Stress Analysis of Plates with Circular Hole Groups

Stress Functions for a Plate Containing Groups of Circular Holes
Author(s): R. C. J. Howland and R. C. Knight

Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and
Physical Sciences, Vol. 238, No. 793 (Nov. 24, 1939), pp. 357-392
Published by: The Royal Society
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[ 357 ]
STRESS FUNCTIONS FOR A PLATE CONTAINING

GROUPS OF CIRCULAR HOLES
By R. C. J. HOWLAND, M.A., D.Sc.

LateProfessor
of Mathematics, College,Southampton
University
AND R. C. KNIGHT, M.Sc., PH.D.
King'sCollege,London
(Communicatedby G. B. Jefery, F.R.S.-Received 6 October1938)
CONTENTS
PAGE PAGE
INTRODUCTION 357 5. THE EXPANSIONS FOR FORCES IN A STRIP 372
1. THE GENERAL METHOD OF SOLUTION 358 6. A PAIR OF CIRLES IN A STRIP 384
2. Two EQUAL CIRCLES IN AN INFINITE
PLANE 361 7. TWO PAIRS OF CIRCLES IN A STRIP 390
3. Two PAIRS OF CIRCLES IN AN INFINIrE CONCLUSION 391
PLANE 363
SUMMARY 391
4. AN INFINITE DOUBLE ROW OF CIRCLES IN
AN INFINITE PLANE 367 REFERENCES 392
INTRODUCTION
A number of investigations, both experimental and theoretical, have been made to

determine how the presence of holes in a uniform plate under given applied forces
effects the distribution of the stressesin the plate (see Coker and Filon 1931, chap. iv).
When there is a single hole in a plate which may be considered infinite, the problem is
elementary; but a hole near to a straight boundary or to a similar hole greatly influences
the maximum stress and complicates the mathematical solution. No general method of
solution has been given and we now extend methods, previously used by the present
writers in particular cases, to a group of problems in which the boundaries possess a
certain invariance. The boundaries we shall consider are a set of equal circles together
with in some cases a pair of parallel straight lines. With each of the circles is associated
a rectangular co-ordinate system, and it is essential to the method that the boundaries,
boundary conditions and infinity conditions should remain invariant under a trans-
formation in which each co-ordinate system and corresponding circle transforms into
another system and circle of the set.
The following configurations have boundaries with which we can deal:
(1) One pair of circles.
(2) Two pairs of circles.
(3) A single infinite row of circles.
Vol. 238. A 793. (Price 6s.) 44 [Published24 November1939

358 R. C. J. HOWLAND AND R. C. KNIGHT ON STRESS FUNCTIONS
(4) A double infinite row of circles with arbitrary stagger.

(5) A doubly periodic distribution of circles.
(6) One circle, a pair of circles, or an infinite row of circles with one straight boundary
similarly related to all the circles.
(7) One circle between parallel lines.
(8) One pair or two pairs of circles symmetrically placed between parallel lines.
(9) A single row of circles symmetrically placed between parallel lines.
Of these (1) may be treated using bipolar co-ordinates, which method has been used
by effery (1920) to obtain a solution for the first of (6). A solution for (3) has recently
been published by one of the authors (Howland 1930). (7) has been discussed by us in
previous papers (e.g. Howland and Stevenson 1933; Knight 1934). Doubly periodic
functions are required for cases (5) and (9), and, as they introduce considerations of
rather a different character, will not be dealt with here. The second and third of (6)
reduce in special cases to (2) or (4) and, generally, are better treated in a different
manner. This leaves (2), (4), (8) to be considered and (1) will be added to these for the
sake of comparison.
Our method consists in constructing biharmonic stress functions which are invariant
under the same transformation as that which transforms one circle into another of the
set. Then the functions are expanded about the centre of one of the circles. If the
boundary conditions, which also must remain invariant, are now satisfied on this circle
using these functions, the conditions on the other circles of the set will be automatically
satisfied. When there are additional straight line boundaries the functions must be
constructed so that the conditions on these are satisfied in advance.
It will be noticed that the transformations which leave the boundaries unaltered are
of the type
T1, z' z--a, T3, z' ---z C,
T2, z' z-- b, T4, z' -z+- d,
where z and z' are complex variables associated with the centre of two of the circles and
a, b, c, d are, in general, complex quantities depending on the particular configuration
considered. The stress function must then be of the form
X(z) -- Zf(Tz),
where T is one of the transformations of the group.
1. THE GENERAL METHOD OF SOLUTION
Consider a uniform plate of infinite extent or bounded by parallel straight lines and
containing a number of equal circular holes having an invariancy of the type men-
tioned. It is supposed to be in a state of generalized plane stress defined by a stress
function X. This function must be biharmonic, i.e. it must be a solution of the equation
V4X 0. (1 1)

FOR A PLATE CONTAINING GROUPS OF CIRCULAR HOLES 359
The boundary conditions to be satisfied are:
(a) the stresses xx- - dy

Xy2 ,--y
y2 -YY-- Ux
X2
X 9y
must tend to constant values at infinity;
(b) on the circumference of each circular hole, the stresses
rr I_.1
= I2X - _ r - Aldx\0
r2dO2 rr dr - r \ r 0d
(c) if there are straight boundaries parallel to the x-axis, the stressesyy and xy must
vanish on them.
We first construct a set of biharmonic functions having singularities at the centres of
the circles and which are invariant under the transformation which leaves the circles
unchanged. If there are straight boundaries the condition (c) must be satisfied as well.
Two methods may be conveniently employed to obtain these functions.
When the plate is infinite we start with a complex harmonic function
Wo(z)= uo-iv, (1-2)
having the requisite singularities and invariance. Differentiation of wo(z) s times leads
to the function
Ws(Z)= U,-iV,. (1-3)
The real and imaginary parts of the complex functions defined by equations (1-2)
and (1.3) will be functions satisfying the conditions, and have the form
00c
u0 - -logr+ rI (?a cos nO+ o? sin nO),

n=1
(1-4)
vo =-+
- cos no+ ?OsinnO),
rn(?yn
n=l
us = r-scosss + rt(SYn
cosnO+ s,nsinnO),
n=l
co (1'5)
vs r-s sins + rn(SyncosnO+ s4,sinnO).
n=l
In equations(1.5) s can take all integralvalues >0, and we thereforehave a double

infinity of suitable harmonic functions. The coefficients?an,etc. depend upon the
particular problem considered in which the polar co-ordinates used have their pole at
the centre of one of the circles of the system. From these functions we next construct
biharmonic functions satisfying the same conditions. The method of obtaining them
variesaccordingto the problemto be solved,but they will be of the type
00
U. = r-S+2 cos sO+ r"{(sAn+ sA'r2) cos nO+ (sB, + sB'r2) sin nO},
n=0
oo
(1O6) n
V = r-S+2 sin sO+ rn{(sCn+ SCr2)cos nO+ (sD + sDr2) sin nO}.
n=O
44.2

360 R. C. J. HOWLAND AND R. C. KNIGHIT ON STRESS FUNCTIONS
These functions will usually be sufficient for our purpose (see Howland 1935) of
finding the stress function for the problem. In certain cases further functions may be
required. They will be given later when the various configurations of circles are con-
sidered. They are found by considering the stress functions for forces acting, in suitable
directions, at the centres of the circles. Leaving, for the moment, the method of con-
structing the functions when the plate is of finite breadth, we next have to combine the
stress functions given above in such a way that the boundary conditions (b) on the
circles are satisfied. The functions are such that if the conditions are satisfied on one
circle they will be automatically satisfied on each of the others. In each case considered
below we shall construct all the functions sufficient to solve the most general problem,
but to indicate the method of solution we assume here some simplification. Suppose
symmetry conditions are such that our functions are even in both x and y. Our co-
efficients are then all zero except those of the even cosines and terms independent of 0.
Suppose further that Xois a stress function which would give the stresses in the plate if the
holes were not present, i.e. the stress function giving the infinity conditions. We then
assume as our final stress function
X -Xo LoUo+ (L2SuA M2 U). (1.7)

s=l
The constants L, M have to be chosen so that the conditions (b) are satisfied. Hence
we substitute this Xinto the equations for rr and rOand equate to zero after putting r - a
(the radius of the circle). This leads to a double infinity of linear equations between the
constants. They are of the form
-
L2n P2n+ 2nhoLo + (2nh2sL2s + 2i2s M2s),]
s=1 I
(1l8)
M,2n 2n 2njLo+ ('jL2s +2 )

s=l
where Pe, Q2 are known constants depending on o0,and the new coefficients 2h2s, etc.
depend upon the coefficients 2sA2 etc., and upon a. A formal solution of the equations is
given by O 0co
L2n = L(n (2
M2= 2 ,29)
r=O r=0
where L(0) - P2n, qAiro)-- Q2n'
L(r) - 2nh L(r 1) -r-I (M L- _12ni2 )

