1 CHEMICAL BONDING

CHAMPIONS LECTURE SERIES

C–116
Time: 2 Hrs

Lecture Planning & Flow

No. Lecture Contents
I Octate rule, electronic theory of valancy, Ionic Bond
(formation, fav factors, properties of compounds), Lattice
enrgy, Covelent nature of Ionic bond (Fazan's rule)
II Covelent bonds, Coordinate covelent bonds, Lewis Structure,
Valance Bond theory- introduction
Homework of this lecture
For CET Aspirants
Solve Abhyaas (Level-I) and state
board questions with detailed analysis
and solution (Don't Just write the
answer) that can be written in the
space provided in the Abhyaas.

III VBT-sigma and pie bonds types of overlapping, Orbital For JEE Main/NEET Aspirants
overlapping involving pure orbitals, Hybridization and shapes
of the molecules-sp, sp2, sp3 Solve Abhyaas (Level-I) and NCERT
questions with Detailed analysis and
IV Hybridisation-sp3d, sp3d2, lp lp, lpbp repulsions, stuctures of solutions (Don't just write the answer)
ammonia and water. Structures of ethane, ethene, ethyne, CO, that can be written in the space
CO2 molecule provided in the Abhyaas.

V Examples of molecules involving p-pie d-pie bonding, SO2, For JEE Advanced Aspirants
So3, H2SO4, P4O10 etc, Solve Abhyaas Level-I and Level-II
Questions with detailed analysis and
VI VSEPR theory and shapes of molecules. solution (Don’t just write the answer)
that can be written the space provided
in the Abhyaas.
VII MO Theory for homo nuclear diatomic molecules and
Heteronuclear molecules like CO, NO, Structure of Diborane In addition to abhyaas you can do
problems from following reference
VIII Polar covalent bonds and dipole moments, Hydrogen bonds, books
Resonance and bond characters, (length, energy, angle),
Hydration, Hydrolysis.
“VK Jaiswal”
Page-61 (Q.83 to 102)
Page-61 (Q.114 to 124)
Page-63 (Q.13 to 20)
Roll No. STAMP

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CHEMISTRY 2

VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION (VSEPR) THEORY

Lewis concept is unable to explain the shapes of molecules. This theory provides a simple procedure to
predict the shapes of covalent molecules. Sidgwick and Powell in 1940, proposed a simple theory based on
the repulsive interactions of the electron pairs in the valence shell of the atoms. It was further developed
and redefined by Nyholm and Gillespie (1957).

The main postulates of VSEPR theory are as follows:

(i) The shape of a molecule depends upon the number of valence shell electron pairs [bonded or nonbonded)
around the central atom.
(ii) Pairs of electrons in the valence shell repel one another since their electron clouds are negatively charged.
(iii) These pairs of electrons tend to occupy such positions in space that minimise repulsion and thus maximise
distance between them.
(iv) The valence shell is taken as a sphere with the electron pairs localising on the spherical surface at maximum
distance from one another.
(v) A multiple bond is treated as if it is a single electron pair and the two or three electron pairs of a multiple
bond are treated as a single super pair.
(vi) Where two or more resonance structures can represent a molecule, the VSEPR model is applicable to any
such structure.

The repulsive interaction of electron pairs decreases in the order :

lone pair (lp) - lone pair (lp) > lone pair (lp) - bond pair (bp) > bond pair (bp) -bond pair (bp)
Nyholm and Gillespie (1957) refined the VSEPR model by explaining the important difference between the
lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons. While the lone pairs are localised on the central atom, each
bonded pair is shared between two atoms. As a result, the lone pair electrons in a molecule occupy more
space as compared to the bonding pairs of electrons. This results in greater repulsion between lone pairs of
electrons as compared to the lone pair - bond pair and bond pair - bond pair repulsions. These repulsion
effects result in deviations from idealised shapes and alterations in bond angles in molecules.
For the prediction of geometrical shapes of molecules with the help of VSEPR theory it is convenient to
divide molecules into two categories as (i) molecules in which the central atom has no lone pair and (ii)
molecules in which the central atom / ion has one or more lone pairs.

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 3 CHEMICAL BONDING
Shape (molecular geometry) of Some Simple Molecules / ions with central atom / ion
having no Lone Pairs of Electrons (E).
Table-3

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CHEMISTRY 4
Shape (molecular geometry) of Some Simple Molecules/Ions with central atom / ions having One
or More Lone Pairs of Electrons (E).
Table-4

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 5 CHEMICAL BONDING
Shapes of Molecules containing Bond Pair and Lone Pair
Table-5

 The VSEPR Theory is able to predict geometry of a large number of molecules, especially the
compounds of p-block elements accurately. It is also quite successful in determining the geometry
quite-accurately even when the energy difference between possible structures is very small.

