparotomy. How would you prepare him for surgery (June 2012)​ [Pg. 79-RACE 2012]. 

*​a) Define ​obstructive sleep apnoea.

b) Pathogenesis, diagnosis and anaesthetic implications of obstructive sleep apnoea.

2+(2+2+4) (December 2016)
*OSA (Obstructive sleep apnoea) risk scoring system.(June 2018)

14​.​ Describe briefly the intraoperative considerations for bariatric surgery. (Dec 2012)

15. Describe the tumescent technique for local anaesthesia in a patient undergoing
liposuction and abdominoplasty (Dec 2014).

16. Preoperative evaluation, preparation and management of a morbidly obese 30 year

old female patient scheduled for gastric banding (June 2015).

17.a) Classify obesity.

b) Anaesthetic considerations of a patient weighing 120 Kg scheduled for bariatric

surgery.

c) Outline postoperative management. 2+5+3 (December 2016)

18.Anaesthetic management of a 110 Kg man, posted for liposuction(10).(December

2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
66) Anaesthesia for Renal and GUT
1.Describe the anaesthetic assessment and management of a 70 year old patient
posted for TURP.What are the possible complications and how will you treat them?(Dec
1995).

2. TURP syndrome (Dec 2000).​ [Pg. 359-RACE 2012] 

*​TURP syndrome and its management.(December 2017) 

3. Anaesthetic management of 80 years old male kept for TURP (Dec 2001).

4. Anaesthetic considerations of a patient on pacemaker for TURP (Dec 2005)

5. What are the problems associated with anaesthesia for an elective surgery in a
patient of chronic renal failure (Dec 2005).

6. Describe clinical presentation, pathophysiology and management of TURP syndrome

(June 2011).
7. What are the causes, signs and symptoms of TURP syndrome? How will you
manage? (June 2013)

8. a) Anaesthetic technique for TURP.

b) Enumerate the complications that can occur following TURP (Dec 2015).

---------------------------------------------------------------
67) Anaesthesia and Hepatobiliary System.

HEPATORENAL SYNDROME

1. Hepatorenal syndrome in anaesthesia practice-etiology and management (June

1997).​ [Pg. 144-OHA] 

2. Hepatorenal shutdown-etiology and prevention (June 1999).

3. Discuss the pathophysiology of hepatorenal syndrome. What are the measures to

prevent it? (June 2009).

4. Describe briefly the diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of hepatorenal

syndrome in a case of advanced liver cirrhosis (Dec 2012)

5.Etiology of hepato-renal shutdown and its management (perioperative).(June 2017)

6. Prevention and management of hepatorenal syndrome in a patient with obstructive

jaundice.(June 2018).

LIENO -RENAL SHUNT

1. Discuss the anaesthetic problems in a patient undergoing lieno renal shunt (Dec
2004).​ [Pg. 363-RACE 2011] 

2. Pre anaesthetic evaluation and preparation of a patient with portal hypertension for
lieno renal shunt (June 2007)​ [IJA 2007] 

3. Write preoperative evaluation and preparation of a patient with portal HTN scheduled
for L-R shunt (June 2008).​ [Pg. 42-RACE 2010, OAR-Pg. 307] 
4. Describe the preoperative evaluation and preparation of a 30 year old patient with
portal hypertension scheduled for LR shunts (June 2009).

5. A 40 year old patient with portal hypertension is scheduled for lieno renal shunt.
Outline the pre-operative evaluation, preparation and anaesthetic management of this
patient (June 2010). {​Pg. 265-270-Stoelting] 

6.​ Preoperative evaluation and management of a patient with portal hypertension for LR
shunt (June 2015)

7. Pre-operative evaluation, anaesthetic preparation and anaesthetic management of an

adult patient of portal hypertension scheduled for emergency Lieno-Renal (L-R) shunt
(Dec 2015).

8.Preoperative preparation, risk assessment and anaesthetic plan in a patient with

cirrhosis posted for lieno-renal shunt. 3+3+4 (December 2017).

1. Anaesthetic considerations in Chronic liver Failure (Dec 2005).

2. A patient with obstructive jaundice (Serum bilirubin 20 mg %) is posted for Whipple’s

procedure. Discuss preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of this case
(Dec 2006).

3. Describe the risk stratification of a patient with deranged liver functions scheduled for
partial liver resection (Dec 2009).

4. Enumerate the functions of liver. Discuss the anaesthetic implications in a patient

with cirrhosis and ascites (Dec 2011)

5. .Perioperative management in a case of liver resection (April 2016).

---------------------------------------------------------------
68) Anaesthesia for Abdominal Organ Transplantation​.

RENAL TRANSPLANT
1. How do you plan for renal transplant surgery? Draw plan for an operation theatre
exclusively for renal transplant surgery (1996-2000).

2. Pre-operative evaluation of a case with CRF posted for renal transplant (Dec 2002).

3. A 35 year old patient of chronic renal failure is scheduled for renal transplant. Discuss
the anaesthetic management (Dec 2006).

4. What are the anaesthetic implications in a patient with a transplanted kidney posted
for incidental elective surgery (Dec 2008).​ [Pg. 2166-Miller] 

5. Discuss the preoperative evaluation, preparation and anaesthetic management of a

patient with transplanted kidney presenting for incidental elective surgery (June 2011).

6.Anaesthetic management of a 30 year old patient posted for transplant

surgery(10).(December 2018).

LIVER TRANSPLANT

1. Anaesthetic problems of liver transplantation surgery (June 2005).

HEART TRANSPLANT

1. A patient who has undergone heart transplant requires non cardiac surgery. What
precautions must be undertaken by an anaesthetic for surgery (Dec 2005).

*Anesthetic concerns for organ transplanted patient. 10 (June 2017)

---------------------------------------------------------------
69) Anaesthesia for Organ Procurement
1. Describe preoperative assessment and anaesthetic management of a brain dead
patient scheduled for organ harvesting (​June 2013​).

2. Anaesthetic goals in a brain dead patient scheduled for organ harvesting (June
2015).

3.Management of brain dead patient scheduled for organ harvesting.(December 2016)

---------------------------------------------------------------

70) Brain Death​.

1. Brain death (June 2000) (June 2004) (Dec 2007).

2. Describe the criteria and neurological test for brainstem death and preparing the
patient for organ donation (June 2005).

3. Various clinical and confirmatory tests for brain death (Dec 2006).

4. Write in brief the criteria for determination of brain death and clinical tests for
confirmation (Dec 2008).​ [Pg. 567-ISACON 2009] 

5. Criteria for brain death and the role of anesthetist in organ harvesting (June 2010).

6. Describe preoperative assessment and anaesthetic management of a brain dead

patient scheduled for organ harvesting (June 2013).

7. a) Enumerate the criteria for brain death.

b) Anaesthetic goals in a brain dead patient scheduled for organ harvesting (June
2015).

8. Pre requisites, criteria and tests to determine brain death (June 2016)

9. a) What are the criteria for brain death? (December 2016)

*What is brain death? Describe briefly the steps for diagnosis of brain death.(June
2018).
*a.Diagnosis and certification of brain death

b.Management of such a patient for organ harvesting(5+5).(December 2018)

---------------------------------------------------------------
71) Anaesthesia for Laparoscopic Surgery.​
1. Problems of laparoscopic surgery and monitoring techniques used during the
procedure (1996-2000).

2. Describe physiological changes associated with pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic

cholecystectomy (June 2009).​ [Pg. 69-ISACON 2008] 

3. Discuss the physiological changes due to pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic

abdominal surgery. List the intraoperative complications (June 2011).

4.a) What are the implications of pneumoperitoneum?

b) Role of anaesthesiologist during pneumoperitoneum. 4+6 (December 2016)

5.A 50 year old female is posted for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

a) What are the changes in the cardio-respiratory system due to pneumoperitoneum?

*Problems associated with pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and in

a 40 year old female and their management(6+4).(December 2018)

b) What is the ventilatory strategy to optimize oxygenation & maintain normocapnia?

4+6 (December 2017).

---------------------------------------------------------------
72) Anaesthesia for OBG

I.PIH

HELLP SYNDROME 

1. Diagnosis and management of HELLP syndrome (June 1996).

2. HELLP syndrome (Dec 2004) (June 2006).

3. Management of HELLP syndrome (June 2007).

4. HELLP syndrome: role of anesthesiologist (June 2010)

**************************************************************************** 

1. Define pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Discuss the pathophysiology. Formulate, with

reasons the anaesthetic technique for such a patient posted for CS (Dec 1995). [​Pg. 
375-RACE 2011]  

2. Describe the problems, complications and anesthetic management of CS in a patient

with pre-eclamptic toxemia (Dec 1996).​ [Pg. 273-ISACON 2008] 

3. Discuss the pathophysiological changes in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Discuss

your choice of anaesthetic technique for such a patient for emergency CS. (1996-2000) 
[Pg. 175-ISACON 2010] 

4. A 25 years primigravida in 34 weeks of pregnancy with PIH presented with a BP of

200/110 mmHg for an elective LSCS.Discuss the problems involved and the
anaesthetic management (June 2000)

5. Mgso4 therapy (Dec 2000).​ [Pg. 387-RACE 2011, Pg. 142-OAR] 

*​Role of magnesium sulfate in the obstetric patient and its anaesthetic

implications(December 2017). 

6. A 35 weeks pregnant pt with BP of 200/100 mmHg, edema and albuminuria is to be

prepared for elective CS.Discuss preparation and preferred anaesthesia technique
(regional or general) (Dec 2003)

7. PIH-role of anesthesiologist (June 2007).

8. Anaesthetic management of patient with severe pre-eclampsia for CS (June 2008).

9.Discuss the perioperative evaluation and management of a 30 year old primi admitted
at 36 weeks of pregnancy with eclampsia presenting for emergency LSCS(June 2009).

