Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PHYSIOLOGY:
PAPER 1:
PAPER 2:
• Renal Physiology
• Endocrine Physiology
• Reproductive Physiology
• Central Nervous System
• Special Senses.
Special Tips:
1) Students who will be approaching the chapters for the first time are
hereby advised to master our HOTS section first from your available
textbooks itself.
2) Students appearing for their 1st MB in few days must hold a better
grip on previous year questi
GENERAL & NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
GROUP-A
1. Describe the neuro muscular junction with proper diagram and labelling.
Describe how an Action potential in motor nerve produces an AP in
muscles.What is Myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton Syndrome?
[4+5+3][2010]
GROUP-B
1. Discuss the role of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction & relaxation. What is rigor
mortis? [5+2] [2011] [2014 supple.]
3. What is the differences b/w AP curves of skeletal muscles and working myocardial
cells?[7][2015]
4. Write the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Write a short note on
neuromuscular blockers. [4+3][2012] [2016]
6. Enumerate the muscle proteins. Explain briefly the sliding filament theory of
muscle contraction. What is Rigor Mortis?[1+4+2][2019]
8. What do you mean by AP in nerve? State the ionic basis with diagram. [2+5] [2016
supple.]
9. Define RMP. Discuss the ionic basis of generation of AP in skeletal muscle. What
is tetanus?[2+4+1] [2018 supple.]
10. Compare and contrast the transmission of electrical activity at a NM junction with
that at a synapse. What is myasthenia gravis? [2019 supple.]
GROUP-C(Short Notes)
1. Secondary Active Transport.[3] [2010] [2014]
3. Rigor mortis.[2012]
6. Gap junction.[2013]
9. Nernst equation.[2017]
HOTS:
STRUCTURE OF CELL
1.Fluid mosaic model
2. Donnan equilibrium
3. Refractory period
4. Action potential
6. Myesthenia gravis
9. Rigor mortis
BLOOD
GROUP-A
1. What is haemostasis? Name the different coagulation factors required for
coagulation and draw a brief outline of the events of coagulation. Write in short, the
role of platelets in haemostasis. Justify the role of aspirin for prevention of
stroke.[1+5+3+3] [2011] [2016]
2. Discuss the role of neutrophils in defence. What is innate immunity? [8+4] [2012]
5. Describe the structure of platelets. Mention the contents of their granules and their
functions. What are the functions of platelets? [4+5+3][2014]
6. What is erythropoiesis? What are the sites of erythropoiesis? List with diagram the
various stages of development of RBC. How is erythropoiesis regulated? What is
polycythaemia? [2+2+4+5+2] [NEW PATTERN 2021] [2013 supple.]
GROUP-B
1. What do you mean by immunity? What are the different types of immunity? Give
an account of humoral immunity.[1+2+4][2010,2007]
4. Describe the preservation injuries in stored blood. Mention the deleterious effects of
repeated blood transfusion.[4+3] [2017]
8. How does Rh incompatibility occur? Describe the hemolytic disease of new born
with its prevention. [4+3] [2013 supple.] [2018 supple.]
2. ESR.[3] [2012]
3. Erythroblastosis fetalis.[3][2016]
4. Hemoglobinopathies.[3][2017]
6. Rh incompatibility.[2019]
9. RBCs in venous blood are larger than in arterial blood. [3] [2018] [2016 supple.]
11. Low dose aspirin is used in prevention of myocardial infarction. [4] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]
13. Cyanide poisoning causes high pO2 in venous blood. [2019 supple.]
HOTS:
Hematology
1. Plasma protein
2. C reactive protein
3. Morphology of RBC
4. Erythropoiesis
6. Pernicious Anemia
7. Structure of Hb
8. Fate of Hb
10. Thalassemia
19. Purpura
Immunity
1. B, T, lymphocytes
2. Role of macrophages
5. Immunoglobulin
6. Structure of Ab (diagram)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Describe the transport of oxygen from atmosphere to tissue.What is P50 and its
significance? [10+2] [2010]
3. What are the different types of chemoreceptors regulating ventilation? How are they
stimulated? List the pathways by which increased pCO2 stimulates
ventilation.[3+4+5] [2019]
4. Give a brief account of neural and chemical regulation of respiration. Explain the
changes in the respiratory system during exercise and during acclimatization to high
altitude. [3+3+3+3] [2016 supple.]
