 Most important factor to improve sedentary job  eliminating waist motion/ the less

torso movement the better

 PET  limitation is requirement of an onsite cyclotron?
 Most common cause of 2ndry HTN in adults  renal artery stenosis
 Hep that’s not chronic or carrier  hep A
 VIT C def  scurvy
 A study that most likely to be subject to bias  association with early spontaneous
abortion
 Breastfeeding  the only absolute INFANT contraindication is galactosemia
 All are risk factors for MI except  (DM, obese, elevated homocysteine, alcohol)
 Most common cause of FTT  inadequate calories
 Tertiary prevention  physical therapy for gait training post stroke
 +PPD test  >10 in diabetic
 Most common chromosomal abnormality among liveborn  down
 Ability to detect disease when disease is truly present  sensitive
 Excessive cow consumption in infants  iron def anemia
 Suspecting EBV  monospot test
 Epidemiology  study of distribution and determinants of health related states in
specified population and application of study in control
 Most common cause of HTN in young women  OCP*
 2ndry prevention  detection of asymp diabetic
 Mortality rate  number of deaths oer 1000 in 1 year
 Tertiary prevention  coronary angioplasty
 Leading cause of COPD  smoking
 Birth rate  number of live births per 1000 in 1 year
 Primary prevention  influenza vaccine
 Epidemic  occurrence of disease in excess of the expected rate/ greater frequency
than usual. Pandemic  epidemic over a wide area crossing international boundaries.
Endemic  constant presence of disease in a given area or group
 EBM  approach to medical practice intended to optimize decision making by
emphasizing the use of evidence
 Oligospermia  lead
 Associated w/ pneumoconisosis  dust particles
 Diver experienced lightheadedness, ataxia and nausea  nitrogen narcosis
 What causes people who are exposed to water experience hypothermia more than
people who are exposed cold air  thermal conductivity
 Disease exclusive to people exposed to asbestosis  pleural mesothelioma
 Most important risk factor for MVA  alcohol ingestion
 Highest risk of developing lung cancer for a smoker  an asbestos worker
 Air travel adversely impact a patient with cardiopulmonary disease  barometric
pressure
 Biological oxygen demand? Measures total organic content of water baswd on
consumption of oxygen, a consumption of 10-20mg of o2 per liter  treated sweage!
The greater demand=greater bacteria.
 Acute onset of chills + fever + malaise + cough + normal x-ray + works in a pet shop +
had similar episode few weeks ago  rest fluid and antipyretics (hypersensitivity
pneumonitis)
 Textile worker + 25 years same company + work=preparing dyes  order urinalysis
(susceptible to bladder cancer due to exposure to b-naphtlamine and benzidine
 Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea + ate beef and cream filled pastries, prevention of this food-
borne illness proper hand washing by food handlers “it’s a staph aureus case/ the
source of infection is human skin mouth and nose/ heating food to 150!! Not 140 might
be effective”
 Mineral responsible for hard water  manganese! Or calcium
 Leading cause of lung cancer  tobacco
 Physical character of water that’s most important impediment? To disinfection 
turbidiy
 Largest proportion of domestic water use  toilet flushing
 Radioactive waste disposed by  landfill
 Airline pilots have higher exposure to which type of radiation  cosmic rays
 Best method of waste control  waste minimization THEN recycling
 Farmer + blurred vision, salivation, N/V + 50HR + 20RR +miosis  give atropine
“muscarinic blocker” “pesticide carbamate/ muscarinic signs and symptoms/ poisoning”
 Screening test for carcinogenicity of a substance  ames test
 90% of cancer due to environmental factors
 In toxicology, a nonthreshold on humans  (infertility, paralysis, adenocarcinoma,
neutropenia) “absence of threshold= substance is carcinogenic, no safe exposure
 Workers in area with 85dB sound, exposed 8h to it  best intervention is hearing
conservation program
 Major environmental source of lead absorption human adults  air!
 Most effective way of cryoptosporidium parvum  filtration of water
 Most effective way of preventing trichinosis in humans  prohibiting feeding garbage to
hogs!