10. Describe the anaesthetic management of a patient with PIH scheduled for CS (Dec
2009).​ [Pg. 128-OAR] 

11. Discuss the anaesthetic management of a full term primigravida with severe
pre-eclampsia, scheduled for emergency CS (June 2011).​ [Pg. 375-RACE 2011]. 
12.Define PIH.Describe pathophysiology and anaesthetic management in a 30 year old
female with 36 weeks pregnancy scheduled for elective LSCS​(​June 2013).

13.​ Anaesthetic management of a full term primigravida with severe pre-eclampsia

scheduled for emergency caesarean section. (Dec 2015).

14.a) Pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.

b) Steps of anaesthetic management of an eclamptic patient for LSCS. 5+5

(June 2017).

15.Perioperative management of a 25 year old pregnant patient,suffering from

PIH,posted for emergency LSCS.(10).(December 2018).

II.NON OBSTETRIC SURGERY DURING PREGNANCY

1. A female patient aged 32, with 5 months amenorrhea suffered from Koch’s mid dorsal
spine developed paraplegia. She is scheduled for anterolateral decompression surgery.
Discuss pre-operative preparation, anaesthetic management and postoperative care
(Dec 1996).

2. Anaesthetic management of emergency appendectomy in a 16 weeks pregnant

patient (June 2005).

3. Anaesthesia for a pregnant woman for non-obstetric surgery (Dec 2005).

4. Laparoscopic surgery in a pregnant patient (June 2006).

5. Outline the anaesthetic management of a female with 28 weeks pregnancy

scheduled for emergency appendectomy (June 2010)​ [RACE 2003, ISACON 2007] 

6. Describe the physiological changes of cardiovascular and respiratory systems in

pregnancy. Discuss the anaesthetic considerations and management of pregnant
patient undergoing non-obstetric surgery during first trimester (Dec 2011)

7.What are the anaesthetic considerations in a 26 year old lady with 28 weeks
pregnancy posted for laparoscopic appendicectomy? 10 (June 2017)

III.ANAESTHESIA FOR CS
Mendelson’s syndrome 

1. Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features and management of Mendelssohn’s

syndrome (June 1996).​ [Pg. 286-Morgan, Pg. 1223-Barasch] 

2. Aspiration prophylaxis in obstetrics (Dec 1999).

3. Management of Mendelson’s syndrome (Dec 2000).

4. What is Mendelson’s syndrome? Enumerate acid aspiration prophylaxis in a patient

scheduled for emergency CS (June 2010).

***********************************************************************

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE DUE TO PREGNANCY

1. Describe physiological changes occurring during pregnancy and clinical implications

to the anesthesiologist (Dec 2001).​ [Pg. 63-ARC-05]
2. Supine hypotension syndrome (June 2000) (Dec 2004).

3. Techniques to prevent hypotension after SA in CS (Dec 2007).

4. What are the objectives of premedication in a patient scheduled for elective CS?
Describe the drugs used with their doses and rationale (June 2012)

5. .Enumerate the changes in cardiovascular and respiratory system in a full term

pregnant patient. (April 2016).

*Enumerate the physiological changes in pregnancy with regards to the cardiovascular

and respiratory system 5+5 (December 2017).

IV.PREGNANCY AND CO-EXISTING DISEASE

MITRAL STENOSIS

1. Pre-anaesthetic evaluation of a patient of MS for MTP and sterilization (Dec 2005).

2.Discuss the pre-operative evaluation and management of a 30 year old female patient
who underwent mitral valve replacement 6 months ago and is now scheduled for MTP
with laparoscopic sterilization(Dec 2006).
3. Enumerate the preoperative problems and anaesthetic management of a 28 year old
patient with MS for elective CS (Dec 2008).​ [IJA 2010-issue 5 –review article] 

4.​ Preoperative investigations, premedication and anaesthetic goals in a 24 year old full
term parturient with mitral valve area of 1 sqcm scheduled for LSCS.Briefly mention
post-operative management of this patient

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. A patient of COA is scheduled for CS.Discuss the preoperative preparation,

anaesthetic management and postoperative care of the patient (Dec 1999).

2. Medical diseases and obstetrics (June 2003)

3. Problems and management of pregnant patient with dilated cardiomyopathy on

treatment for emergency LSCS (June 2005).

4. A HIV positive patient is scheduled for elective CS.Describe the precautions for the
management of this patient (Dec 2009)​.

5.​a) Enumerate the causes of anaemia in pregnancy.

b) Anaesthetic management of a 28 year old multipara with 37 weeks gestation Hb-7

gm%, posted for emergency LSCS for fetal distress. 4+6 (December 2017).

IV.LABOUR ANALGESIA

1. Describe the various regimens for painless labour (June 1994)

2. Modern trends in obstetric analgesia (June 2001) (Dec 2001).

3. Describe innervations of female genital tract with a diagram and discuss methods of
producing painless labour (June 2006).

4. Discuss the physiological changes secondary to pain in labour.Describe the role of

para-cervical and pudendal nerve blocks in obstetric analgesia (Dec 2011).

5. Draw a labeled diagram of labor pain pathway. Describe method, advantages and
disadvantages of preferred technique of labor analgesia (Dec 2012)
6. a) Enumerate various methods of pain relief in labour.

b) Techniques, advantages and disadvantages of any one of them. (June 2016).

7.a) Enumerate the methods of labour analgesia.

b) What is the monitoring required during epidural labor analgesia?

c) Advantages & disadvantages of fentanyl in central neuraxial block for labour

analgesia. 4+3+(2+1) (December 2017).

OBSTETRIC HAEMORRHAGE

1. What are the causes of obstetric haemorrhage? Describe its management including
anaesthesia (Dec 2010).

2. Describe the use of tranexamic acid and activated factor VII in management of
obstetric haemorrhage (Dec 2014)

3. Anaesthetic management of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). (April 2016).

V.GENERAL

1. Amniotic fluid embolism (Dec 1994).

2. Role of anesthesiologist in an obstetric unit (Dec 2005).

3. Regional Vs GA in obstetric surgery (Dec 2005).

4. Medical aspect and obstetrics (Dec 2003).

5. Enumerate the physiological changes during pregnancy and their clinical implications
(Dec 2008).​ [Pg. 63-ARC 5, Pg. 875-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

6.​b) Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: Enumerate clinical features & give treatment
outline. 4+6 (June 2017).

7.​A 35-year-old female, diagnosed case of primary infertility, is scheduled for ovum
retrieval under general anaesthesia. Describe the pre-operative preparation and
anaesthetic management for this patient. 5+5 (June 2018).

 
---------------------------------------------------------------
73) Anaesthesia for Orthopedics​.

TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT

1. A 60 year old women with RA is for THR.Discuss the anaesthetic problems and
management (June 1994)

2. An 80 year old male is posted for total hip replacement. Discuss the pre-operative
evaluation, preparation and anaesthetic management of this case (June 2002).​ [Pg. 
205-ISACON 2009] 

3. Anaesthetic problems of total hip replacement in elderly patients (Dec 2005).

4. Anaesthetic consideration of a patient for surgery for fracture neck of femur, one year
after CABG (Dec 2005).

5. An 86 year old patient is scheduled for open reduction and internal fixation of
subtrochanteric fracture of femur. Discuss the preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic
management of this patient (Dec 2006).

6. Enumerate the perioperative problems and anaesthetic management in an 80 year

old patient scheduled for THR (Dec 2008).

7. Describe the anaesthetic management of an 80 year old male scheduled for

THR.Mention the methods of post op pain relief (Dec 2009).

8. What are the pre-operative considerations in total hip arthroplasty? What are the
goals of its intra-operative management? (Dec 2010)

9. What are the causes of intraoperative hypotension during total hip replacement?
Outline the treatment strategies (Dec 2012)

SCOLIOSIS

1.​ Discuss the anaesthetic problems, preoperative preparation and anaesthetic

management of a case posted for correction of kyphoscoliosis (June 1995).
*Pre-operative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 13 year old girl with
kyphoscoliosis of the thoracic spine posted for corrective surgery. 4+6 (June 2017)

2. Anaesthetic problems in scoliosis surgery (June 2006).

*Perioperative management of a 25 year female with thoracolumbar scoliosis,posted for

spinal instrumentation(10).(December 2018)

3. .Enumerate anticipated problems in an adult patient with

a) Scoliosis at thoracic level (April 2016).

FAT EMBOLISM

1. Discuss in detail the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of fat

embolism syndrome (June 2002).

2. Describe pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and management of fat

embolism (Dec 2010).

TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT

1. Describe the preoperative preparation and anaesthetic management in an 80 year

old patient scheduled for total knee replacement (June 2013)

2. Preanaesthetic evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 75 year old lady

scheduled for Bilateral Knee Replacement (Dec 2015).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. RA technique for upper extremity surgery (Dec 1994)

2. What are the indications and contraindications for use of arterial tourniquet? What
complication may arise from the use of such tourniquet (June 2005).

3. Problems encountered by anesthetists during the orthopedic operative procedures

(June 2005).

4. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism and classify the current methods of
prevention with examples (Dec 2005)
5. How will you diagnose DVT? Write the methods of prophylaxis and management
(June 2008).​ [Pg. 850-Morgan]

6. How do you diagnose DVT? Describe the predisposing factors and its management
(Dec 2009).

---------------------------------------------------------------
74) Anaesthesia for Geriatrics.​
1. Ageing and organ function (June 2001) (Dec 2001).

2. Enumerate age related changes in CVS, RS, NS and renal systems in geriatric
patient which can affect anaesthetic management. How do the changes in renal
functions affect anaesthetic management? (Dec 2012)

3. Describe the process of ageing with regard to organ functions and its anaesthetic
relevance (Dec 2014).

---------------------------------------------------------------
75) Anaesthesia for Trauma.​

TRAUMATIC HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK

1. a) Coagulation abnormalities that can occur in hemorrhagic shock.

b) How will you investigate and treat it? (June 2015).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

GCS

1. Describe Glasgow Coma Score. Describe preoperative management of a patient with

traumatic brain injury (Dec 2014).

