(gemiconductor Devices ) Page no (1g Industrial Electronics (MU - Sem 4 - Mechanical) BT 1GI osFeT, SCR, DH 1.17 COMPARISION OF POWER BIT, POWER M IGBT (OSFET Power BJT Power M cca oe Cf i nie Collector (C) 9 Collector 9(C) fnstiaton emitter [Sate cata 00 Base Emer |) Fig. Al Fig. A2 Fig. AS xz D +t ‘ A c “a Js A Pal a T 8 ¢ S al E Kk E 8 Fig. BL Fig. B2 Fig. BB Fig. BS 3. Control terminal is gate | Control Control terminal is gate | Control terminal is gate whichis terminal which _ is | terminal is which is connected via $,| gate connected via SO, connected by ohmic | loose terminal | Ozinsulation layer. insulation layer. contact which is connected by ohmic contact. Current. controlled- | Current Voltage —_controlled-gate- | Voltage controlled gate-cathode current controlled - source voltage controls the | gate-emitter voltage controls the controls the tum-on, | base-emitter | turn-on and tum-off | turn-on and turn-off of [GBT current controls | MOSFET the turn-on and turn-off of BJT the SCR | Base [To ama te Sox | powcrree [Gaetan cols Ga las cl es o te tum off process no turn-off process to comm necessary. the turn-off ‘commutation circuit circuit required. process,no | required, quire” commutation cireuil required. >| 2.5 FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER load. r with the help of waveforms 7 =e Cee un for maxing: 5 ¥ controlled rectifier and find the firing angle rn (TOK e cus 4, Det output Draw and explain single phase full-brid, 0 '9€ controlled rectifier with the the output voltage equation, wbekeel 1 e ure a re eon (MU-New Syllabus weed academic year 20-21) (4-35) Waliccsincs plus ain’Industrial Electronics (MU 1m 4 - Mochanical na (2-9) Work “ 2.5. 1a) shows the eireuit triggering cireuit is not shown, diagram for a (a) Circuit diagram (b) For +ve half supply cycle (Phao Contr. Fe ior & Bridge Invert) _Pa ly controlled bridge rectifier, Again for simplicity the () For -ve half supply cycle Fig. 2.5. : Fully controlled bridge rectifier (ii) During the positive half of supply cycle Fig 25.100) ie. from 0 - m, terminal Lis more positive as compared to N. Hence T, and T; are forward biased, where as T, and T, are the reverse biased mode. Thus when a triggering pulse is given to T, and T, at an angle a, They start conducting. Refer Fig. 25.1(b), when T, and T, are conducting the load voltage (V,) is same as Vix. At mthe voltage becomes zero, thus current also becomes zero as the load is purely resistive and SCRs T, and T, stop conducting at when the supply polarity reveres the terminal N becomes more positive wat L. Hence SCRs T, and T, becomes forward biased from mo 2x. T, and T, conduct when triggered at + till 2x when T, T, wn OFF (Fig. 2.5.1(0)} this the load voltage is Vix) Gil) (iv) During interval Vea. ' 2 Va i V,, sin wt don =" cos on 1% il a Fora=0 y, (+l) als ste Veet (MU-New Syllabus wef academic year 20-21) (M435) TyTe_y TsTa_o Crore TyTal [Fa tT Fe eee io ion oa (@) Waveforms Fig. 25.1 : Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier y, Ven Ll + 608 0) (25.1) [abrecn neo puications.A SACHIN SHAH Venturevelecronics (MU - Sem 4 ~ Mechanical ) pst (Motors) Page no. (6-13) er 5 Speed v/s Torque (N v/s T) Characteristics of a D.C. Shunt Motor speed-torque chara the N ws T characteris , Tvs characteristics and N v/s I, characteris hi i ‘ ‘ unt motor is derived from its two characteristics namely, ics and is as shown in the Fig, 6.4.4, ) As the torque is proportional to the armature current, the nature of this characteristics is the I same as that of the speed armature current characteristics. i N(RPM) | Ideal characteristics ga Components on the N vis T characteristics of a Practical characteristics D.C. shunt motor Due to almost constant speed over wide variation of the torque we can call D.C. shunt motor as a constant speed motor. Full Load | Lint (Fa\Fig, 6.4.4 : Speed v/s torque (N v/s T) characteristics of a D.C. shunt motor —_—_—————YS 6.5.3 Speed v/s Torque (N v/s T) Characteristics of a D. C. Series Motor {UQ__ Draw and explain speed-torque characteristics of DC series motors. POZN GOA, (i) We know that E,="Eq,~ or N= POZ - Nac kt 1 <> but for a D.C. series motor o « I, and E, = V —1,(R, +R.) = constant, Ne 7 * for a given D.C. motor the terms P, Z and A are constant pre) r ‘ re (U-New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 20-21) (M4-35) fe) Tech-Neo Publications... SACHIN SHAH VentIndustrial Electronics (MU - Sem 4 - Mechanical ) (Motors) ....Page no. (6-1 5) (ii) Further, for a D.C. series motor T, = 6 1, but’ ct @ rs , 1 (iii) From equations (1) and (2), we get Ne iw Poe) 8 rr 3 (iv) (a) When the load is zero, T, = 0 and N is dangerously high. NIRPM)| | c. We should never start a DC serie: (b) As load increases D.C. series motor decreases. (v) Note that the nature of the N v/s T, characteristics of a D.C. series motor is the some as that of the N v/s I, characteristics. (vi) Fig, 6.5.2(c) represents the N v/s T, characteristics of a D.C. series motor. motor on no load T, increases and the speed of the Ta(N-m) ariaFig. 6.5.2(c) : N v/s T, characteristics of a D. C. series motorEE 1.42 A.C. PHASE CONTROL CIRCUIT USING DIAC-TRIAC EE ————————————————————————— (MU-New Syllabus wef academic year 20-21) (M435) g TRIAC and DIAC. Draw waveforms. MU - Q. 2(b) of May 2019, 3.5 Marks)| tion of a bulb. i Illustrate how a DIAC-TRIAC pair can be used for controlling the illuminat (Eerie ees Draw and explain fan regulator circuit u: ition circuit of Triac-Diac. i } UQ. Draw and explain any one appli : ug. Explain triac-diac circuit with the help of any one application. i UQ. Explain any one application circuit of TRIAC-DIAC with waveform. DISOrse ee UQ. Draw appli and associated waveforms. [TERS Oceans: 1.12.I(a) shows the circuit diagram of a.c. phase control. It uses the triac as the controlled switch which can conduct with a positive or negative supply voltage. When a positive or negative gate voltage is applied through a diac. The main load circuit which carries large current is shown by thick line. The trigger circuit which is indicated by thin lines in the circuit, carries a much lower current (trigger circuit) which uses a diac. Large ele power power load trigger circuit circuit {b) Waveform (a) Circuit diagram Fig. 1.12.1 ; A.C. Phase Control Circuit = fe Tech-Neo Publications... SACHIN SHAH VentureIndustri i lal Electronics (MU - Sem 4 - Mechanical) 2 (Semiconductor Devices ) ....Page n 10. (1-49 ) g, this interval the capacitor is cop, Nec triac is OFF. Durin| diac breakdown volta; 1Be the di lag reaches the 1 of TRIAC turning the triac ON. During the positi = oe Lind half supply cycle, initially the gh the load resistance Rand starts charging. The instant Ve - MT, terminal {-TRIAC). During this interval as th s the TI RIAC i turns on the capacitor di e capacitor discharges through diac and gate Instant the - mnt the TRIAC tums ON, The load gets a current (Vs; drop of TRIAC -very low). sed for inductive load. ‘The load can be bulb(purely resist; Sistive) e load current reaches zero as the sup| pene supply voltage Boes -Load ON the volta N the voltage across R-C is negligible (On a limitation of TRIAC is that it cannot be nce th eo sacha TRIAC turns ON, it will turn OFF, when th : igh its natural zero and reversed thereafter, in the next half cycle (re" . sani S eniha (reverse supply voltage) the MT, terminal is now positive w.r.t. MT). ish i of voltage and with this the TRIAC_ now turns ON in III —ve mode. Larg ie resistance R slow Rapact jl ; ol be dalayedi - tna the capacitor will charge to the diac breakdown voltage and the TRIAC ry half supply cycle. This will lower the load voltage as the rms value of load lagen voltage will reduce. If R is small V, T 1 the capacitor voltage wi ge will soon reach the and TRI. BO AC turns ON earlier in su supply cycle. The capacitor charge,‘3.12.2 Monostable Multivibrator using IC 555 (Block Diagram & ret Explain