5. Describe the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve. Factors shifting the curve. [8+4] [2017
supple.]
GROUP-B
1. What is hypoxia? What are the adaptations that occur when a person ascends to an
altitude of 12000 feet? [2+5] [2012] [2013 supple]
2. What is Bohr’s effect? How CO2 is transported from tissues to the lungs.
[2+5][2013] [2016]
3. Describe the oxygen dissociation curve and the factors influencing it. [3+4] [2014]
5. Compare and contrast b/w static and specific compliance of the lungs. What is the
role of surfactant in maintaining compliance of the lungs?[3+4] [2017]
7. How is oxygen transported in blood? Explain with a diagram the effect of PO2 on
haemoglobin saturation. Comment on the effect of Carbon Monoxide on oxygen
binding to haemoglobin. [2+3+2] [2019]
8. Explain how oxygen is transported from lungs to tissues in details. Add a note on
P50. [6+4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
2. Lung compliance.[2013]
3. Haldane effect.[2014]
4. Maximum ventilation volume. [2014]
6. Pulmonary ventilation is not affected till pO2is below 60 mm Hg. [3] [2018]
8. Cyanosis does not occur in severe anaemia. [2013 supple.] [2018 supple.]
HOTS:
1. Lung volume and capacity
2. Alveolar ventilation
4. Fick's law
5. Mechanism of breathing
6. Compliance
7. Surfactant
14. Hypoxia
16. Cyanosis
17. CO poisoning
19. Asthma
20 . Emphysema
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. What is cardiac cycle? Describe with suitable diagram the pressure and volume
change in left ventricle in the different phases of cardiac cycle. Enumerate the
differences b/w 1s t and 2nd heart sounds.[2+6+4][2011]
2. Describe in brief the regulation of blood pressure. What is malignant hypertension?
What is vasomotor reversal of Dale?[8+2+2] [2012]
3. Describe the different waves of ECG and segments with its neat diagram. Mention
their importance. What is heart block?[6+2+4] [2014]
4. What is cardiac output? Discuss the effects of various factors regulating cardiac
output. Write two clinical findings with explanation of aortic
incompetence.[2+6+4][2015]
5. What are the functional tissues of the heart? How cardiac impulse is generated and
transmitted across the heart. Describe cardiac AP and skeletal muscle AP. What is
idioventricular rhythm?[2+4+4+2] [2016]
8. Define cardiac output. Describe the factors affecting cardiac output. How does
Fick’s principle determine cardiac output? [2+6+4] [2018]
9. What is systemic arterial blood pressure? How it is kept within normal range? What
is hypertension and what are the basic physiological principles of the treatment of
hypertension? [3+6+2+4=15] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
10. Define ECG. How augmentation occurs in augmented leads? What is PR interval?
How can you diagnose various types of AV block from ECG? [1+4+2+5] [ 2018
supple.]
11. What are baroreceptors? Describe role of baroreceptors in maintaining BP. What is
hypertension? [2+7+3] [2018 supple.]
12. Identify receptors, afferent pathways, integrating centre, efferent pathways and
effectors in the arterial baroreceptor reflex. When the arterial baroreceptors decrease
or increase the rate of firing? What changes in the autonomic outflow &
cardiovascular function occur? Explain how tachycardia occurs in cardiovascular
shock. [2019 supple.]