-2n/ 0^0 r- 22s
2nhAL--l) M 2s sh(r-l1)))
Mr) - 2n
2jL(r-1) - (2 jLs 2(l)i 2nsM-) ).
s -]-n2sMs j)
l-2n7O- L n=l
The validity of this solution is established if we prove that the series in (1.9) and (1-10)
are convergent. This can be done in particular cases if suitable inequalities are found for
2n) etc. In every case so far investigated the series have been proved
the coefficients 2A2,s

convergent provided the ratio of the radius of a circle to some other typical length, such
as the distance between two centres, is not too large (see e.g. Knight I934).
For the problems in which the plate is of finite breadth the sets of stress functions are
most conveniently found by a different method. We start with a fundamental stress
function representing forces at the centres of the circles which leave the straight edges
free from stress. This is expanded in a series about one centre. The coefficients in these
series contain a, the modified value of Poisson's ratio used in generalized plane stress
(Filon 1903, p. 67; Love 1927, p. 138). These functions are biharmonic functions for all
values of o-, and this may be treated as an arbitrary constant provided the functions
obtained from the fundamental one are of the type giving single-valued displacements
(Knight 1934, p. 256). Having given a a particular value we obtain by successive
differentiation functions of type (1.6).
In the most general problem four sets of functions will be required, two sets u, and
two vs. These may be found from two fundamental functions by giving a two special,
suitable values. The method of solution is the same as before, for the infinite plate; but it
is, in general, complicated by the fact that four sets of unknown coefficients will have to
be evaluated by the successive approximations.
2. Two EQUAL CIRCLES IN AN INFINITE PLANE
Let the co-ordinate systems associated with the circles as shown in fig. 1 be defined by
z x+iy, z' x'+iy'. (2-1)
y
FIG. 1
We then have invariance for reflexion in a line parallel to the y axis midway between
the centres. If the centres are at a distance b apart, the relation between z and z' is
Z'- - ( + b).
Define subsidiary variables by
= z/b, g'
z'l/b--( 1) (22)
=x/b, a y/b, peio=C. J
Harmonic functions of the required type are
-w0 =log C+ log ',
(
Ws )]_- (log ) + (log ')
- g-s+(_)'s(1+)-s, (s? 1).

Omitting a constant from w0 which is trivial, we have the following expansions:
o -logQ I- ^ n C", (2-3)