with block diagram IC 555 timer as monostable multivibrator. (MU Q. 3(a) of May 15, Dec. 15, UQ. Explain working of monostable mode of operation of IC555 time! ug. Q. 4(b) of May 17, Dec. 18, 7 Marks COR so a pulse generating circuit in which (1) A monostable multivibrator, oftenly called a one-shot mull the duration of pulse is determined by the RC network connected to timer IC 555. Normally 19 Ground Normally Load Fig. 3.12.2(a) : Monostable Multivibrator (MU-New Syllabus w.ef academic year 20-21) (M435) cy nieh: ies an - * save nan vertu "Neo Publications.industrial Electronics (MU - Sem 4 ~ Mechanical) (Operational Ampiitiors & 555 Timer) ...Page no. (3-27) Output voltage Capacitor Fig. 3.12.2(b) : Input / Output Waveforms (2) The initial state of the output of the output of the circuit is approximately zero. When an external trigger pulse is applied, the output is forced to one or high. The output remains high is determined by the external RC network connected to the timer. 3) Atthe end of the timing interval, the output automatically reverts back to its initial state. The output remains low until the trigger pulse is again applied and the cycle repeats, @) The monostable multivibrator has only one stable state, hence the name monostable. 55 Operation of Monostable multivibrator (1) In monostable multivibrator Fig. 3.10.2 shows initially when the output is low, the circuit is in a stable state, transistor Q, is ON and capacitor C is shorted out to ground, (2) However application of a negative trigger pulse to pin 2, transistor Q, is tumed OFF, which release the short circuit across the external capacitor C and drives the output high. The capacitor C starts charging towards Voc through Ry. (3) When the voltage across the capacitor equals 2/3 Vcc, Comparator I's output switches from low to high, which in tum drives the output to its low state through the output of the flip flop tums transistor Q, ON, and capacitor rapidly discharges through transistor and then cycle repeats. (4) Fig. 3.12.2(b) shows the trigger input, output voltage and capacitor voltage waveforms. The trigger pulse must be ‘negative terminal input signal with an amplitude larger than 1/3 Vcc. =LIRC "© Applications : (i) Frequency divider (ji) Pulse stretcher. Module ualIndustrial Electronics (MU - Sem 4 — Mechanical) O Ideal and Practical | Characteristics of IC 741 (Operational Amplifiers & 555 Timer) Page no. (3-11) Sr.No. Rarametep Symbol | Ideal Characteristics | Practical Characteristics a Voltage Gain A = 2x 10° 2. Output Impedance Zou 0 52 3. Input Impedance Zin co 2MQ 4. Bandwidth B.W 0 1 MHz 5. CMRR p es 90 dB 6. Slew Rate SR 20 0.5 Viusec 7. | PSRR PSRR 0 S0.RVIN’ Module(1) __| Supply voltage 45V-55V (2) | Device used BJT - Bipolar junction transition | p-channel and n-channel MOSFET (3)__| High level noise margin | Van = 0.4 V Vai= 145 V (4) Low level noise margin Vu_= 0.4 V Vui= 1.45 V 6) Noise immunity Less than CMOS Better than TTL (©) _| Propagation delay 10 ns 70 ns (7) __| Power dissipation per gate | 10 mW 0.1 mw (8) Switching speed Faster than CMOS Jess than TTL (9) Fan out 10 50. (10) Applications Laboratory instruments Portable instruments$$ eee pl 4.19 ENCODER AND DECODER i ; Ug. Explain encoder and decoder in digital circuits. E | UQ. What is decoder, demultiplexer and flip-flop ? (MU - Q. 5(b) of May 2018, 7 Marks)f ame Q_5(c) of May 2015, 6 Marks) 1 uQ. Explain use of :(i) Multiplexer (ji) De-multiplexer(iii) Boolean algebra (iv) Encoder. 4 4.19.1 Encoder 1. In encoder the output lines generate the binary code in order to the input signal or value. 