CA&D Manual LAB

EE-110 Circuit Analysis & Design
Lab Manual
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List of Experiments
EXPERIMENT No. 1 ................................................................................................................................. 2
To verify Thevenin’s theorem in DC Netwrok. ...................................................................................... 2
EXPERIMENT No. 2 ................................................................................................................................. 5
To design inverting and non-inverting amplifier using IC LM 741. ...................................................... 5
EXPERIMENT No. 3 ................................................................................................................................. 9
To design summer and subtractor using LM 741. .................................................................................. 9
EXPERIMENT No. 4 ............................................................................................................................... 12
To study the pulse response of series RC circuit. ................................................................................. 12
EXPERIMENT No. 5 ............................................................................................................................... 17
To study the sinusoidal response of RC circuit. ................................................................................... 17
EXPERIMENT No. 6 ............................................................................................................................... 20
To study the pulse response of series RL circuit. ................................................................................. 20
EXPERIMENT No. 7 ............................................................................................................................... 23
To study the sinusoidal response of RL circuit. .................................................................................... 23
EXPERIMENT No. 8 ............................................................................................................................... 26
To show the frequency response of a series RLC network. .................................................................. 26
EXPERIMENT No. 9 ............................................................................................................................... 29
To plot the magnitude and phase responses of a simple low pass RC filter circuit. ............................. 29
EXPERIMENT No. 10 ............................................................................................................................. 33
To plot the magnitude and phase responses of a simple high pass RC filter circuit............................. 33
EXPERIMENT No. 11 ............................................................................................................................. 34
To plot the magnitude and phase responses of a simple low pass RL filter circuit. ............................. 34
EXPERIMENT No. 12 ............................................................................................................................. 35
To plot the magnitude and phase responses of a simple high pass RL filter circuit. ............................ 35
EXPERIMENT No. 13 ............................................................................................................................. 36
To plot the magnitude and phase response of a series resonant band-pass filter. ................................. 36
EXPERIMENT No. 14 ............................................................................................................................. 37
To plot the magnitude and phase response of a series resonant band-stop filter. ................................. 37
EXPERIMENT No. 15 ............................................................................................................................. 38
To plot the over damped, underdamped, critically damped and oscillatory response. ......................... 38
Page | 1
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 1
Objective:
To verify Thevenin’s theorem in DC Netwrok.
Apparatus:
o DC Power Supply (0-30V)
o Multimeter
o Resistors
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
Thevenin's Theorem is used to simplify the analysis of complex network into a standard equivalent
network. Suppose that a complex network consists of number of sources and resistors connected in any
manner, then according to this theorem,
“Any network can be replaced by a single source Vth in series with a single resistance Rth.”
Vth or Voc is the open-circuit voltage across the terminals A and B i.e. find the voltage that the network
produces across the two terminals with an open-circuit between A and B. This voltage is called the
Thevenin Equivalent Voltage. Rth is the open-circuit resistance across the terminals A and B but with all
the sources killed in the network. This resistance is called the Thevenin Equivalent Resistance. For R th,
voltage sources are replaced by short circuit and current sources are replaced by open circuit.
The output of the Thevenin and actual circuits is the same. This condition is called the Terminal
Equivalency from the viewpoint of the Two Output Terminals. Although Thevenin Equivalent circuit is
not the same as its original network, it acts as same in terms of the output voltage and current.
Page | 2
Procedure:
o For the circuit as shown in fig, use Thevenin’s theorem to calculate the values of Vth and Rth
and record them in table.
𝑹𝟐
𝑽𝒕𝒉 = × 𝑽𝑫𝑪
𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟏
𝑹𝟏 × 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝒕𝒉 = 𝑹𝟑 +
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
o Measure the open circuit voltage and record this as Vth under the measured column.
o Replace the source with a short circuit, and measure the resistance between the terminals A
and B. Record this as Rth.
o Calculate the voltage across and current through load resistance. Perform the calculations
for both the actual circuit and its Thevenin equivalent. The result should be identical.
𝑹𝑳
𝑽𝑳 = × 𝑽𝒕𝒉
𝑹𝑳 + 𝑹𝒕𝒉
𝑽𝒕𝒉
𝑰𝑳 =
𝑹𝑳 + 𝑹𝒕𝒉
o Connect load resistance to the terminal A and B of the circuit in a fig a. Measure the resulting
load current and record them.
o Construct the circuit of fig b with the calculated values of Vth and Rth. Connect load resistance to
the terminals A and B. Measure the resulting load current and voltage, and record them. They
should agree closely with those in the adjacent columns.
Observations and Calculations:

