C.M.R.B. GOVT. POLY.

COLLEGE
SRI GANGANAGAR (RAJ.)

BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, JODHPUR

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
FOR THE PERIOD 14-12-2020 TO 6-01-2021

SUBMITTED BY:-
KARTIK GARG

DIPLOMA 2ND YEAR

SPN NO. CE20180005/015
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
TABLE CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

PROJECT DETAIL

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT WORKIN
 Acknowledgement
I am very thankful to LARSEN & TOUBRO & CONSTRUCTIONS
BUILDINGS & FACTORIES& INDIPENDENT COMPANY & RUDIP for
having given me the opportunity to undertake my industrial training at
their prestigious water treatment plant construction project. It was a
very good learning experience for me to have worked at this site as this
project involved many unique construction practices and challenges. I
would like to convey my heartiest thanks to Ex. Yogi and Er. Manish,
RUIPD . SRIGANGANAGAR Cluster
Project Manager Factory Division, who heartily welcomed me for the
internship. I would also like to give my heartfelt thanks to Mr. S.K. Basu,
Project Co-Ordinator Mr.Sudeep & Ghosh &, QA/QC Head who guided
and encouraged me all through the training and imparted in depth
knowledge of the project. Also I would like to thank Mr. G.M. Mir
Planning Head, who assisted and guided me whenever I needed help. I
would like to thankall the department heads of L&T Construction,
forgiving their precious time and valuable guidance during my internship
programme. Last but not the least I would like to thank all the staff at
L&T Construction

Name: KARTIK GARG

DATE: 06/01/2021

INTRODUCTION
ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION:
Larsen & Toubro Limited is the biggest legacy of two Danish Engineers, who built a
world-class organization that is professionally managed and a leader in India's
engineering and construction industry. It was the business of cement that brought
the young Henning Holck-Larsen and S.K. Toubro into India. They arrived on Indian
shores as representatives of the Danish engineering firm F L Smidth & Co in
connection with the merger of cement companies that later grouped into the
Associated Cement Companies.

Together, Holck-Larsen and Toubro, founded the partnership firm of L&T in 1938,
which was converted into a limited company on February 7, 1946. Today, this has
metamorphosed into one of India's biggest success stories. The company has
grown from humble origins to a large conglomerate spanning engineering and
construction.

Larsen & Toubro Construction is India’s largest construction organisation. Many of

the country's prized landmarks - its exquisite buildings, tallest structures, largest
industrial projects, longest flyover, and highest viaducts - have been built by it.
Leading-edge capabilities cover every discipline of construction: civil, mechanical,
electrical and instrumentation.

in any part of the world. The business of L&T Construction is organized in six
business sectors which will primarily be responsible for Technology Development,
Business Development, International Tendering and work as Investment Centres.
Head quarters in Chennai, India. In India, 7 Regional Offices and over 250 project
sites. In overseas it has offices in Gulf and other overseas locations.

L&T Construction’s cutting edge capabilities cover every discipline of construction

– civil, mechanical, electrical and instrumentation engineering and services extend
to large industrial and infrastructure projects from concept to commissioning

L&T Construction has played a prominent role in India’s industrial and infrastructure development by
executing several projects across length and breadth of the country and abroad. For ease of operations
and better project management, in-depth technology and business development as well as to focus
attention on domestic and international project execution, entire operation of L&T Construction is
structured into four Independent Companies

• Hydrocarbon IC

• Buildings & Factories IC

• Infrastructure IC

• Metallurgical & Material Handling IC

• Power Transmission & Distribution

• Heavy Engineering

• Shipbuilding

• Power

• Electrical & Automation

• Machinery & Industrial Produc

BUILDING & FACTORIES

The Buildings & Factories Independent Company is equipped with the domain
knowledge, requisite expertise and wide-ranging experience to undertakeEngineering,
Procurement and Construction (EPC) of all types of building and factory structures.
 Commercial Buildings & Airports
 Residential Buildings & Factories

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS & FACTORIES

L&T undertakes turnkey construction of a wide range of residential buildings and

factory structures. Projects are executed using the cutting edge technology,
sophisticated construction equipment and project management tools for quality, safety
and speed.
 Residential Building
 Factories
FACTORIES
L&T offers design and turnkey construction of heavy and light factories, cement &
plants including Defence Projects using the latest construction technology, with a focus
on Quality, Safety and Speed. The spectrum covers

 Heavy & Light Factories (HLF) –Automobile & Ancillary Factories, Glass
plants, Food processing Factories, Pharmaceutical plants, Warehouses &
Logistics Parks, Workshop Complexes, Solar thin film manufacturing units, etc.
 Cement & Plants (C&P) – Cement Plants, Sugar Plants, Distillery Plants,
Food Grain storage structures, Pulp & Paper Mills, Textile Mills etc.
 Defence – Construction of Manufacturing Facilities and Warehouse Facilities
for Defence.