n2=1
i(
Ws -S + I
n=O
(_)n--+s n---. )l (2.4)
If we write w =- u -ivs, we obtain, by equating real and imaginary parts, the func-
tions
u0 -- -log p + --- ) p."cos nO)
n=1
n=l n
,~~r ,(2-5)
vu= So +..
COS sin
(-) n n P ,
n
~~~~~~~~~~n=O
),,,(2.6)
v5 p-s sin sO (-)"n+s pn sin n9.
Suitable biharmonic functions are obtained from these by writing, when s> 2,
s = u -2-- 2qv _1, Vs - s- 21+2qus_1.

Their expansions are
Us p-s+2 cos sOq- cos
(sAn+ sA?p2) pfn0,
n=0
(2-7)
where 5A SD- (_)us( 2n ),

n
sA = sDi- (_) +(n+sD -)
-- -
--D n
whresAn )n-s
When s =2 we may take
U2- 1--2qv1
cos 209+ ( (- _p2) p? cos nO,
71=0
V2- 2qul
0o
n
-sin 20(+ (-) (1 -p2) pn sin nO.
n=0
Thus the case s =2 is not special and the coefficients in the series may be obtained by
putting s - 2 in the equations (2)8).
The biharmonic functions U1 and V1 will not be required since they correspond to
zero stresses, but functions U0 and V0 may be required in any particular problem. Some

care is required in these cases in order that the displacements obtained from them may
be single-valued.
Such a stress function is that for an isolated force acting at the origin. If the force acts
in direction OX, we have, apart from a multiplying factor,
1-- 2or
x1(C)= logp- 2s, (2.9)
where a is the modified Poisson's ratio.

Hence we define
Uo- X1() +X1(I)

1- 2r o0
=1--2 pcos0logp--20psin0+ (0A+0A'p2) p"cos nO. (2-10)
--=0
Similarly, if we take an isolated force in direction OY which is

1---- 2c
X2((): 1- logp 4- 260, (2-.11
we have V0 =2() -+X2( ')
1-2or
..- psin0logp+20pcoso+0
.- i-cro pnsin nO.
(OD+ ODnp2) (2-12)
n=0
In the above series the coefficients have the values
(-)A.n -2o- _ 3---

40a- (n>
?-n 1- 2
n (n ) ' ( )
An- OD'
OA' n
=- -_ (2.13)
I o-2(n+ Y)'
ODn (_)n 3 -4r 2(1 --), (n> 1).
The undefined coefficients may be taken to be zero.
3. Two PAIRS OF CIRCLES IN AN INFINITE PLANE
Let the centres of the four circles be at the points given by z = p ? iq, where
z = x+iy defines a rectangular co-ordinate system. At the four centres we take four
subsidiary co-ordinate systems as shown in fig. 2. We then have invariance for re-
flexions in the axis of x and y. The four systems associated with the circles are
Z1 X iy1- z-p iq, Z3=- 3+i3 = z-p-iZq,
Z4 -- X4+ iZ4 = - -
Z2 = x2 + iY2 -- --p- q, -p q.

The complex harmonic functions given previously (Howland and McMullen 1936)
are defined by
- W logZ1Z2Z3Z4, (3-1)
i4 (log z), (s>0). (3-2)

Ws()-^
(S-i I= a.lzp)
When expanded these are
w0--logz,1+
0
(-
n
)n
]^n
?oo n
n-l
(-)
z?nleniO
n
n (21) '
n=l (2p)n (2iq)n n=
(- nn+s
-n-+
(- )n +s - (n+s)
s- 1_) (
Z
Z lS
ln (2;h)" (2iq)
i-J (21)n
in which p + iq = leti. (3-3)
21 XI
x 4
.1
x3
y. 3
FIG. 2
If we write as before ws = u- ivs and z,1=rei0

00
then uo = -logr + r',(?, cosnO- o,sin n0),
1
n=
00
(3-4)
uo= 0 +I 0 sinn),
cosnO-+j-
rn(?on
n=l
u = r-s cos sO+ I rn(Sa cos nO+ sflnsin nO),

n=l
(3-5)
vs r-s sin sOq
+ rn(syn cos nO+ s5 sin nO)
n=i
where the coefficients have the following alternative forms according as n - s is even or
odd:

'
S ( n+s- -l) 1 (S
- + cos (n+s) \
n - s even:
- (2p) (2q)s (21)n+
0
s nf-( +s-l\sin (n+s)
Pn _5sY
7n -\ ?
^n (21) n+-s
s (3-6)
ccos
s _ (n+s-_-l{ L (_-)(s-n) (n+s)
&[ n 1-)(2p)+$s (2q)n+s (21).s
S (n+ds-1) 1 cos (n+s) 0

n+s odd: n /n (2p)n+s (21)n+s
3 /n+s-1\ )2-(""- 0}
sin (n+s)
n5" \ n {(F(2q)"+s
~(21)n+s
(3.7)
sin -1\ (_)2(s-n-) sin (n+-s) 0}
(2q)n+s (21)n+s
- f{ ,__1 cos (n+s) i>

% n+s
Sn- V n
n/ J (2p) (n 21)
The coefficients in (3-4), i.e. when s = 0, are not special and are given by the above if
(n-) is interpreted as i/n.
Wenow define biharmonic functions in the following way.
We now define biharmonic functions in the following way.
Let U-s -- U(1 s +U

(3) +U ,5 S 0,
s +u(2) s
where the four terms represent the contributions from the four singularities taken
in the same order as above. Then
-
y (Us(1) + U2) -3) U4))
will be a biharmonic function with the right type of invariance. It is evident that if we
now change the signs of all the terms in the equations (3 6), (3 7) which contain powers
of 2q or 21, and if we denote by Sa', etc. the modified values of s5,, etc., the new function
is
y1{r- cos sO+ r (s cos nO- sf' sin n) }.

A more convenient standard function is, for s> 2,
V, - v_2+2y (r-s cos (s-1) 0+Sn +s-l, cosnO

r(s-' sin no)
n=l
00
r- +2 sin sO+ r{ (sC + sC r2) cos nO+ (D + SD; r2) sin n0}, (3.8)
n=O
Vol. 238. A. 45

s
where, for n + s even,
Cn
SC +s-2
n sin(n+s 2)0
n ) (21)n+ -2'
SC (n(+s- 1 sin (n-+s) 0
(3.9)
COS (n+s-2) 0
? /e+,y-2U+s(-)2(5-n)
n (2p)n+~- (2q)^+s-2 (2l)n+s-2
sD _ _n+s-1\ 1 (_) (I- ) cos (n+s) (01

1
"n--1 \ (2p)n+S (2q)+si (21)4-s"
and for n + s odd,

s-n+1) sin (n+s
sC =- (n+s- 2 ( --) 2) 0
\(2q)n+s-2 (21)n+s-2
__ n-
-- (2)+S-n) (21)n-+-s)
(3.10)
( n+s
_ -2) 1 cos (n+s-s2)0
."? '[ n (2p)ns-2
p (2l )"+s-2
0
(n+s--1) 1 , cos(n+s)
SD'-"n +
\ n+l 'n
h(2p)II (21)"
A second standard function is, s> 2,
U, = us-2-2y {r-s+1 sin (s-1)0 -K r"ls- ly cos nOf+-sS sin nO)

n=l
=r-S+2 cos s0 + 2 r"n{(sA,

+-Ar2) cos nO-- ( +B
- sB r2) sin nO}, (3.11)
n=O
with coefficients given by
cos (n+s- 2) -)
n+s even: sA n (ns 2) (2- 2 (-)-2) '
+
n+s-2
nv (2p)n+s-2 (2q)n+s-2 (21
1 (s- )(sn+)cos s
)
sAln _n+s-1 (7
n+
+ /l (2)n+s (2)" (21)n s |
(3.12)
sB _~ sin (n+s--2)o
(n+s--2
n- n ) (21)n+s-2
_
n
sBJn- +sns
/n
I sin (n +s) .
n +1 (21)n4?s

odd: A - - -s- 2\
(n
n n-Vs
s odd: SA l (){+ 1 cos (n+s-2)\
2/)n - }3
SB _( {+ -2+ s(-i)n+s__(n+s-2) (13

- n (2q)ns-2 (2-)n+s-2
''_ /n-s ICo-)- sin(n +s)^

n \ n+s-+1 (2)-n+1 (21)n+s)_}
When s = 2 the functions have the modified forms
U2-=1 -2y1ir-1sin0+ 11 cos nOd-

- r'{(ly' sin nf)
n=l
=cos 20 + r{(2A - 2A, r2) cos nO+ (2B +2Bs r2) sin nO}.
n=0
sin 20 + rn{(2C,A- 2C' r2) cos nO- (2D, + 2Dn r2) sin nO}.
/1=0
n-O
The coefficients 2An,etc. are not special and are given by the general expressions
above.
As in the previous section U1, V1 are not required and the functions U0, V0 are
obtainable, if wanted, from the expansions of
4 4
Uo- 2 n=rl(Zn). Vo X(Z?,).
n=l
where X1(z)is given by (2 9) and x2(z) by (2.11).
4. AN INFINITE DOUBLE ROW OF CIRCLES IN AN INFINITE PLANE
Let the circles be arranged as in fig. 3 with their centres at the points (p na, 0),
(Vnat-p, q) referred to axes OXY. Let O'X'Y' be axes with origin at O' whose co-
ordinates referred to OXY are (p, q).
If z =x---iy, z'x'+ iy',
then z' = p+ iq-z. (4.1)
Harmonic functions having the right sort of invariance are defined by
- w - log sin Trz/a-1 log sin 7rz'/a
= log sin 7r+ log sin 7r(o - ~), (4.2)

where -- z/a, o -- (P + iq) /a;
45-2

368 R. C. J HOWLAND AND R. C. KNIGHT ON STRESS FUNCTIONS
1d1
and by w, =( -
) - -- log sin Q--log sin 7r((0-)}. (4-3)
These functions may be expanded as follows:
wo --logC+- ?Oa, (4-4)

n=1
where - 0+
-a 0,
and a2 - 0,
?a2ltn+I
2n/n (4-5)
FIG. 3
00c
with -'n K-1n

K=1
fl(x) = X, fn() = {(i x2) r

X
dl,~, (n> ), (4.6)
6
c= ot 7TO.
The expansion for ws follows at once and is
00
w-s S-+- a, (4.7)

nz=0
an = n + an
22 - - + 2s --1 I s
?-2?i 12n , 2 ii 2s 1
12n
-- --
2sa,n 2n 0 (4-8)
l
2s+1'4 1- -2 2+2 )+ I1)
a^n+l 2n + I'2n+ 2s+21
saf - n+ns(c;lnr/ - (s'- )!.

The real and imaginary parts of wmprovide suitable potential functions of the usual
form: if
peio0 w=s ,-ivs, (4.9)
00
0 -- logp + E pn(OnCcos
nO+ o sin
nO),
n=O
09
vo = +S- pn(?Oycos nO+ OSn

sin nO),
n=O
- (4.10)
U p-s cos so + E pn(Sn cos n0 + s, sin nO),
n=O
s - p-s sin sO+ pn(syncos nO+ snsinnO).

)
n=O
Explicit forms for the coefficients are easily written down in terms of the real and
imaginary parts off,(c), but are rather complicated in character. We shall content
ourselves by considering three special cases in which there is some simplification.
Theparallelposition
The first special case is that for p = 0 when the lattice of centres is rectangular. This
will be called the parallel position.
i/ ji
f?
FIG. 4
We have here o = iq/a, c = i coth q/la = ic'. (4.11)
Hencef2,,(c) is.real andf2,,+(c) is a pure imaginary; writing
7r2'f2n()/(2n)! = b2), 2+ 1f2 + 1(c)/(2n + ) ! = ib2,+1, (4.12)
we obtain 0Z2n -- O? 2n - b2n +- 02n,ln
