 A discrete random variable X which takes two

values 0 and 1 with probabilities q and p

respectively. Ie. P(X=1)=p and P(X=0)=q, q=1-p
is called a Bernoulli variate and is said to have a
Bernoulli distribution

 A random experiment which has two outcomes

say happening and non happening(success and
failure)can be repeated in many trials. These
trials are known as Bernoulli trials.
 . Mean (μ)= E[x]
 =∑ x f(x)
 = 1*p+ 0*q
 =p
 Variance (σ2) = E[X2]- E[X]2
 = (12*p+02*q)-p2
 =p- p2
 =p(1-p)
 =pq


 Moment generating function
 MX(t) = E [etx]
 = ∑ etx f(x)
 = et *p+ e0 *q
 = q+p et
 Binomial distribution was discovered by
James Bernoulli in 1700
 Let a random experiment be performed
repeatedly and let the occurrence of an event
in a trial be called success and its non
occurrence a failure. Consider a set of
independent Bernoulli trials in which x
success occur and n-x failure occur. The
probability of getting x success is termed as
binomial distribution
 A random experiment results in 2 mutually
exclusive outcomes termed as success and
failure
 Random experiment repeated in n trials.
Where n is finite. These trials are called
Bernoulli trials
 The trials are independent of each other
 The probability of success p is constant for
each trial
 The probability of failure q= 1-p
 A discrete random variable X is said to follow
binomial distribution if its probability mass
function is given by
f(x) = nCx px q(n-x) , x=0,1....n
=0, else where.
 Mean (μ)= E[x] =∑ x f(x)

 = nCx px q(n-x)

 = px q(n-x)

 =np p(x-1) q(n-x)

 =np (n-1)C(x-1) p(x-1) q(n-x)


 =np (p+q)(n-1) =np* 1 =np


 Variance (σ2) = E[X2]- E[X]2

 = - (np)2

 Put X2 = [x(x-1)+x]

 E[X2] =


 = +
 E[X2] = + np

 = + np

 = n(n-1)p2 + np

 = n(n-1)p2 + np

 = n(n-1)p2 (p+q)(n-2) + np

 E[X2] = n(n-1)p2 (p+q)(n-2) + np
 = n(n-1)p2 *1 + np

 Variance (σ2) =[ n(n-1)p2 *1 + np] -(np)2


 =[ n2p2 - np2 + np] -n2p2

 = -np2 + np

 = np(1-p) =npq
 standard deviation √ npq


 Moment generating function
 MX(t) = E [etx]
 = ∑ etx f(x)

 =

 =

 =
 Mean of Binomial distribution is 3 and
variance is 4 Comment on the distribution
 Ans: Mean =np =3 ------(1)
 Variance = npq =4 ------(2)
 substitute (1) in (2)
 3q = 4
 q =4/3 = 1.3 >0 which
is not possible because q is the probability of
failure. Probability could not exceed 1
 This Binomial distribution does not exist.
 Mean and variance of a distribution are 4 and
4/3. Find P[x≥1]
 Ans: Mean =np =4 ------(1)
 Variance = npq =4/3 ------(2)
 substitute (1) in (2)
 4q = 4/3
 q =1/3, p =1-q =2/3
Apply in (1)
2n/3 =4, n =6