 Haddon matrix used for assessing prevention of  injury
 Accident in nuclear lab, effect you’ll see  bone marrow depression
 Most important risk factor for heat related illness  age < 65
 False positive FTAABS  lyme disease
 Patient w/ condylomata acuminate + her partner is infected too  tell her recurrence of
lesion is more frequent in first year after initial diagnosis
 2 month vaccine  hep b, DTap, Hib, IPV
 Farmer + night sweats low grade fever COUGH and fatigue + PPD is 15 mm 
mycobacterium bovis “brucellosis not associated w/cough”
 Criteria most important for developing routine screening for chlamydia  age esp in
women
 Pregnant lady w/ syphilis + allergic to penicillin  admit for desensitization and treat
with penicillin
 5 year old preschool w/ hep a, management of contacts  immune globulin only to
classroom contacts
 Four drug is recommended as initial for active TB in HIV infected people  always
 HIV infected people at highest risk of having an active TB infection resistant to  11% to
isoniazid
 HIV patient on antiretroviral “protases inhibitors” + PPD 5mm + NORMAL CXR 
isoniazid for nine months
 10 months + vomiting and profuse diarrhea + signs of dehydration  rotavirus
 6 year old with exposure to a bat, parent worried about rabies  administer rabies
vaccine and immunoglobulin
 Want to stop smoking, what phase  preparation
 Pneumococcal PPV23 is not beneficial to  (15 month w/HIV “its not effective for
children less than 2 years”, 70 Y.O female, 5y.o sickle cell, 20 about to undergo
splenectomy)
 Influenza chemoprophylaxis considerd  all nursing home residents & unvaccinated
staff during influenza A outbreak
 Wildlife worker bitten by raccon, he was vaccinated 2 years ago  give two doses of
vaccine “since he was vaccinated before”
 Osteomyelitits in sickle cell  salmonella
 Bloody diarrhea and low platelet, most likely source of infection  beef “E. coli 157
causing HUS”
 Time interval between entry of an infectious agent into a host and onset of symptoms
 incubation period
 Which is associated with recall (removal) of rotavirus vaccine  intussusception!
 HIV patient w/ 180 CD4+ counts, prophylaxis to give  for pneumocystits carini, when
CD4 is <100 give for MAC, when CD<50 give for cryptococcus
 Large number of people acquired symptoms of influenza despite being vaccinated +
cultured strain was same in vaccine, cause  antigenic DRIFT! It’s the cause of changes
in strain that allowed infection despite vaccine. Antigenic SHIFT  sudden change in
structure producing a NEW strain
 Iv drug user with elevated LFTs + positive anti-HBsAg  hep c!! he’s immune to b
 Infection transmitted from person to person  meningococcal (others were viral
infections by mosquitoes)
 College student + severe coughing spells for last 4 d + following initial symptoms of
coryza and malaise + afebrile + vaccinated + babysits 10 month & 2yearold, in terms of
management of contacts which agent is important  Bordetella pertussis “pertussis can
happen despite vaccination”
 MMR is safe in  (pregnant, asthmatic on steroids, 18 leukemia on chemo, HIV 15m
with CD 700)
 7y.o + rash 3days ago + low grade temp + slapped check  paravirus b19
 Patient most likely to become chronic carrier following an acute episode  a newborn
 Test important to determine acute phase of viral hepatitis  IgM anti-HBcAg
 Most appropriate intervention for lyme disease  protective clothing and DEET
 Most important reason for early idenitification of HIV infection in pregnant 
antiretroviral can be offered to reduce chance of HIV transmission to newborn
 Interval in months between administration of whole blood transfusion & MMR vaccine
 6months
 Immunization of preschool children with diphtheria toxoid  detectable antitoxin/
immunologic memory for about 10 years
 Farmer w/ crush injury + received three doses of Td in past, his last dose was 7 years
ago, in addition of cleaning wound, what would you do  administer TETANUS AND
DIPHTHERIA TOXOID!*
 Vaccine c/I in pregnancy  varicella
 Dyspnea on exertion + w/o cough or chest pain + negative history for pulmonary and
cardio + not smoking + work in aircraft and metal alloys + xray showed small, rounded
and irregular opacities, kveim for sarcoidosis is negative + decreased diffusion on PFT 
beryllium “similar to sarcoidosis”
 Prevention of brucellosis  pasteurization of dairy from goats, sheep or cow
 Hard water  decrease in cardiovascular diseases association!
 20month, only received 2 doses of polio and DTaP + didn’t get MMR + her mom is
pregnant + brother is on chemo  administer DTaP + IPV + MMR “MMR is not
contraindicated, OPV however is contraindicated in contact of immunocompromised
person”
 Negative predictive value  probability that a patient with a negative test truly does
not have the disease
 Relative risk  express how much more likely an EXPOSED person to get disease in
comparison to unexposed disease
 Positive predictive value  probability that a patient w/+ve test truly has the diease
 Most difficult mode of transmission to prevent  airborne
 Specificity  probability that a patient w/o a disease will have a negative test result
 Null hypothesis  hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified
population, any observed difference is due to errors
 Attributable risk?  difference in rate of a condition between an exposed population
and an unexposed population
 Most effective method in reducing radon levels in homes  repairing cracks in
foundation
 Industry with highest rate of repeated trauma/ repetitive motion disorders  meat-
packing plant (r/f vibration, low temp, repetition and force) EW GROSS
 A boy w depression following parents divorce + on antidepressants and psychotherapy,
most important risk factor for committing suicide  access to firearms
 Most effective in prevention and control of injuries  engineering “seatbelts and
airbags”
 Odd ratio  measure of association between exposure and an outcome/ odd of an
outcome will occur given a particular exposure
 Organism to measure to assess safety of freshwater “lakes”  E.coli (for freshwater =
enterococcus)
 Most effective method for early detection of alcohol abuse  a standardized
questionnaire
 Pregnant woman came to ER w/ multiple ecchymoses on chest and abdomen + breath
smells of alcohol  domestic violence
 Malaria prophylaxis  chloroquine
 Period fetus will be susceptible to neurotoxic substances  3 – 16 weeks???***
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