Write the values of resistances and Vdc.
Thevenin Parameters
Calculated Measured
Vth Vth
Rth Rth
Loaded Circuit Parameters
Calculated (Node or Mesh Analysis)

Actual Circuit Thevenin
(Multimeter) Equivalent
IL IL IL
VL VL VL
Page | 3
Conclusion:
Lab Exercise:
Q#1: During Thevenin resistance calculations what is the replacement of current and voltage
sources?
Q#2: Does the Thevenin equivalent circuit depend upon load resistance?
Page | 4
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 2
Objective:
To design inverting and non-inverting amplifier using IC LM 741.
Apparatus:
o LM 741
o Resistors
o DC Power Supply
o Multimeter
o Oscilloscope
Theory:
OP-AMP:
An operational amplifier, or op-amp for short, is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device designed to
be used with external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors between its output and input
terminals. We can connect external resistors or capacitors to the op-amp in a number of different ways to
form basic building Block circuits such as, Inverting, Non-Inverting, Voltage Follower, Summing,
Differential, Integrator and Differentiator type amplifiers.
Operational amplifiers are available in IC packages of either single, dual or quad op-amps within one
single device. The most commonly available and used of all operational amplifiers in basic electronic kits
and projects is the industry standard μA-741.
Figure 2.1 LM 741 Pin Description

Page | 5
Non-inverting amplifier:
An op-amp connected in a closed-loop configuration as a non-inverting amplifier with a controlled amount
of voltage gain is shown in figure.
Figure 2.2 Non-inverting amplifier

The input signal is applied to the non-inverting (+) input. The output is applied back to the inverting (-)
input through the feedback circuit (closed loop) formed by the input resistor R1 and the feedback resistor
Rf. This creates –ve feedback as follows. Resistors R1 and Rf form a voltage-divider circuit, which reduces
VO and connects the reduced voltage Vf to the inverting input. The feedback is expressed as:
𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝒇 = ( )𝑽
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹 𝒇 °
The difference of the input voltage, Vin and the feedback voltage, Vf is the differential input of the op-
amp. This differential voltage is amplified by the gain of the op-amp and produces an output voltage
expressed as
𝑹𝒇
𝑽° = (𝟏 + ) 𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑹𝟏
The closed-loop gain of the non-inverting amplifier is, thus
𝑹𝒇
𝑨𝑪𝑳(𝑵𝑰) = 𝟏 +
𝑹𝟏
Inverting amplifier:
An op-amp connected as an inverting amplifier with a controlled amount of voltage gain is shown in
figure.
Figure 2.3 Inverting amplifier
Page | 6
The input signal is applied through a series input resistor R1 to the inverting input. Also, the output is
feedback through Rf to the same input. The non-inverting input is grounded. An expression for the output
voltage of the inverting amplifier is written as
𝑹𝒇
𝑽° = − 𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑹𝟏
The –ve sign indicates inversion. The closed-loop gain of the inverting amplifier is, thus
𝑹𝒇
𝑨𝑪𝑳(𝑰) = −
𝑹𝟏
Procedure:
Task 1: Design a non-inverting amplifier with gain 10.
o Calculate the values of resistances for gain 10.
o Assemble the circuit.
o Feed sinusoidal input at non-inverting input of the op-amp.
o Observe the input voltages and output voltage on a CRO.
Task 2: Design an inverting amplifier with gain 50.
o Calculate the values of resistances for gain 50.
o Assemble the circuit.
o Feed sinusoidal input at inverting input of the op-amp.
o Observe the input voltages and output voltage on a CRO.

