12

Discipline and Ideas in

the Applied Social
Sciences
Quarter 1 – Module 4
The Clientele and Processes of
Counseling 1
Page

1
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in

mind. It is here to help you to describe the
characteristics and needs of the clientele and audiences
of counselling as well as the settings, processes, methods
and tools involved in the aforementioned applied social
science. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of
the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – clientele and audiences of counseling
 Lesson 2 – settings, processes, methods and tools in
counseling

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the clientele of counseling
HUMSS_DIASS12-Id-11;
2. Illustrate the different processes and methods
involved in counseling HUMSS_DIASS12Id-14;
3. Distinguish the needs of individuals, groups,
organizations, and communities
HUMSS_DIASS12Id-15
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. Client or audience of counseling that attempts to counteract

isolation by gathering people with similar issues and
making it clear that problems or issues are not unique to
single person.
a. individual c. organization
b. group d. community
2. Type of clientele or audience of counseling that helps
address issues in a local area, such as mental health
problems and disaster rehabilitation.
a. individual c. organization
b. group d. community
3. This may involve discussions with an employee who is experiencing
difficulties in the work place to help the employee overcome his/her
emotional stress so that he/she can get back on track and perform
well. This refers to what type of clients of counseling?
a. individual c. organization
b. group d. community
4. This audience of counseling is helping students, children,
adults, and adolescents to cope with the challenging of daily
living, stress, depression and other serious mental issues.
a. individual c. organization
b. group d. community
5. Which of the following does NOT describe a client or
audience in counseling?
a. in need of clinical or mental help
b. need assistance in realizing change in behavior or
attitude
c. normal people
d. simply seeking to achieve a goal
6. A counseling process that involve a systematic observation
of symptoms of the client to determine the specific felt
needs.
a. goal setting c. intervention
b. problem assessment d. evaluation

7. A counseling process that create a safe environment where

client will feel comfortable enough to open up and talk
anything on their minds.
a. building a relationship c. evaluation
b. problem assessment d. goal setting
8. It is the process of examining the results of counseling to
find out if the intended results were met or unmet.
a. goal setting c. problem assessment
b. intervention d. evaluation
9. A process of counseling that identify the end result that are
trying to achieve at the end of the counseling process.
a. intervention c. goal setting
b. evaluation d. building a relationship
10. It is the process of planning the counseling methods
and tools to be used for the client based on what is needed.
a. evaluation c. intervention
b. goal setting d. problem assessment
11. This therapy focus on improving interactions and
communication relationship of the client to the significant
people in his/her life.
a. psychoanalytic therapy c. existential therapy
b. transactional analysis d. gestalt therapy
12. A method in counseling that is also referred as “The
Talking Cure”. It involves techniques such as free
association and dream analysis.
a. psychoanalytic therapy c. behavior therapy
b. reality therapy d. gestalt therapy
13. This therapy highlight our capacities and encourages
us to take responsibility for our own success.
a. person-centered therapy c. existential therapy
b. reality therapy d. adlerian therapy
14. The overall focus of this therapy is on reframing the
attitudes, beliefs and lifestyles choices that block success so
that you are more effective at reaching your desired goals.
a. gestalt therapy c. reality therapy
b. rational-emotive therapy d. adlerian therapy
 15. The goal of this therapy is to teach people to become
aware of significant sensation within themselves and their
environment so that they respond fully and reasonably to
situations.
a. gestalt therapy c. reality therapy
b. rational-emotive therapy d. adlerian therapy

Lesson
Clientele and Audiences in
1 Counseling

What’s In

LET’S RECAP!

1. What are the rights, responsibilities, and accountabilities

of the counselors?
2. Distinguish between ethical and unethical behaviors
among counselors?