2. a) how will you investigate the neurological status of a patient who sustained head
injury in a road traffic accident?

b) How will you manage this patient in the emergency department? (June 2015)
3. Enumerate the various components of Glasgow Coma Scale and its role in
classifying severity of traumatic brain injury (Dec 2015)

4. What are the priorities in trauma care? How would you evaluate a patient by Glasgow
Coma Scale? (April 2016).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Role of anesthetist in multiple trauma (Dec 2001).​ [Pg. 113-ISACON 2007] 

2. Post traumatic fat embolism (June 2001) (Dec 2001).

3. How will you do anaesthetic management in 10 years old child with multiple injuries?
(June 2003).

4. Assessment of an adult who sustained multiple trauma of few hours duration (Dec
2004).

5. What are the factors that predispose trauma patients to increased anaesthetic risks?
Briefly mention their management (Dec 2012).

6. Mention briefly the organization of anaesthesia and resuscitation services for disaster
management ​(​June 2013)

7. .a) Define “crush syndrome”.

b) Pathogenesis of shock and renal failure in crush syndrome.

c) How will you manage such a case? (April 2016).

---------------------------------------------------------------
76) Anesthesia for Prehospital Emergency and Trauma Care.​

GOLDEN HOUR

1. Golden hour (June 2002).

2. What do you mean by the golden hour in trauma? Discuss the role of anesthetist in
resuscitation of trauma patient (June 2006).​ [Pg. 538-ISACON 2011, Pg. 287-RACE 2012] 
3. What do you mean by golden hour in trauma? Explain the role of anesthetist in
trauma management (June 2007).

TRIAGE

1. What is Triage? What are triage criteria in relation to trauma? (Dec 2008).

2. Importance of triage in mass casualty incident (June 2010).​ [Pg. 2327-2328-Miller] 

3. What do you mean by multi-casualty triaging? Why is it important? How do you triage
victims in the casualty following a mass disaster? (June 2011).

1. Pre-hospital trauma care (Dec 2001).

---------------------------------------------------------------
77) Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents: The Role of the
Anesthesiologist.​
1. Enumerate the classical biological warfare agents. Describe physical findings,
pathogenesis and treatment of anthrax (Dec 2010).

---------------------------------------------------------------
78) Anaesthesia for Eye.

PERFORATING EYE INJURY IN A CHILD

1. Anaesthesia for perforating injury of the eye in a 3 year old child (Dec 1996).​ {Pg. 
833-Morgan] 

2. A 4 year old child is scheduled for emergency repair of penetrating eye injury of the
eye. Discuss the anaesthetic management (Dec 2006).

3. Describe the anaesthetic management in a 10 year old child scheduled for

perforating eye injury repair (Dec 2009).

4.Describe the preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a four year old
child with perforating eye injury scheduled for repair under GA(Dec 2012).
5.Anesthetic concerns in perforating eye injury. (June 2017).

OCULOCARDIAC REFLEX

1. Oculocardiac reflex (June 1995) (June 2001) (Dec 2001) (Dec 2006) (June 2016).

2. .Pathway of oculocardiac reflex during ophthalmic surgery, and its intraoperative

management. (Dec 2015).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Anaesthesia for squint surgery (1996-2000).

2. Anaesthesia for intraocular surgery (June 2001) (Dec 2001).

3. Describe the different anaesthesia techniques practiced for cataract surgery and their
complications (June 2006).

4. Describe various local anaesthetic techniques used for producing ocular

anaesthesia.What are the complications for retrobulbar block? (Dec 2014).

*Blocks in ophthalmic anesthesia.(June 2017).

*Peribulbar block - technique and complications (June 2018).

5. a) various techniques of anaesthesia for ophthalmic procedures in adults.

b) Anaesthetic management of a 5 year old child scheduled for squint surgery (June
2015).

6. Local anaesthesia techniques in glaucoma surgery (April 2016).

---------------------------------------------------------------
79) Anesthesia for ENT

POST- TONSILLECTOMY BLEEDING

1. Post tonsillectomy bleeding (June 2002) (June 2016).

2. Anaesthetic management of a case for post-tonsillectomy bleeding (June 2002) (June

2005) (June 2006).
3. Anaesthetic considerations and management of a child with post-tonsillectomy
bleeding (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 174-RACE 2011] 

4. An 8 years old child who underwent tonsillectomy 4 hours ago returns to the
operating table with bleeding from tonsillar site. Describe preparation, preoperative
assessment and anaesthetic management of this case (Dec 2012)

5. A 10 year old child is scheduled for adenotonsillectomy.Describe the preoperative

assessment and anaesthetic management including management of pain​ (​June 2013)

6.Management of post tonsillectomy bleed.(June 2017).

7.A 5-year-old child (weight 20kg) who underwent tonsillectomy 2 hours earlier is
scheduled for re-exploration for bleeding from oral cavity. Describe the pre-operative
evaluation, preparation and anaesthetic management. 3+3+4 (June 2018).

LARYNGECTOMY

1. Anaesthesia for total laryngectomy (June 1998).​ [Pg. 2375-6-MILLER] 

2. Discuss the anaesthetic management of a 70 year man with carcinoma larynx for
total laryngectomy (June 2007).

3. How will you evaluate a 65 year old chronic smoker with carcinoma of larynx
scheduled for laryngectomy? Discuss the anaesthetic management (​June 2013)

4.​ How will you evaluate a 65 year old male patient with carcinoma larynx posted for
laryngectomy? Outline the anaesthetic management of this patient. (April 2016).

MICROLARYNGEAL SURGERY

1. Problems of micro laryngeal surgery (Dec 1995).

2. Describe the options available for maintaining airway during micro laryngeal surgery.
What are the anaesthetic concerns in a patient undergoing micro laryngeal surgery?
(Dec 2014).

3. Anaesthetic management of a 22 year old male patient with multiple papillomas of

Larynx who is scheduled for laser excision. (June 2015)
4.Hazards of using lasers during anaesthesia and its preventive measures. 6+4
(December 2016)

5.What are the anaesthetic concerns for a 45-year-old patient posted for laser
microlaryngeal surgery? Enumerate the steps for management in case of airway fire.
6+4 (June 2018)

GENERAL

1. Anaesthetic management of a child with retropharyngeal abscess presenting for

surgical drainage (June 1995).

---------------------------------------------------------------
80) Anaesthesia for Robotic Surgery.
1. Anaesthetic problems in robotic surgery (June 2007).​ [Pg. 2389-Miller] 

2. Discuss the anaesthetic problems in robotic surgery (June 2012).

3.Anesthetic management of a sixty year old patient scheduled for robotic surgery for a
urological procedure. (December 2016).

4.Concerns and anaesthetic management for robotic surgery. 4+6(June 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
81) Anaesthesia for Laser Surgery.
1. Problems during anaesthesia for laser surgery (Jun 1996)​ [Pg. 846-Morgan] 

2. Anaesthesia for laser surgery of larynx (June 1997).​ [Pg. 168-RACE 2011] 

3. Anaesthetic management of laser surgery on tracheobronchial tract (Dec 1999).

4. Anaesthetic problems in laser surgery (June 2002) (Dec 2004).

5. A 22 year old male patient with multiple papilloma of larynx is scheduled for laser
excision. Describe the anaesthetic management (Dec 2009).

6.Hazards of using lasers during anaesthesia and its preventive measures. 6+4
(December 2016)
7.Anaesthetic management of a 30 year old female posted for laser excision of vocal
cord papillomas.(10).(December 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
82) Anaesthesia for Day Care Surgery /​ ​Ambulatory
(outpatient) Anaesthesia​.

MONITORED ANAESTHESIA CARE

1. Monitored Anaesthesia Care (June 1997). ** (Dec 2007). (June 1998).​ [Pg65-RACE 
2008] 

2. Monitored anaesthesia care in a 75 year old man with IHD for cataract surgery (June
2000).

3. Monitored anaesthesia care in 80 years old man with IHD for cataract surgery (Dec
2004).​ [Pg. 65-RACE 2008] 

4. Define monitored anaesthesia care. Discuss its goals and techniques (Dec 2008). 
[Pg. 814-Barasch 6​th​ Ed] 

5. What is monitored anaesthesia care? Discuss the discharge criteria for a patient after
day care surgery. (June 2009).

6. What is monitored anaesthesia care? Describe the technique in an 80 year old

patient with IHD scheduled for cataract surgery (Dec 2009).

7. What is monitored anaesthesia care? Describe minimum monitoring standards for a

patient undergoing monitored anaesthesia care (Dec 2011).

8. Define monitored anaesthesia care. Discuss its goals and techniques (June 2012) 
[EORCAPS 2012] 

9.​ a) Define Monitored Anaesthesia Care.

b) Enumerate its goals, indications, advantages and disadvantages. 2+(2+2+2+2)

(December 2016).

10.MAC (Monitored anaesthesia care)(December 2018)

DCS

1. Day care surgery clinics in India (Dec 1994).

2. Anaesthesia for DCS (June 1999) (June 2001) (Dec 2001) (June 2002)​ [IJA 2005] 

3. Day Care anaesthesia (June 2000).

4. Discharge criteria in outpatient anaesthesia (Dec 1997). (June 2003)

5. Discharge criteria for day care surgery (Dec 2003) (Dec 2004) (Dec 2006).

6. Criteria for recovery from anaesthesia in day care surgery (June 1998).​ [Pg. 
1427-Barasch] 

7. Criteria for selection of patients for ambulatory surgery (June 2003).

8. RA in day care surgery (June 2006) (June 2007).​ [Pg. 2435-Miller] 

9. Describe the criteria for selection of anaesthetic agents for use in DCS.Enumerate
the agents of your choice with reasons (Dec 2009).