Show your calculations here:
Non-inverting amplifier:
Inverting amplifier:
Page | 7
Op-amp Input Signal Output Signal Voltage Gain

Configuration
Circuits Desired Observed
Amplitude Frequency Amplitude Frequency
Value value
Non-Inverting
Inverting
Conclusion:
Lab Exercise:
Q#1: What are the i-v characteristics of an ideal operational amplifier?
Page | 8
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 3
Objective:
To design summer and subtractor using LM 741.
Apparatus:
o LM 741
o Resistors
o DC Power Supply
o Multimeter
o Oscilloscope
Theory:
Summing amplifier:
The summing amplifier has two or more inputs, and its output age is proportional to the algebraic sum of
its input voltages. Fig.3.1 shows a two-input inverting summing amplifier.
Figure 3.1 Summing amplifier

Case-1: If all the three resistors are equal (R1=R2=R3=Rf=R), then
𝑽° = −(𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 )
The above equation shows that the output voltage has the same magnitude as the sum of two input voltages
but with a –ve sign indicating inversion.
Case-2: When Rf is larger than the input resistors, the amplifier has a gain of Rf /R.
Where R is the value of each equal value input resistor (R1=R2=R3=R). The general expression for the
output is
Page | 9
𝑹𝒇
𝑽° = − (𝑽 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 )
𝑹 𝟏
The above equation shows that the output voltage has the same magnitude as the sum of all the input
voltages multiplied by a constant determined by the ratio Rf /R.
Case-3: By setting the ration Rf/R equal to the reciprocal of the number of inputs (n), i.e.,1 ,summing
amplifier can be made to produce the mathematical average of the input voltages.
Case-4: A different weight can be assigned to each input of a summing amplifier by simply adjusting the
values of the input resistors. In this case, the output voltage can be expressed as
𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
𝑽° = − ( 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽 )
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝟑
The weight of a particular input is set by the ratio of Rf to Rx for the input (Rx= R1, R2, ).
Subtractor or Differential amplifier:
The function of a subtractor is to provide an output proportional to or equal to the difference of two
input signals. A basic differential amplifier or a subtractor circuit is shown in figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2 Subtractor

The output voltage of the differential amplifier can be expressed as:
𝑹𝒇
𝑽° = (𝑽 − 𝑽𝟐 )
𝑹𝟏 𝟏
Thus it can be seen that the output voltage depends on the difference of the input voltages. (V1-V2) can
be suitably amplified choosing the values of Rf/R1. The circuit also behaves as a subtractor if Rf=R1.
Procedure:
Task 1: Design a summer that calculates the sum of three inputs. Compare calculated and experimental
results.
Task 2: Adjust the values of Rf and R such that the summer circuit calculates average of inputs. Compare
calculated and experimental results.
Page | 10
Task 3: Design a subtractor that gives the difference of two inputs. Compare calculated and experimental
results.

Show your calculations here.
Summer Circuit:
Subtractor Circuit:
Input Signal (volts) Output Signal Vο (volts)

Op-amp
circuit V3 Designed Observed
V1 V2
Value Value
Summing
Amplifier
Subtractor
Conclusion:
Page | 11
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 4
Objective:
To study the pulse response of series RC circuit.
Apparatus:
o Signal generator
o Oscilloscope
o Capacitor
o Resistor
Circuit Diagram:
Figure 4.1 Series RC Circuit
Theory:
The step response of a network is its behavior when excitation is step input. We use a square wave source,
which in fact repeats the pulse every ‘T’ seconds and allows a continuous display of repetitive responses
on a normal oscilloscope.
Charging a capacitor:
We investigate the behavior of a capacitor when it is charged via a high resistor. At the instant when step
voltage is applied to the network, the voltage across the capacitor is zero because the capacitor is initially
uncharged. The entire applied voltage V will be dropped across the resistance R and the charging current
is maximum.
Page | 12
But then gradually, voltage across the capacitor starts increasing as the capacitor starts to charge and the
charging current starts decreasing. The decrease of the charging current and the increase of voltage across
the capacitor follows exponential law.
𝑽 −𝒕/𝑹𝑪
𝒊(𝒕) = 𝒆
𝑹
However, the voltage across the capacitor is given by:
𝑽𝒄(𝒕) = 𝑽(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒕/𝑹𝑪 )
Where
t= time elapsed since pulse is applied.
τ= RC= time constant of the circuit.
Figure 4.2: Charging and discharging of capacitor