?/2n+ 1 -~ 2n+1 - b2n+ 1 (4.13)

_ - Oa -- .*
fl2
fJ2n-
O2n 7/2n -
O2
02n ?'2n+1
n+l 2n+
-2n+l

For the general function the coefficients become
-
2s4 Ic_1
+(Q
22n -2.2n = ( + 4- (2n + 2s) b2n+2s}
{2 ^2n 2s
a2 = s+l22s2Z+ (2t --2s+-2

l){2
1 .2- - 2s
(2nb22-}, 2)
2ns+-- 2sn+ I2+
> (4-14)
n =n 0, n +sodd,
S = Sy,n 0)5 n-s even,
sYn
- sf (n + s1) (ns) b+, n + s odd.
To obtain suitable biharmonic functions we first modify the coefficients by changing

the signs of all terms arising from the second row of centres. Let the changed coefficients
be denoted by sa', etc., as before. The subsequent procedure is exactly as in the previous
section and the equations (3-8), (3-11) hold when the new sa, etc. are used. The
coefficients are found to be, for Us,
2sA2n2- ( 2n ) 2{2r+ 2s-2 52 (2n +2s- 2) b2n+2 2},
2s-A = ((222n+2s)-2s) b2
2 -
A2n+ -- 2n -1 2+2s (2n + 2s) b2n+2sb}
2n3--I12n
2s
-t-4 (4.15)
2s+An - 2n1-s+ 1) '{ - (2n + 2s 2)

+ b2252},
2n+1_2n+2 2n-2s+2
s+2
)
sA=
n sAn = 0 n-s odd
sB= SB 0, n+s even,
-B b (4.)
( s-) (n+s-2) , n+s odd,
BI
n
y?{n+s
-)
I (n s)s,)
b,, ? n+s odd.
n+sodd
- -( +nl ) l
For Vs we have, for all values of n and s,
SC-B SB sC sB',,
n nA (4.17)
sD -- A,
A- UD A. J
The functions U2, V2 are not special, while U0, V0 may be obtained in a manner
similar to that used previously. They are not of particular interest here, for in most
problems with these boundaries u0 may be used instead of JU0,etc.

The alternateposition
The next special case in which there is some simplification is that in which p = 1a.
The circles are arranged as shown in fig. 5.
FIG. 5
The particular value of the quantity c is now
c = cot (irq/a + 7r/2) i tan (q/a) = it. (4.18)
Let 7T2nf2 ()/ (2n) ! b , 7T2n+ f2n+l (C)/(2n+ 1)!= ib2,. (4-19)
Consequently the harmonic and biharmonic functions for this set of boundaries are
obtained from the equations (4-13)-(4.17) when bnhas been replaced by b'.
A rowofpairs of circles
A third special case is that for q 0. The boundaries are now pairs of circles with
their centres collinear (fig. 6).
i-i
FIG. 6
The coefficients in the harmonic functions simplify at once and are
?,n -= no =P , SYn , -_ n' (4-20)
Since now c = cot (Tp/a), let /n! = dn.

7Tn%f(c) (4.21)

The biharmonic functions have the same form as before with the special coefficients
gi ven by
2SA2= (2n- 2s
{202 + (2n+2s-2) dn+22 },
2s+lA -
2n- 2sl -22n+2s 2 ) d22
2n+l
2n+) K d2+ 2j,
(4.22)
-
2sA = (2n2 r 1 {2 -2 (2n)
2s+ 2.)d2 +2},
2n
- 2s+l
2s+
2s+A IA I 21d\I
-O2p+ 2n2s2 ) 2ss
2) (2 +2s+ d2n2+2}
2n+l^ = _22n+
2n2 J.
){-+2s-2+(21+2.+2)-,
(4-23)
5. THE EXPANSIONS FOR FORCES IN A STRIP
For the problem of circular holes in a strip we take as our fundamental singularity a
force acting at a point which is to be the centre of the hole. Moreover, this force must be
given by a stress function which produces zero stresses on the parallel straight boundaries.
We have, therefore, to consider the expansion of such a function about its centre and
about other points in the strip. When this has been done suitable singularities will be
taken and combined to give the required functions in the various cases.
Y /
1e'
h
x -I - - x
-' -- --_-- yi ----------X
/
Y
FIG. 7
force actingat (o, h) expanded

(a) Longitudinal about(o, h)
Let the strip be bounded in the xy plane by the lines y = ? b. Polar co-ordinates are
chosen so that
x= rsinO, y-h=rcosO. (5-1)

The force P, acting at (o, h), is taken in direction OX; then writing
x/b =, y/b -- , h/b =- a, (52)

the stress function is (see Howland I929)
Pb
X 4r(-) - {(l-2S)og p+2(1-o-) (~-a) 0+0}, (5'3)
where - X1+X2 +X3 +X4,
and Xoi ucsS--(s+

q- c) C (BI +B2) sin u6 du,
C
o~
SC- /cS
X2 = fcsC s, (B + B2) sin u du,
(5-4)
(5-4)
f0 u1cC- (c +us) ) S
X3= --2 (c- (B1-B2) sin u6 du,
?c)
CS- ~sC (BI-B) sin u du.
X4 y- cs/usC
The new symbols denote
s -sih c cosusinhu, C
S=sinhl, coshu,
(5.5)
Z = sinh22u+ ,2' -sinh 2u - 2u;
and B1 - [u(1l-a) - (- 2o)] e-l(1--a)

B2 - [u(l -+)-(1-2So)] e-(1l+a),
(5.6)
B - [2(1 - ) -u(l -a)] e-u(l--,
-
B2 - [2(1 - o-) u( +a)] e-u(l 1-c).
To obtain the expansion about the singularity, i.e. the point (o, h), write
= psin9, -- a = ' = p cos ,'
C' =cosh u', S' - sinh u', (57)
c2 - cosh 2au, s2 - sinh 2cau. J
Then substituting the values of B1, etc. into equations (5.4), we get, after some
reduction,
??sin-
u{ S'+ U3 U4 q'S'} du,
X +X2 =
U1C2SU ,'C'+
(5.8)
X3- X4= si
U2 {VC' +V2S' V3'C' +V4'S'}du,
4
Vol.
238.A.
Vol. 238. A. 46

374 R. C. J. ROWLAND AND R. C. KNIGHT ON STRESS FUNCTIONS
where
U1 = 2au2s2-- (1 -+2) Uc2- (1
-a
2) u2-us2 "Ue-2u
+2(1 - 2(7) [l(c2+ 1) (2u + 1-e2u)-2 2aus2],
U2 - au[(2-e-2u) c2- ]--- (1 +a2)

-(I u2s ( -- 22 ) [(c2- 1) au--(2u+-1--e-2,") s],
U3 - ---e-2u) -2 c ( --2)
2(2s US2 (C2- 1))-(- s2,
UT4=- (2u- -e-2") (C2+ ) U-aU2,--(1--2ff) (2 - 1) u,
V1 = (2u -e-2") a.us22-(1 + 2)2) U2C2- (1- 2) 12
-(1 - 2) [Lus2-I-(2u + 1 -e-2) (C2-i)]
V2 - (2u +e-2u)) Z- ( -a2) u2s2-au- (1-2- Sa) [Ca (c2- l)- (2+ 1 4- e-2) S2],
V= 1(2u-l+e- 2) a2-U2(C2 )- (
- 2) US2
V34V
2
=
(2u-1 +e-2I ) us2(2-1 2)12--( --2S) )e2, -
-
,??
_
e)2?>
IaU(C2)
ujcz -- uS2 --(1 -2o)u(C2 - 1).
In the integrals of (5-8) we now use the expansions

0 (up) 2n+ I
C'sinu= - r
((2Pl) ,sin (2n 1) 0,
n=0 i21 -r
oo
(up)2n
S'sin u - (()sin 2nO,
n= (2n)!
" r (5'9)
C s 1 i2n+i 2n+2 u2"-IP2n
,t *
" si 21
q'C' sinbuS --
,'l SQ 1)!
ln2n 1 (2n+ (2n --)I in
.
si2 +n- i (2n +)! (2-2)!
Let
Let
f
f
oO gl
du= I,
ze-O f ~ 2u
du - J1,
-I---
ouncosh 2u uC cosh 2a:ue-2'

Sn
-----.-- du--C - ,1) (5-10)
I ,- u.----- d.
S 2usinh
n 2u U 2
sinlh 2zue-22
--. 2 -d S, ------- du - T?
,' 0 nJ
and denote with primes the corresponding integrals in which the Z is replaced by Z'.
Then provided the order of integration and summation may be changed we obtain
the series
-
00 A
+
XI (A' + B'p2) p sin nO,
~nl~~ I I1~ ~ (5.11)~~
x.- + X4 =1(An
' + Bp2) p sin nO,

where
A2n n) ! {(n-1 ) aI2n1 + 2aC2n-nC2n-(1 - a2) S2n -+-nS2n-1- 2n
-D2n - 2 T2n_-2-(1 2) -1 [ (G2 + 2n- )- 2n-1

+ (n-- 1) S2n-2-- 2T 2n_-21}
A2n+- (2n+)!{--(1 --a2) I2n+l--(1 -+2) C2n+ + 2S2n+

l-T2n}
C
{2
2(2n)! (Inn -1-C2n)
(I--12n) C2--D2
-IzgC2n 2 a+Jan- +J2-)}
2n--(
1)2, (5.12)
tan1 --2 rr)
+- I2n + C2n) - n(I22n-1- 2n-1) -aSS2n -2 D2n- 1+J2n- 1)
-l1)!
(2n --)
--
B2n = 2(2 1) {(I2n+l 2nl) S2 l 2n T2n(1 2n
2
2(2n+ 1)!
B2n+l == 2 (2n {(I2n+2 + C2n+2) --(I2n 1 + C2n+l)- aS2n+2
1(J2n+l-+D2n+l)-( l- 2) (I2nl+1 + C2n+l)})
A2n- (-2){-(n-1)cI2?,,l+2aC2C-naC2,,l-(l+a2)S2n+nS2,_l-~ ,,_~

(2n4
-t-aD_+ 2-i-+nT2n--2-(I -- 20) [a(C I2n-l-I2n-) --S2n-1
+ (?-i) S2n-2 -T2n-2]},
- 2aS+
Az2n+l-(l= -a2) I 2n+
1 -( a2) 1 a2n
(2n + 1)!{(
) C2n- )--l)-(D2 13
_-(2 -2i (C2n -I

(C2n-I2) -1) -- aS2n 2
1I2'n n- I
(D2n- 1) }
21(n) )){ /B'/z(5'13)
2- (2n+ 1)!{-(C2n-- +I2n)+(CS2n-- 1n- S2) + -T2 -(D-2)S2n},

if.ls/ 1
a(C 2n+l+2n+l-+S'2n+l-2- 2n },T2n,'(I 2o') S'n'
Ban=(+ 1)! !-
,"I-2(2n+
:=
2n1+l 2(2n1-2n{(I 2n+2-I2n+2)--l1(C2n+-I2+)-aS2n+
+ (1-2<r)
2(D2;z)}'-J2n1)- (CG2n+-I-l2
We thus have the stress function given by
- ) 0pcos 0
X={--4P= -) (1 - 2P) p sin 0logp +2(
+ I [(A' +A")+ (B' +B n)p2]pn i n (5.14)
46-2

It will be noted that some of the integrals in the above coefficients are divergent at the
lower limit. The convergence of the integrals (5-8) has been discussed (see Howland
and Stevenson 1933), but the coefficients we shall use require some investigation. The
divergent integrals occur when n is zero or unity in the coefficients A', A' AA',B". The
first and second of these, since they multiply terms producing zero stresses, may be put
equal to zero. Consider A', this is
i{2a,C2- aCLaD1 (1+ a2) S2 -Sl -2-So +--- I

-(1 -2o)) [aG(C I-) SI+--S0- IT]}.
Of these S' is convergent at the lower limit but the others diverge. If, however, we take
the combination 2C - C +- D, we may interpret it as the single convergent integral
Ou(e- 2z1- + 2--u
f -- - -- 2u) cosh
&-- r/-du.
Similarly, the other combinations are interpreted as
O2S- S +- To =_X (2u-1 -- e- 2u) sinh 2au
and I--
CCl-1+ f -(osh-
,---- --1)u du
.------ a
which converge.
In the other coefficients one other combination occurs which has to be considered.
This is