10. A 6 years old boy underwent adenoidectomy under GA as DCS.Enumerate the

discharge criteria of this patient (June 2010).

11. What are the anaesthetic considerations for DCS? Discuss the clinical criteria for
recovery and discharge after day care surgery (June 2012)

12. What is “fast tracking concept” after ambulatory anaesthesia? Enumerate the criteria
used to determine fast track eligibility after ambulatory anaesthesia (Dec 2015).

13. Criteria for discharge after day care/ambulatory surgery (June 2016).

14.a) Airway management in a patient for ambulatory surgery.

b) Discharge criteria for a patient who has undergone day care surgery under general
anaesthesia. 5+5 (June 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
83) (NORA) non-operating room anaesthesia/Anaesthesia at
Remote Locations​.

MRI

1. MRI and anaesthesia (June 2002).

2. MRI (June 2004).

3. What are the problems in monitoring an anaesthetized patient in MRI (Dec 2005).

4. Anaesthetic considerations for MRI (June 2006).

5. Anesthetic concerns for MRI (Dec 2008).

6. What are the limitations and hazards of providing anaesthesia in the MRI suite?
Describe the anaesthetic management of a 6 months old child with hydrocephalus
scheduled for MRI (Dec 2009) (Dec 2012).

7. Describe the anaesthetic management in a patient scheduled for MRI (Dec 2010).

8. a) what are the limitations and hazards of providing anaesthesia in MRI suite?

b) Anaesthetic management of a 6 month old child with hydrocephalus scheduled for

MRI. (Dec 2015).

9.MRI suite and Anaesthesia(December 2018).

RD AND RT

1. Anaesthesia for RT (1996-2000).

2. Anaesthetic management of radio diagnostic procedures (June 2007).​ [Pg. 

2463-Miller, Pg. 21-ISACON 2008] 

ECT

1. Anaesthesia for ECT (June 2006).

2. Anaesthetic considerations for modified ECT (Dec 2007).

3. A 60 year old male with refractory depression is scheduled for ECT.Describe the
anaesthetic management (Dec 2009).

4. Elective cardioversion (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 1232-Satish Deshpande] 

CT

1. Management of a 4 year old child scheduled for CT brain using an iodine solution
(Dec 2000).

IVF

1.​ Enumerate the general principles of anaesthesia outside the operating room. Briefly
outline the anaesthetic plan for 23 year old patient scheduled for Oocyte retrieval in IVF
suite (June 2013​).

2​.​Anesthetic considerations and anesthetic management of a 25 year old female

scheduled for oocyte retrieval in an IVF suite. 4+6(December 2016)

---------------------------------------------------------------
84) Clinical Care in Extreme Environments at High and Low
pressure in Space.
1. What are the problems with acute exposure to high altitude? Discuss briefly the
anaesthetic considerations at high altitude (June 2011).

2. a) Problems of acute exposure to high altitude.

b) Anaesthetic considerations at high altitude (June 2016)

3.What are the problems with acute exposure to high altitude? Outline the anesthetic
concerns. 5+5 (June 2017)

---------------------------------------------------------------
85) Dental Anesthesia
1. Anaesthesia for multiple dental extractions in a child with TOF (Dec 1996).

2. Problems and role of anesthetist in dental chair (Dec 1999).​ [Pg. 872-Morgan] 
3. Anaesthetic problems in dental chair (June 2001) (Dec 2001).

4. Problems of anaesthesia in dental chair (June 2005).

5. Discuss in brief the problems of adult patients with Down’s syndrome for multiple
teeth extraction (June 2005).

---------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION VI-PAEDIATRIC ANAESTHESIA
86) RA in Children​.
CAUDAL EPIDURAL IN PAEDIATRICS 
1. Caudal epidural in paediatric patients (June 1994)

2. Caudal epidural analgesia in anaesthesia practice (Dec 2004)

3. What are the indications of caudal epidural in pediatric patient undergoing surgery?
Describe the techniques and write its complications (June 2008). ​[Update in anaesthesia] 

4. What are the indications of caudal epidural anaesthesia in paediatric patients

undergoing surgery? Describe the technique and enumerate its complications (June
2009).

5. Discuss indications, techniques and complications of caudal epidural block in children

(June 2012).

6. What are the indications of caudal epidural anaesthesia in paediatric patient

undergoing surgery? Describe the technique and write its complications (Dec 2015).

7. a) what are the indications of caudal epidural in pediatric patients undergoing

surgery?

b) Its technique and complications (June 2016)

8..Caudal block.(December 2018).

1. Postoperative analgesia in children (Dec 1999).

* Postoperative analgesia in a boy with hypospadias posted for urethroplasty(December
2017)

2. Discuss the various methods of postop pain relief in paediatrics (Dec 1998).​ [Pg. 
203-RACE 2012, IJA 2004] 

3. Regional analgesia in children (1996-2000).

4. Post Op analgesia in infant for circumcision (June 1997).​ [Pg 356-Morgan] 

5. Postop analgesia in children for inguinal hernia (June 1998).

6. Assessment of pain in children (Dec 2001)

7. Role of regional anaesthesia in paediatric surgery (June 2002).

8. Spinal anaesthesia in children (June 2006).

9. Indications, techniques and complications of spinal anaesthesia in paediatric patients

undergoing surgery (June 2007).​ [Update in anaesthesia] 

10. What are the methods of pain assessment in infants and children? Discuss the
pharmacological management of acute pain in paediatric patients (Dec 2011). [​Pg. 1267 
Wiley 7​th​ Ed, Pg. 203-RACE 2012], Ija 2004 

11. Indications, contraindications and complications of regional anaesthesia in

paediatric age group (June 2016).

12.Adjuvants in regional anaesthesia for paediatric patient. (June 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
87) Paediatric Anesthesia.
TEF
1. Anaesthetic management of a 2 day old neonate for primary repair of TEF (June
1996).​ [Pg. 2590-Miller] 

2. Describe the anatomy and physiology of various types of TEF.Discuss the

anaesthetic management (June 2003).​ [Pg. 71-RACE 2005] 

3. Pre-anaesthetic assessment and preparation of one day old neonate for TEF repair
(June 2007).​ [Pg. 941-Morgan] 
4. Describe the anaesthetic management of a neonate scheduled for repair of TEF (Dec
2009).

5. Discuss the perioperative problems and anaesthetic management of a two days old
child scheduled to undergo TEF repair (June 2011).

6.Preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management in a one day old neonate,

scheduled for repair of tracheoesophageal fistula. 3+7 (December 2016)

MENINGO-MYELOCOELE
1. Preoperative management of a neonate for meningomyelocele surgery (June 1997). 
[Pg. 206-Rebecca Jacob] 

2. A neonate for repair of cervical meningo-myelocoele (Dec 2005)

3. Anaesthetic evaluation and management of meningomyelocele scheduled for

corrective surgery (June 2015)

HYDROCEPHALUS
1. Preoperative assessment and anaesthetic management of a 2 year old child of
hydrocephalus posted for shunt procedure (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 603-Stoelting] 

2. Discuss the perioperative problems and anaesthetic management of a one year old
child with hydrocephalus scheduled for shunt procedure (June 2012). [​EORCAPS 2011] 

3.​ What are the concerns of hydrocephalus? What are the anaesthetic concerns in a
baby with hydrocephalus posted for V-P shunt procedure? (Dec 2014). 

GASTROSCHISIS
1. Discuss the problems, preoperative preparation and anaesthetic management of a
neonate posted for repair of gastroschisis (Dec 2001).​ [Pg. 26-ISACON 2008] 

2. Management of a one day old neonate posted for correction of gastroschisis (June
2001).

FOREIGN BODY
1. A 4 year old boy has come in emergency with foreign body in right bronchus. How will
u manage for bronchoscopy for such a patient (June 2004).
2.Anaesthetic management of a 2 year old child for therapeutic bronchoscopy following
inhalation of foreign body 2 days ago child could not exhibit any sign of airway
obstruction(Dec 2005)

3. A 2 year old child weighing 10 kg is scheduled for removal of organic foreign body in
right bronchus. Discuss the anaesthetic management (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 186-Rebecca Jacob] 

4. A 2 year old child is scheduled for removal of organic body in the right bronchus.
What is the anaesthetic management? (Dec 2008). ​[IJA 2007] 

5. Discuss the pre-operative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 2 year old

child scheduled for removal of foreign body in bronchus (Dec 2011).

6. Preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 4 year old child scheduled

for removal of foreign body from the bronchus (June 2015) (Dec 2015).

7. A 2 year old child weighing 10 kgs in scheduled for bronchoscopic removal of organic
foreign body in right bronchus. What is the preoperative preparation and anaesthetic
management of the patient? 4+6 (December 2017)

CDH
1. Anaesthetic problems of repair of CDH in a neonate (Dec 2004)​ [Pg. 111 RACE 2006, 
Pg. 941 –Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

2. Anaesthetic management of CDH (June 2007).​ [Pg. 593-Stoelting] 

3. Pre-operative evaluation and anaesthetic management of one day old child with CDH
(June 2008)​ [Pg. 111-RACE 2006] 

4. Perioperative problems and anaesthetic management of a one day old child with
diaphragmatic hernia (Dec 2008).

5. Describe pre-operative evaluation and anaesthetic management of one day old child
scheduled for repair of CDH (June 2009).

6. A 2 day old child with CDH is scheduled for primary repair. Outline the pre-operative
evaluation, preparation and anaesthetic considerations of this case (June 2010)

7. Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and anaesthetic management

of CDH in a neonate (Dec 2011)​ [Pg. 111-RACE 2012] 
8.​ Problems and anaesthetic management of a one day old neonate for congenital
diaphragmatic hernia repair (April 2016).