2” inputs 2°-n 2. Encoder is a circuit which converts the analog n outputs signal to digital signal. Its input will be in Encoder continuous sine wave or analog wave while the a Enable output will be in digital form. inputs Fig. 4.19.1 : Structure of Encoder (MU-New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 20-21) (M4-35) [a Tech-Neo Publications...A SACHIN SHAH VentureIndustrial Electronics (MU jem 4 — Mechanical) A decoder is a multiple input, multiple output logic circuit which converts coded inputs into coded outputs. In this input and output codes are different, ninpute aga” 2. The encoded data or information is presented as 2" ovtputy n-inputs producing 2"outputs. From 0 through 2° 1. The structure of decoder circuit shown in Decoder Enable 3 Fig. 4.19.3. inputs — 3. A decoder is provided with enable inputs to activate output based on data inputs. Fig. 4.19.3 : Structure of Decoder 4. For example, 2 line to 4 line decoder, having 2 inputs and 4-outputs, each output representing one of the inverters of the 2 input variables. 5. Two inverters provide the complement of the inputs and each one of four AND gates generates one of the input The circuit realization shown in Fig. 4.19.4. A 8 a a [— v= 48 Inputs Outputs 8 Ys] 1%] % Yy=A8 x fo[ofofo ofofofol|4 — tfofo[a]o 1 1 0 oO 1 0 0 Truth Table Fig. 4.19.4 : Decoder Circuit Diagramnmap eocroncs (MU Sem = Mechanint ‘420 MULTIPLEXER AND DEMULTIPLEXER Write a short note on Multiplexer and Dem: “yq. Explain Dernultiptexer ultipton | yq. Explain multiplexer and demultiplexer in dota cults nit tel oP ye 4.20.1 Multiplexer Consider for 2": T multiplexer, mis the sete Normally, there tines where bit comt selected. Multiplexer is a combinational circuit that ha maximum of 2n data inputs, nN” selection lines and single output line. One of these data inputs will be connected to the couipat based on the values of selection lines, there are ‘nt sel possible combinations of zeros and ones. So, ene combination will select only one data input, Multiplexer on tines, there will be 2n ch also called as Mux. Therefore, multiplexer is known as ny into one. A multiplexer is a combinational logic circuit that receives binary data or information from inputs nits the data to a single output, ‘The input puts “m” such lines is controlled by a set of select that 2" number of select lines n= umber of input lines Multiplexer is also called as Mux or data selector % 4.20.1(A) 4:1 Multiplexer For example, the logic diagram of Fi at Input utput { aE Output Enable 8 ae Select Inputs Oy {gta Logio and Logio Famiton) Page no. (4-44 7 PRTNIEME A: i 1 inputs, block diagram shown in Fig, 4.20.1, ‘input lines and in select input ations determine which input i Inputs Y (Output) Ve Solect inputs Fig. 4.20.1 : Block dingram of Multiplexer Output 0.1(a) and the block diagram of Fig. 4.20.1(b) are of Enable ig. 4.20.1(a) : MUX Logle Diagram, 21 multiplexer. Truth Table of 4:1 MUX Fg. 4.20.40) Block Diagram of 4:1 MUN (MU-New Syllabus we,f academic year 20-21) (M4-35) il Tech-Neo Publications...A SACHIN SHAH VentureD458) § 0 7 From the truth table, Ye, Sy Do tes iv the and OR ga The realization of the above expression using, AND multiplexer » design of 1 e used in the design The multiplexing function discussed above ean be u 5 3 UX, 4:1 MUX, 8:1 combinational circuits, There are some standard ICavailablefor2; 1M MUX and 16:1 MUX are piven in table, 2:1 MUX 4A MUX 4:1 MUX 16:1 MUX> | Electronics (MU — Sem 4 — Mechanical) (Digital Logic and Logic Families) 2(A) 134 De-multiplexer 20. : , : able. at sample of an |: 4 De-multiplexer is shown in Fig. 4.20.4, whose operation follows easily from the truth table por exa sy Dy Select Input o S41 so % [a [oo fo fo oo | ee asecestsess 0, 1000 Inputs (b) Truth Table (a) Logic Diagram Fig. 4.20.4 : 1:4 De-multiplexer The binary input is applied at the select input lines and the output is obtained on | Demultiplexer | IC Number the corresponding line. The data input line is used as an enable pin and is connected | 1:4 DeMUX T4155 to logic 1 for chip operation. As per the truth table of Fig. 4.20.4(b), Dy, Dy, D:D; [4-8 peMUX 74158 respectively. Some of the de-multiplexer 3 available as standard ICs. ICs of DeMUX represent decimal digit 0, 1, 2, 3 corresponding to binary inputs 00, 01, 10, 11 7.16 DemUX 74154>>| 4.16 FLIP-FLOPS : UQ. Whatisa flip flop ? Explain the different types of flip flops. | UQ. What are flip flops ? Why are they needed in digital circuits ? Compare the different types of flip flops. : : (Eerie ran | (Ue eona rman 4.16.1 Block Diagram of Flip-Flop 1. The block diagram of sequential circuit is shown in Fig. 4.16.1. 