 f(x) = 6Cx (2/3)x (1/3)(6-x) x= 0,1,2,3.....6
 =0, elsewhere
 P[x≥1] = P[ x=1,2,3,4,5,6]
 = 1-P[x=0]
 = 1- [6C0 (2/3)0 (1/3)(6-0)]
 = 1- (1/3)6
 = 1- 1/729
 = 0.9986
 10 coins are thrown simultaneously. Find the
probability of getting at least 7 heads
 Ans: n=10, p=1/2, q=1/2
 f(x) = 10Cx (1/2)x (1/2)(10-x) x=0,1,...10
 =0, elsewhere
 P[at least 7 heads]=P[ x= 7,8,9,10]
 = 10C7 (1/2)7 (1/2)3 + 10C8 (1/2)8 (1/2)2 +
 10C9 (1/2)9 (1/2)1 + 10C10 (1/2)10 (1/2)0
 = 10C (1/2)7 (1/2)3 + 10C (1/2)8 (1/2)2 +
3 2
 10C1 (1/2)9 (1/2)1 + 10C0 (1/2)10 (1/2)0
 P[at least 7 heads]
 = (10*9*8)/3! (1/2)10 + (10*9)/2! (1/2)10
 (10)/1! (1/2)10 + (1/2)10
 =120* (1/2)10 +45* (1/2)10 +10* (1/2)10
 +(1/2)10
 =(1/2)10 [120+45+10+1]
 = (1/2)10 [176]
 =176/1024
 = 0.1718
 The average % of failures in a certain
examination is 40. What is the probability
that out of a group of 6 candidates 1) at least
4 passes in the examination 2) the number
of passes is between 2 and 4
 Ans: n=6,
 probability of a pass =60/100=0.6
probability of a failure =40/100=0.4
 f(x) = 6Cx (0.6)x (0.4)(6-x) x=0,1,...6
 =0, elsewhere
 1. P[at least 4 passes in the examination]
 = P[x= 4,5,6]
 = 6C4 (0.6)4 (0.4)2+6C5 (0.6)5 (0.4)1 +6C6
 (0.6)6 (0.4)0
 =6C2 (0.6)4 (0.4)2+6C1 (0.6)5 (0.4)1 +6C0 (0.6)6
 (0.4)0
 = 15*(0.6)4 (0.4)2+6* (0.6)5 (0.4)1 +(0.6)6 (0.4)0

 = 0.544

 2.
 P[the number of passes is between 2 and 4]
 = P[x= 2,3,4]
 = 6C2 (0.6)2 (0.4)4+6C3 (0.6)3 (0.4)3 +6C4
 (0.6)4 (0.4)2
 = 15(0.6)2 (0.4)4+20(0.6)3 (0.4)3 +15 (0.6)4
 (0.4)2
 = 0.726
 X follows Binomial distribution with
parameters n=6 and p. If 9 P[x=4]=p[x=2]
find p
 Ans: Given 9 P[x=4]=p[x=2]
 9* 6C4 (p)4 (q)2 =6C2 (p)2 (q)4
 9* 6C2 (p)4 (q)2 =6C2 (p)2 (q)4
 9* (p)2 =(q)2
 q =3p
 1-p=3p
 1=4p; p=1/4=0.25
 Let a frequency table be given for which X
takes the values 0,1,2...n and the
corresponding frequencies are f0, f1,....fn
 =N. If it is assumed that X follows the
binomial distribution with parameters n and
p. P[X=x] = f(x) = nCx px q(n-x) and if the
total number of obsrvations is N, we expect
that x no of cases in N* nCx px q(n-x) cases.
So this is called the expected or theortical
frequencies. The process of determining the
most appropriate values of the parameters
 From the given observations and writing
down the pdf is known as fitting of
distribution
 Next we have to determine n and p from the
number of values of X in the data. Let ͞X be
the mean of the data. Mean of the binomial
distribution is np. The estimation of p is usually
done by equating ͞X and np
 np= ͞X p= ͞X/n
Then fit the pdf as
f(x) = nCx px q(n-x) , x=0,1....n
=0, else where
And the theoretical frequencies are N*f(0),
N*f(1).......N*f(n) respectively.
 The following table gives the number of
heads in 103 repetitions of 4bthrows of a
biased coin. Fit an appropriate binomial
distribution an calculate the theoretical
frequencies
 No. of heads: 0 1 2 3 4 Total
 Frequency : 8 32 34 24 5 103
 Ans: np= ͞X
 where ͞X =
 X f Xf
0 8 0
1 32 32

2 34 68
3 24 72
4 5 20
Total 103 192
 ͞X = 192/103= 1.86
 p= 1.86/4 =0.46
 q= 0.54

f(x) = 4Cx 0.46x 0.54(4-x) , x=0,1....4

=0, else where
Theoretical frequencies are N*f(0), N*f(1).......N*f(n)
 where N = 103
 x f(x) Theortical
frquency N*f(x)
0 = 4C0 0.460 0.544 N*f(0)= 8.8 ~9
1 = 4C1 0.461 0.543 N*f(1)= 29.8 ~30

2 = 4C2 0.462 0.542 N*f(2)= 38.1~38

3 = 4C3 0.463 0.541 N*f(3)= 21.7 ~22

4 = 4C4 0.464 0.540 N*f(4)= 4.5 ~4

Total 103