9.A neonate is scheduled for video assisted repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
a) What are the anaesthetic considerations?

b) Post-operative management. 6+4 (December 2016)

10..Anaesthetic management of a thoracoscopic repair of a congenital diaphragmatic

hernia in a neonate.(10).(December 2018).

TEMPERATURE REGULATION
1. Discuss the regulation of body temperature. How will you prevent hypothermia in a
neonate posted for major abdominal surgery (June 2002)

2. Temperature regulation in neonate and prevention of hypothermia in neonate during

perioperative period (Dec 2004).

3. Heat loss during abdominal surgery in a newborn child (Dec 1996).

INGUINAL HERNIA
1.10 months old baby for hernia repair-anesthetic and postoperative pain management
discuss (June 2005).

FLUID MANAGEMENT
1. Perioperative fluid requirement for a paediatric patient undergoing elective surgery
(Dec 1995).

2. Recent advances in intra-operative paediatric fluid management (Dec 2001)​ [Pg. 

11-RACE 2011] 

3. Perioperative fluid requirement in small paediatric patients (Dec 2005).

4. Outline the principles of perioperative fluid therapy in a 10 days old child scheduled
for elective surgery (Dec 2006).

GENERAL
1. Assessment of pain in children (June 2001).
2. Anaesthetic implications of neonatal anaesthesia (June 2005).

3. Preoperative considerations in paediatric patients (June 2005).

4. Fasting guidelines for children. How does premedication in adults differ from that in
children (Dec 2007)​ [Pg. 400-401-RACE 2010] 

5. Discuss the anaesthetic implications and perioperative management of a six month

old child scheduled for excision of cystic hygroma (Dec 2011). [​IJA VOL 55, Issue 6, 
Nov-Dec 2011]

6. Enumerate the major concerns for anesthesiologist in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in

a newborn. Write down the anaesthetic management of such a case (Dec 2012).

7. Describe the preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a one month

old child with biliary atresia scheduled for laparotomy and repair (June 2013)

8.​ Apgar score and its importance (April 2016).

9.Postoperative pain management in a child with cleft lip repair.(December 2017).

10.​Compare and contrast:

a) Inhalation and intravenous induction technique in paediatric patient.(June 2018)

88) Anesthesia for Paediatric Cardiac Surgery.

TOF
1. A ten year old child suffering from TOF is diagnosed to have brain abscess. Outline
the perioperative management (Dec 1998).

2. A child with TOF is posted for corrective surgery. Discuss the preoperative evaluation
and anaesthetic management of this case (June 2002).

3. Preoperative evaluation and preparation of a patient of a patient with TOF (June

2006).

4. How will you evaluate a three year old child with systolic murmur scheduled for
surgery? Briefly discuss the anaesthetic implications? (Dec 2012).
5. What are the causes and manifestations of Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease?
Briefly discuss the principles of anaesthetic management in a case of TOF (June 2013).

6. Steps of anaesthetic management of:

A 10 year old boy with Tetralogy of Fallot presenting with cerebellar abscess. (June
2017)

PDA
1. Classify CHD.Explain with diagrams the blood flow before and after delivery in PDA
(June 2005)​ [Pg. 44-Stoelting] 

2. Write anaesthetic management of a 3 year old child scheduled for PDA ligation (June
2008).​ [Pg. 795-OHA][Pg. 47-Stoelting] 

3.​ Principles of anaesthesia in a 3 year old child scheduled for ligation of patent ductus
arteriosus and its anaesthetic management (June 2015).

4. Anaesthetic management of a 3 year old child scheduled for PDA ligation (June
2016) 

GENERAL

1.​ Discuss the pathophysiology and its impact on perioperative management of left to
right and right to left shunts. Give examples of each (Dec 2013)

2.Cuffed versus Uncuffed endotracheal tubes use in paediatric patients.(June 2018)

---------------------------------------------------------------
89) Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care.​
​NEONATAL RESUSCITATION

1. Neonatal resuscitation in the labour room (June 1994).

2. Neonatal resuscitation (Dec 2001).

3. New guidelines for neonatal resuscitation (Dec 2007).​ [Pg. 1164-Barasch, Pg. 
2697-Miller] 

4. What are the recent guidelines for neonatal resuscitation (Dec 2008)
5. What are the new guidelines for ventilation and external cardiac compression for
neonatal resuscitation? What are the drugs (with doses) used for neonatal
resuscitation? (June 2011). ​[IJA 2010]. 

6. Write down the algorithm for resuscitation of a newborn (Dec 2012)

7. a) recent guidelines for ventilation and chest compressions for neonatal resuscitation.

b) What are the drugs used for neonatal resuscitation (June 2015).

8. Discuss briefly different modes used for neonatal ventilation (June 2007).​ [Pg. 78-ISA 
APCON 2006] 

---------------------------------------------------------------
90) Fetal Anaesthesia​.
1. Draw a neat labeled diagram of fetal circulation and delineate the difference from
adult (June 1996) (Dec 2004).​ [Pg. 733-Stoelting physio/pharma] 

2. Anaesthetic implications of fetal surgery (Dec 2007).​ [IJA 2009, Pg. 432-ISACON 2011, 
CEACCP 2008] 

3. Draw a labeled diagram to illustrate the fetal circulation. What are the circulatory
changes that occur at birth? (Dec 2008).​ [Pg. 884-Morgan]. 

4.​ Describe fetal circulation. Describe the process of conversion of fetal into adult
circulation (Dec 2014). 

---------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION VII-POSTOPERATIVE CARE
91) PACU.​
POST OP SHIVERING
1. Post-op shivering (June 2004).

2. Postoperative hypothermia its causes, prophylaxis and management (June 1995).

3. Causes and management of post anaesthetic shivering (Dec 2006) (June 2011).

4. Discuss pathophysiology and management of shivering in PACU (June 2008) (June

2009).

5. Post anaesthesia shivering-implications and management (June 2010)

6. Pathophysiology of shivering and its management in post anaesthesia care unit (June
2015).

1. APACHE score (1996-2000).

2. Oxygen therapy in the postoperative period (1996-2000).

3. Postoperative jaundice (June 2001) (Dec 2001).

4. Central anticholinergic syndrome in the postoperative period (Dec 2003).

5. Post-operative elective ventilation (Dec 2005).

6. Postoperative pulmonary complications (June 2006).

7. Causes and management of postoperative hypoxemia (Dec 2006).

-what are the factors leading to arterial hypoxemia in the PACU? Discuss the differential
diagnosis (Dec 2012)

8. Planning of PACU (June 2008).​ [Pg. 1002-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

9. Describe the techniques of chest physiotherapy? What is its role in the post-surgical
period (June 2009)?

10. What are the criteria for discharge from PACU? (Dec 2010).

11. What is postoperative jaundice? Describe its cause (Dec 2010)

12. What is the role of airway exchange catheters in modern anaesthesia practice?
Describe in short management of post extubation stridor. (Dec 2014).

13. Post extubation laryngospasm (June 2016).

14.Enhanced recovery after surgery.(June 2017)

*What is ERAS concept?How will you implement it in an adult patient posted for
exploratory laparotomy?(5+5).(December 2018).
15.Management strategies of extubation in a patient with difficult airway. 10 (June
2018)

16.Causes and management of post extubation respiratory distress(10)(December

2018)

---------------------------------------------------------------
92) PONV​.
1. Post anaesthetic vomiting (Dec 1996).

2. PONV for ophthalmology (Dec 2001).

3. Enumerate the risk factors for PONV.Discuss its management (Dec 2006) (Dec
2008).

4. Enumerate the risk factors for PONV.Discuss measures to prevent and its
management (June 2009).​ [Pg. 1005-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

5. Describe the risk factors and predictors of PONV.Describe its management in the
pre-operative period (Dec 2010).

6.a.Physiology of nausea and vomiting

b.Strategies to prevent nausea and vomiting in the perioperative period (5+5).

(December 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
93) Acute Postoperative Pain.
PRE EMPTIVE ANALGESIA
1. Discuss the various methods of providing postoperative pain relief. What do you
understand from the term preemptive analgesia (Dec 1995).

2. Pre-emptive analgesia (June 2002) (Dec 2004) (Dec 2005).(December 2018).

3. Recent views on pre-emptive analgesia (June 2007).

4. Pre-emptive analgesia: current status (June 2008).

5. Current concepts in pre-emptive analgesia (June 2010)

6. What is preemptive analgesia? What are the drugs used? What are the advantages
and side effects? (Dec 2015).

1. Commonly used techniques and drugs for postoperative pain relief (Dec 1994)

2. Pain relief for fracture ribs (June 1995)

3. Acute pain management service (June 2006).

4. Outline the various modalities for management of postoperative pain following major
abdominal surgery. Enumerate the differences between acute and chronic pain (June
2010).

5.a) Post-operative analgesia modalities used for a patient operated for total knee
replacement (TKR). (June 2018).

6.Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and its interpretation. (June 2018)

7.What will be your plan for acute postoperative pain management for a patient of
carcinoma esophagus,posted for total esophagectomy(10).(December 2018)

---------------------------------------------------------------
94) Postoperative IV Fluid Therapy.

---------------------------------------------------------------
95) Cognitive Dysfunction and Other Long-term
Complications of Surgery and Anaesthesia.​
1. Central anticholinergic syndrome in postoperative period (June 2003)

2.Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly(December 2017).

---------------------------------------------------------------
96) Postoperative Visual Loss.
1. Enumerate causes of postoperative visual loss. Describe the path physiology and its
management (Dec 2010​).

