EEE 307

Electrical Engineering Materials

Instructor: Dr. Tishna Sabrina

Spring 2018

Lecture 3
Chapter 1
Crystal Directions and Planes
 All parallel vectors have the same indices.
 So, the direction to be labeled can be moved to
pass through the origin of the unit cell.
 It is generally convenient to place a point
where the line cuts a surface of the unit cell.
 Express the coordinates of projections of the
point onto the axes x, y, and z in terms of a, b,
and c.
 Multiply or divide these numbers until we have
the smallest integers (which may include 0).
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Crystal Directions

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Crystal Planes
Miller Indices:
 Used to describe a particular plane in a crystal.
 We express the intercepts x0, y0 and z0 in terms
of the lattice parameters a, b, and c respectively
to obtain x1, y1 and z1.
 Then we invert these numbers (1/x1, 1/y1 and
1/z1) and clear the fractions without reducing it
to the lowest integers.
 We obtain a set of integers, say h, k, and l. We
then put these integers into parentheses, without
commas that is (hkl)-> Miller Indices
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Crystal Planes

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Crystal Planes

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Family of Planes
 Certain planes in the crystal belong to a family
of planes because their indices differ only as a
consequence of the arbitrary choice of axis
labels.
 For example, the indices of the (100) plane
become (010) if we switch the x and y axes. All
the (100), (010), and (001) planes, and hence
the parallel (100) , (010) and (001) planes,
form a family of planes, conveniently denoted
by curly brackets as {100}.

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Example Problem-1.14 (1)
 Consider the plane shown in figure which passes
through one side of a face and the center of an opposite
face in the FCC lattice. The plane passes through the
origin at the lower-left rear corner. We therefore shift the
origin to say point 0' at the lower-right rear corner of the
unit cell. In terms of a, the plane cuts the x, y, and z
axes at infinite, -1 and ½ respectively. We take the
reciprocals to obtain, 0, -1, 2. Therefore, the Miller
indices are .

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Example Problem- 1.14 (2)
 Calculate the planar concentration of the
following planes given that a=0.362nm for Cu
FCC crystal

(a) (100) plane (b) (110)

plane

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Point Defects: Vacancies

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Example 1.15

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Example 1.16

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Point Defects: Impurities

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Line Imperfections

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Line Defects: Edge Dislocation

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Line Imperfections : Screw Dislocation

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Line Imperfections

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Planar Defects/ Surface Imperfections

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Planar Defects: Grain Boundaries

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Grain Boundaries

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