SERVICE SPECTRUM

L&T Construction’s range of services includes:

 Pre-engineering, feasibility studies and detailed project reports.
 Complete civil and structural construction services for all types of buildings,
industrial and infrastructure projects.
 Complete mechanical system engineering including fabrication and erection of
structural steel works; manufacture, supply, erection, testing and
commissioning of plant and equipment; heavy lift erection; high-pressure
piping; fire-fighting; HVAC and LP/ utility piping networks.
 Electrical system design, project electrification, automation and control system
including instrumentation for all type of industrial and telecom projects.
 Design, manufacture, supply and installation of EHV switchyards, transmission
lines.
QUALITY POLICY
At L&T, Environment, Health & Safety (EHS) is given the highest priority. The EHS
policy enunciated by the Corporate Management lays emphasis on Environment, Health
and Safety through a structured approach and well defined practices. Systems and
procedures have been established for implementing the requisites at all stages of
construction and they are accredited to the International standards of ISO 9001:2008,
ISO 14001:2004 and OHSAS 18001:2007.
1.1 HEALTH SAFTEY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
HR POLICY
 PROJECT DETAIL

DETAIL TIMELINE
DATE OF WORK START 06-01-2017
SCHEDULE DATE OF COMPLETION
OPERATION &MAINTENANCE SERVICE 05-01-2030
COMPLETION DATE
CONTRACT PRICE Rs. 555 Crores
NAME OF CONTRACTOR L&T

Scope of Work
(A) Water Supply Sector

 Distribution Network Improvement (DNI) works on District Metering Area (DMA) basis for
reduction of NRW up to 12% in entire city.
 Usage of HDPE/DIK-7 pipes of approx. 415 Km. length.
 Transmission mains of DI pipeline –approx. 36 Km.
 Metered house service connections for all consumers to cover 100% population – approx. 50000
households.
 Establish 4 Consumers Relation &Management Center (CRMC) and 1 Central Consumer
Service Center (CCSC).
 Construction of 20 MLD capacity water treatment plant
 Construction of 4 Clear Water Reservoir
 Construction of 2 Raw Water Reservoir
 Instrumentation and control with SCADA system.

(B) Wastewater Sector

 Sewage collection network of DWC (PE) pipes – approx. 410 Km.

 House service connection up to property chamber- approx. 40935 nos.
 Construction of Intermediate sewage pumping station
 Procurement of 2 sewer jetting machine and 7nos Tractor tanker

(C) Operation & Maintenance

 Bid has provision of long term (10 years) Operation & Maintenance of all works created under
the project.
 Contract will be a performance based management contract. 30% of operation fee will be linked
to the fulfillment of performance indicators.

Expected Benefits
(A) Water Supply Sector

Distribution network Improvement :

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  Minimizing NRW up to 7% within DMA and overall 12%.
 Pressurized water supply with 12 meter pressure at consumer end.

Service level improvement :

 It will enhance from present 75 LPCD to 135 LPCD

Population coverage:

 At present about 70% population is benefited from water supply scheme. After implementation
of project, 100% population of town will be benefited.

Other benefits:

 Individual metered connections to 100% households.

 Uninterrupted continuous water supply, and
 Efficiency improvement in water supply.

(B) Wastewater Sector

Population coverage:

 At present no sewerage system exists in town. After implementation of project, 70-80%

population will be benefited.

Other benefits:
Hygienic & better living conditions to the residents of the town through

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 WATER TREATMENT PLANTS WORKING

Water treatment is the process of removing all those substances, whether biological, chemical, or physical,
that are potentially harmful to the water supply for human and domestic use. This treatment helps to produce
water that is safe, palatable, clear, colorless, and odorless. Water also needs to be non-corrosive, meaning it
will not cause damage to pipework.

Figure 1: Stages in Water Treatment Plant

There are seven major steps involved in the large-scale water treatment for urban municipal water supply.
Each of the steps are described in the article below,

Contents:
1.screening
2.aeration

3.coagulation and flocculation

4.sedimentation

5.filtration
6.chlorination

7.supplementary treatmen

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T

1. Screening
To protect the main units of a treatment plant and aid in their efficient operation, it is necessary to use screens
to remove any large floating and suspended solids present in the inflow. These materials include leaves,
twigs, paper, rags, and other debris that could obstruct flow through the plant or damage equipment.

There are coarse and fine screens.