2. It consists of a combinational circuit, which accepts digital signal from external inputs and from outputs of memory element and generate signals for external outputs and for input to memory elements. 3. A memory element is a medium in which bit of information can be stored or retained until necessary and thereafter its contents can be replaced by a new value by the output of the combinational circuit. A memory element is called a flip-flop or latch. Clock Fig. 4.16.1 : Block Diagram of a Sequential Circuit Input Output Combinational Cire Memory Element Output (memory circuit) (MU-New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 20-21) (M4-35) [el Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH VentureMI industrial Electronics (MU — Sem 4— Mechanical) 1s Basic Memory Ce (Digital Logic and Logie Families) ....Page no. (4-33) |, The basic memory cell is a circuit that stores one bit of At information. It is also known as one-bit memory cet : oe This one one-bit memory clement is called flip-flop or Gea alatch. : ¢ > 8 A flip-flop has two outputs, Q and Q, that are always complements of each other. It is having two stable states : Set and reset. i s : Fig. 4.16.2 : Basic Memory Cell 3, Inset state, Qis high and Q is low; whereas in reset state Q is high and Q is low. For a one-bit memory cell, it should retain the information stored in it. That means, if it is in set state it should remain set and if it is in reset state, it should remain reset state. Soe ot em nemmenoimmerneeeimaed% 4.1.1 Boolean Algebra In 1850s, Irish mathematician George Boole developed a mathematical system for formulating logic statements with symbols so that problems can be written and solved in manner similar to ordinary algebra. Itis extremely useful in the design and analysis of digital systems. Boolean algebra is a system of mathematical logic, which uses the letters of English alphabet to represent variables. Any single variable or a function of the variables can have a value of either 0 or 1. There are no fractions or negative numbers. It is algebra of binary variables. The Boolean algebra differs from both ordinary algebra and the binary number system for example, in Boolean algebra the addition of two digits 1 + 1 = 1. While in binary arithmetic this result in 10. ModuleMSP 430 Architecture UQ. Draw and explain MSP430 architecture. (MU - Q. 2(b), May 15, Q. 5(a), May 16, Q. 4(a), Ma’ 17, Q. 5(a),] Dec. 17, Q. 3(b), Dec. 18, Q. 3(b), May 19, 7 Marks) i UQ. Explain in brief functional block diagram of msP430. (TTERWIOMI SSCS 5(a), Dec. 14, Q. 4(b), Lie es CORDS CORA) : YQ Explain various registers used for digital input/output of MSP430, P 430 CPU has a 16-bit RISC architecture. The architecture of MSP 430 can be understood following diagram. The controller's performance is directly related to the 16-bit data bus, the seven modes and the reduced instruction set, which allows from the addressing a shorter, denser programming code for fast execution, Mu, , f niches Publis a eee New Syllabus we. academic year 20-21) (m4-35) [arech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Venture |coprocessor and Microcontrollers) ....Page no, Industrial Electronics (MU - Sem 4 — Mechanical) (Microp! (5 12) , intelligent peripherals and flexible clock System ~ ese MSP co er families share a 16-bit CPU PISC type These MSP controller families share a 16 dress bus (MAB) and memory data us (yp, i o il that interconnects using a Van- Neumann common memory a architecture, — — The CPU of MSP 430 includes 16 bit ALU and a set of 16 reaiitt Ry In these registers are special purpogg same way. JTAG /Debug Fig. 5.4.2 : MSP 430 Architecture / Functional Block DiagramThe special purpose registers are, 1) PC (Program Counter) : The 16-bit program counter (PC / Rg) points to the next instruction to be read from memory and executed by the CPU. The program center is implemented by the instruction. It is important to know that the program counter is aligned at even addresses, because the instructions are 16-bit, even though te individual memory address contain 8-bit values. (2) Stack Pointer (SP/R,) : The stack pointer (SP/R,) is located in R, the stack can be used by user to store daa fo later use. PUSH instruction is used to store data and POP instruction is used to retrieve the data. It can be used bY user for subroutine parameters.> Status Register (SP/R,) : The status register (SP/R,) stores the state and control bits. The system flags or status are changed by the CPU depending on the result of an operation in a register. 76 ae Bie 0 16 14 13:12 11:10 9 8 aaa facto Te] Fig. 5.4.4: Status Register© Constant Generator Registers (CG1/CG2) (R,/ R,) — Depending on the source-register addressing modes value, si a code word or code memory access to retrieve them. — The implementation of emulated instructions is allowed because of above feature. Table 5.4.4 : Values of the CG Register Register| As | Constant] — Remark oe ee Register mode R, [ot 0 Absolute mode R, | 10 | 00004h +4, bit R,__| 11 | 00008 h +8, bit Rs | 00 | 00000h 0, word Rs [01 | 00001 h +1 Rs | 10| o0002h [+ 2, obi R,; [11 | FEFFh =1, word (MU-New Syllabus w.e. academic year 20-21) (M4-~ 35) Bhrecn-nec Neo Publications... SACHIN un SHA EFT x commonly used constants can be generated without in vent a\wneruprocessor and Microcontrollers) General Purpose Registers (Ry - R n the table, the register from R, to R,, used as general purpose registers. These registers used to store dat a values, address. Pointers or index values and can be accessed with byte or word. VO Ports : The MSP 430 supports 11 1/0 Py to Pio, The newest ‘Sxx and’6xx families has P, to P,, and the control registers are igned to provide more port pairs. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) : The ALU basically performs 16-bit arithmetic and logical operations such as additions, subtraction, comparison, logical AND, logical OR etc. All ALU operations affects in the status register.% 6.10.2 Comparison between BLDC Motor, DC Motor and Induction Motor 3. | Construction It has complicated construction Sr. | parameter BLDC motor DC motor Phase induction motor No. 1. | Supply This needs 3 phase supply for stator DC supply This needs only 3 phase and d.c. Supply for rotor winding. supply. 2. | Starting BLDC motor is self starting. Self starting Induction motor is self starting. Simple and robust It has simple robust construction pte. | ii i Armature is rotary. Permanently short circuit 4 | Rotor Field winding is placed in rotor J Field is stationary rotor. slots. Not used % |p Not used amper Not used =e 5 eos : | Module 2 i a en when | Speed reduces with | With increase_in_load F Lo | Effect of | Speed remains constant ev - = PO ee (Mu, \-New Syllabus w.ef academic year 20-24) (M435) 2 il Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH VentureIndustrial Electronics (MU - Sem 4 — Mechanical ) ding (Motors) Sr. | parameter BLDC motor DC motor Phase induction motor No. load load is increased. nereascs in load speed decreases, 7. | Speed This runs at synchronous speed | ‘This motor runs at fess | This motor runs at jeyy only, than the base speed, the synchronous speed 8. | Pf. N.A. NA. PL. is always lagging and can never be | 9. | Sensors Needed to be used. | Notused. 