Discharging of capacitor:
During the next half cycle of pulse, when the pulse amplitude is zero and capacitance is charged to
potential difference of V volts, now the capacitor discharges through resistor R. So, the voltage across the
capacitor decreases exponentially and the discharge current rises instantly to a maximum value i.e. Im =
V/R and then decays exponentially. Mathematically, it can be shown that voltage across the capacitor and
discharging current are given by:
𝑽𝒄(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒆−𝒕/𝑹𝑪
𝒊(𝒕) = −𝑰𝒎 𝒆−𝒕/𝑹𝑪
Procedure:
o Set the output of the function generator to a square-wave with frequency 500Hz and peak-to-peak
amplitude 5V.
o Wire the circuit on breadboard.
o Display simultaneously voltage Vin (t) across the function generator (on CH 1) and Vc (t) across
the capacitor C (on CH 2).
Page | 13
o Sketch the two measured waveforms Vin (t) and Vc (t), calculate and sketch the waveforms, VR
(t) and i (t). Label the time, voltage and current scales. Note that the voltage across resistor R, VR
(t), also represents the current i (t).
o Measure the time constant, τ, using the waveform Vc (t). Expand the time scale and measure the
time it takes for the waveform to complete 63% of its total change, i.e. 5V. Enter the measured
value of τ in Table.
o Compare values of theoretically expected and experimentally obtained time constants τ.
Observation and Calculations:

R= --------
C= --------
τ= ----------
Charging a Capacitor:
Time Constant Calculated Voltage Measured Voltage

(Volts) (Volts)
τ
2τ
3τ
4τ
5τ
Discharging a Capacitor:
Time Constant Calculated Voltage Measured Voltage

(Volts) (Volts)
τ
2τ
3τ
4τ
5τ
Page | 14
Waveforms:
Sketch the waveforms of Vin(t), VC(t), I(t), VR(t).
Page | 15
Conclusion:
Page | 16
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 5
Objective:
To study the sinusoidal response of RC circuit.
Apparatus:
o Signal generator
o Oscilloscope
o Capacitor
o Resistor
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
o Calculate and note down the quantities ZC, Ztotal, I, VR and VC for source voltage of your choice.
Remember to use Vrms in the calculations.
o Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram and adjust the function generator voltage and
frequency to the values that you have used in the calculations.
o Use multimeter to measure voltages VC and VR.
o Compare the measured and calculated values.
o Draw phasor diagram of calculated voltages taking VR as reference phasor. Show the relative
position of current phasor.
Page | 17

Calculated Parameters
ZC ZR Ztotal VR VC I
Measured Parameters
VR VC I=VR/R ZC= VC/I ZR=VR/I Ztotal=Vin/I
Phasor Diagram:
Effect of frequency on impedance:

ω ZC ZR Ztotal
ω
Page | 18
Conclusion:
Page | 19
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 6
Objective:
To study the pulse response of series RL circuit.
Apparatus:
o Signal generator
o Oscilloscope
o Inductor
o Resistor
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
This lab is similar to the RC Circuit Lab except that an Inductor replaces the capacitor. In this experiment,
we apply a square waveform to the RL circuit to analyze the transient response of the circuit. The pulse-
width relative to the circuit’s time constant determines how it is affected by the RL circuit.
Rise of current:
At the instant when step voltage is applied to an RL network, the current increases gradually and takes
some time to reach the final value. The reason the current does not build up instantly to its final value is
that as the current increases, the self-induced e.m.f. in L opposes the change in current (Lenz’s Law).
Mathematically, it can be shown:
𝑽
𝒊(𝒕) = (𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒕/𝝉 )
𝑹
Page | 20
Where t =time elapsed since pulse is applied

τ = L/R =time constant of the circuit.
Decay of current:
During the next half cycle of pulse, when the pulse amplitude is zero, the current decreases to zero
exponentially. Mathematically, it can be shown:
𝑽
𝒊(𝒕) = 𝒆−𝒕/𝝉
𝑹
Procedure:
o Set the output of the function generator to a square-wave with frequency 500Hz and peak-to-peak
amplitude 5V.
o Wire the circuit on breadboard.
o Display simultaneously voltage Vin (t) (on CH 1) and VL(t) across the inductor L (on CH 2).
o Sketch the two measured waveforms Vin (t) and VL(t), calculate and sketch the waveforms, VR(t)
and i (t). Label the time, voltage and current scales. Note that the voltage across resistor R, VR(t),
also represents the current i (t).
o Measure the time constant, τ, using the waveform VL(t). Expand the time scale and measure the
time it takes for the waveform to complete 63% of its total change, i.e. 5V. Enter the measured
value of τ in Table.
o Compare values of theoretically expected and experimentally obtained time constants τ.
Observations & Calculations:
Page | 21
Voltage and current waveforms:

Sketch Vin(t), VL(t), VR(t) and i(t).
Page | 22
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 7
Objective:
To study the sinusoidal response of RL circuit.
Apparatus:
o Signal generator
o Oscilloscope
o Inductor
o Resistor
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
o Calculate and note down the quantities ZL, Ztotal, I, VR and VL for source voltage of your choice.
Remember to use Vrms in the calculations.
o Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram and adjust the function generator voltage and
frequency to the values that you have used in the calculations.
o Use multimeter to measure voltages VL and VR.
o Compare the measured and calculated values.
o Draw phasor diagram of calculated voltages taking VR as reference phasor. Show the relative
position of current phasor.
Page | 23

Calculated Parameters
ZL ZR Ztotal VR VL I
Measured Parameters
VR VL I=VR/R ZL= VL/I ZR=VR/I Ztotal=Vin/I
Phasor Diagram:
Effect of frequency on impedance:

ω ZL ZR Ztotal
Page | 24
Conclusion:
Page | 25
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 8
Objective:
To show the frequency response of a series RLC network.
Apparatus:
o Signal generator
o Inductor
o Capacitor
o Resistor
o Multimeter
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
Resonance in RLC circuit:
Resonance means to be in step with. When the applied voltage and the current in an a.c. network are in
step with i.e. phase angle between voltage and current is zero or pf = 1, the circuit is said to be in resonance.
An a.c. circuit containing reactive element (L and C) is said to be in resonance when the net reactance is
zero.
When a series R-L-C is in resonance, it possesses minimum impedance Z = R. Hence, circuit current is
maximum, it being limited by value of R alone. The current I0 =V/R and is in phase with V. Since circuit
current is maximum, it produces large voltage drops across L and C. But these drops being equal and
opposite, cancel out each other. Taken together, L and C from part of a circuit across which no voltage
develops however, large the current flowing. If it were for the presence of R, such a resonant circuit would
act like a short circuit to currents of the frequency to which it is often referred to as voltage resonance.
Page | 26
The frequency at which the net reactance of the series circuit is zero is called the resonant frequency. Its
value can be found as under:
𝐗𝐋 = 𝐗𝐂
𝛚𝐋 = 𝟏/𝛚𝐂
𝛚^𝟐 = 𝟏/𝐋𝐂
𝟏
𝐟=
𝟐𝛑√𝐋 ∗ 𝐂
Procedure:
o For the given inductor and capacitor calculate the resonant frequency and connect the circuit as
shown in circuit diagram.
o Apply sinusoidal signal from the signal generator of 5Vpk to the network and set the frequency to
a value of 500 Hz.
o Observe VR, VL and VC on the oscilloscope and record it.
o Increase the frequency of the signal and for each frequency measure and record V, VR, VL and
VC and maintain applied voltage constant at 5Vpk.
o Now measure VR, VL and VC theoretically and compare the results.

Calculated Values:
Sr.No Frequency XL=2πfL XC=1/2πfC Z=√𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶)2 I=VR/R VL=IXL VC=IXC
Measured Values:
Sr.No Frequency XL=2πfL XC=1/2πfC Z=√𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶)2 I=VR/R VL=IXL VC=IXC
Page | 27
Graph:
Current against frequency:
Impedance against frequency:
Conclusion:
Page | 28
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 9
Objective:
To plot the magnitude and phase responses of a simple low pass RC filter circuit.
Apparatus:
o Signal Generator
o Multimeter
o Resistor
o Capacitors
o Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram:
Figure 9.1: Low pass RC filter
Theory:
By using various combinations of resistance's, capacitors and inductors we can make circuits that have the
property of passing or rejecting either low or high frequencies or bands or frequencies. These frequency
selective networks, which alter the amplitude and phase characteristics of the input ac signal, are called
fillers.
Low pass filter:
A low pass filter allows signals with lower frequencies to pass from input to output while rejecting higher
frequencies.
Page | 29
Passband of a filter:
The range of low frequencies passed by a low-pass filter within a specified limit is called the passband of
the filter.
Critical frequency:
The critical frequency is the frequency at which the filter's output voltage is 70.7% of the maximum. The
filter's critical frequency is also called the cutoff frequency, break frequency, or -3 dB frequency
because the output voltage is down 3 dB from its maximum at this frequency. The term dB (decibel) is a
commonly used one that you should understand because the decibel unit is used in filter measurements.
Figure 9.2: Frequency response of low pass filter