D' _ -J, - f (cosh2(a~u- ) ue-d2u,
which presents no difficulty.
(b) Longitudinalforce acting at (-a, -h) expandedabout (o, h)

A force P acting at (--, -h) in direction OX is given by a stress function
Pb
=-.(~_ ~){(1-2o)'loge'+2(1-o)(,'-a')0'+
X (5-15)
the relation between the accented co-ordinates and the unaccented being
' x'lb - '
(x +a)/b -- -- ( l)
' --y'/b --y/b --t, (5-16)
p' [( )2 - ), a). tan O'- (- /(
Expansions of 6' logp' and (q'-a) 0' are first required. These may be obtained as
follows: let
C- +i(r -a) oipe-i,
y= +- 2io -- i/e--i,

so that K= /(4(2+-fl2), 5 = arctan (l/2a). (5-17)
Then since log (g+y) - logp' +i(Tr--'),
and log ( +y) logy+log (1 +g/y)
= logy+s- ( n-( ,
-
we have logp' = logK+ --- -cos n(O-(),
n= n K
GO (-_n-1 p \n
- =1 n sinn(-)
K
If trivial terms are omitted we may write
(6+/B)logp': (psin)0+/,)n=1 - n (e cosn( O-)
- pn{(n + mn p2) cos nO+ (nn+Pnp2) sin nO},

n=O
where lo, 11 no, nl, p0, may be taken as zero while the other coefficients are
In= ( )n+l{2nasinno+ (n- 2) l cosnl}/Kn2n(n--1),

mn-( (-)n {sin(n+1)) O/Kn+ 2(n+l),
(5-18)
nn = (-)n{2na cos no- (n -2) /sin n}/lKn2n(n- 1),
Pn =() (-)n+{cos (n+1) }/Kn+ 12(n+ 1).
Similarly, (I + ) 0' = pn{(l1+m p2) cos nO+ (n +p p2) sin nO},

n=l
where, apart from the zero coefficients as before,

n= - )n+l {2(n- 2) assinnfS+ncos n)}/Kn 2n(n-1),[
mn = mn'
(5.19)
n"n= (-){2 (n-2) a cosn--nl sin no}lKn2n(n- 1), i
The function fi' is defined by

-' = X-l+X2+x3+x,
in which Xiis given by equation (5-4) for X if 6+f be substituted fore, and instead of the
values for B1, etc. given by equations (5.6) we have
B1 = [u(1 +) - (1-2o)] e-u(l+a)

1
etc., the sign of a being changed throughout. x X3 are obtained in a similar manner.
This leads to the expressions:
X +X2= rUIC' 2SV-}2 + +'sd-U3/] U4+/'S} d,

>0 s(5-20)
_
X3- - X4 = --U2' 2S ' 3 ' C' V4]'S'} du
The symbols U1, etc. are those defined in the previous section. Substitution of the
expansions (5.9) together with
n=O (2n)!
S' cosz 4 - 2^ (2nu)) cos

0oo (2n+ 1 (5.21)
> (5.21)
oo (~?u2np2n+ 1 2n+2 2n+3 -
r~
p cos 0 + -
cos (2 + ) ,
cos
qI'C' u= i[2p cos 0 + -llu2pnos6- Z ( (2n)- +
(2n+ 2)!
I ln 2n+2
,F
(u lp2n-1 u12n+1 -]
= ? up2 E (22 + cos2nO
)'S'cos!u +
we obtain expansions of the form

co
XI+X2 - pn{(L+ M1p2) cos n + (N, P p2) sin nO},

n=o
00
XI+XI = pn{(Ln-+M"'P2)cos nO+ (N' + jp2)

p sinnO}.
n-O
To express these new coefficients we need the following new symbols:

coun rOu12
-cosfludu = I, sinfludu-=11
fuo /id Jn,,0 fI-~t1le72iisinfludu 1 (5.22)
une-2 u
(Coo oo Une-2u
,cosd- du= J
I--- cosu - sinf/Udu ==J.n
and so on, the integrals (5-10) with their integrands multiplied by cos flu being denoted
by italics,those multiplied by sinflu, by italicswith bar. Primes as before will be used to
denote the corresponding integrals in which 2 is replaced by Z".
Then
L2n
L2n S2n
!2,2n__(
{
.L + 02)C2nC2_ -, (
(. 7I__2n_-- 1T-na n_S
2-n= 2
2)
221
+n(C2n-l1+,2n)-1n(C2n-2 +22n-2 D2 + -2 1+J2n-2)
+ (1 -20) [(C2n+1 '2n-1) -1 (BD2n-2J- J22)

-- (n- )(2n-)
( 2-+2n -2) -- S2n1]}

l 2In+ +1- l!n

(A2 .I2
-I-2n- l + a2) S2n+ 1)
+ 1 12nl12
+- ({8(2n)
22-+-)-2-2n (82n-1 -
T2n-1)-(X(C2n-12n)}
(
(--i) i -221 (- - 2n (5n-23)1}
S2 1 III
(2n + 1). l 2n+I2n- 2'2n-
l1+ n2n--
M2n (n
2 (2n2 ){C2n+ 1 +2n+ 1- (C2n 1+ 2n -+ D2n- + 2n) - S2n+ 1
1)!
-(+1-20-) (C2n+i2n)},
M~(2n+ 2-{ 'I-2n+2- (S2n+ T2n+ 1)_ (C2n2 - 2n+2)(1 -2o)S2n+1};
N2 = (2n)( !{2aC2n -- na C2n- -12-D -(1 + a2) S2n- nS2n_1

- n(S2n_2 - T2n-2) + (n- 1) -2n-1
--(1- 20')
[aC2n-1 I- (n -2?)S2n-2 -S2n-
I-
1 T2n - 2+ 2n-1] },
N'
2n+
(2n- + 1)
2n-+I - 2-
+2({2CS2n+ a2 ?D
2n-n(C1-{2n1+ I-- TI2122n- n-1 + 2nl
2
n-2} 1) (5.24)
2(2n-- -)!
+ + J2+
Pnl = (2 2)! {2n2 2n +2 -2(C 2nl- D2n +2n- 1)
--SS2,+2- (1-2-) (C2n+ i 2n+ 1)},
-L2n = { + 2a T2 -1 -- 2) C2n
-+- I
( l-a2)n +
-(- l- l)
(2n)
-
l(C2n-2- 2n-2 --IS2n+ J2n-2)
2n-2 1
--(/- -1-) (C2n-2--2^-2)-- 1-(D~_2-z-J,22)]},
-L" =-^g
-- {2aC& -aD2-(1 a2) S2n+1 +4an}
L(2z+ ,_2n +l S(2n2-1)-S 2n+1
l-0'2nl}, _
+2(2n)}2*) ( 5, 25)
- 0') -- 2- (c2n -
-M2n == 22- (I-- n--,
! { 2n+l (1XS2
+ l1 I02n+1+ Ir)0.n2 -22n-I2n + 2n)- 2n+ n1' ,
-( (-f)?{X(z(C2n-l-2n I) - 2n
{2'- -2n-1 --22n-}_
- }((2)'+(2n -- +)- n+ S n+
M-,.~ 1
2(2n+~l)!{G~+-I 2
S2) (
nI-T),
a-2(nn- -

-N2n = (2n)! {2aC2 - naC2n-(n-1)a0I2tn -l a-20n -(1 -2) Sn

2nS-- 'n(S 12+TD 2- j
nS' n(S2n- 2+ 2n - 2)
-(1--2a) [a(C2n_1-- 2n-1)--S2nl+(n-i-) S,n-2--27=-n2]},
= (2n1-
--N2'n+l 2an+l +l aT2n--(1
(l +2) C2+--(1 - --2) I2n+1}
+
(2n+){i
+ Q2(2){2n-I2'n-2(2n-1-D2n- 2n-1 l
l+-2n-l)-?S2n} t (5.26)
C
- t
1) 2n 2-2 C2 n
I2n - n_) -l
1n- (2 i )
(2
(2n+t-1)!
= 2(2/
--Pn (
+1) {n+1--S2n-- T2n) -~ +l+n+l)
Sn}' (-2-)
1
I
/(2n _2 2ni- _ {_
-P2+1 2(2n42)! {C2n+2-2n+2 -?(C2.+l -D2n+ -2n+1 -J2n+l) a2+2
-(1-20f) (6C2n+l-I2n+1)}
The second expansion for a longitudinal force has therefore the form
Pb o
= -)(( { -
PX
47r(l ) pn[(ln +mnp2) cos nO+ (nn+-pnp2) sin nO]
+2(1 -r) E Pn[(ln+mp2) cos nO+(n pp2) sin n]

n=O
oo
+ 1 pn[{(L + L) + (MM+ M) p2}cos n0

n=O
+{(N' H+N) + (P + P) p2} sin n] . (5-.27)
In the first few coefficients of the series we find divergent integrals of the same
character as those found in (5-14). These have been investigated and no unusual
combination is found. We omit the details here as also the discussion of those of the two
following expansions.
at (o, h) expandedabout(o, h)
(c) Transverseforce
The transverse force is one acting perpendicular to the parallel edges of the strip, i.e.
in direction OY. If it acts at the point (o, h), it will have as its stress function
Pb
X" 4ff 2c-) (q- a) log p + 2(1--cr)O0 I5"}, (5'28)
( -cr)(I
4(1-P O
cr
where w here- x-' %%3+

and ,,
"usS -(s ucC (P-P) CO du,
X2 =-y
and=u ---sC (P- ' -- P2) d
cos uudu,
t (5-29)
x u 2cC -(c- us) S (PI + P2) cos
.......S
usdu,
X3=j --'a't
4=J --(Pi+P2) cosuSdu;
with P1 = 2(1-)+u(l-)]
P2 = [2(1- o)+u(l+a)] e-u(1l+),
(5.30)
P = [(1-2r) )+u(1-a)] e-u(-a )
P = [(I - 2o) +u(l +a)] e-u(l+a).
The reduction of 0" to its final series form is carried out in the same way as in case (a).
We omit the details of this and give the stress function in its required expansion. This is
x"=Pb
4((1- -2or) pcosOlogp+2(1--) OpsinO
+ [(C' + C) - (D + D) p2] pncosn . (5.31)

n=l
The coefficients in the series are
C , {2aC2n - (n- ) C2n- - aD2n_I -(1 2) S2n (n-) S2_
- (1-2 -)
[(I2l
- C2n-l)
+-
S2n-l (--) S2-2
-2 S
T2n-2]},
= 0) I2n+1- (1 -
2) C2n+l + (n-1) D2n-lI2n-lJn
C2n+l (2n 1)! {(l- (C2n-1
+ (n- -) (C2n --I2n) + aS2n+ - (n- ) aS2n--T2n
+ (1-22o) [aS2n--(C2n-I 2n)+n(C2n_ --In_nl) d+-(Dn_l-J21)]},
D2n
= I2n+l) +S2n+l+ (S2n-T'2n) + (1-2) S2n},
2(2n+ li{-a(C2n+l+
2n+ (2n 2{C2n+2 2n+2+ - (C2n D2n+ - I +J2n+1 )
+ (I -2or) (C2n+l- -I2n+)};

(5-32)
Vol. 238.
v
A. 47

C2= ( {(n - 1)
a-C2"n-1+ nal'- 1+22^XC'n-2+5aD' - (1 +--a2) SI
+'-(n- l 2)Sn- + (n-l) (S2n-2+T2n-2)
+(1 2o) [(C +In) S i ) S2-T ]}
+(n-)
(n- )(2n +D_ln +I2n +J- ) +2 a2- (n -i) aS2n +aT (5.33)
n( +1 2 S 2 12n ) 212--o) S2nJ2
2D(2n+1=2f2) + {tC /n+2 + '-2n1 1 + 2n1 + j2

?? -) 2n+2
2) [C2 +
(1 I2n-)}
+
(:1-2o)[C2n I 2 + X: ( .Y c
(d) Transverseforce at ( -- a, -) expanded about (o, h)
A force P acting at (-a, -Ih) in direction O'Y' has the stress function
+
(2n+
22
( 2)=! 1 'a)log )
(+ 2( -) t , (534)
)(-[n{(C
where the accented co-ordinates are those used in case (b). The function i"'is similar to
D"but with 6', i.e. - (5+f), for 6, etc. In fact, the process of obtaining the required
series follows closely that used in (b). We shall content ourselves with giving the final
form. We find that
-
X=
2n2 b 1 (x2
((12o p- y) cos -- (z + w p2) sin nO]
n=O
+{(Z: +Z) p2} sin nO]},

(W ++Wl) (535))
where = (-) {2(rn 2) acos + nsh)expandedabout(o), h)

Y1,= (-)"+1l{cos(n +)l))}/'l+12(n? 1), 1 (5.36
(5'36)
(-)+ 2(1 - 2) sinn +-n cosn (zlK+
p2) +
2n(n p2) sin nO]
n - (- )n+l ({sin(n + 1) }/Kn+f 2 (n+- L); ,

x - ()n+l {(n 2) f/cos no + 2na sin nl}/K" 2n(n - 1),
yn = -Yn,
-
(5.37)
z = ( )- {(n--2) flsin n-- 2na cos n)}/Kn
2n(n- ),
n =- Wn;
- aC2n_ -a _ -(1 S2n-I

-X = (-2n)!{2aC2n (n-) +a2) +S2n+(n-1)
+ 2 (n- 1) (n-2-T2n-2) na?72n-1
-(-2) n- - C2n- ) + S2n- (n S2n-2 2n2
= 1