10. | Cost Capital cost of BLDC motor is high | Moderate Capital cost of induction due to complicated construction. motor is lowest, 11. | Application | Bldc motor is mainly used for | Machine tools, | This is used to drive position control application. industrial applications. | different loads.YS 6.12.2 — Selection and Sizing of Motors for Different Applications GQ. _ Select a motor for the following apy (2) Pumps (2) Conveyors _(3) Machine Tools (1) Pumps (D_ The various types of water pumps used in irrigation sector are as Follows : (1) Displacement Pumps. (2) Centrifugal pumps. (3) End suction centrifugal pumps (5) Turbines and Jet pumps. (6) Booster pumps. _ (7) Floating pumps. (4) Submersible pumps. (1) Types of motors used in electro-agro system are (1) Single phase induction motors (2) Three phase induction motors (2) Conveyors — For conveyor belt applications different types of motors are suitable for different types of conveyor belts. For fixed or constant speed applications the AC motors and gear motors are well suited. For applications where speed control, higher speeds or maximum torque in small area are needed the AC motors ‘and motors are used. For precise positioning the stepper or servomotors arc ideal () Fixed Speed Conveyor Belt Systems For the fixed speed or constant speed conveyors a wide range of AC gear motors is available in the market, 'AC induction Motors are ideal for conveyor system that operates continuously in one direction, — We can also use the synchronous motors for conveyors where the motor needs to the operated continuously to one direction at synchronous speed regardless of load torque. ~ Specially the low speed synchronous motor is ideal for frequent starting, stopping and reversal. (I) Speed Control Conveyor Belt Systems For conveyors where speed control is needed during the operation, the ac induction motors or BLDC motors are Medule used because they offer wide speed range and a constant torque regardless of speed. te (MU-New Syllabus w.ef academic year 20-21) (M4-35) fl Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Venture(Motors) - ‘Mechanical ) mere (642) Industrial Electronics (MU - Sem. (3) Machine Tools (Following are the requirement of motors used for machine tools 1. Low cost, low maintenance, high reliability. 2, Operation at fixed oF variable speeds should be possible. 3. variable starting torque 10% to 250% or full load | 4. Fast aeceleration torque. Duty cycle depends on the type of machine tools. | 6. Variable load operation should be possible. 8. Very high speed operation for certain machine 7. Variable speed operation at constant torque, tools such as grinders. 10. The drive motor must have features such as fast response, wide range of speed control, good thermal capacity, low vibrations, zero maintenance etc 9, N.C. machines machine tools are preferred to conventional ones. (Il) The squirrel cage induction motors are being preferred due to their following advantages : 1. Simple construction 2. Robust 3. High reliability 4, Less maintenance — The motors suitable for machine tool applications are : DC shunt motor, DC compound and t here phase induction motor. (4) Cranes, Winches, Hoists — Heavy load is to be lifted or lowered. This needs heavy torque. During lowering of load regenerative braking has to be used D.C. series motor is capable of giving high torque But its operation during regenerative braking unstable. = Ithas to be used with electronic circuits to make is table, — Three phase induction motor is also used as its induction generator conversion is automatic. (5) Fan or Blower Drives ‘The motors used for fan or blower drives is located in the outdoor or semi outdoor locations. Hence totally enclosed fan cooled motors are used, The requirements are: (1) Moderate or low starting torque. (2) High breakdown torque (3) Speed range 1000 to 1500 rpm. — The slip ring induction motor with rotor resistance control is perfectly suitable for these drivebe 6.10 BASICS OF BLDC MOTOR, LINEAR ACTUATOR MOTOR AND SERVO MOTOR %® 6.10.1 Brushless DC motors (BLDC Motor) if Sy Note: Given below is the general theory of the BLDC Se i ‘ Permanent 2 motor from which the reseeruye. answers of. the magnet } O00 above MU questions may be written <> 2 (1) _ Definition of the BLDC Motor @) ADC