CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Submitted by: DEUS PHILIP J. DURAN Date: 02-27-2021

Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201814619

INSTRUCTION:
Discuss the following based on the NSCP 2015 and AISC Steel Manual latest edition. Present your
assignment in pdf format. Use A4, Arial Narrow 12 with a file name: Surname_HW1.pdf. Hand in your file
in Google classroom until Feb. 27 (Saturday), 5PM.
1. Comparison of Design Procedures: 4. steel sections; and
LRFD and ASD;
5. analysis procedures (elastic and
2. loads and load combination; plastic analysis).
3. materials in structural steel;

ANSWER:
1. Allowable Strength Design (ASD) has member that is selected based on either area or moment of
inertia that are large enough to prevent the maximum load from exceeding an allowable value. It’s
basically maximum load versus allowable value. The required load should be lesser than the capacity
of the member, otherwise, the member will fail. The maximum load value in ASD is actually working
loads only. Meaning, there will be no factor in the required load, but in the resistance, the nominal
strength in ASD, there is a factor of safety.

𝑹𝒏
𝑹𝒂 ≤
𝛀
Where;
𝑹𝒂 = required strength using ASD 𝛀 = safety factor
load combinations
𝑹𝒏 = nominal strength
𝑹𝒏 /𝛀 = allowable strength

In Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), there will be factor for the loads, as well as in the
capacity. The theoretical strength of the member is reduced by the application of resistance factor.
There is a load and resistance factor.

𝑹𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑹𝒏
Where;
𝑹𝒖 = required strength using LRFD ∅ = resistance factor
load combinations
𝑹𝒏 = nominal strength
∅𝑹𝒏 = design strength
 CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Submitted by: DEUS PHILIP J. DURAN Date: 02-27-2021

Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201814619

2. It is impossible that all loads like live load, wind load and earthquake all occur together with their
maximum intensity. Loads shall include self-weight, applied loads, and effects of prestressing,
earthquakes, restraint of volume change, and differential settlement.

Structural loads are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials,
occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movements, and restrained
dimensional changes.

Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building or other
structure, including but limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built in partitions, finishes,
cladding, and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items and fixed service
equipment, including the weight of cranes.

Live loads are those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure and
do not include dead load, construction load, or environmental loads.

The factors of safety are also included in the LRFD load combinations and hence the output of the
expressions is a design load. The alphabets used in the combinations mean different types of nominal
service loads and the numerical values with them are all the load factors. When intermediate floors
have full live loads, any type of roof load may be considered equal to half of its normal service load
intensity. Similarly, in case of maximum intensity wind storm, live load may be half. The last
combination, given afterwards, is very important for uplift of structure or reversal of forces. The wind
load on roof is upwards in majority of the cases and if the downward gravity load is less, the structure
may be blown up or sagging bending may change into hogging bending. The lists of most commonly
used combinations are as under:

LRFD Load Combination ASD Load Combination

1. 1.4 (D+F) 1. D+F

2. 1.2 (D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) +0.5(Lr or S or 2. D+H+F+L+T
R) 3. D + H +F + (Lr or S or R)
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8W) 4. D + H +F + 0.75(L + T) + 0.75 (Lr or S
4. 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L +0.5(Lr or S or R) or R)
5. 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S 5. D + H +F + (W or 0.7E)
6. 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H 6. D + H +F + 0.75(W or 0.7E) + 0.75L +
7. 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H 0.75(Lr or S or R)
7. 0.6D +W +H
8. 0.6D + 0.7E + H

▪ D - dead load ▪ H - load due to lateral earth pressure,

▪ L - live load ground water pressure or pressure of
▪ Lr - roof live load bulk materials
▪ W - wind load ▪ F - load due to fluids with well-defined
▪ S - snow load pressures and max heights
▪ E - earthquake load ▪ T - self-retaining force
▪ R - rainwater or ice load
 CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Submitted by: DEUS PHILIP J. DURAN Date: 02-27-2021

Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201814619

Simplified Load Combinations

When the loads S, R, H, F, E and T are taken equal to zero and wind loads are taken from the
previous codes, the load combinations are reduced to the following from:
LRFD ASD
1. D
1. 1.4D 2. D + L
2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr 3. D + Lr
3. 1.2D + 1.6Lr + (L or 0.8W) 4. D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr
4. 1.2D + 1.3W + 1.0L + 0.5Lr 5. D + 0.8W
5. 0.9D + 1.3W 6. D + 0.6W + 0.75L + 0.75Lr
7. 0.6D + 0.8W

3. Structural Steel Materials

Material test reports or reports of tests made by the fabricator or a testing laboratory shall constitute
sufficient evidence of conformity with one of the ASTM standards listed in Section A3.1a. For hot-
rolled structural shapes, plates, and bars, such tests shall be made in accordance with ASTM
A6/A6M; for sheets, such tests shall be made in accordance with ASTM A568/A568M; for tubing and
pipe, such tests shall be made in accordance with the requirements of the applicable ASTM
standards listed above for those product forms.