GROUP-B
1. What is baroreceptor reflex? Describe the role of baroreceptor in maintenance of BP
with proper diagram and labelling.[2+5] [2010]
2. What is the Marey’s law? What is its physiological basis? Name two conditions
when it is not observed.[2+4+1][2011]
3. What is cardiac output? Describe one method for estimation of cardiac output. [2+5]
[2011]
3. Maximum blood flow to the left ventricle occurs during diastole.[3] [2013]
5. In cardiac disease, pulse rate can be lesser than the heart rate. [3] [2015]
6. Coronary blood flow is more in diastolic phase than the systolic phase in Cardiac
cycle.[3] [2016]
HOTS:
1. Fast response action potential
3. Auto rhythmicity
7. Inotropic state
8. Refractory period
16. Hypertension
18. ECG
19. Heart block
20. Arrhythmias
GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Give an account of the composition, function & control of secretion of the
pancreatic juice. Describe the pancreatic exocrine function test. [3+3+3+3][2005]
GROUP-B
1. Write down the different inestinal movements. What is adynamic ileus? [5+2]
[2012]
4. What is the mechanism of HCL secretion in the stomach? Give the physiological
basis of treatment of peptic ulcer with omeprazole. [5+2][2016]
5. Describe the mechanism of secretion of HCl in stomach. Enumerate the neural and
chemical mechanisms that control gastric secretion. [5+5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
6. What is gastric mucosal barrier? What are the changes in it that lead to peptide
ulceration? [2+5] [2014 supple.] [2018 supple.]
9. Mechanism of HCl synthesis and secretion in stomach. What are the paracrine and
endocrine regulators of HCl secretion? [4+3] [2019 supple.]
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. BER.[2010]
2. Bile salt.[2011]
4. MMC. [2013]
5. Gastrin.[2015]
6. Dumping syndrome.[2017]
4. Alcohol intoxication can be avoided if it is consumed with fatty food. [4] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]
HOTS:
1. Gastric hormone
2. Salivary content
5. Pepetic ulcer
8. Steatorrhea
10.enterohepatic circulation
11. Jaundice
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Describe the various sites and mechanisms by which water is reabsorbed from
then ephrons. Why polyuria occurs in Diabetes insipidus. [3+7+2][2009]
GROUP-B
1. What is the normal pH of urine? How the normalcy of pH is maintained in
urine?[1+6] [2010]
2. Define polyuria. What are the causes of polyuria? Why polyuria occurs in Diabetes
Insipidus?[2+2+3][2011]
3. What is the site of production of Renin? Name the stimulants for Renin secretion.
What is the sequence of events in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
System?[1+2+4] [2013]
4. Differentiate b/w cortical & juxta-medullary nephrons. Briefly discuss the counter-
current mechanism in the kidney.[2+5] [2014]
6. State briefly how urine is acidified. How excess acidification is prevented? What
are the advantages of having acidic urine?[2+3+2] [2015]
7. What is the role of kidney in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body? [7]
[2016] [2018 supple.]
8. Mention each part of nephron in relation to its histological structure. [7] [2018]
9. Describe how the counter current mechanism in the kidney operates to produce
hypotonic or hypertonic urine. Add a note on micturition reflex. [5+5] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]
10. Outline the process involved in secretion of H+into the tubules. What is the
significance of these processes in regulation of acid-base balance? [4+3] [2019
supple.]
2. Juxtaglomerular apparatus.[2010]
3. Renal clearance.[2011]
4. Renin.[2011]
8. Osmotic diuresis.[2019]
4. Volume of urine can increase after drinking a large volume of water. [2015]
8. Actual renal threshold for glucose is less than predicted value. [2017 supple.]
HOTS:
1. Messengial cell
2. Nephron diagram
3. RAAS
5. Reabsorption of sodium
10. Diuretics
14. Micturition
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
GROUP-B
1. Describe the female sexual cycle. What is LH surge?[6+1][2013][2011][2015]
[2017]
4. What are the hormones of placenta? Though genetically different, why is not foetus
rejected immunologically? [3+4] [2018]
5. Define ovulation. How does interplay of different hormones lead to ovulation? How
is it detected?[2+3+2] [2019] [2014 supple.]
6. What is menstrual cycle? Explain the ovarian changes taking place during menstrual
cycle. [3+7] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
8. Name the key hormones secreted by Leydig cells and Sertoli cells. Steps involved
in spermatogenesis. [2019 supple.]