motor that uses electronic commutator is termed as a brushless D.C. motor (or BLDC motor) 7 I Gi) Such a motor has no mechanical commutator and brushes , but electronic commutator consisting of a few transistors S3 or thyristors is used which provides commutation control. ] (1F25)Fig. 6.10.1 : Circuit diagram of basic BLDC motor(IV) Advantages of a BLDC Motor (i) It requires little or no maintenance, (ii) It has longer working life. (ili) Since there is no arcing hence BLDC motor can be used in the explosive and hazardous fields, like mines, petroleum industries chemical industries, gas manufacturing companies etc. (iv) BLDC motors are reliable and have higher efficiencies as compared to the conventional DC motors. (v) The BLDC motors are capable of rotating at very high speeds greater than 40000 RPM.(VI) Applications of BLDC Motor (i) In the bio-medical field as the artificial heart pump motors. (ii) In the aerospace industry, BLDC motors are used in satellites, gyroscopes and robotic systems. (iii) In the disc drives, video recorders and tape transport systems.Industrial Electronics (MU - Sem 4 — Mechanical ) (Motors) ...Page no (6-24) Dans. : : Sr. Parameter No. * Z 2a 1._| Input supply | DC. =, singh a 2, | Carbon — brushes | Used Not used and commutator (i) For single phase motors there are two Input terminals Two input terminals positive and negative terminals viz, phase and neutral. ii) For three phase motors there are three terminals viz R, ¥ and B. 4. | Starting Self-starting @® Single phase motors are non self-starting Gi) Three phase motors are self starting Working principle ‘The magnetic field is stationary and the armature rotates. (i) The magnetic field due to single phase ‘A.C. supply is constant in magnitude but pulsating in nature <. rotor cannot rotate (i) The magnetic field due three phase A.C. supply is of variable sinusoidal value and revolving in nature -. the rotor of the three phase induction motor. speed and moderate starting torque] (1), Blowers and fans 2) Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps Lathe drilling machines, milling ‘machines (4) Lifts (5) Conveyors D.C, series motors : [high starting torque and variable speed} (A) Blectric trains (2) Cranes (3) Hoists (4) Trolley ears and trolly buses Shearing machines and punches, presses a) (5) | Commutation | Present Not present 7. | Compenseting | Used Not necessary poles (compoles) ‘Armature reaction | Present Not present Maintenance Regular maintenance of commutator | () For squimel cage motor practically 20 required and brushes is required maintenance is required. ii) For wound rotor motor maintenance of slip rings and brushes is required. 10. | Applications D.C. shunt motors + (Constant | @ = {Constant | (Single phase induction motors : (Q) Ceiling fans, (2) mixers exhaust fans, (3) small pumps, (4) hospitals, (5) recording studios, (©) hair dryers, (2) refrigerators and air conditioners (8). Tape decks etc. (MU-New Syllabus w.e academic year 20-21) (4-35), Tl rene ubiatons a Sach Seah venttronics (MU - Sem 4 — Mechanical ) D.C. Motor ; _ A.C, Motor ” caress compound (li) Three phase induction motors : 7 notors @ a : ) Squirrel cage type : | (High starting torque fai | | speed] que fairly constant Centitugal water pumps, machine tools (1) Elevators (2) Punches ae (3) Planers (b) Slip-ring type (4) Shearing machines Variable frequency drives elevators paper (5) Rolling mills mills cement manufacturing units textile 7 5 ills, i . (6) Differential compound : no use nallgy sneer mill ee Fan | Types Shunt series and compound D.C. __| (i) Single phase : Squirrel cage shaded pole motors permenant capacitor, two value capacitor, repulsion, hysteresis, reluctance. (ii) Three phase | (a) Squirrel cage (b) Wound rotor or slip ring type (12) | Cost D.C. motors are costly (i) Single phase induction motors are cheap. (ii) Three phase squirrel cage type are cheaper than three phase wound rotor motor which have very high cost.