MIDTERM CVS Seatwork 2:

CVS Seatwork 2: The Heart

A. 4 Chambers of the heart (involving valves) - what are the 2 pumps(Left and Right) of the heart -
And the pressure they need to overcome in the circulation they are serving C. Muscular
Anatomy/composition of the Left and Right Ventricle D. Action potential and characterisctics of -
ventricular muscle a - SA Node
B. Part 2 A. Interpretation of cardiac muscle graph Fig 9-7 Per subphase (6 phases) Physiologic
interpretation in relation to systole and diastole As to the: Aortic pressure curve Atrial volume
curve Ventricular pressure curve Ventricular volume curve Orientation of these in the cardiac
cycle C. ECG and heart sounds (at least 4 bullets)

Part 3 Cardiodynamics The Definition Volumes , output

CARDIODYNAMICS – refers to the movements and forces generated during cardiac contraction

Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one minute

Here’s a heart, the ventricles are contracting, ejecting blood out to the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

●CARDIAC OUTPUT – amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute.

2factors used to calculate cardiac output:

1. Heart Rate – conduction system of the heart; (beats/minute)

2. Stroke Volume – volume of blood pumped by each ventricle with each heart beat; (mL/beat)

Therefore, CARDIAC OUTPUT = SV x HR

Example: 70Ml/beat x 75beats/min = 5250mL/min =about 5L/min

3 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE STROKE VOLUME (so in total, there are 4 DETERMINANTS OF CARDIAC
OUTPUT)

1. HEART RATE – affected by:

●POSITIVE CHRONOTROPES (↑HR)
*sympathetic stimulation (Adrenaline/Noradrenaline; Epinephrine/Norepinephrine)
*drugs (atropine)
●NEGATIVE CHRONOTROPES (↓HR)
*parasympathetic stimulation (Acetylcholine)
*drug (Adenosine)
2. PRELOAD – the amount of blood entering the ventricles during diastole; end diastolic volume

-influenced by:
 ●VENOUS RETURN

●FLUID VOLUME

●ATRIAL CONTRACTION

3. AFTERLOAD – essentially occurs during systole when your ventricles are contracting, ejecting
blood out of the aorta and into the pulmonary trunk; it is also the resistance ventricles must overcome
to circulate the blood

●INCREASED BY: atherosclerosis, vasoconstriction

4. CONTRACTILITY – how hard the myocardium contracts for a given preload

- influenced by:

●POSITIVE IONOTROPES (↑contractility)

*sympathetic stimulation (Noradrenaline;Norepinephrine)

*drugs (Dubutamine)

●NEGATIVE IONOTROPES (↓contractility)

*parasympathetic stimulation (Acetylcholine)

*drugs (beta-blockers, calcium ion channel blockers