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CHEMISTRY 6
Illustration – 8 Use the VSEPR model to predict the geometry of the following :
(a) XeF2 (b) ClO3–
Solution: Species Structure

F
(a) XeF2 lone pairs occupy the equatorial positions to have
Xe
minimum repulsion. Thus it is linear.
F

(b) ClO3– To minimize the repulsion between lone pair and double
bond, species acquires trigonal pyramidal.

Illustration –9 Discuss the bond angle in carbonyl halides COF2 , COCl2 , COBr2 , COI2

Solution:

Bond angle   COF2 < COCl2 < COBr2 < COI2

Double bonds require more room than single bonds. Hence C = O group compresses the molecule
and bond angle decrease maximum in COF2 as bond pairs of electrons are more closer to the
fluorine atoms because of high electronegativity of fluorine. As size of halogen atoms increase and
their electronegativity decreases repulsion between bond pairs increases and therefore  increase.

Illustration – 10 Compare bond angle of OF2 , Cl2O and Br2O.

Solution: OF2 Cl2O Br2O

Bond pairs of electrons are more closer to the fluorine atoms (because of high electronegativity of
fluorine). So the lp - lp repulsion is more than bp - bp. Thus the F—O—F bond angle decreases to
102º from 109.5º. In Cl2O, the bond pair are more closer to the oxygen atom because of the high
electronegativity of oxygen. So the bp - bp repulsion is more than lp - lp. Thus the bond angle
Cl—O—Cl increases to »111º due to bp - bp repulsion and repulsion between larger Cl atoms.
Note : The steric crowding of the larger halogen atoms also contributes in the increasing bond
angles.

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 7 CHEMICAL BONDING

ABHYAAS
LEVEL - I
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) The shape ......................and No. of lone pair is/are......................in SO2.

(b) The shape ......................and No. of lone pair is/are......................in NH3.

(c) The shape ......................and No. of lone pair is/are......................in H2O.

(d) The shape ......................and No. of lone pair is/are......................in ClF3.

(e) The bond angle of CH4 ......................, NH3......................, H2O.......................

n
Sol :

Q-2 Which of the following match is not correct:

(A) ICI 2 — Linear ion (B) ICI 4 — Square planar ion
(C) XeF2 — Linear molecule (D) SO 42 — Trigonal planar ion
Soln:

Q-3 Amongst NH3, BeCl2, CO2 and H2O, the non-linear molecules are :
(A) BeCl2 and H2O (B) BeCl2 and CO2 (C) NH3 and H2O (D) NH3 and CO2

Soln:

Q-4 Which is not correct:

(A) Bond angle H–S–H < H–OH (B) Bond angle F–O–F < Cl–O–Cl

(C) Bond angle H–P–H < H–N–H (D) Bond angle Cl–Sn–Cl > Cl–Hg–Cl

Soln:

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CHEMISTRY 8
Q-5 The number of unpaired electrons in paramagnetic tetrachloromaganate (II) anion is:
(A) 5 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 6

Soln:

Q-6 The geometrical arrangement and shape of I 3 are respectively

(A) Trigonal bipyramidal geometry, linear shape
(B) Hexagonal geometry, T-shape
(C) Triangular planar goemetry, triangular shape
(D) Tetrahedral geometry, pyramidal shape

Soln:

Q-7 The bond angle in H2O in nearly 105° whereas bond angle in H 2S in nearly 90°. This is because:
(A) Electronegativity of oxygen is greater than that of sulphur
(B) Oxygen is a gas whereas sulphur is solid
(C) Sulphur contains d-orbitals whereas oxygen does not
(D) The number of lone pairs present on oxygen and sulphur is not equal

Soln:

Q-8 Which of the following set contains species having same angle arround the central atom:
(A) SF4, CH4, NH3 (B) NF3, BCl3, NH3

(C) BF3, NF3, AlCl3 (D) BF3 BCl3, BBr3

Soln:

Q-9 Carbon atoms in the compound (CN) 4C2 are:

(A) sp hybridized (B) sp2 hybridized
(C) sp and sp2 hybridized (D) sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridized

Soln:

Q-10 The shape of I 3 is :

(A) Tetrahedral (B) Linear (C) T-shape (D) Trigonal

Soln:

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 9 CHEMICAL BONDING

Q-11 Which of the following having a square planner structure is:

(A) NH4 (B) BF4 (C) XeF4 (D) CCl4
Soln:

Q-12 Which of the following species has linear shape ?