What’s New

Directions: In the space provided below, describe in two sentences

the clientele and audiences that counsellors serve.
 What is It

THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF

COUNSELING
Individuals and groups of people who receive service from various
counselling professions constitute the clientele and audience. These
individuals and groups vary in their needs and context where they avail of
counselling services.
Individual Counseling
Is aimed at helping individuals (e.g., students, children, adults, and
adolescents) cope with challenges of daily living, stresses that can cause
anxiety, and depression and other serious mental issues. It is also
concerned with helping clients heal from traumatic events in their lives such
as failure in class, death of a loved one, separation from a spouse, divorce,
family problems, drug abuse, physical abuse and separation from a close
friend. Individual counselling can be done in private offices, schools,
hospitals, and parishes.
Group Counseling
Is a form of therapy which posits that individual benefit from shared
experiences. It is oriented toward helping group members express and
explore their difficulties, and use the resources of the group to overcome
these and lead more satisfying lives. Group counselling is usually focused
on a particular issue such as conflict management, stress management or
anger management. While a group counsellor manages the group,
contributions from the other members of the group are encouraged since
everyone in the group deals with similar issues. One of the main idea in
group counselling is that dealing with specific issues may cause isolation
and a feeling that one is alone in facing his or her problems. This form of
counselling therefore attempts to counteract isolation by gathering people
with similar issues and making it clear that problems or issues are not
unique to a single person. This may be comforting to some individuals who
may not have a strong relationship with their own family or a circle of
friends who understand their problems.
Organization Counseling
Is usually performed in the workplace. It aims to help employees
adjust with their work environment and ensure that their potentials are
maximized to the fullest. Organization counselling may involve discussions
with an employee who is experiencing difficulties in the workplace to help
the employee overcome his/her emotional stresses, so he/she can get back
on track and perform well. Organizations may need counselling for a
number of reasons: failure of an employee to achieve his or her performance
targets, irreconcilable differences with a co-worker, or failure to relate with
peers in the organization.
Community Counseling
Helps address issues in a local area, such as mental health problems
and disaster rehabilitation. It entails partnership between community
leaders and guidance counsellors or other service institutions. By improving
services and increasing the availability of community help organizations,
counsellors can quickly address problems that may occur in communities.
Community counselling is carried out in various settings such as schools,
hospitals, mental health facilities, private industries and business,
behavioural health agencies, insurance companies, and private practice.

Lesson
Settings, Processes, Methods,
2 and Tools in Counseling

What is It

COUNSELING PROCESS
 The counselling process is a planned, structures dialogue
between a counsellor and a client.
 It is a cooperative process in which a trained professional
helps a person called the client to identify sources of
difficulties or concerns that he or she is experiencing.
 Together they develop ways to deal with and overcome these
problems so that person has new skills and increased
understanding of themselves and others.

Step 1: Relationship Building

The first step involves building a relationship and focuses on engaging
clients to explore issue that directly affect them. The first interview is
important because the client is reading the verbal and nonverbal
messages and make inferences about the counsellor and the
counselling situation.
Step 2: Problem Assessment
This step involves the collection and classification of information
about the client’s life situation and reasons for seeking
counselling.
Step 3: Goal Setting
Like any other activity, counseling must have focus. Goals are results
or outcomes that client wants to achieve at the end of counseling.
Step 4: Intervention or program design
Strategies will be outlined after the formulation of the counselling
goals.
Step 5: Evaluation, Follow-up, Termination or Referral
For the beginning counsellor, it is difficult to think of terminating the
counseling process, as they are more concerned with beginning the
counseling process. However, all counseling aims towards successful
termination.
Terminating the counseling process will have to be conducted with
sensitivity with the client knowing that it will have to end.
Counsellor always mindful of avoiding fostering dependency and is
aware of own needs.
Termination considered not just at end of successful relationship. But
also is considered when it seems counselling is not being helpful.

The following are among the basic counselling approaches commonly

used today that provide processes, methods, and tools for counsellors:

1. Psychoanalytic Therapy
 Is an approach developed by Sigmund Freud.
Psychoanalysis is based on Freud’s explanation that human
beings are basically determined by psychic energy and early
experiences. These unconscious energy and experiences
drive people’ behavior in the form of unconscious of his
energy and early experiences and thereby become
empowered and harness both positively.

