ME 321: FLUID MECHANICS-I

Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka

Lecture-11
15/06/2021
Momentum Principle

toufiquehasan.buet.ac.bd
toufiquehasan@me.buet.ac.bd

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2021) 1
Recall RTT
RTT (Reynolds Transport Theorem) relates between the system approach with finite control
volume (CV) approach for a system property:

dBsys 
dt

d
dt CV
ρ  dV  
CS

 V  nˆ dA 
B = any extensive property (such as mass, momentum, energy etc.)
b = any intensive property per unit mass (such as mass per mass,
momentum per mass, etc.)

Conservation of linear momentum


 M V (momentum) 
B  M V (momentum),   V
M (mass)
RTT takes the form of

d MV     
dt
sys

d
dt  CV
V  dV  CS

V  V  nˆ dA 

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2021) 2
Recall linear momentum equation

Newton’s second law of motion for a system is


d MV    
  Fsys   Fcontents of the
sys

dt control volume

For fluid dynamics:

     
 Fcontents of the   Fs  FB 
control volume
  d
dt  CV
V ρ dV  CS

V  V  nˆ dA  ** Vector equation


 F : External forces acting on the content of the control volume (CV)
(such as pressure force, viscous shear force, gravity etc.)

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2021) 3
Momentum Principle
The above expression could be simplified considerably if a flow system has only one entrance and one
exit and if the flow is steady:
   
 FCV 
d
dt CV V ρ dV  CS
 
V  V  nˆ dA V2

   V .nˆ  V 2 ( outflow )
  FCV   CS

V  V  nˆ dA  2

  
  FCV   2 A2V2 V2  1 A1V1V1
CV

Using continuity:
V1
m  1 A1V1   2 A2V2 (mass flow rate) 
V .nˆ  V1 ( inflow )
1
  
Then:
 FCV  m V2  V1  
Note that the momentum equation is a vector equation which represents three scalar equations:
x: F x  m V2 x  V1 x 
y: F y  m V2 y  V1 y 
z: F z  m V2 z  V1 z  This is the fundamental principle which drives the turbomachinery
(propulsion nozzle in jet engine, turbine, compressor cascade etc.)

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2021) 4
Problem # 1
Water flows steadily through the 90° reducing elbow as shown in figure.
At the inlet of the elbow, the absolute pressure is 220 kPa and the
cross-sectional area is 0.01 m2. At the outlet, the cross-sectional area is
0.0025 m2 and the velocity is 16 m/s. The elbow discharges to the
atmosphere. Determine the force required to hold the elbow in place.

Solution:
From continuity equation:
Q1  Q 2  A1V1  A2V2
 ( 0 .01)V1  ( 0 .0025 )(16 )
Ry
 V1  4 m/s
V1
p1  220 kPa abs cv
from steady flow momentum principle:  119 kPa gage
   Rx
 FCV   V  V  nˆ dA CS
 
 x :  Fx  m V2 x  V1 x 
V2
  R x  p1 A1  m V2 x  V1 x   m  0  V1 x      V1 A1  V1 x p2  101 kPa abs
 R x    V1 A1  V1  p1 A1  0 kPa gage

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2021) 5
Problem # 1 cont…
Then
 R x   V1 A1  V1  p1 A1 Ry
 R x  (119  10 3 )(0.01)  1000  4  0.01 (4) V1
p1  220 kPa abs cv
 R x  1.35 kN  119 kPa gage
Now, along y-axis:
Rx
 y: R y  m V2 y  V1 y 
V2
  R y  m V2 y  V1 y   m  V2 y  0     V2 A2  V2 ; V2   ve  p2  101 kPa abs
 R y  (1000  16  0.0025)(16)  0 kPa gage

 R y  0.64 kN Rx
θ
So, the magnitude of resultant force is Ry
R
R R R 2
x
2
y

 R  1.352  0.642
 R  1.49 kN
 Ry 
  tan -1    25.37 with   ve  x  axis
 Rx 

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2021) 6
Problem # 2
Water flows through a horizontal pipe bend and exits into the atmosphere
as shown in figure. The flow rate is 30 m3/hr. Calculate the force in each of
the rods holding the pipe bend in position. Neglect body forces and viscous
effects and shear force in the rods.

Solution:
Now, from continuity equation:
Q1  Q2  A1V1  A2V2  30 (60  60)
 

4
 75  10 
3 2
V1 
4
 40  10  3 2
V2  8.33  10 3

 V1  1.89 m/s
V2  6.63 m/s

Use Bernoulli equation to determine the pressure at section 1:

p1 V12 p 2 V22
 z    z2
 2g 1  2g
1.89 2
p1 0 6.632
  0  0
 2g  2g
 p1  20192.4 Pa

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2021) 7
Problem # 2 cont…
From steady flow momentum principle:
  
 FCV  CS
 
V  V  nˆ dA

 x: F x  m V2 x  V1 x 
  R x  p1 A1  m V2 x  V1 x   m  0  V1 x    mV
 1x
 R x  mV
 1 x  p1 A1
30  2 
 Rx  (1000)(1.89)  (20192.4)   75  10 3  
(60  60) 4 
 R x  104.95 N

For y-direction:
 y: F y  m V2 y  V1 y 
 R y  m V2 y  V1 y   m V2 y  0   mV
 2y
 R y  mV
 2y
30
 Ry  (1000)(6.63)
(60  60)
 R y  55.25 N
© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2021) 8
Problem # 3
Determine the magnitude and direction of the anchoring force needed to hold the horizontal elbow and
nozzle combination shown in figure in place. Atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa (abs) The gage pressure
at section (1) is 100 kPa. At section (2), the water exits to the atmosphere.

Ry

Solution: from steady flow momentum principle;

  
  FCV  
CS
 
V  V  nˆ dA
Rx
 x :  Fx  m V2 x  V1 x 
  Rx  p1 A1  m V2 x  V1 x   V1 A1  V2  V1  ; V2   ve 
 R x  p1 A1   V1 A1 V1  V2 

Now, from continuity equation: Q1  Q2  A1V1  A2V2

   
  d12  (V1 )   d 22  (V2 )
4  4 
2
d 
 V2   1  V1
 d2 
 V2  7 .03 m/s
© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2021) 9
Problem # 3 cont…
Then,
 x :  R x  p1 A1   V1 A1 V1  V2 
    
 Fx  (100  10 3 )   0.32    1000  2   0.32   2  7.03 
4   4 
 Fx  8.35 kN
Ry
Now, along y-axis:

 y :  R y  m V2 y  V1 y   m  0  0   0  Ry  0
Rx
So, the magnitude of resultant anchoring force is

R  Rx2  Ry2

 R  8.352  02
 R  8.35 kN
 Ry 
  tan -1    0 with   ve  x  axis
 Rx 

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2021) 10