---------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION VII-CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
97) Overview.​
POISONING

OP POISONING 
1. Clinical manifestations and management of acute OP poisoning (Dec 1995)

2. Care of OP poisoning in ICU (Dec 1998).

3. Describe the in-hospital management of OP poisoning (June 2009).

4. What are the signs and symptoms of OP poisoning? Discuss its management (June
2011).​ [Pg. 121-RACE 2011] 

5. What are the clinical features of organophosphorus poisoning? How will you manage
a patient of organophosphorus poisoning in ICU? (Dec 2012).

6. What are the signs and symptoms of organophosphorus poisoning? Describe its
treatment and late complications. (Dec 2014).

7.Symptoms and signs, and management of organophosphorus poisoning. 5+5

(December 2016)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

CO POISONING 
1. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of a case of carbon monoxide
poisoning (Dec 2008).​ [Pg. 1044 –Morgan 4​th​ Ed]   

2. Describe briefly pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of

carbon dioxide poisoning (Dec 2011)​ [Pg. 552-Stoelting] 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 
PARACETAMOL POISONING 
1. Write clinical features, diagnosis and management of a case of paracetamol
poisoning (June 2008).​ [Paul Marino] 

2. What are the clinical manifestations of Paracetamol poisoning? Describe its

management (June 2013)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Methemoglobinemia and anesthetist (June 2008).

2. Discuss the signs and symptoms, pathophysiology and management of cyanide

toxicity (June 2012).

*Pathophysiology, signs & symptoms, and management of cyanide poisoning. 3+3+4

(June 2017).

3. Clinical features, diagnostic criteria and management of snake bite poisoning (June
2016)

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
1. Nosocomial infections in the ICU (Dec 1994)

2. Control of nosocomial infections in postop and ICU (June 2001) (Dec 2001).

3. What are the common nosocomial infections in the ICU? Discuss the measures for
prevention of VAP (June 2009)

1. The factors influencing tissue oxygenation (June 1999) (Dec 1999).

2. Discuss the management of a patient with snake bite (Dec 2006).

3. What are the determinants of cardiac output and discuss various non-invasive
methods of measurement of cardiac output (Dec 2006)

4. APACHE score (Dec 1997)

5. A 65 year old patient, chronic cigarette smoker is admitted to emergency department

with acute respiratory distress and altered sensorium. His ABG reveals Pao2 50 mmHg,
Paco2 85 mmHg, pH-7.10.Discuss your plan of management (June 2009).

6. What is mixed venous oxygen saturation? And its importance in critical care setup?
How is it measured (Dec 2011).
. Role of mixed (and/or) central venous oxygen saturation measurement in ICU
(intensive care unit) (April 2016).

* a) What is mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2)?

b) Enumerate the conditions in which the SvO2 is decreased

c) What are the limitations of SvO2 value interpretation? 3+4+3 (December 2017)

7. Describe the principles of Ultrasound. Discuss the use of ultrasound in evaluating a

patient in emergency department (Dec2013).

---------------------------------------------------------------
98) Critical Care Protocol.​
I} BURNS

INHALATIONAL INJURY
1. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of inhalation injury (Dec 1998).

2. Management of an adult with smoke inhalation injury (Dec 2004)

3. Enumerate anticipated problems in an adult patient with

2 days old smoke inhalation injury (April 2016)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Discuss the management of a case of 40% burns (June 1997).​ [Pg. 49, RACE 2011] 

4. Resuscitation of a patient with 60% deep burn injury (Dec 2000)​ [Pg. 59-RACE 2007] 

5. Anaesthesia for burnt patient (Dec 2001).​ [OAR-Pg. 213] 

6. Resuscitation of 60% burns in an adult patient (June 2006)​ [Pg. 213, OAR] 

7. Discuss the principles, assessment and methods of analgesia for pain relief in burns
(June 2003).

8. Assessment and resuscitation of patient with severe burns (June 2009)​ [Pg. 
870-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 
9. Describe the initial assessment and resuscitation in a 25 year old female with
massive burns evacuated from the site of fire (Dec 2009).

II} ARDS
1. Describe the pathogenesis and management of adult respiratory distress syndrome
(June 1997).​ [Pg. 477-anaesthesia and intensive care] 

2. Describe the pathophysiology of ARDS.What are the diagnostic criteria (Dec 1997).
[​Ph. 143-RACE 2012] 

3. Discuss the pathophysiology of ARDS.Describe the current trends in the

management of ARDS (Dec 2000).

4. ALI (Dec 2001).​ [Pg. 1042-Morgan] 

-Recent advances in the management of ALI (Dec 2004).

5. Etiopathology of ARDS (June 2002).

6. Describe the ventilator management of ARDS (Dec 2005) (Dec 2010).​ [Pg. 669-Satish 
Deshpande][Pg. 1042-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

7. Recent advances in the management of ALI and ARDS (June 2007).

8. Permissive hypercapnia (June 2008).

*What is permissive hypercapnia?(December 2017)

9. What is ARDS? Discuss the ventilator strategies in a patient of ARDS (Dec 2008)

10. What are the diagnostic criteria for ARDS? Describe the ventilator strategies for
management of ARDS (June 2013)

11. a) what is Berlin’s definition of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

b) Etiopathogenesis, severity classification and ICU management of a case of ARDS.

(Dec 2015).

12. a) Define & classify respiratory failure.

b) Berlin definition of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) (April 2016).

13. a) Define ARDS.

 b) Pathophysiology of ARDS.

c) Principles of ventilatory management in a patient with ARDS. 2+3+5 (December

2016).

III} SHOCK/SEPSIS
1. Discuss the pathophysiology, preventive and corrective measures of irreversible
shock (June 1998).​ [Pg. 1051-Morgan] 

2. Define MODS. How do you plan to manage such a case? (June 2001)(Dec 2001).

3. Septic shock (June 2004).

*a) Define: i) Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. ii) Septic shock(1+1)

b) Role of the following drugs in the management of septic shock:

i) Noradrenaline

ii) Dopamine

iii) Dobutamine (3+3+2) (December 2016)

4. Role of vasopressors in septic shock (Dec 2004).

5. What are the criteria for diagnosis of SIRS? Discuss the principles of management in
a patient of septic shock admitted in an ICU (Dec 2006).

6. Enumerate the symptoms of shock and discuss the methods used for assessment of
systemic perfusion (June 2008).

7. Describe various components of ​surviving sepsis guidelines​ (Dec 2010).

-Briefly discuss the management of a patient with severe sepsis as per “surviving sepsis
guidelines” (Dec 2012)

*Role of Dynamic Indices in Surviving Sepsis Guidelines(December 2017)

8. Define and classify shock. Discuss the recent guidelines for the management of
septic shock (Dec 2011).

9. How would you assess a case of septic shock due to pancreatitis? Briefly discuss its
management (June 2012)
10. Define and classify cardiogenic shock. Describe briefly the guidelines for the
management of Cardiogenic shock (June 2013)

11. a) what are indicators of organ perfusion?

b) ICU management of a patient operated for perforation peritonitis with septic shock.
(April 2016).

IV} TRACHEOSTOMY
1. Tracheostomy -techniques and complications (Dec 2003).

2. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (June 2008).​ [Pg. 237-RACE 2009] 

3. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: indications, techniques and complications

(June 2009).​ [IJA 2008-52(1)] 

4. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy-various techniques and their advantages

over conventional tracheostomy (June 2010).

5. Enumerate the indications of tracheostomy. Describe different techniques of

performing percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (Dec 2010).

6. a) Technique of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy.

b) Complications of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (June 2015).

7. .Indications, contraindications, advantages, complications and various techniques of

performing percutaneous tracheostomy. (April 2016).

8. Indications, techniques and complications of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy.

(June 2016).

*What are the indications of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy and what are its
advantages over surgical tracheostomy? (December 2017).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1 Discuss the current role of norepinephrine and vasopressin in ICU (Dec 2014).

2. Indications, management and side effects of induced hypothermia (June 2016).

---------------------------------------------------------------
99) Respiratory Care.​
I} MECHANICAL VENTILATION:-

A] WEANING 
1. Weaning from prolonged ventilation (June 1995).

2. Protocol for weaning a patient from prolonged ventilator support (Dec 1995).

3. Weaning modes of ventilation (June 1997) (June 2001) (Dec 2001) (Dec 2003)​ [Pg. 
1036-Morgan] 

4. Weaning criteria in a patient of COPD on ventilator (June 2000)

5. Discuss different modes of weaning from ventilator (Dec 2006).

6. Criteria for weaning from prolonged ventilation (June 2008).

7. Enumerate the predictors of weaning from mechanical ventilation (June 2009).​ [IJA 
2006] 

8. Enumerate the predictors of weaning a patient on prolonged ventilator support in the

ICU (June 2010).

9. Describe the principles of weaning from mechanical ventilation (Dec 2010).

10. Discuss the various criteria for weaning a patient from prolonged mechanical
ventilation (June 2012)

11. Principles involved in weaning a patient from ventilatory support in an ICU(June

2017)

12.Various techniques of weaning the patient from mechanical ventilation in ICU (10)

(December 2018).

b] MODES 
1. Pressure support ventilation (June 2004) (Dec 1995).(June 2018).

2. Mandatory minute ventilation (Dec 1995).

3. Inverse ratio ventilation (Dec 1996).​ [Pg. 112-Chang] 

4. Pressure Controlled Ventilation (Dec 1998)​ [Pg. 1033-Morgan] 

5. Write briefly on newer modes of ventilation. Discuss each of this ventilator modality
with reference to an established case of ARDS. (June 2000)

6. Newer modes of ventilation (June 1996) (Dec 2004).

7. Pressure Support Ventilation (June 2004).

8. Noninvasive ventilation (Dec 2008).

9. Permissive hypercapnia (June 2010).

10.Advantages and disadvantages of:

a) Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV).

b) Assist control ventilation(ACV) 5+5 (December 2016)

C] COMPLICATION 
1. Volutrauma (June 1998)

2. Long term ventilation and its complication (June 1998).

3. Oxygen toxicity (June 2004) (Dec 2004).

4. ​Ventilator associated pneumonia​-what are the causes and preventive measures

possible? (Dec 2004).