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. Ovulation.[2010]
4. OCP.[2014]
11. Oral contraceptive pills. [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021] [2018 supple.]
10. Removal of ovaries before 6 weeks of pregnancy leads to abortion. [2016 supple]
[2018 supple.]
HOTS:
1. Spermatogenesis
4. Oogenesis
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Enumerate the hormones secreted from thyroid gland. Describe the functions of
thyroxin. Write a brief note on Cretinism. [2+7+3] [2010]
2. Name the various layers of adrenal cortex and the hormones secreted from them.
What are the effects of glucocorticoids? Describe Cushing’s syndrome.[2+7+3] [2011]
3. What are the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex? Describe the principal functions
of the mineralocorticoids. What is Conn’s syndrome? [3+7+2] [2014]
4. Enumerate the functions of calcium in our body. How its homeostasis is maintained
by involving different hormones? What are the sources of these hormones? Name the
features of Rickets and Osteomalacia. [2+4+2+4] [2013] [2017]
5. What is blood calcium level? Name the physiological functions of Ca2+ in the
body. Discuss briefly how the blood calcium level is maintained? [1+3+8] [2017]
7. Name the hormones of islets of Langerhans. State the functions of insulin. Why
polyphagia occurs in diabetes mellitus?[2+7+3] [2015] [2017 supple.]
8. Enumerate the layers of adrenal cortex and the hormones secreted from them.
Explain how aldosterone controls extracellular fluid volume. What is aldosterone
escape? [3+7+2] [2019]
10. Describe the functions of calcium in the body. How homeostasis is maintained by
involving different hormones? Name the features of rickets and osteomalacia. [4+4+4]
[2018 supple.]
11. Summarize the effects of insulin on various tissues. What is glucose tolerance test?
What is the major diff. b/w type I and type II DM? [5+3+4] [2019 supple.]
2. Cretinism.[2013]
3. Glucocorticoids. [2013]
4. Acromegaly. [2011]
6. Tetany. [2017]
7. Adission’sdisease. [2016]
9. Dwarfism. [2018]
6. Thyroid dwarfs are usually mentally retarded. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021] [2017
supple.]
HOTS:
1. G-protein
2. Second messenger
4. Gigantism
5. Dwarfism
6. Acromegaly
7. Prolactin
8. LH...FSH
13. Glucocorticoid
17. Parathormone
18. Calcitonin
20. Insulin
2. What are the functional divisions of cerebellum? With a diagram show the to and
fro connections of the cerebellum. Enumerate the functions of the cerebellum and the
clinical manifestations following its lesion.[2+3+3+4] [2013]
3. Describe the nuclei, connections and functions of basal ganglia. What are the
features of Parkinsonism and how can these be reduced?[7+5] [2012] [2013 supple.]
[2018 supple]
4. Name the different components of basal ganglia. List the pathways that Interconnect
them. What are the functions of basal ganglia? Write down the features of Parkinson’s
disease and its remedy.[2+3+3+4] [2010] [2016]
6. Give an account of origin, course and termination of the pyramidal tract with a
diagram. What is Babinski sign? [10+2] [2015]
7. Define muscle tone. How it is maintained? What are the types of hypertonia?
Mention their differences. [2+5+2+3] [2018]
8. With the help of a neat, labelled diagram trace the pathway of pain sensation. What
is stress analgesia and what is its physiological basis? [2+5+2+3] [2018]
10. Name the components of basal ganglia. With a suitable diagram outline their chief
connections and functions. Briefly state the features and treatment of Parkinsonism.
[2+3+3+3+5+2] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
11. What are the functional divisions of cerebellum? Write the principal functions of
each division. Draw a diagram of internal circuit of cerebellum. What is cerebellar
ataxia? [2016 supple.]
12. What is stretch reflex? Describe the receptor involved with reflex arc and draw a
suitable diagram. What is reciprocal innervation? What is Renshaw cell inhibition?
[2+6+2+2] [2017 supple.]