X +l(2n+l(1-2)2n+l (1 C2n+l+ (n-- ) (C2n-I2n)
-
+2(n-21) (C2n_ --
1 -D 2-2n
)1 2n 2n-1) + S2n+l- (n --) (aS2n -( T2n (5.38)
+(1 -2O-) [a(2n- (C2n -I2n) + n(C2n - I-2n-1) +2 (D2n-l- J2n-1)]},
= + /2n+ l) + S2n+ l + + (I -2o-)

-Y2n (2 -1) {-(C2n+l (S2n--T2n) S2n},
-
= 2(2n + + - 2n+1-I2n+1I+ Jl2n+1)
2) {2n+ 2 2n+2 2 (C2n+1
-Y
-Y2n+l+1-D
+ (1 -- 2) (C2n+l-I2n+l)};
-x2' =I2 -1) aC2-l+naI2 _l+ 2aCq _2 zD2n_l -- (1 -a2)S2n

()2
+(n-1) S2n-l- 2 1)( -2 + T2n-2)
+ (1--20) [a(C2n-_I + -2n_)--S2n-1 + (n2) T2n2]}n

2n-2--
(l--a2) I2n+l -(--1 a2) C2n + (n--) (C2n +2'n)

-X2'n+l-=(2n- ( _l)!{-
+'-(n--) (C2n-1+D2n-1+I2n-l--+J2 n-1-l) +2a +,,1-(n-I-)aCS2na -T2n> (5.39)

+ (1-20-) [aS2n-- (C2+ )+-2n
I) n(C_2n 1 + I2n- 1)- (D _n-1 + J2n- 1)]},
-Y2n = 2-(2+ a(2n+l -C2n+l) +S2n+l + s2n}I

(S2n+ T2n)+ (-2)
-Y2n+1 2 2n- + 2 (C2n+1-D2n+l + 2n 1 J2n+1) - aS2n+2

2) {C2n+2+ 2n+2
+ (1 -2s) (C2n + I2n+1)};

47-2

384 R. C. J. HOWLAND AND R. C. KNI(HT ON STRESS FUNCTIONS
Z2:[2n +( ) ! {(l--~ 2) i2n--(l -a2) C2n (n-- 1) (2n--2n--1)
+- (n -1) (C2n-2--D2n-2-72n-2 + 2n-2) + 2aSzn -(n -l- ) A2n_--aT2n_
-(I-2-() [(n-- ) (C22-72n2)-(Cn-2nl2)l- (2n2---2n2)

-17 D 2-J2 -2 2n 1};
1 = -- -) Cn 2D2n - (nr- ) (1
2Z2n+ (2a 11 {2C2+1- 72n- a2) S2n+1
-
(2n -)! Sn + (i) n- - T2n (540)
-
-(1-20f) I(X-2n C2n) nS2n- 1+52n--T2n- }
WI I + 1 2nD2 2
_ +1l-(c2n-D2,.-7I2+:-,2)--
(c2-7.-15 -2f)
_
w2n 2n+1 I2n+1?2r- 2nJ2n) a~2,-+( (1

caS2n?I (c72n-2z)},;
2a) (C2n-
-2),
W2n+l 2(2n 2)! +-2n+2

{-a(22n+2+-'2n+2) -(2n+l-- n+1) + (1 -2() 2n+l};
2(2n t2)
Z2 = {-(l + a2)C2n +-(n-l-- d-?(n--1)

) (C2n_-1i+r2n_i) 2n-2+2n_-2(
(21) nI
~+f2n 2
nf-,2 -,
(2n)C2
2n2
Z2n+l (2n+1)!( 22n12n+I
--321)S2n2n
+
+ (n--
n -)f{+-(2
_,
l-?2 1
2n-1)
S2
( -+2)
'n-I-
-.,
n?2
n-1)'
- +41 (5.41t)
(5
= +(1-2o)+2)! {a(2n-2-2n+2)
[a(C+2nI2n+2+(2
nl+ +2n+ _2n-22n2 2n}n l
W2)+l 2 + 2n) ---_-
n2n+1 - 2}- - (
2n+)
W2n
= 2-(2-1)1 Z+i+'i+i(C+ -+ J2)-a.+ (1-2o-) (-' l'-, J,
6. A PAIR OF CIRCLES IN A STRIP
The general case when the circles are arbitrarily placed in a strip can be considered
with the aid of the expansions obtained in the previous sections, provided there is
symmetry about a point on the axis of the strip. The algebra, although straightforward,
is very heavy, and we shall content ourselves with the investigation of two special
problems. The first of these is when the centres of the circles lie on the axis.
case
(a) First symmetrical
Let the centres be at the points (0, 0), (--a, 0), the strip as before being defined by
y b-+b. Using the notation of the previous sections, the centres are given by 6 = 0,
function is Xo X-X ( 1)
Xo- X-X 6-1
where X is given by equation (5-14) and X' by (5-27) after putting x zero.

Consider X first. Since a is zero, the coefficients (5-12) and (5-13) have simplified
values while the integrals (5.10) are related by the equations
Cn= I, Dn Jn, Sn = Tn= . (6 2)
Consequently all the coefficients vanish except
n+l = (-+
+ (2 (I-I2-l 2 2 J2n-l)
-){-2
+(1-2ar) (212n--2n2_l-IJ2n-_)}, (6.3)
2n+l = 2(I2n+l -J2n+l)--(1--20) I2n+l}'
(2n+?2)!{I2n+2
yb
p P
X4 (.,x a
-,?
FIG. 8
Taking the simplified X' in the same way, we find that K- f and = Te
T and the
appropriate values of the coefficients are
(_12 ,m ()n
2 2n )n+l(n-)
-1)2-) 2-1'
(2n m2-- m2n 2(2n + 1) f2n+1
(-)n(2n -1) (-)"+1
>
n2n+l -4n(n)2 P2n+l P2n+1 4(n_l)2+2, (6-4)
12n (_ )n+1
"2n - 2n+ 1
2(22n- 1) 4n4-2n;
the others vanishing.
The integrals (5-22) have their particular values and the remaining coefficients
derived from (5-23)-(5-26) become zero with the exception of
2n (2n)! {22n+2ni2n-n(2n-2+J2n-2)
+(1--2o') (22n_l-J2n-2-[2n- ]]'2n 2)},
M2n 2 1)(2n+ 1 - 2 (Il+J2n ,,)-(

- - 2o},
) (6)
2 J(6.-5)
2(2- -
N
(2ntl)!{22n122(2n2-1 2-)
+ ( 1-2'f) (122n- 2nI2n - 1-j2n-1 )} ,
-
P2n-f-l = (2n 2)2n 2-2 (2n+ 1 J2n+ )-( 1-2C) 12n )1};
47-3

With these values the stress function becomes
PXo-4(1 (1 -2 )psin logp+2(1- ) Opcos

00
--n-OE (a2n +a p2) p2cos 2nO+(b2~+ b2,,1p2) p2+1 in (2n+1) 0], (6-6)
where a2 (1-2f) 12+ 2(1 -o) l1+ L'

a, l- (1 -2a)
m2n, -2(1- ) mn + M',,
b2n+ 2 ( 1--)
2 N'2 1(6-7)
(1--2of) 2n+1 n2n + lA2n++ N2ni,
b2n+ -= (1--(2n+ (lrp ++2 a iP'l+

+ -) 10 +
P2+l-
2t+1
Xois a biharmonic function, containing the elastic constant r. It is therefore bi-

harmonic, of the correct invariance and satisfying the straight edge boundary condition
for any particular value of a. We must, however, remember the significance of oawhen
dealing with stress functions which might produce multiple value expressions for the
displacements. If X0is used, a must be retained; but we shall derive from this function a
set of biharmonic functions which, whatever the value of a, give single valued expressions
for the displacements. Hence a may be given special values. It is simpler to specify the
value of a and then derive the functions. Two sets of functions will be required.
To obtain the first set let Pb/2r = 1 and also let rr-> oo. Then define
U0= s g (s > 1). (6.8)
After some reduction, and omitting a multiplying factor, we find that

0o
Uo - logp+ I (OA2 + OA',p2) p2. cos 2n0

n=O
+ ~ (OB2n+1 +OB2, 12) 2n+/ Iin (2n+ 1) 0, (6-9)

n=0
where A2 - (2n {2(12+ )-(2n -1) (I2n- +,2n- ) -(J21-l+J2n 1)}

(2n)!....
-(__)nl (2n-1)
2nt2"
A2n (2n+ ) {I+ 2-2n 2n-2}

} > (6.10)
2n+ 1 2n- + 1) 2nl+I

?g2nI (++1l- I2n+l-I2n Jn+(2n1
0O
OB2 -_ _2n+2
-1
_)n+V
2n
+1 (2
(2n +2) f2n+3
2n+3

When s > 1 we finally obtain, again omitting multiplying factors,

0o
U2s _ p-2s cos 2s +- (2sAn + 2sAlnp2) p2n1Cos 2n0

n=O
00
+ 2(2sB2n+ sB2n+2) 2n+lsin (2n + 1) , (611)

n=O
+
U2s+- p-2s-1 sin (2s+ 1) 0 f+ (2s+lA2s 1A^p2) p2ncos 2nO
n=O
o0
+ ~ (2s+lB2l + 2s+lB;nlxp2) p2n+l sin (2n+ 1) 0. (6-12)

n=O
The coefficients in the even functions are
2sA 2n = 1 - (2n-
2('2n+2s + 2nS2s) 1)) (I2n+2s-1+2n+2s-1)
+I2n+2s-l)
(2s- 1) (2n) !{2(I2+2s12n+2s
2-1\2n-1
_fT +J2n n2-
-(J2+2s2-1HI 2 +2?-)}F ()n?sl(2fl?2, i ___+2
1
2A' __ + +, ,,_n-s(2n, + 2sl\ ) 2n+2
2n 2n+2s+l1
(2s-1)! (2n + 1)! 2n2n+ 2 +2 2n+2s+2
1 (6.13)
-
2SB2n+l = (2s-1)! 1)! {22n+2s+l -22n+2s - J2nd2s

(2n+
(( n 2n + 2s\ 2n
2n+ I9 2n+2s+1'
2sB' 12n+2s+2 +()n+sl 2n+2s+2\ 2n+3

2n - (2s- 1)! (2n+1)! 2n+3 32n+2+3-
In the odd functions
*2s
(1A !2n)
!2 {2'2n+2s+l -(2n- 1) 2n+2s -J2n +2s}
+ (_)n+s- {2n+2sj 2n-1

S
(\ (2n+2s+)
)-2n
2s+1A1 I2n+2s+2 + (-)n+s 2n+2s+2 2n+2

2n \ /2 2n+2s+32
(2s)! (2n+1)! 2n+2
(6-14)
1
2S+2n+l =- (2s-)! (2-1)2(I2n+2s+2 +12n+2s+2) -2n(I2n+2s+l +I2n+2s+l)
J2n+2s+ I
(2s 2 2n?2s?1 2n+1 ln?2s?2'
(s!(-2n
2n+ ( 1~2n+2s+
1+ '2n+2s+1 s)
_n+2s+ 3 2n+3
-U2s?,,,++?1B'4_ 1=
iT_if\_+s+-_ _ 2_
2n+1--
B1 - ( s !(n I.2+2+3\ 2+2- + (_)ns 2n+_3 2n+2s+2 4
2+ 2n+ r2
n+,+-2s+s3+l2n+2s+3 -
2n+2s+4'
- (2s) (2n + 2) 1 2n+2s-Yan+2s}
The second set of functions may be obtained by taking r =- ?.

3`88 R. C. J. HOWLAND AND R. C. KNIGHT ON STRESS FUNCTIONS
If then V= , V (s1) (6-5)
we have os 20+ ( + p2) p2 cos 2n0

n=O
oo
+ 1 (O?D + OD, p2) p2n sin (2n 1)0, (6.16)

n=O
where
2 = (2n) {-4(I2n+ + I2n+l1)
2+(2n)--(I2n-1
+2n-[2(( 2n-1 +-I2n-1)--(J2n-l +J2n-1)]}+ (2n
?2 = I1)1 {2(I2n+2+ +/I2n 2n+) l

J+ j2n-F} )+ (2n+2 > 61
(n4+ I2n+2)-- (I2n+
(2n+1 +)
n+1
OD -
D2n1 --(2n(2nn+
+1 +2 +
41) ! {-4I 2?+2 + 2(2
In(2n 1-2n 2-n+2()} , 17)
?1 3 +l
- 2n+2)} -
D2n+ (2n + 2) 2n+3- (I2n+2
-2 2n+3
Differentiation with respect to 6 leads to the general functions which are
V2s =p- 2s[cos (2s + 2) B+cosS2s 0] + I (2sC2n2sCi p2) p2ncOS 2n9

n=0
n=0O
= ps-2-l[sin (2s+ 3) + sin (2s+ 1) 0]+ (2S'2C +2s +1C'p2) p2ncos2n0

V2,+1
n=0
(2s+1D21 +v2s lD 1p2)
p2n+l
1 sin (2n+ 1) 0.
(6- 19)
n=0
The new coefficients are, in the even functions
2sC2n -- ( )(2n) {4(I2n+2s+-1 +2n+2s-+l) + 2n[2(l2n+2s -+2n+2s)
-- (I2n2s-1 -+2n+i2s-1) )- (J2n+2s-1 + J2n+2s-1)]}
Jr2n()n2 + 2s-1 1
2
2n 1-l s2n+2s.
=
( 2) (4-'lS 2+2+2 ({ 2n+2s+-2) (I2n+2s+l+I2n+2s+l)
22n ((2s) +2 + 1
(J2n+2s+1I+ 2n+2s)}+ 2n+ 1 [2n+2s2FV (6.20)

== 1- 2
212+1 (2s)
(n2n+l (2n2n 1 n+2s+2
2n+ (22n+ 292 2s+1 +--I 1 2~
2 s+ )}
2s') !(+1 + 1) '!{-4 2s"(+-2I{-- 4nns
-
---n
- 21 42 2n21n+2+1 n-2
-2nx+2
~~~~2sh)~~~~ /
-
2'n+1 2) ( {2 n1 +2 +3-(2n+2s+2+J2n+2-s+2)}
(2s) ! (2n + 2)!i
+( )n+(2n +2s+2 _-_
2fn+2 !12n+2s+3

