LESSON 4

TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT

Context refers to the situation environment involved in a communication. It involves factors such as
your relationship with your audience.

3 SPEECH CONTEXTS:

1. Intrapersonal – this type of communication is characterized by your ability to self-talk. It is a

context where you engage in self-reflection and meditation.
2. Interpersonal- this context involves an interchange of message or ideas between or among
people. Verbal and non-verbal communications are used in this type of communication.
Furthermore, this is subdivided into two groups: dyadic and small group communication.
a. Dyadic communication- two persons engage in a communication and share ideas,
information, message beliefs and feelings.
b. Small group communication- this is an interchange of information or ideas among three or
more persons.

3. Public- it is a form of communication which allows for wider coverage. It is structured type of
communication so it has to be planned. Prepared and researched.

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE

Speech style Characteristics examples

1) Frozen Style  Highest rank in styles.  Rituals, church rites
 Used in very formal setting. and speeches, state
 Uses expressions which have ceremonies and
not change through the years. other occasions.
(So help me God, I do, etc.)
2) Formal style  Uses in one-way  Speeches, seminars,
communication. lectures, etc.
 Uses in structured and formal
communication.
 Data are carefully planned,
organized and researched.
 Uses verbal and non-verbal
communication.
 Delivery style is considered.
3) Consultative style  Used in transactions where the  Interview, casual
participants engage in an active talk.
exchange of information.
4) Casual style  Used in ordinary conversations.  Chat with a friend,
 Uses standard and non-standard classmate,
languages like slang. acquaintance, etc.
5) Intimate Style  A private conversation used  Conversation with
among close friends and family. close friends and
family.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

Types of Speech Characteristics

1. Expository/ informative Speech/ Speech to  Presents/ gives factual information
Inform  The content has to be carefully
researched, planned and organized.
 The main objective is to inform the
audience.
2. Persuasive Speech  The most challenging of the types of
speeches.
 Aims to change the attitude and beliefs
of the listener on topics/issues.
 Aims to incite the listeners to do a
recommended course of action.
3. Entertainment Speech  The listener is not obliged to remember
the information nor follow a course of
action.
 The listener only has to sit back and
enjoy the information received.

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY

Types of Speech According to Delivery Characteristics

1. Manuscript Speech  The speech is written.
 The speaker reads it to the audience
word for word.
 The main purpose is precision.
 It is used to avoid errors.
2. Memorized Speech  The speech is committed to memory and
recited to the audience word for word.
 It creates an illusion that the speaker
delivers his speech spontaneously.
 The speaker can maximize the use of the
stage or podium, eye contact with the
audience since he is not limited to
manuscript.
 This is used for short speeches.
3. Impromptu Speech  The speech is made at the spur of the
moment.
 There is little to no preparation.
 It is relatively short.
 It is used in occasions like ceremonial
toasts, grace before meals, an
acknowledgement, an introduction, an
acceptance speech, etc.
4. Extemporaneous Speech  The speech is not completely written out
rather notes or references are used in
the delivery.
  It is carefully planned and researched
and prepared the delivery.
 Length of time is monitored.

1. Manuscript Speech – these speeches are appropriate for precise messages or subjects to
review or to publish. This type of speech is the preferred mode of delivery for ministries,
scientists, persons in the mass media and corporate executives.

The disadvantages of manuscript speeches are:

a. The speakers of manuscript speeches may lack training and this would be obvious to their
audience.
b. Manuscript speeches restrict eye contact, gestures and body movement.
c. Manuscript speeches inhibit spontaneity and audience feedback.

Guidelines to Manuscript Speeches

1) Make your speech less formal, more repetitive and more personal by using more adverbs,
adjectives and circumlocutions.
2) Short paragraphs must be used.
3) Have the manuscript speech typewritten (double space).
4) Rehearse until you don’t need to look at the manuscript.
5) Take your time and concentrate on ideas than words.

2. Memorized Speech. Among the speeches based on type of delivery, the memorized speech is the
most and the least effective. The speeches are used in oratorical contests and in formal occasions
like eulogies or church rituals and in political situations.

Practice is the one and only guideline for memorized speech.

3. Impromptu Speech is delivered on the spur of the moment or on top of one’s head without
preparation.

An impromptu speech has its advantages and disadvantages. Its advantages are manifested in its
spontaneity which is highly correlated with perceived honesty, sincerity and trust.

A disadvantage of impromptu speech is its high potential for loss of credibility as a result of sounding
unprepared.

The following points are considered in delivering an impromptu speech:

1) Be time conscious. If you have only a minute for a brief talk, scribble a few notes to avoid
mental blocks.
2) Be original. State your opinion and use personal experiences on the topic mentioned.
3) Be observant. Carefully observe your surroundings and respond appropriately like agreeing
or disagreeing with what other speakers said, as well as connecting on the audience, the
occasion.
 4) Have a positive attitude. Bear in mind that audience expectations are low. They know that
you are not prepared so they don’t expect you to sound like Ferdinand Marcos or John
Kennedy.
5) Keep your comments brief. Wrap up your speech neatly; don’t prolong your conclusion; say
everything you want to say and sit down.