5. What are the common nosocomial infections in ICU? Discuss the measures for
prevention of ​VAP​ (June 2009).

6.Define VAP (Ventilator Acquired Pneumonia). What are the guidelines for
antimicrobial treatment of VAP? What are the common microbes responsible for VAP?
How can it be prevented? 2+3+2+3 (December 2016).

*Define VAP(Ventilator Acquired Pneumonia) and enumerate factors predisposing to

VAP.(December 2017)

D] PEEP 
1. PEEP and its application in anaesthesia (June 1999).​ [Pg. 85-Chang} 

2. Describe PEEP, its mechanism of action, uses and complications (June 2005).​ [Pg. 
1037-Morgan] 

3. Compare and contrast PEEP and CPAP (Dec 2008).​ [Pg. 1038-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

4. What is PEEP? How does it improve arterial pO2? What are its disadvantages? (Dec
2011)

5. a) Permissive hypercapnia.

b) Dynamic hyperinflation and internal (occult) PEEP (April 2016).

E] IPPV 
1. Physiological changes associated with IPPV (Dec 1999).

2. Applied physiology of IPPV (Dec 2005). 

F] ANALGESIA /SEDATION/PARALYSIS 

1. Use of muscle relaxants in ICU (June 1998) (June 1999).​ [CJA] 

2. Enumerate the role of sedation in ICU patients (June 2005)

3. The role of sedation in ICU patients (June 2005).

4. Enumerate the role of analgesics and sedation in patients on ventilator therapy in ICU
(June 2009)​ [Pg. 536-Rashmi Dutta] 

5.​ a) Differentiate measures used to assess sedation in ICU.

b) Briefly describe three commonly used agents for ICU sedation (June 2015). 

GENERAL

1. a) Indications for putting the patient on mechanical ventilation in ICU setting.

b) Name the various modes of ventilation.

C) How would you initiate a patient on mechanical ventilation? (June 2015).

2.​ Rationale of various initial ventilatory settings in a patient with severe obstructive and
restrictive disease (April 2016).
3.What is the importance of central venous oxygen saturation (ScVO2) in clinical
practice?(December 2016)

4.Role of the following in a patient of Swine Flu:

a) Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator (ECMO).

b) High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation 5+5 (June 2017).

5.What is Transnasal Humidified Rapid Insufflation Ventilatory

Exchange(THRIVE)?(December 2017).

6. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system – its application in the management of a

patient in ICU.(June 2018).

7.Flow-volume loops and its anaesthetic importance.(December 2018).

8.Ventilator induced lung injury(December 2018)

NIV
1. NIV: advantages, disadvantages and methods of administration (June 2007).​ [Pg. 
73-RACE 2009, Pg. 315-ISACON 2009] 

2. Describe the interfaces used with Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV).What is NIV

protocol? Describe the current definitive indications of NIV (Dec 2014)

3.a) What is non invasive ventilation?

b) What are the prerequisites before initiating it?

c) What are the complications associated with it? 3+3+4 (December 2017).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

1. Oxygen therapy (Dec 1997) (Dec 1999).​ [Pg. 111-RACE 2009] 

-Oxygen therapy in post op period (June 1998)​ [Pg. 1-RACE 2002] 

2. High Frequency ventilation (Dec 2003).

3. Discuss methods of humidification (Dec 2006).

4. NIV: advantages, disadvantages and methods of administration (June 2007).​ [Pg. 
73-RACE 2009, Pg. 315-ISACON 2009] 

Describe the interfaces used with Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV).What is NIV protocol?
Describe the current definitive indications of NIV (Dec 2014) 

5. What is oxygen delivery? Classify oxygen delivery systems. Discuss the role of vent
mask in oxygen therapy (Dec 2011).

*Classify oxygen delivery devices giving appropriate examples.(December 2016)

6. What is relative and absolute humidity? What are active and passive humidifiers?
What are the advantages and disadvantages? (Dec 2012).

* a) Why is humidification of inhaled gases important?

b) What are the various techniques of humidifying inhaled air in a patient breathing
spontaneously, and a patient on controlled ventilation in ICU? 2+(4+4) (December
2016)

7. Principles and advantages of different types of ​jet ventilation​ (June 2016)

* a) What is the principle of a jet ventilator?

b) Clinical indications, advantages and precautions to be followed during jet

ventilation. 3+(3+2+2) (June 2017)

*Jet ventilation: technique and complications (June 2018).

8.) Closed suction catheter for tracheal suctioning (June 2016).

9.Recruitment maneuvers.(June 2017).

---------------------------------------------------------------
100) Neurocritical Care.​
1. Resuscitation of head injury patient (Dec 1995).

2. GCS (June 1996) (June 2002) (Dec 2002) (Dec 2006).

*What is Glasgow Coma Scale?(June 2017).

3. Monitoring and control of raised ICP in head injury (June 1997).​ [Pg. 50-ISACON 
2007] 

4. Methods of decreasing increased ICP (June 2000).

5. Management of spinal injury (June 2001) (Dec 2001).

6. Regulation of intracranial tension (Dec 2001).​ [Pg. 632-Morgan 4​th​ end][Pg. 

1024-Barasch 6​th​ Ed] 

-Discuss the management of intracranial hypertension (June 2009)

*Intraoperative management of raised intracranial pressure(December 2018).

*Pharmacological and non-pharmacological means of reducing intracranial tension in a

patient with head injury being ventilated in ICU. 5+5 (December 2016)

*Various methods of reducing intracranial pressure in the perioperative period.(June

2017)

7. Medical management of head injured patient (June 2005).

8. What is cerebral protection? Explain the methods adopted in clinical practice for
cerebral protection (June 2005).

9. Describe the regulation of ICP and methods available for reducing the pressure under
anaesthesia (June 2007).

10. What are the pathophysiological insults which exacerbate the primary brain injury
following head trauma? How can these effects be reduced? (Dec 2010).

11. What are the indications for ICP monitoring in patients with head injury? Describe
the ICU management strategies of a patient with severe head injury? (Dec 2012).

12. What is neuroplasticity? Describe drugs and techniques that can prevent and treat
neuroplasticity (Dec 2014).

13. a) Etiology and clinical manifestations of Acute Guillain Barre syndrome

b) Important considerations while intubating a patient with acute guillain barre syndrome
in the ward (June 2016).

14. Principles of management of a patient with traumatic brain injury (June 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------
101) Nutrition and Metabolomics.​
1. TPN (Dec 1996) (June 1999)​ [Pg. 244-RACE 2002, Pg. 1058-Morgan 4​th​ Ed] 

2. IV alimentation in ICU (June 1998).

3. Present day concept of IV alimentation (Dec 2000).

4. Principles of TPN (Dec 2001).

5. Indications and hazards of parenteral nutrition (Dec 2004).

6. Parenteral nutrition in critically ill patient (Dec 2006)

7. A 50 year old man with COPD is on ventilator in ICU.Plan his enteral feeding and
discusses its advantages and disadvantages (June 2008).

8. Enteral feeding in the critically ill patient (Dec 2008).

-Enteral feeding in the critically ill patients-indications, techniques and complications

(June 2010)

9. What are the goals of nutritional support in critically ill patients? Describe the daily
requirements for proteins, lipids, carbohydrates for a patient with advanced sepsis
admitted in the ICU (June 2011).

10. How will you calculate the energy requirements in an ICU patient? What are the
advantages and disadvantages of parenteral versus enteral nutrition? (Dec 2012).

11. What are the complications of Nutritional Support in ICU? What are the special
considerations in a patient with renal dysfunction? ​(​June 2013)

12. Describe the role of albumin in ICU and the current concepts of intravenous fluids in
ICU. (Dec 2014).

13. a) metabolic changes that occur during illness.

b) Goals of nutritional support in critically ill patients.

c) Enumerate the daily requirements for a critically ill patient admitted in ICU. (June
2015).
14. How would you prescribe total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to a 50 kg patient in the
ICU? How would you monitor the patient on TPN (Dec 2015).

15. Indications and contraindication of parenteral nutrition. (April 2016).

16. Refeeding syndrome (April 2016).

17.Guidelines for assessment and management of nutrition support in a critically ill adult
patient with cerebrovascular stroke on RT feeding. 4+6 (June 2018).

---------------------------------------------------------------
102) Extracorporeal Support Therapies (RRT).
1. What is the problems related to chronic hemodialysis (June 2008).

2. What are the indications for RRT? List different modes of RRT.Discuss the role of
CRRT in septic shock (Dec 2010).

. Discuss indications and techniques of RRT.Discuss role of CRRT in septic shock

(June 2012).

. What are the indications for renal replacement therapy? Describe its role in MODS
(Dec 2012).

.a) Indications for renal replacement therapy.

b) Enumerate the various modes of renal replacement therapy.

c) Role of CRRT in septic shock. (June 2015).

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103) CPR-BLS and ALS.​
1. Discuss cardiopulmonary and brain resuscitation. What are the diagnostic criteria for
brain death? (June 1995).

2. ALS (Dec 1997).

3. Discuss the current concepts and modified guidelines of Cardio Pulmonary brain
Resuscitation (June 1999).​ [Pg. 73-RACE 2011] 
4. Describe the BLS measure in an adult, who has been brought into the emergency
room of the hospital; in a state of cardiac arrest (June 1997). [​Part 5-Adult BLS-CPR 
2010] 

5. CPR in pregnant women (June 2002).

-Resuscitation of term pregnant patient (June 2008). [P​art 12.3-cardiac arrest in special 
situations-CPR 2010] 

6. Defibrillation (Dec 2003) [​Part 6-electrical therapies-CPR 2010]​.

7. Current concepts in CPR (Dec 2004).

8. Recent advances in CPR (Dec 2005) (June 2006).

9. Discuss the management of an unconscious young patient with history of ​drowning

(June 2006).