2. Adlerian Therapy
Is an approach similar to the Freudian. It was developed by
Alfred Adler ( 1870-1937) who believed that the first six
years of life influence an individual. But ensuring behavior
depended on how one interprets his/her past and its
continuing influence on him/her. For Adler, humans are
motivated primarily by social urges.
3. Existential Therapy
Has no single founder, but Viktor Frankl (1905-1997),
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970), and Rollo May (1909-1994)
are considered key figures. Existential Therapy focuses on
the human capacity to define and shape his/her own life,
give meaning to personal circumstance through reflection,
decision-making, and self-awareness. It draws heavily on
existentialist philosophy that emphasizes human freedom to
define oneself, and that our lives are not predetermined; we
have a responsibility to live and see in life what we chose to.
The only things we cannot control is being born and the fact
of dying.
4. Person-centered Therapy
Originated from Carl Rogers (1902-1987). For Rogers,
people get share, or surrender power and control over
themselves and others, and so empowerment depended on
the self and such required non-directive process. Non-
directive counselors focus on the client’s self-discovery
rather than their input. The main stay in this non-directive
counseling is counselor-client reflecting and clarifying the
verbal and non-verbal communications of clients. The
process includes the counselor us of active listening,
reflection of feelings, clarification, and just “being there” for
the counselee in a non-interventionist way.
5. Gestalt Therapy
Was developed and introduced by Frederick S. Perl (1893-
1970). It is an existential approach, stressing that people
 must find their own way in life and accept personal
responsibility for maturity. They must develop an awareness
of their unfinished business from the past, traumatic
experiences in life, and what they are doing in order for
them to bring about change in their lives. Gestalt therapy
techniques include confrontation, dialog with parties, role
playing, reliving, and re-experiencing unfinished business in
the forms of resentment and guilt. Counselors push for
doing and experiencing rather than just talk about one’s
feelings as client. It involves recognizing and letting go,
accompanied by actions like breaking a glass or hitting
something hard.
6. Transactional Analysis
Was developed by Eric Berne (1910-1970). Its main
uniqueness is its emphasis on decisions and contracts that
must be made by the client. Like other existentialist
philosophies, which are based on the understanding of
human nature, this approach believes that the client has
the potential for choice and so, the contract made by the
client clearly states the directions and goals of the
therapeutic process.
7. Behavior Therapy
Also referred to as behavior modification, is associated with
many theories and among them are Arnold Lazarus, Albert
Bandura, B. F Skinner, M.J Mahoney, David L. Watson, and
A.E Kazdin. Behavior therapy uses many action-oriented
methods to help people take steps to change what they are
doing and thinking. This approach focuses on overt
behavior, precision in specifying the goals of treatment, and
the development of specific treatment plans. In this
approach, the counselor is active and directive, and
functions as a teacher or trainer in helping clients to work
on improving behavior.
8. Rational-emotive Therapy
Was developed by Albert Ellis (1913-2007). It is a form of
cognitively-oriented behavioral therapy and is based on the
assumption that human beings are born with a potential for
both rational or straight thinking, and irrational or crooked
thinking. Because people are fallible , this approach focuses
on helping clients accept themselves as people who would
continue to make mistakes , yet at the same time learn to
live with themselves and be at peace with themselves. Ellis
 stressed that through thinking, judging, deciding, and
doing, people can change their cognitive, emotive, and
behavioral processes and react differently from their usual
patterns. They can train to master themselves and control
themselves like choosing not to be upset.
9. Reality Therapy
Was founded and promoted by William Glasser (1925-2013).
This therapy is a short-term approach that focuses on the
present and highlights a client’s strength. It stresses that a
client can learn more realistic behavior and achieve success.
For Glasser, people choose their behavior and are therefore
responsible for what they do and how they think and feel.
What a client needs from a counselor is encouragement to
assess the current style of living then leave them to employ
a process of honest self-examination, leading and resulting
to improvement to one’s quality of life.

What’s More

Activity 1
Directions: Test your knowledge as you answer the following:
A. Describe the four types of clientele for counseling and briefly
describe their characteristics. Use the table below.
Clientele Characteristics

B. List down specific needs of the types of clientele you mentioned

above.
Clientele Needs
 Activity 2
A.
Directions: Identify the counseling approach being described in each
statement.
__________1. Developed by Alfred adler, this approached is built on the
belief that an individual person is greatly influenced by his/her past
and is primarily motivated by social urges.
__________2. This counseling approach is non-directive and focused on
the client’s self- discovery rather than input.
__________3. Developed by Frederick Perls , this approach encourages
clients to confront and experience their feelings rather than simply
talk about them.
__________4. This approach targets the overt behaviour by specifying
treatment goals and making developing specific treatment plans.
__________5. This short-term counseling approach focuses on the
client’s present circumstances and highlights his/her strengths that
can be used to target realistic changes in behaviour and thus achieve
success.
B.
Directions: briefly discuss how each process of counseling is
conducted or performed to ensure effective counselling.

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What I Have Learned

Directions: Please reflect on the question below.

1. Who are the clientele and audiences of counseling?
2. What are specific needs of the clientele and audiences of
counseling?
3. Describe the processes and methods involved in counseling.
 What I Can Do

Directions: Please answer the question below.

1. Look around you and determine an individual, a

group, or a community who needs the services of a
counselor. Describe the particular situation and why a
counselor is needed.