Decibels:
The basis for the decibel unit stems from the logarithmic response of the human ear to the intensity of
sound. The decibel is a logarithmic measurement of the ratio of one power to another or one voltage to
another, which can be used to express the input-to-output relationship of a filter. The following equation
expresses a voltage ratio in decibels:
𝐕𝐨
𝐝𝐁 = 𝟐𝟎𝐥𝐨𝐠( )
𝐕𝐢𝐧
Operation of the low pass filter:
When the input is dc (0 Hz), the output voltage equals the input voltage because Xc is infinitely
large. As the input frequency is increased, Xc decreases and, as a result, Vout, gradually decreases
until a frequency is reached where Xc = R . This is the critical frequency, fc, of the filter.
Xc = R
𝟏/𝟐𝛑𝐟𝐜𝐂 = 𝐑
𝟏
𝒇𝒄 =
𝟐𝛑𝐑𝐂
At the critical frequency, output voltage magnitude is:
𝐗𝐜
𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭 = (
√𝐗𝐜 𝟐 +𝐑^𝟐
) Vin
Page | 30
Since, Xc=R at fc, output voltage magnitude is:

𝐕𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝐕𝐢𝐧
The ratio of output voltage to input voltage at the critical frequency can be expressed in decibels as
follows:
dB = 20log(Vout/Vin)
At fc, Vout is 70.7% of Vin, so
Vout/Vin=0.707
dB = 20log(0.707) = -3dB
Phase Shift in a Low-Pass Filter:
The RC low-pass filter acts as a lag network. Since that the phase shift from input to output is
expressed as:
𝑿𝒄
∅ = −𝟗𝟎 + 𝑻𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝑹
Figure 9.3: Phase of low pass filter
Procedure:
o Apply 5 Vp-p, 100Hz signal as input to the network of LPF and measure the corresponding output
voltage level.
o Determine decibel gain of the filter.
o Determine phase difference between output and input voltage in degrees.
o Repeat the above steps for 1000Hz, 10000Hz, 100000Hz and critical frequency.
Page | 31

Sr.no Frequency Vin Vout dB ∅
Graph:
dB against frequency:
Phase angle against frequency:
Page | 32
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 10
Objective:
To plot the magnitude and phase responses of a simple high pass RC filter circuit.
Apparatus:
o Signal Generator
o Multimeter
o Resistor
o Capacitors
o Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
High Pass Filter:
A high pass filter allows signals with higher frequencies to pass from input to output while rejecting
lower frequencies.
Critical Frequency:
The frequency considered to be lower end of pass-band is called the critical frequency. It is the frequency
at which the output is 70.7% of the maximum. In RC high pass filter output is taken across the resistor.
Page | 33
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 11
Objective:
To plot the magnitude and phase responses of a simple low pass RL filter circuit.
Page | 34
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 12
Objective:
To plot the magnitude and phase responses of a simple high pass RL filter circuit.
Page | 35
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 13
Objective:
To plot the magnitude and phase response of a series resonant band-pass filter.
Page | 36
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 14
Objective:
To plot the magnitude and phase response of a series resonant band-stop filter.
Page | 37
Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT No. 15
Objective:
To plot the over damped, underdamped, critically damped and oscillatory response.
Page | 38

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EE-110 Circuit Analysis & Design

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Observations and Calculations:

Loaded Circuit Parameters

Calculated (Node or Mesh Analysis)

Figure 2.1 LM 741 Pin Description

Figure 2.2 Non-inverting amplifier

Figure 2.3 Inverting amplifier

Observations and Calculations:

Op-amp Input Signal Output Signal Voltage Gain

Figure 3.1 Summing amplifier

Subtractor or Differential amplifier:

Figure 3.2 Subtractor

Observations and Calculations:

Input Signal (volts) Output Signal Vο (volts)

Figure 4.1 Series RC Circuit

Figure 4.2: Charging and discharging of capacitor

Observation and Calculations:

Time Constant Calculated Voltage Measured Voltage

Time Constant Calculated Voltage Measured Voltage

Observations and Calculations:

Effect of frequency on impedance:

Where t =time elapsed since pulse is applied

Observations & Calculations:

Voltage and current waveforms:

Observations and Calculations:

Effect of frequency on impedance:

Observations & Calculations:

Impedance against frequency:

Figure 9.1: Low pass RC filter

Figure 9.2: Frequency response of low pass filter

Since, Xc=R at fc, output voltage magnitude is:

Figure 9.3: Phase of low pass filter

Observations & Calculations:

Phase angle against frequency:

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