GROUP-B
1. What is muscle tone? How is it regulated?[2+5] [2011]
3. Name the main ascending tracts of spinal cord and enumerate their functions. What
is phantom limb phenomenon and describe the law governing it. [5+2] [2017]
4. Explain how the medullary interstial fluid becomes hyperosmotic. What is it’s
functional implication?[7] [2019]
5. What are photoreceptors? What are their functions? Explain briefly the mechanism
of photo-transduction. [1+2+4] [2019]
6. Define pain. Describe pain pathways. Write briefly endogenous pain control
mechanisms. [1+6+3] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
7. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep. [2017] [2014 supple.] [2018 supple.]
10. Hemi section of spinal cord affects both sides of the body. [4] [NEW PATTERN
2021]
SPECIAL SENSES
GROUP-B
1. Describe the photochemical changes that occur in the retina. What is night
blindness?[5+2] [2013]
2. Describe the auditory pathway with suitable diagram. How will you differentiate
b/w conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness?[5+2][2012] [2016 supple.]
3. Trace the neural pathways that transmit visual information from photoreceptors to
the visual cortex. Enumerate the visual field defects produced by lesions at various
levels of the visual pathway. [3+4] [2014]
4. Name the common errors of refraction. Explain the use of corrective lenses in each
of them.[2+5] [2015]
5. With a suitable diagram, explain the effects of lesion in the visual pathway at
various levels. What is Argyll-Robertson pupil? [5+2] [2016] [2018 supple.]
6. Enumerate the common errors of optical refraction. Explain the use of corrective
lenses in each of them. [2+5] [2017 supple.]
7. Draw a diagram showing optic pathways with proper labelling. What are the effects
of transection at different locations of optic pathways? What is macular sparing? [2+5]
[2019 supple.]
2. Accommodationreflex. [2012]
3. Tastebuds.[2014]
4. LateralisationinWeber’stest.[2016]
7. cAMP. [2019]
3. In retina, the fovea centralis is the point of greatest visual acuity. [2010]
4. When a person is exposed to some odour for some time, the perception of that
odour decreases. [2016]
HOTS:
1. Action potential
2. Synapse
3. Nerve injury
9. Extra-pyramidal tract
16. Rigidity
1. Which of the following is true of the tubular fluid that passes through the lumen of
the early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa ?
a) It is usually isotonic
b) It is usually hypotonic
c) It is usually hypertonic
d) It is hypertonic in antidiuresis
a) Ciliary muscle
a) Glucoae
b) L-Dopa
c) Sleep
d) Somatostatin
c) Hypotonia.
a) Touch
b) Pressure
c) Pain
d) Vibration
6. Sectioning the brainstem between superior and inferior colliculi will produce.
a) Decerebrate rigidity
b) Decorticate rigidity
c) Clasp-knife spasticity
7. Which neurotransmitter is released by both rods and cones at their synapses with
bipolar
a) Acetylcholine
b) Dopamine
c) Glutamate
d) Serotonin
a) Uterus
b) Prostate
c) Placenta
d) Hypothalamus
a) Leydig cells
b) Sertoli cells
c) Seminiferous tubules
d) Epididymis.
c) Is electrogenic
12. The resting potential of myelinated nerve fibre is primarily dependent on the
concentration gradient of which of the following ions?
a) Ca++
b) CI
c) K+
d) Na+
13. Calmodulin is most closely related, both structurally and functionally, to which of
the following proteins?
a) G-actin
c) Tropomyosin
d) Troponin C
a) a-limit dextrin
b) Glucose
c) Maltose
d) Maltotriose
a) Inotropic state
b) Force of contraction
c) Autorhythmicity
d) Excitibility
16. Which of the following has maximum smooth muscle as compared to wall
thickness?
a) Respiratory bronchiole
b) Alveoli
c) Terminal bronchiole
d) Alveolar ducts
a) Monocyte
b) Thrombocyte
c) Neutrophil
d) RBC
a) lleum
b) Duodenum
c) Stomach
d) Jejunum
a) Fibrinogen
b) Immunoglobulins
c) Lipoproteins
d) Transferrin
20. Hypokalemia causes
b) Hyperpolarization
d) Tetany