1. Coarse screens are made of corrosion-resistant steel bars spaced 5–15 cm apart, which are used to
exclude coarse materials (such as logs and fish) from entering the treatment plant. The screens are positioned at
an angle of 60º to facilitate removing the collected material by mechanical raking.
2. Fine screens, which come after the coarse screens, keep out material that can block pipework at the
plant. They consist of steel bars that are spaced 5–20 mm apart. A variation of the fine screen is the micro
strainer, consisting of a rotating drum of stainless steel mesh with a very small mesh size (ranging from 15 µm to
64 µm, i.e., 15–64 millionths of a meter). Suspended matter as small as algae and plankton (microscopic
organisms that float with the current in water) can be trapped. The trapped solids are dislodged from the fabric by
high-pressure water jets using clean water and carried away for disposal.

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 Figure 2: Coarse Screen

2. Aeration
After screening, the water is aerated (supplied with air) by passing it over a series of steps to take in oxygen
from the air. This process helps in expelling soluble gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide (both
of which are acidic, so this process makes the water less corrosive) and expels any gaseous organic
compounds an undesirable taste to the water.
Aeration also removes iron or manganese by oxidation of these substances to their insoluble form. Iron and
manganese can cause peculiar tastes and can stain clothing. Once in their insoluble forms, these substances
can be removed by filtration.

In certain instances, excess algae in the raw water can result in algal growth blocking the sand filter further
down the treatment process. In such situations, chlorination is used in place of, or in addition to, aeration to
kill the algae, termed pre-chlorination. This process of water treatment comes before the main stages in the
treatment of the water. The pre-chlorination also oxidizes taste- and odor-causing compounds.

3. Coagulation and Flocculation

After aeration, coagulation occurs to remove the fine particles (less than 1 µm in size)

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suspended in the water. In this process, a chemical called a coagulant (with a positive electricalcharge) is
added to the water, which neutralizes the fine particles' negative electrical charge.
The coagulant's addition takes place in a rapid mix tank where a high-speed impeller rapidly disperses the
coagulant.

Since their charges are now neutralized, the fine particles come together, forming soft, fluffy particles called
'flocs.' Two coagulants commonly used in the

treatment of water are aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride.

Figure 4: Coagulation–Flocculation Process

The next step is flocculation. Here the water is gently stirred by paddles in a flocculation basin, and the flocs
come into contact with each other to form larger flocs.

The flocculation basin often has a number of compartments with decreasing mixing speeds as the water
advances through the basin. This compartmentalized chamber allows increasingly large flocs to form without
being broken apart by the mixing blades.

4. Sedimentation
Once large flocs are formed, they need to be settled out, and this takes place in a process called
sedimentation (when the particles fall to the floor of a settling tank). The water (after coagulation and
flocculation) is kept in the tank for several hours for sedimentation to take place. The material accumulated
at the bottom of the tank is called sludge; this is removed for disposal.\

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Quick Notes Page 7
Filtration
Filtration is the process where solids are separated from a liquid. In water treatment, the solids that are not
separated in the sedimentation tank are removed by passing the water throug

sand and gravel beds. With a flow rate of 4–8 cubic meters per square meter of filter surface perhour, rapid
gravity filters are often used.

When the filters are full of trapped solids, they are back-washed. In this process, clean water and air are
pumped back up the filter to dislodge the trapped impurities, and the water carrying the dirt (referred to as
backwash) is pumped into the sewerage system if there is one.
Alternatively, it may be discharged back into the source river after a settlement stage in a sedimentation tank
to remove solids.

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 Figure 6: Rapid Gravity Sand Filter.

1. Chlorination
After sedimentation, the water is disinfected to eliminate any remaining pathogenic micro- organisms. The
most commonly used disinfectant (the chemical used for disinfection) is chlorine, a liquid (such as sodium
hypochlorite, NaOCl), or a gas. It is relatively cheap and simple to use. When chlorine is added to water, it
reacts with any pollutants present, including micro-organisms, over a given period of time, referred to as the
contact time. The amount of chlorine left after this is called residual chlorine. This stays in the water through
the distributionsystem, protecting it from any micro-organisms that might enter it until the water reaches the
consumers.

World Health Organization Guidelines (WHO, 2003) suggest a maximum residual chlorine of 5 mg l –1 of
water. The minimum residual chlorine level should be 0.5 mg l –1 of water after 30 minutes of contact time
(WHO, n.d.). There are other ways of disinfecting water (e.g., using the gas ozone or ultraviolet radiation).
Still, these do not protect it from microbial contamination after it has left the water treatment plant.
Following disinfection, the treated water is pumped into the distribution system.

2. Supplementary Treatment
Supplementary treatment may be needed for the benefit of the population. One such instance is the fluoridation of
water, where fluoride is added to water. It has been stated by the World Health Organization that ‘fluoridation of water
supplies, where possible, is the most effective

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public health measure for the prevention of dental decay. The optimum fluoride level is
around 1 mg per liter of water (1 mg l–1).

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