92 Fluid Mechanics

γ – 1 gZ 
and, temperature, T = T0  1 –
 γ RT0 
where, p0, T0 are pressure and temperature at sea-level; γ = 1.4 for air.
9. The rate at which the temperature changes with elevation is known as Temperature Lapse-
Rate. It is given by,
–g  γ – 1 
L =
R  γ 
If (i) γ = 1, temperature is zero; (ii) γ > 1, temperature decreases with the increase of height.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the Correct Answer: 8. The fundamental S.I. unit of pressure is N/m2;
1. The force per unit area is called this is also known as ......
(a) pressure (b) strain (a) Pascal (b) Stoke
(c) surface tension (d) none of the above. (c) Poise (d) none of the above.
2. The pressure of a liquid on a surface will always 9. The devices used for measuring the pressure at a
act ...... to the surface. point in a fluid by balancing the column fluid by
the same or another column of liquid are known
(a) parallel (b) normal
as
(c) 45° (d) 60°.
(a) mechanical gauges
3. The pressure ....... as the depth of the liquid
(b) manometers
increases.
(c) either of the above
(a) increases
(d) none of the above.
(b) decreases
10. The simplest form of manometer which can be
(c) remain unchanged
used for measuring moderate pressures of liquid
(d) none of the above. is
4. The intensity of pressure in a liquid due to its (a) piezometer
depth will vary .... with depth.
(b) differential manometer
(a) directly
(c) U-tube manometer
(b) indirectly
(d) none of the above
(c) either of the above
11. Piezometers measure ..... pressure only.
(d) none of the above.
(a) absolute (b) gauge
5. The height of the free surface above any point
(c) atmospheric (d) any of the above.
is known as
12. A piezometer tube is not suitable for measuring
(a) static head
.... pressure.
(b) intensity of pressure
(a) positive (b) negative
(c) either of the above
(c) atmospheric (d) none of the above.
(d) none of the above.
13. Inclined single column manometer is useful for
6. “The intensity of pressure at any point in a liquid the measurement of ..... pressures.
at rest is the same in all directions.”
(a) small (b) medium
The above statement is known as
(c) high (d) negative.
(a) Kirchhoff’s law (b) Pascal’s law
14. Which of the following is used to measure the
(c) either of the above (d) none of the above.
difference in pressures between two points in a
7. Any pressure measured above the absolute zero pipe, or in two different pipes?
of pressure is termed as
(a) Piezometer
(a) atmospheric pressure
(b) Single column manometer
(b) gauge pressure
(c) Differential manometer
(c) either of the above
(a) None of the above.
(d) none of the above.

15. The manometers are suitable for comparatively
..... pressures.
(a) low (b) high
(c) very high (d) none of the above.
16. A Bourdon tube pressure gauge is used for mea-
suring ........ pressures.
(a) low (b) high
(c) high as well as low (d) none of the above.
17. The Bourdon tubes are generally made of
(a) copper (b) tin
(c) mild steel
(a) bronze or nickel steel.
18. Which of the following is a mechanical gauge?
(a) Diaphragm gauge
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b)
7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (b)
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (d)
19. (d) 20. (d).
THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
1. Define the term ‘pressure’.
2. State and prove ‘Pascal’s Law’.
3. Define the following:
(i) Atmospheric pressure,
(ii) Gauge pressure,
(iii) Vacuum pressure, and
(iv) Absolute pressure.
4. How is pressure measured?
5. What are manometers?
6. How are manometers classified?
7. Explain briefly the following:
(i) Piezometer
(ii) U-tube manometer.
8. What are differential manometers?
9. What are mechanical gauges? Name three im-
portant mechanical gauges.
10. Explain briefly the following mechanical gauges:
UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
1. If a mercury barometer reads 700 mm and a
Bourdon gauge at a point in a flow system reads
500 kN/m2, what is the absolute pressure at the
point? [Ans. 595 kN/m2 abs.]
Chapter 2 : Pressure Measurement 93
(b) Dead weight pressure gauge
(c) Bourdon tube pressure gauge
(d) All of the above.
19. Which of the following is an advantage of ma-
nometers?
(a) Good accuracy (b) High sensitivity
(c) Little maintenance (d) All of the above.
20. Which of the following is limitation of manom-
eters?
(a) Fragile
(b) Bulky and large in size
(c) Capillary effect is created due to surface
tension of manometric fluid
(d) All of the above.
(i) Bourdon tube pressure gauge, and
(ii) Diaphragm gauge.
11. Derive an expressiton for the pressure at a height
Z from sea-level for a static air when the com-
pression of the air is assumed isothermal. The
pressure and temperature at sea-level are p0 and
T0 respectively.
12. Prove that the pressure and temperature for an
adiabatic process at a height Z from sea-level
for static air are:
γ/γ – 1
γ – 1 gZ 
p = p0  1 – , and
 γ RT0 
γ – 1 gZ 
T = T0 1 – . where p0 and T0 are the
 γ RT0 
pressure and temperature at sea-level.
13. What do you understand by the term ‘Tempera-
ture lapse-Rate’? Obtain an expression for the
Temperature Lapse-Rate.
2. Find the depth of a point below water surface
in sea where the pressure intensity is 100.55
kN/m2. Specific gravity of sea water is 1.025.
[Ans. 10 m]