While for the odd functions
2s+lC 2n- ( ) ({-42n+2s+2+ (2n 1) (212n+2s+l --2n+2s--J2n+2s)}
+ ( ) n+S {2n + 2si 2n

2+
(2s'i_C (2n)s1 n+s
+ 2n / S2n+2s l)
2n (2s +- 1) (2n 1){22n2s+3 (I2n+2s+2+-J2n+2s+2)} I
+(_)n+s-l I2n+2s+2) (2n+2)

'
2n +- 2 ;^2n+2s+3
2s+lD2n+l ( (2 4(I2n+2s+3 +I2n+2s+3) - (2n1 - ) [2(I2n+2s+2 I2n+2s+2) > (6'21)

){-
- (I2n+2s+1 +I2n+2s+1) - (J2n+2+-1+ J2n+2s+1)]}

-
+_(_)n+ s+,l2n-+2s+ Il (2n 1)
2n+l 1 / 2n+2s+2'
1
s n+l1D
+l(2s[+ 1)! (2n2){2(I2n 2s4 t-2n+2s+ 4) - (I2n+2s+3+ II2n+2s+3)
-(J2\ (J2n+2s+3~T^2n+2s+3})\\
++ j2,,+s)}+ ( _),n-ts ) 2n+2s+3 (2n+3)
2n - 3 J 2n+2s+4
It is clear that the functions we have obtained are even in y but odd in x (if x, y are
co-ordinates with origin at the centre of symmetry). They are therefore suitable, with
the addition of the appropriate X giving the infinity conditions, for a problem such as
that of a strip under pure tension at infinity. It is obvious that other sets of functions,
e.g. even in x, odd in y, can be obtained should they be required by choosing the appro-
priate expansions from 5 (c) and 5 (d).
(b) Secondsymmetricalcase
We may next conveniently consider the other symmetrical case in which the circles
are situated as shown in fig. 9.
yI b
FIG. 9

