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IIB IIB IIB LOCOMOTION
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IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB CHAPTER-20
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LOCOMOTION
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AND MOVEMENT
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MOVEMENT
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01. Movement is one of the important features of living beings.
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02. Animals and plants show a wide range of movements.
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03. Streaming of protoplasm in the unicellular organisms like Amoeba is a simple form of
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB movement.
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04. Movement of cilia, flagella and tentacles are shown by many organisms.
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IIB IIB IIB 05. Human beings can move limbs, jaws, eyelids, tongue.
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IIB IIB IIB ] Movement is a change in posture or position.
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IIB IIB IIB ] It is an essential and significant feature of living organisms.
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IIB IIB IIB ] The movement of a nonliving object is due to external force or induced while the
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IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB movements of living things are self sustained i.e. autonomic
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² Importance of Movements :
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] Movements of external organs :
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u Movements of limbs, appendages, head and trunk help to maintain equilibrium of the body.
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u In many animals, limbs and appendages also carry out locomotion,
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IIB IIB Movements of limbs, tongue, jaws, snout, appendages and tentacles enable different
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB animals to capture their food,
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u Movements of eye balls help to see the object,
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u Movements of the pinna of the ear enable the animal to collect sound vibrations.
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] Movements of internal organs :
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u Food moves through the alimentary canal and urine moves through the ureter by
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IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB peristaltic movement.
u Movements of cardiac muscles enables the heart to receive and distribute the blood,
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u Inspiration and expiration involves the movements of the diaphragm, ribs, etc.
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u Movements of uterine wall help in child birth.
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u Peristalsis propels secretions and wastes through the ducts.
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u Movements of genital tract help in egg laying and delivery of the baby.
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u Visceral movements are also responsible for sound production, defaecation and
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB micturition.
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LOCOMOTION IIB IIB IIB
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01. Some of the movements result in a change of place or location, Such voluntary IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
movements are called locomotion. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
02. Locomotion includes following acts walking, running, climbing, flying, swimming are IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
all some forms of locomotory movements. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
03. Locomotory structures need not be different from those affecting other types of IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
movements. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
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For example: IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
i) In Paramecium, cilia helps in the movement of food through cytopharynx and in IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
locomotion as well. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
ii) Hydra can use its tentacles for capturing its prey and also use them for locomotion IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
iii) Human beings use limbs for changes in body postures and locomotion as well. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
04. The above observations suggest that movements and locomotion cannot be studied IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
separately. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
05. The two may be linked by stating that all locomotions are movements but all movements IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
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are not locomotions.
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06 Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary with their habitats & the demand IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
of the situation. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
07. However, locomotion is generally for search of food, shelter, mate, suitable breeding IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
grounds, favourable climatic conditions or to escape from enemies/predators. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
] Locomotion takes several forms such as walking (man), creeping (earthworm, lizard), IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
hopping (frog, rabbit), running (dog, horse), flying (in birds) and swimming (fish, whale). IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
] Locomotion distinguishes most animals from plants. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
] Animals have suitable adaptations for their specific mode of locomotion. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
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] Adaptations for running, hopping, swimming and flying are respectively called IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
cursorial, saltatorial, natatorial, and volant adaptations. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
u Types of movements : IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
01. Cells of the human body exhibit three main types of movements. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
i) Amoeboid movements ii) Ciliary movements IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
iii) Flagellar movements iv) Muscular movement. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
02. Some specialised cells in our body like macrophages and leucocytes in blood exhibit IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
amoeboid movement. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
03. It is carried out by pseudopodia formed by the streaming of protoplasm (as in Amoeba).
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04. Cytoskeletal elements like microfilaments are also involved in amoeboid movement. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
05. Ciliary movement occurs in most of our internal tubular organs which are lined by IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
ciliated epithelium. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
06. The coordinated movements of cilia in the trachea help us in removing dust particles IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
and some of the foreign substances inhaled along-with the atmospheric air. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
07. Passage of ova through the female reproductive tract is also facilitated by the ciliary IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
movement. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
08. Flagellar movement helps in the swimming of spermatozoa, maintenance of water IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
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current in the canal system of sponges and in locomotion of Protozoans like Euglena
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IIB IIB IIB LOCOMOTION
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IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 09. Movement of our limbs, jaws, tongue, etc require muscular movement.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 10. The contractile property of muscles are effectively used for locomotion and other
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB movements by human beings and majority of multicellular organisms.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 11. Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of muscular, skeletal and neural
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB systems.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ] Amoeboid Movement are found in amoeboid protozoans like Amoeba, Entamoeba,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB leucocytes of blood- phagocytes, macrophages.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ] Movements are brought with the help of pseudopodia or false feet. So it is also called
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pseudopodial movements.
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IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ] These pseudopodia are formed by flow of cytoplasm, called cyclosis,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ] Cilia are found in ciliate protozoans e.g. Paramoecium.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ] Cilia are also present in certain internal structures of man and perform special functions
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB e.g. cilia lining the cells of ciliated epithelium of trachea, oviducts and vasa efferentia
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB beat and move dust particles, eggs and sperms respectively.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ] Muscular Movement is the basic mechanism used in the majority of vertebrates,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB including humans.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ] It creates a force by contraction and it is followed by relaxation.
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IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ] Movement of our limbs, jaws, tongue, etc. require muscular movement.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ] Human sperm is typical example of flagellated cell showing flagellar movement.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB u Advantages of locomotion :
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB Locomotion is helpful to the animals in many ways.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB u helps in search of shelter, food and water,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB u helps in escape from predators,
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IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB u helps in shifting to favourable environment from an unfavourable one,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB u helps in collecting materials for nest building,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB u helps in finding a suitable mate for reproduction,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB u helps in search of suitable areas for breeding, i.e., laying eggs, rearing young ones,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB u helps in spreading to new localities.
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IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB EXERCISE-1
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 01. Which of the following is a simple form of movement?
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB (1) Streaming of protoplasm in amoeba
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IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB (2) Ciliary movement in paramecium
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB (3) Flagellar movement in Euglena
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB (4) All of these
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 02. Select the incorrect statement?
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB (1) Plant and animal both exhibit movement.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB (2) All locomotion are movement but all movement are not locomotion.
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IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB (3) Methods of locomotion performed by animals depends on their habitats and the
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB demand of the situation.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB (4) None of the above
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 03. Which of the following organs is lined with cilia?
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB (1) Fallopian tube (2) Trachea
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB (3) Intestine (4) Both (1) and (2)
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04. Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
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(1) Muscular system (2) Skeletal system IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
(3) Neural system (4) All of these IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
05. The movement which results in a change of place or location is known as IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
(1) Contraction (2) Adduction (3) Abduction (4) Locomotion IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
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MUSCLE IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
01. Muscle is a specialised tissue of mesodermal origin. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
02. About 40-50 per cent of the body weight of a human adult is contributed by muscles. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
03. They have special properties like excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
04. Muscles have been classified using different criteria, namely location, appearance and
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nature of regulation of their activities. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
] The muscle system consists of muscle tissue. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
] This is the most abundant tissue in most animals. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
] Movements in the majority of animals are brought about by the muscle tissue. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
] Muscular tissue consists of long, narrow, highly specialized cells called muscle fibres. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
] The excitation in the membrane of muscle initiates contraction in the muscle fibre. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
] Study of muscles is known as Myology IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
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u Types of muscles : IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Based on their location, three types of muscles are identified : IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
(i) Skeletal Muscle (ii) Visceral Muscle (iii) Cardiac Muscle. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
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² Skeletal muscles : IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
01. Skeletal muscles are closely associated with the skeletal components of the body. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
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