PATTERNS OF IMPROMPTU SPEECH:

1) The Who-What-When-Where-Why-How Pattern. Answer these 6 questions words regarding

the occasion and the audience, and you come up with simple speech.
2) The Cause-and- Effect Pattern. Describe the problem, trace the cause/s, identify the effects
and propose solution/s. Voila! A short speech.
3) The Past-Present-Future Pattern. Reminisce the past, narrate the present, then predict the
future and you will not lose your audience.
4) The Spatial, Deductive, Inductive and other logical patterns. A logical presentation of stock
knowledge will always get and hold your audience’s attention.

4. Extemporaneous Speech is planned in advance, but presented in direct spontaneous manner.

These speeches have a conversational tone, even if this speech is planned out in advance, but not
memorized.

Extemporaneous speeches are effective in classroom situations and in the “outside world”.

But it has some disadvantages:

1) It is difficult to have a time limit.

2) It is not exact in wording.
3) It is not grammatically perfect.
4) It requires time to prepare.

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO OCCASION

1) Speech of Introduction. Simply introduce the speaker by saying who he/she is, what his/her
topic is and why the audience should listen to him/her. You may get information from the
speaker. Do not overdo the introduction by giving a lengthy piece or overpraising the
speaker. The audience wants to listen to the speaker, not to the one assigned to give the
introduction. Too much praise might make the audience expect more than what the speaker
can deliver.
2) Presentation Speech. Deliver this speech when you are presenting an award, prize or a gift
in formal recognition of an accomplishment. First, talk about the origin of the award, its
background and what is it for. Then, talk about the awardee and why he/she deserves the
award. If it is a prize for competition, describe what the awardee did to win and get the
prize. Maintain sincerity and honesty by avoiding superlatives.
3) Acceptance Speech. This is the response to the speech of presentation, wherein you give
thanks for being awarded. Thank the group or people who gave you the award and thank
those who helped you achieved the honor. Be brief, direct and thankful.
 4) Welcome Speech. This is delivered to express pleasure for the presence of a person, a group
or an organization. Be sure that you know about the people you are welcoming, the
organization and the occasion. Be brief, accurate and complete. Always remember to hope
for a pleasant and fruitful visit or meeting.
5) Speech of Tribute. We pay tribute to a person in praise of his/her accomplishments on the
occasion of his/her birthday, assumption to office, retirement or death (eulogy). The
honoree will surely appreciate accurate information presented in every pleasing manner.
Always remember to include what benefits were received, because of the honoree’s good
deeds.
6) Commencement Address. This is the speech delivered by commencement speaker on
graduation day. The speaker may be an outstanding member of the university, community
or an invited guest from outside the institution. The commencement speaker must praise
the graduating class and give the graduates a bright vision of the future.
7) Keynote Speech. A conference or convention usually begins with a keynote address, which
contains the objectives and contents of the conference and an overview of the entire
proceedings. The keynote speaker should be able to motivate, arouse interest and inspire
the audience.
8) Commemorative Address. Commemorative addresses are speeches delivered during special
events taking place in memory of a person, an event, and so on. The foundation of an
institution, anniversaries and admission to an organization are examples of commemorative
situations. Present a background of the person or event being celebrated, inspire the
audience with past achievements and make these as reasons for them to go for their
dreams.

LESSON 5

THE THREE MAJOR PARTS OF A SPEECH

INTRODUCTION

An effective introduction captures the audience attention. The following are some of the ways in
which an introduction can be made.

1. Referring to the audience. By sincerely complementing your audience, the introduction may
be effective.

Example: This is a great opportunity to speak before these young officers of the Armed Forces.

2. Referring to the occasion. This refers to the event being addressed in your speech.

Example: Today, we celebrate a breakthrough in information technology.

3. Referring to the relationship between audience and subject.

Example: We can discover a lot of things through our communication with nature.

4. Referring to something familiar to the audience.

Example: See that little girl out in the streets selling sampaguita? You are very much luckier than she
is.

5. Citing a startling fact or opinion. A statement that surprises an audience will catch their
attention and make them sit up and listen to you. Even if the topic is old, you can enhance
the old topic by a lively statement.

Example: there is now scientific evidence that cancer can be cured.

6. Asking a question. Asking a rhetorical question will make your audience reflect rather than
the answer aloud.
Example: Have you ever wondered why children never lie?

7. Telling an anecdote. By narrating a personal story, the interest of the audience would perk
up.

Example: while appreciating the scenic view of the countryside, my attention was caught by a little
girl who was helping her mother plow the fields.

8. Using a quotation. Using a quotation facilitates your credibility. A quotation should be

followed up by precise memorable wordings.

Example: “To be or not to be”

9. Telling a joke. We must be certain that the joke is appropriate to the audience, occasion, as
well as to you as the speaker.
10. Setting the mood and tone of your speech.
11. Demonstrating the importance of your topic to your audience.

THE BODY

The body of the speech contains the information you would want to relay.