Here we require, in the simplest case of symmetry of the boundary conditions, func-
tions even in x. We therefore take as our fundamental stressfunction that giving forces P
acting in directions OY, O'Y', i.e.
Xo = +X"
where X"is given by (5-31) and X"'by (5.35) with , = 0. The evaluation of the coeffi-
cients of the required functions may be carried out as in the previous case and presents
nothing new. Two sets of functions are required and may be derived with the same two
special values of ar,namely, r-= and -->oo.
7. Two PAIRS OF CIRCLES IN A STRIP
There remains one more configuration of circles in a strip which may be considered
with the expansions we have developed. The circles, four in number, are situated in the
strip as shown in fig. 10. The algebra is necessarily heavy, for we have no simplification
x,
from the
such aX( is the contribution ingularity at , , , 3, 4.
traightforward
Suppose and
act at th no serious dificulty. We content
cpresents shall ourselves by indicating ow the fnda-
mental functions
wilacd
byieing
can be set up. Four sets of functions
X3 ----r?3 4X-4----L X4
)
der from one27)
is obtained two
by stress of the si or
functions
changing
FIGC 10O
FIG. 10
First let
First X= %X(1-X-
- X(3) +X(4)
A(1)-x(2)-x(3)- {-V (7'1)
(7.1)
wherex(r)is the contributionfromthe singularityat 0^, r = 1y2, 3, 4. Supposeforcesto
act at the centresin directionsOrX,.
X^1)
X(l) is given
is given by (5?14).
(5.14).
X(2)is obtained from (5 27) when aGis replaced by -o in the various coefficients, and 6
is replaced by 71-6.
X(3)
X3 isis given by (5-27).
given by (5-27).
%(4) is obtained from (5 27) by changing the sign of 0 throughout, with 4- = 0.

The second function is obtained from the expansions of the transverse forces as
follows:
Let X1= X(2)X+)X 4) (7-2)
where
XI1)is given by (5-31).
xi2) is obtained from (5.35) with -a for a and iT-0 for 0.
X(3)is given by (5-35).
Xi4)is obtained from (5.35) with / 0 and -O for 0.
The derivation of the functions is the same as in the previous section and the same
two special values of a will be found suitable.
CONCLUSION
Although the functions set up have been obtaine(l with the object of providing
machinery for the solution of problems in generalized plane stress, they are of course
suitable for the solution of the biharmonic equation in general. The only restriction is
the symmetry of the boundaries and the conditions on them. When the boundaries are
partly straight lines, the functions obtained will have to be adjusted to the appropriate
conditions of the new problem, e.g. the slow motion of a viscous fluid (cf. Howland and
Knight I932).
I wish to express my thanks to ProfessorG. Temple who has read the paper in manu-
script and made a number of suggestions. Also to the Ordnance Committee for per-
mission to submit the paper for publication.
SUMMARY
A number of solutions of the biharmonic equation have been obtained, mostly in

connexion with the problems of generalized plane stress, when the boundaries have
consisted of circles and straight lines. No general method of solution can be given
but the methods which the present authors have used in certain cases are here
extended to a group of problems. The paper deals with circles in (a) the infinite
plane, (b) a strip bounded by parallel lines. The circles, their number and relative
positions, are restricted by an invariancy condition, which demands that the circles
and their boundary conditions remain invariant under one or more of a group of
transformations and/or reflexions.
In (a) the configurations have the boundaries (i) one pair of circles, (ii) two pairs of
circles, (iii) a double infinite row of circles. While in (b) (i) one pair, and (ii) two pairs
of circles are dealt with. These together with solutions previously published complete
the group of problems to which the method is applicable.

No numerical work is included but the expansions of the necessary functions have
been determined. They may be used for any problem where the biharmonic equation
has to be solved with the appropriate boundaries. The method of solution when the
required functions have been established is indicated.
REFERENCES
Coker, E. G. and Filon, L NG. N. I931 Photoelasticity. Camb. Univ. Press.

Filon, L. N. G. I903 Phil. Trans. A, 201, 67.
Howland, R. C. J. I929 Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 124, 89.
- 930 Phil. Trans. A, 229, 49.
- 1935 Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 148, 471.
Howland, R. C.J. and Knight, R. C. 1932 Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 29, 277.
Howland, R. C. J. and McMullen, B. W. 1936 Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 32, 402.
Howland, R. C. J. and Stevenson, A. C. 1933 Phil. Trans. A, 232, 155.
Jeffery, G. B. I920 Phil. Trans. A, 221, 265.
Knight, R. C. 1934 Quart. J. Math. 5, 255.
Love, A. E. H. 1927 Theoryof elasticity, 4th ed. Camb. Univ. Press.


Stress Analysis of Plates with Circular Hole Groups

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Stress Analysis of Plates with Circular Hole Groups

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Stress Functions for a Plate Containing Groups of Circular Holes

Author(s): R. C. J. Howland and R. C. Knight

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STRESS FUNCTIONS FOR A PLATE CONTAINING

By R. C. J. HOWLAND, M.A., D.Sc.

A number of investigations, both experimental and theoretical, have been made to

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(4) A double infinite row of circles with arbitrary stagger.

1. THE GENERAL METHOD OF SOLUTION

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(a) the stresses xx- - dy

u0 - -logr+ rI (?a cos nO+ o? sin nO),

In equations(1.5) s can take all integralvalues >0, and we thereforehave a double

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X -Xo LoUo+ (L2SuA M2 U). (1.7)

M,2n 2n 2njLo+ ('jL2s +2 )

where L(0) - P2n, qAiro)-- Q2n'

L(r) - 2nh L(r 1) -r-I (M L- _12ni2 )

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2. Two EQUAL CIRCLES IN AN INFINITE PLANE

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Omitting a constant from w0 which is trivial, we have the following expansions:

o -logQ I- ^ n C", (2-3)

s = u -2-- 2qv _1, Vs - s- 21+2qus_1.

where 5A SD- (_)us( 2n ),

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where a is the modified Poisson's ratio.

Uo- X1() +X1(I)

Similarly, if we take an isolated force in direction OY which is

In the above series the coefficients have the values

(-)A.n -2o- _ 3---

ODn (_)n 3 -4r 2(1 --), (n> 1).

The undefined coefficients may be taken to be zero.

3. Two PAIRS OF CIRCLES IN AN INFINITE PLANE

Z1 X iy1- z-p iq, Z3=- 3+i3 = z-p-iZq,

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i4 (log z), (s>0). (3-2)

in which p + iq = leti. (3-3)

If we write as before ws = u- ivs and z,1=rei0

u = r-s cos sO+ I rn(Sa cos nO+ sflnsin nO),

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S (n+ds-1) 1 cos (n+s) 0

- f{ ,__1 cos (n+s) i>

Let U-s -- U(1 s +U

y1{r- cos sO+ r (s cos nO- sf' sin n) }.

V, - v_2+2y (r-s cos (s-1) 0+Sn +s-l, cosnO

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366 R. C. J. HOWLAND AND R. C. KNIGHT ON STRESS FUNCTIONS

where, for n + s even,

SC (n(+s- 1 sin (n-+s) 0

sD _ _n+s-1\ 1 (_) (I- ) cos (n+s) (01

and for n + s odd,

A second standard function is, s> 2,

U, = us-2-2y {r-s+1 sin (s-1)0 -K r"ls- ly cos nOf+-sS sin nO)

=r-S+2 cos s0 + 2 r"n{(sA,

with coefficients given by

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SB _( {+ -2+ s(-i)n+s__(n+s-2) (13

''_ /n-s ICo-)- sin(n +s)^

When s = 2 the functions have the modified forms

U2-=1 -2y1ir-1sin0+ 11 cos nOd-

where X1(z)is given by (2 9) and x2(z) by (2.11).

4. AN INFINITE DOUBLE ROW OF CIRCLES IN AN INFINITE PLANE