ASTM Designations

Structural steel material conforming to one of the following ASTM specifications is approved for use
under this Specification:

Hot-rolled structural shapes

ASTM A36/A36M ASTMA709/A709M

ASTM A529/A529M ASTM A913/A913M
ASTM A572/A572M ASTM A992/ A992M
ASTM A588/A588M ASTM A1043/A1043M

Hollow structural sections (HSS)

ASTM A53/A53M Grade B ASTM A847/A847M

ASTM A500/A500M ASTM A1065/A1065M
ASTM A501/A501M ASTM A1085/A1085M

Plates

ASTM A36/A36M ASTM A529/A529M ASTM A709/A709M

ASTM A242/A242M ASTM A1066/A1066M ASTM A1043/A1043M
ASTM A283/A283M ASTM A572/A572M
ASTM A514/A514M ASTM A588/A588M
 CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Submitted by: DEUS PHILIP J. DURAN Date: 02-27-2021

Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201814619

Bars

ASTM A36/A36M ASTM A572/A572M

ASTM A529/A529M ASTM A709/A709M

Sheets

ASTM A606/A606M ASTM A1011/A1011M SS, HSLAS, AND HSLAS-F

Unidentified Steel

Unidentified steel, free of injurious defects, is permitted to be used only for members or details whose
failure will not reduce the strength of the structure, either locally or overall. Such use shall be subject
to the approval of the engineer of record.

Rolled Heavy Shapes

ASTM A6/A6M hot-rolled shapes with a flange thickness exceeding 2 in. (50 mm) are considered to
be rolled heavy shapes. Rolled heavy shapes used as members subject to primary (computed)
tensile forces due to tension or flexure and spliced or connected using complete-joint-penetration
groove welds that fuse through the thickness of the flange or the flange and the web, shall be
specified as follows. The structural design documents shall require that such shapes be supplied with
Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact test results in accordance with ASTM A6/A6M, Supplementary
Requirement S30, Charpy V-Notch Impact Test for Structural Shapes— Alternate Core Location. The
impact test shall meet a minimum average value of 20 ft-lb (27 J) absorbed energy at a maximum
temperature of +70°F (+21°C).

The requirements in this section do not apply if the splices and connections are made by bolting.
Where a rolled heavy shape is welded to the surface of another shape using groove welds, the
requirements apply only to the shape that has weld metal fused through the cross section.

Built-Up Heavy Shapes

Built-up cross sections consisting of plates with a thickness exceeding 2 in. (50 mm) are considered
built-up heavy shapes. Built-up heavy shapes used as members subject to primary (computed)
tensile forces due to tension or flexure and spliced or connected to other members using complete-
joint-penetration groove welds that fuse through the thickness of the plates, shall be specified as
follows. The structural design documents shall require that the steel be supplied with Charpy V-notch
impact test results in accordance with ASTM A6/A6M, Supplementary Requirement S5, Charpy V-
Notch Impact Test. The impact test shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM A673/A673M,
Frequency P, and shall meet a minimum average value of 20 ft-lb (27 J) absorbed energy at a
maximum temperature of +70°F (+21°C).

When a built-up heavy shape is welded to the face of another member using groove welds, these
requirements apply only to the shape that has weld metal fused through the cross section.
 CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Submitted by: DEUS PHILIP J. DURAN Date: 02-27-2021

Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201814619

Steel Castings and Forgings

Steel castings and forgings shall conform to an ASTM standard intended for structural applications
and shall provide strength, ductility, weldability and toughness adequate for the purpose. Test reports
produced in accordance with the ASTM reference standards shall constitute sufficient evidence of
conformity with such standards.

Bolts, Washers and Nuts

Bolt, washer and nut material conforming to one of the following ASTM specifications is approved for
use under this Specification:

(a) Bolts

ASTM A307 ASTM F3043

ASTM A354 ASTM F3111
ASTM A449 ASTM F3125/F3125M

(b) Nuts

ASTM A194/A194M ASTM A563M

ASTM A563

(c) Washers

ASTM F436 ASTM F844

ASTM F436M

(d) Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators

ASTM F959 ASTM F959M

Anchor Rods and Threaded Rods

Anchor rod and threaded rod material conforming to one of the following ASTM specifications is
approved for use under this Specification:

ASTM A36/A36M ASTM A572/A572M

ASTM A193/A193M ASTM A588/A588M
ASTM A354 ASTM F1554 ASTM A449

ASTM A449 material is permitted for high-strength anchor rods and threaded rods of any diameter.

Threads on anchor rods and threaded rods shall conform to the Unified Standard Series of ASME
B18.2.6 and shall have Class 2A tolerances.
 CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Submitted by: DEUS PHILIP J. DURAN Date: 02-27-2021

Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201814619

Consumables for Welding

Filler metals and fluxes shall conform to one of the following specifications of the American Welding
Society:

AWS A5.1/A5.1M AWS A5.25/A5.25M

AWS A5.5/A5.5M AWS A5.26/A5.26M
AWS A5.17/A5.17M AWS A5.28/A5.28M
AWS A5.18/A5.18M AWS A5.29/A5.29M
AWS A5.20/A5.20M AWS A5.32/A5.32M
AWS A5.23/A5.23M AWS A5.36/A5.36M

Headed Stud Anchors

Steel headed stud anchors shall conform to the requirements of the Structural Welding Code—Steel
(AWS D1.1/D1.1M).