-Discuss resuscitation of near drowning patient as per modified CPR guidelines (June
2007). (​Part 12.9-CPR 2010) 

*​Pathophysiology and management of drowning patient. 10 (June 2017) 

10. Airway devices recommended and used for CPR (June 2007).​ [Part 7.1-CPR 2010] 

11. Enumerate 5 H’s and 5 T’s as possible causes of cardiac arrest. What it the
management of PEA in an unconscious patient? (Dec 2008).

*Enumerate the 5 H’s & 5 T’s for differential diagnosis during resuscitation. (December
2017).

12. Write the PEA algorithm as per the AHA guidelines (June 2010).

13. Enumerate the changes in the ACC/AHA guidelines on resuscitation (BLS & ACLS)
for management of cardiac arrest in adult (June 2010)

14. Describe the physiology of circulation during closed chest compressions. Discuss
the algorithm for BLS (Dec 2011)

15. Describe the current role of induced hypothermia after cardiac arrest. What are the
complications of hypothermia in a patient with polytrauma? (Dec 2014).

*Effects of hypothermia in cardiac arrest victim (June 2018).

16. Post resuscitation care in a patient revived after cardio respiratory care (April 2016).
17.A middle aged male was lying unconscious on the road side. Draw a flow chart for
the management of this victim. Write chain of survival for adult and paediatric patients
for ‘in hospital’ and ‘outside hospital’ cardiac arrest. 4+6 (June 2018).

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SECTION VIII-ANCILLARY RESPONSIBILITIES AND
PROBLEMS
104) OR Management.
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
1. Sterilization of anaesthesia equipment (June 1998).​ [Pg. 304-ISACON 2007] 

2. Disinfection (June 2002). 

3. What are the agents used for chemical disinfection and sterilization? What are the
factors influencing it? Mention the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.
(Dec 2015).

4. a) what is chemical disinfection and sterilization?

b) Which are the agents used?

C) Factors influencing chemical disinfection (June 2016)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. OR pollution (Dec 1994) (June 1999). 

3. Pollution in anaesthesia (Dec 2003).

*Enumerate the strategies to be adopted to decrease operation theatre pollution.

(December 2017).

4. OT safety (Dec 2005).

5. What is scavenging in OT? What are the five basic parts of a scavenging system?
What are the hazards of a scavenging system? (Dec 2012).
6. What are the types of scavenging systems used in OT’s? Describe the role of volatile
anaesthetics in environmental pollution (Dec 2014).

7. a) what are universal precautions for HIV, HCV and HBV?

b) Transmission based precautions (Dec 2015)

8.Problems associated with OT hazards and its prevention(December 2018).

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105) Electrical Safety in the OR
1. Prevention of fire and explosion hazards in OT (June 2002).

2. Management of a patient with electric shock (June 2016).

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106) Environmental Safety including Chemical Dependency.​
1. Discuss the environmental hazards in the OT and discuss the measures for its
prevention (Dec 2008) (June 2011) (June
2012).[​www.acssurgery.com/acs/chapters/ch08.htm] 

2.​ a) Guidelines for biomedical waste management.

b) Global warming and ozone depletion effect by inhalational anaesthetic agents. (Dec
2015)

3. a) what are universal precautions for HIV, HCV and HBV?

b) Transmission based precautions (April 2016).

4. Guidelines for management of biomedical waste (June 2016) 

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107) Statistical Methods in Anaesthesia.
1. What do you understand by randomization and blinding in a clinical study? What is
importance of p-value and power of study? (Dec 2010).
2. Describe sensitivity and specificity as diagnostic statistical test (Dec 2014).

3. Differentiate between parametric and non-parametric tests of significance (June

2015) (June 2016).

4. Differentiate between standard deviation and standard error in case of quantitative

data (Dec 2015).

5.What do you mean by ‘power’ of a study? How is the sample size in a study
calculated? 4+6 (December 2016).

6.Standard deviation and standard error in case of quantitative data.(June 2017).

7.a) Meta-analysis

b) ANOVA 5+5 (December 2017)

8.a) p-value and Null hypothesis- importance and interpretation

b) Randomization and blinding in a clinical trial. 5+5 (june 2018)

9.Discuss different statistical calculations used in the field of anaesthesia and their
importance.(6+4).(December 2018)

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CASE HISTORY
TURP+PACEMAKER 
1. Discuss the pre-operative evaluation and anesthetic management of an 80 year old
patient with cardiac pacemaker for TURP (Dec 2011).

2. Outline the anaesthetic management of a 70 year old patient with permanent

pacemaker scheduled for TURP (June 2010)

3. Anaesthetic management of an adult patient with permanent pacemaker posted for

TURP (Dec 2004).

4. A patient on pacemaker for TURP (Dec 2005).

1. Anaesthetic management of a case of essential hypertension scheduled for upper
abdominal surgery (June 2005)

2.Discuss the anaesthetic management of a 60 year old patient for resection of

carcinoma sigmoid colon with history of MI sustained 10 weeks ago(June 1995).

3. Preoperative evaluation and preparation and anaesthesia management of a known

case of bronchial asthma posted for radical mastectomy (June 1995).

4. Describe the anaesthetic management and postoperative care in a patient with

uncontrolled hypertension (BP-180/120 mmHg) for emergency laparotomy for
perforated duodenal ulcer. (Jun 1996).

5. A 45 years old man with uncontrolled DM and HTN is admitted with upper intestinal
obstruction for emergency laparotomy. Discuss the preoperative evaluation, preparation
and anaesthetic management of the case (June 1998).​ [Pg. 69-RACE 2008] 

6. A patient of ​Coarctation of Aorta​ is scheduled for CS.Discuss the preoperative

preparation, anaesthetic management and post-operative care of the patient
(1996-2000).

7.Anaesthetic management of a patient with suspected ​Posterior Fossa Tumor​ with BP

180/90 mmHg,HR-45/mt and signs of raised ICT(June 2004).

8. A patient for surgery for ​Fracture Neck of Femur,​ one year after CABG (Dec 2005).

9. Diabetic patient with Autonomic Neuropathy for Abdominal Hysterectomy (June 2006)

10. Intraoperative management of 40 years old male with H​ypertension and IHD​ ​for
right pyelolithotomy​ (June 2007).

11. Discuss the anaesthetic management of a 20 year old male with ​Achalasia Cardia
and Bronchial Asthma​ for ​laparoscopic Cardiomyotomy​ (June 2007).

12. A 70 year old ​hypertensive man with CAD​ is scheduled ​for TURP.​ Discuss the
anaesthetic management (Dec 2007).

13. A 40 year old man weighing 140 Kg has ​DM and HTN​ and is scheduled for ​gastric
banding​. Discuss the anaesthetic management (Dec 2007).

14. Preop evaluation and preparation of 36 years old ​asthmatic​ female scheduled for
laparoscopic cholecystectomy​ (June 2008).
→.A 40 year old female with history of Bronchial Asthma is scheduled for Laparoscopic
Cholecystectomy. Describe preoperative preparation and anaesthetic management
(​June 2013).

15. Discuss anaesthetic management of ​70 years old hypertensive with CAD​ scheduled
for ​TURP​ (June 2009).

16. A 35 year old hypertensive patient with chronic cholecystitis is scheduled for
laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Outline the pre-operative evaluation, preparation and
anaesthetic management of this patient (June 2010).

17.Discuss the preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 45 year old

male with history of MI 3 months back and is scheduled to undergo exploratory
laparotomy(June 2011).

18. Discuss the preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of 70 year old
hypertensive patient for total laryngectomy (June 2012).

19. Discuss preoperative evaluation of a patient with OSA scheduled for Laparotomy.
Briefly outline preoperative preparation and anaesthetic management (June 2013).

20. Classify Cardiomyopathy. Briefly describes the anaesthetic management of a

patient with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy scheduled for TAH (June 2013).

21.A 70 year old male with a drug eluting stent placed two years ago following
myocardial infarction is scheduled for TURP.Describe the anaesthetic
management(June 2014).

22. Describe the pre-anaesthetic preparation of a patient with prosthetic heart valve on
warfarin posted for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Dec 2014).

*Preoperative preparation and anaesthetic management of a patient with prosthetic

mitral valve on warfarin scheduled for elective laparotomy. 4+6 (December 2016)

23. Preoperative evaluation, preparation and management of a 20 year old male with
history of substance abuse scheduled for laparotomy (June 2015).

24.Pre-operative evaluation, preparation and management of a 60 year old female with

coronary artery disease with drug eluting stent placed 14 months back now posted for
right total hip replacement . 3+3+4 (December 2017).
25.A 45 year old patient with chronic kidney disease is posted for exploratory
laparotomy for obstructed hernia. What is the preoperative preparation and
management of the patient? 4+6 (December 2017).

26.Preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 35 year-old female

patient with a prosthetic mitral valve scheduled for MTP with laparoscopic tubal ligation.
4+6 (June 2018).

27. Pre-operative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 60 year-old patient with

diabetic ketoacidosis scheduled for emergency below knee amputation of left leg. 4+6

(June 2018).

28.Define asystole. Describe the “algorithm” with the help of a flowchart for a patient
who develops ‘asystole’ during laparotomy under general anaesthesia. 2+8 (June
2018).

29.Causes and management of intraoperative desaturation in a patient of peptic

perforation,undergoing exploratory laparotomy(5+5).(December 2018).

30.Anaesthetic management of a 40 year old female suffering from chronic bronchial

asthma and posted for exploratory laparotomy for intestinal obstruction.(10).(December
2018).