THE CONCLUSION

To conclude your speech requires considerable skill. The conclusion of speech has two functions:

1. To review the speech, and

2. To leave the audience remember your speech by using effective final remarks.

The conclusion should be in the form of a short summary statement. Your final statements are
important for these would stay in their minds.

In making a conclusion, avoid committing the following mistakes:

 1. Don’t apologize. Do not sing sad songs like, “ I’m sorry, this is all I can talk about.”
Statements such as these would only highlight your speech as weakness.
2. Don’t introduce new points. Do not mention a new point or topic for discussion at the
conclusion.
3. Do not end abruptly. Use phrases like “In conclusion…” or “To sum up the discussion…”
4. But don’t ramble either. Do not mumble like “Well, this is all for now…”

STEPS IN SPEECH PREPARATION

There are 8 steps in speech preparation (Brooks & Heath 232):

1. Selecting the topic. The selection of the speech topic spells the difference between
successful and unsuccessful speech. There are three basic principles mentioned by Brooks
and Heath in selecting a topic:
a. The topic to be selected is one which you are knowledgeable. A topic you are familiar with
will save you time in researching.
b. You must select the topic you are interested in. if you are to choose a topic you are not
interested in, researching on it will be drudgery, a bore.
c. The topic to be selected must interest the audience. This will sustain their interest in the
topic during your presentation.
 Narrowing the topic would meet the 5 to 10 minute time limit common to speeches.
2. Scanning the audience. Audience analysis was first introduced by Aristotle in his work, The
Rhetoric. It is important to analyse one’s audience so the topic would have an impact on
them and serve its purpose. According to Aristotle, the audience would determine the end
or the objective of the speech.
3. Know your purpose. The purpose of your speech is whether to entertain, to inform or to
persuade. The three criteria for a good purpose statement are the following:
a. The purpose statement should describe the results one seeks his speech to accomplish.
b. A purpose statement should be specific, meaning, speech should be worded specifically
to measure your audience.
c. A purpose statement should be realistic. The contents of the speech must be attainable.
d. A purpose statement should be realistic. The contents of the speech must be attainable.
4. Organizing and outlining the speech. As you organize your speech, keep your audience in
mind. An unorganized speech results in the listeners’ losing interest in your speech, being
confused and becoming resentful of the use of their time.
5. Gathering supporting materials. The supporting materials back up and prove your opinions
and ideas which are part of your speech.

There are four functions of supporting materials:

a. To prove. Supporting materials can be used as evidences to prove what you are claiming in
the speech.
b. To make memorable. Supporting materials help the audience retain important information.
 c. To make interesting. Supporting materials bolster audience interest in your topic.
d. To clarify. Supporting materials clarify the meaning of words.
6. Giving the speech impact through language and style. Giving the speech impact through
audio visual aids. One’s speech must be delivered through careful articulation. Articulation
refers to the right pronunciation of necessary words. The style of speech delivery should be
conversational and fluent. The speaker should convey his message in a style that harmonizes
articulation, pronunciation, quality, pitch, rate, rhythm and other elements in a warm,
personal style. You must have the aim of talking to your listeners. The use of clear language
is a prerequisite in an effective speech.
7. Giving the speech impact through audio visual aids. Auditory aspects of speech delivery
include your paralanguage, your voice which reveals a great deal about you. Voice control,
meaning using the appropriate volume, rate, pitch and articulation must be practiced.
Visual aspects of delivery include such things as appearance, movement, posture, facial
expressions and eye contact. Your appearance should be appropriate to the occasion.
Movement should add meaning to the words you use. Good posture will make you more
visible. If you are involved in your message, your facial expression would reveal it. Eye
contact with your audience will sustain their interest in your speech.
8. Preparing for audience feedback. You should be open to both constructive and destructive
criticisms of by your audience when delivering a speech. So you should put your best foot
forward.

SPEECH DELIVERY GUIDELINES

1) REHEARSE. The best way to rehearse is to record your practice session. Through this
you will know where you would need improvement.
2) DELIVER. On the day of speech presentation, you have to be relaxed. One way to do
this is to wear clothes you are comfortable in. you want your audience to listen to
you and not just look at your clothes.
Show your sincerity and confidence in your posture, movement and gestures.
3) STAGE FRIGHT. It is also known as communication apprehension or speech anxiety.
There are two types of stage fright:
a. Facilitative Stage Fright- the level of tension is moderate. This certain
amount of nervousness is natural and it improves performance.
b. Debilitative Stage Fright- the level of anxiety is intense, so self-expression is
inhibited and it can become a serious problem.

Reasons for stage fright:

1. Unpleasant past experiences.

Low self-esteem from critical parents and a traumatic failure at an earlier speech are common
examples of unpleasant past experiences.

2. Irrational Thinking

The beliefs that people attract to events cause them to feel nervous.
OVERCOMING STAGE FRIGHT

There are four simple ways to overcome debilitative stage fright

1. Be rational. Think about the beliefs which cause stage fright and dispute any irrational beliefs.

2. Be prepared. If you are well-prepared, you will feel secure.

3. Be positive. Have a positive attitude toward your audience, your speech and yourself as a speaker.

4. Be receiver-oriented. Concentrate on the audience, not on yourself.