(A) O3 (B) NO2– (C) SO2 (D) NO2+

Soln:

Q-13 Which of the following species does not exist under normal conditions ?
(A) Li2 (B) Be2+ (C) B2 (D) Be2

Soln:

Q-14 In which of the following species the central atom has type of hybridisation which is not the
same as that present on other three ?
(A) PCl5 (B) SF4 (C) I–3 (D) SbCl52–

Soln:

Q-15 The molecule having smallest bond angle around the central atom is
(A) ASCl3 (B) SbCl3 (C) PCl3 (D) NCl3

Soln:

Q-16 The shape of XeO2F2 molecule is :

(A) trigonal bipyramidal (B) square planar
(C) tetrahedral (D) see - saw

Soln:

Q-17 In a change from PCl 3  PCl5, The hybrid state of P change from:
(A) sp2 to sp3 (B) sp3 to sp2 (C) sp3 to sp3d (D) sp3 to dsp2

Soln:

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CHEMISTRY 10
Q-18 The Cl–C–Cl angle in 1, 1, 2, 2 - tetrachloro ethene and tetrachloro methane respectively will be
about:
(A) 120° and 109.5° (B) 90° and 109.5°

(C) 109.5° and 90° (D) 109.5° and 120°

Soln:

Q-19 A square planar complex is formed by hybridisation of which atomic orbital?

(A) s, px, py, dyz (B) s, px, py, d x 2
y2

(C) s, px, py, d z 2 (D) s, px py, d xy

Soln:

Q-20 Out of CHCl3, CH4 and SF4 the molecules having regular geometry are:
(A) CHCl3 only (B) CHCl3 and SF4

(C) CH4 only (D) CH4 and SF4

Soln:

Q-21 The bond angless of NH3, NH2– and NH2+ are in the order:
(A) NH2  NH3  NH4 (B) NH4  NH3  NH2

(C) NH3  NH2  NH4 (D) NH3  NH4  NH2

Soln:

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 11 CHEMICAL BONDING

Q-22 The pair of molecules having identical geometry is:

(A) BCl3, PCl3 (B) BF3, NF3 (C)CCl4, CH4 (D) CH4, SF4

Soln:

Q-23 The correct statement for the reaction

NH3  H   NH 4
(A) Hybridisation state is changed (B) Bond angle increases
(C) NH3 act as a Lewis acid (D) Regular geometry is changed
Soln:

NCERT QUESTIONS
Q-1 Discuss the shape of the following molecules using the VSEPR model:
BeCl2, BCl3, SiCl4, AsF5, H2S, PH3
n
Sol :

Q-2 Although geometries of NH3 and H2O molecules are distorted tetrahedral, bond angle in water is less than
that of ammonia. Discuss.
n
Sol :

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CHEMISTRY 12

STATE BOARD QUESTIONS

Q-1 Valence Shell Electron Pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is used to predict which of the following :
(A) Energy levels in an atom (B) the shapes of molecules and ions.
(C) the electronegativities of elements. (D) the type of bonding in compounds.
n
Sol :

Q-2 In Ammonia molecule the bond angle is 107º and in water molecule it is 104º 35/, although in both the
central atoms are sp3 hybridized Explain
Soln:

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 13 CHEMICAL BONDING

ANSWERS
LEVEL - I
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) Bent, one (b) pyramidal, one (c) Bent, two
o o o
(d) T-shape, two (e) 109 28’, 107 , 104
Q-2 (D) Q-3 (C) Q-4 (D) Q-5 (A) Q-6 (A) Q-7 (A) Q-8 (D)
Q-9 (C) Q-10 (B) Q-11 (C) Q-12 (D) Q-13 (D) Q-14 (D) Q-15 (B)
Q-16 (D) Q-17 (C) Q-18 (A) Q-19 (B) Q-20 (C) Q-21 (B) Q-22 (C)
Q-23 (B)

NCERT QUESTIONS
Q-1 BeCl2 : Linear, BCl3 : trigonal planar : SiCl4 : tetrahedral,
AsF5 : trigonal bipyramidal, H2S = Bent, PH3 = pyramidal.
Q-2 The N atom in NH3 have a single lone pair but in water the O atom has 2 lone pairs. The lone pair - lone
pair repulsion is greater than the bond pair- bond pair repulsion between the H bonds and therefore this
reduces the bond angle in H2O.

STATE BOARD QUESTIONS

Q-1 (B)
Q-2 The N in NH3 have a single lone pair but in water the O atom has 2 lone pairs.
The lone pair - lone pair repulsion is greater than the bond pair- bond pair repulsion between the H bonds
and therefore this reduces the bond angle in H2O.

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