4. Here is an overview of the many faces of structural steel.

American Standard Beam (S-Shaped)

Generally known as an S beam, the American standard beam has a rolled section with two parallel
flanges, all connected by a web. The flanges on S-shaped beams are relatively narrow. The
designation of the beam gives the builder information about each unit’s width and weight. For
example, S12x50 represents a beam that’s 12 inches deep and weighs 50 pounds per foot.

Angle (L-Shaped)

Angle beams take an L shape, with two legs that come together at a 90-degree angle. Angle beams
come in equal or unequal leg sizes. An unequal leg L beam may have one leg of 2x2x0.5 and one
leg of 6x3x0.5, for example. L beams are typically used in floor systems because of the reduced
structural depth.

Bearing Pile (H-Shaped)

When builders can’t find a structure on a shallow foundation, they use bearing piles to design a deep
foundation system. Bearing piles are H-shaped to effectively transfer loads through the pile to the tip.

Bearing piles work best in dense soils that offer most resistance at the tip. Individual piles can bear
more than 1,000 tons of weight.
 CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Submitted by: DEUS PHILIP J. DURAN Date: 02-27-2021

Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201814619

Channel (C-Shaped)

Structural C channels, or C beams, have a C-shaped cross section. Channels have top and bottom
flanges, with a web connecting them. C-shaped beams are cost-effective solutions for short- to
medium-span structures. Channel beams were originally designed for bridges, but are popular for
use in marine piers and other building applications.

Hollow Steel Section (HSS)

HSS is a metal profile that has a hollow, tubular cross section. HSS units can be square, rectangular,
circular, or elliptical. HSS structures are rounded, with radiuses that are about twice the thickness of
the wall. Engineers commonly use HSS sections in welded steel frames for which units experience
loading in different directions.

I-Beam

An I Beam, also known as an H beam or a universal beam, has two horizontal elements, the flanges,
with a vertical element as the web. The web is capable of resisting shear forces, while the horizontal
flanges resist most of the beam’s bending movement. The I shape is very effective at carrying shear
and bending loads in the web’s plane. The construction industry widely uses I beams in a variety of
sizes.

Pipe

Structural steel pipes are important for a variety of construction applications, lending strength and
stability. Pipes are hollow, cylindrical tubes that come in a variety of sizes. Engineers often use steel
pipes to meet the needs of water, oil, and gas industry projects.

Tee

A tee beam, or T beam, is a load-bearing beam with a T-shaped cross section. The top of this cross
section is the flange, with the vertical web below. Tee beams can withstand large loads but lack the
bottom flange of the I Beam, giving it a disadvantage in some applications.

5. Plastic analysis is usually based on the idealization of stress strain curve as perfectly plastic. In this
analysis it is assumed that width thickness ratio of plate elements is small so the local buckling does
not occur. Broadly speaking the section will be declared as perfectly plastic. Keeping in mind these
assumptions, it can be said that section will reach its plastic moment capacity and after that will be
subjected to considerable moment at applied moments. Plastic analysis is based on determining the
list load that causes failure. So, a steel section is subjected to increasing moment behavior. Plastic
hinges form and section rotates at the plastic moment capacity. The advantage of plastic analysis is
that it results in more economical sections however the analysis is tedious.

Elastic analysis procedure assumes that a structural element will obey Hooke’s law. This is such that
when the loads are removed the element will return to its original state. The design assumes the
structure is loaded with maximum loads to which it will be subjected during its life. Various load cases
 CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Submitted by: DEUS PHILIP J. DURAN Date: 02-27-2021

Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201814619

are then combined to give the worst-case scenario. Sections are sized to ensure permissible stresses
are not exceeded. The advantage of elastic theory is that the analysis is very easy however structural
members will be large.

The main difference between elastic and plastic deign is the assumption of the behavior of the
structure. In elastic design we assume that structure will fail if it reaches elastic limit but in plastic
analysis, we consider that structure will fail when it reaches lower yield point.

REFERENCES:

A. (2021). Steel Construction Manual (15th ed.). AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS / SPRINGER.

American Institute Of Steel Construction, & A. (2006). Steel Construction Manual, 13th Edition (Book)

(13th ed.). American Institute of Steel Construction.

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines & Association of Structural Engineers of the

Philippines. (2015). National Structural Code of the Philippines. Association of Structural

Engineers of the Philippines.

Mercado, E. D., & Mercado, V. A. P. B. E. D. (2020, September 21). Load Combinations For Seismic

Drift Check. Dennis Mercado’s Structural Engineer’s Blog.

https://engrdennisbmercado.com/2017/12/12/load-combinations-for-seismic-drift-check/

THE GATE ACADEMY. (2017, October 12). Plastic Analysis | Steel Structures | Civil Engineering.

YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rat9uIM3BFI