Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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social research UPDATE
theory has its origins in the ideas of 4. The Comprehension- the data. In most conventional types
Sigmund Freud who believed that the Elaboration Theory of qualitative research, the data are
pleasure obtained from a humorous Cooper (2008) describes the collected in the form of interviews,
event or utterance originated in the comprehension-elaboration theory as which are then transcribed and
unconscious realms of our mind. a novel theory that tries to determine coded to identify themes. Qualitative
The process of humour is a defence under what conditions individuals research frequently also involves field
mechanism on the part of the ego will find an event humorous. notes of on-site observations. The
and the superego to circumvent According to this theory, the degree investigator subsequently analyses
reality and protect themselves from to which someone will enjoy a the field notes in conjunction with
the emotional consequences of humour attempt is determined data from other sources (e.g.,
adverse real-life situations. Freud also by how difficult the humour is to interviews) and then develops the
believed that humour (primarily in the understand and also by the amount research narrative (Creswell 2006;
form of jokes) was a means by which of cognitive analysis the humour Bogdan & Biklen 2007).
people could release their suppressed recipient conducts after he or she The analysis of humour can be similar
aggressive and sexual instinctive has comprehended the humour to the analysis of data that are in the
urges in a socially acceptable manner attempt. The post-comprehension form of interview transcripts or field
(Freud 1960; Cooper 2008). Meyer cognitive analysis includes such notes. Jokes or other incidences of
(2000), along somewhat similar considerations as whether or not the humour that are present in human
lines, proposes that humour is a vent humour is socially acceptable under interactions can be “trapped” by
through which people get relief from the circumstances or if the humour recording them in context. The
the tensions that originate in their is offensive to a particular person or humorous incidents may be analysed
desires or fears. group. either separately or within a thick
description of the context. Interviews
2. The Superiority Theory Humour Analysis and its and field notes from qualitative
The superiority theory says that Similarities to Qualitative methods may produce information
humour is a manifestation of a Research about various social phenomena;
feeling of superiority over others or Qualitative research has many likewise, the analysis of humour can
even over one’s own former situation identifying features including, but provide information about various
(Berger 1987; Cooper 2008). In other not limited to, the following: Use of situations and cultures.
words, a humorous utterance can qualitative data (word, pictures, and
Humour analysis is also akin to
be a sign of the person “lording” photographs); inductive analysis;
conventional qualitative research in
it over another person whom he or holistic perspective; naturalistic
other respects. As mentioned before,
she considers inferior (in the case of investigation; context sensitivity;
qualitative research is characterized
self-deprecating humour, it can be empathic neutrality; and design
by a “naturalistic” orientation to
the case that the person is making flexibility (Creswell 2006; Bogdan
the investigation. In other words,
the humorous comment to distract & Biklen 2007). In the context of
qualitative researchers usually go
others’ attention away from a gaffe humour analysis and its similarities
directly to a particular place or setting
that he or she has committed). to qualitative research, some of the
to make observations of subjects and
above-listed features are particularly
3. The Incongruity Theory record data. The instance or setting
noteworthy, as discussed below.
in which the investigator is collecting
According to Cooper (2008), The most common type of humour data is expected to be as close to
incongruity theory is different from analysis deals with the analysis of the “natural” state as possible.
the previous two theories in that, spoken or written jokes. Jokes consist The analysis of humour can also be
while they try to explain how certain of either written or spoken words; naturalistic in its orientation. If the
conditions motivate humour in therefore, analyzing jokes entails specific instances of humour (mostly
people, it focuses on the object that the analysis of the words (in the jokes) are gleaned from regular
is the source of the humour (joke, form of phrases or sentences). This (i.e. spontaneous and unscripted)
cartoon, etc.). More specifically, this fact alone makes it easy to see why conversations, then the “data” so
theory posits that for an object to humour analysis can be regarded as a procured can be classified as those
have a humorous effect, it has to qualitative research tool. from a naturalistic setting. If the jokes
harbour some kind of incongruity are embedded in the script of movies,
within itself. The incongruity can exist In terms of data analysis, qualitative then there is still an air of “quasi-
between what an individual expects research involves coding techniques naturalness” about them and that
and what actually occurs (Veale, to organize the data and to allow can provide insightful information
2004). themes or patterns to emerge from
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social research UPDATE
about the type of humour that is diverse range of cultural and social (Barbour 1998; Holmes & Marra
publicly acceptable in that society. phenomena. 2002). Schnurr (2008) looks at how
humour is used diplomatically in
Another signature feature of Humour analysis can also be
the workplace by female leaders
qualitative research is its reliance on applied to understand how people
to balance their gender and
inductive analysis. Inductive analysis behave in special situations,
professional identities, thus enabling
entails the gathering of data and including the possibility that there
them to appear authoritative in
then seeing what patterns or themes may be differences in this regard
their leadership roles (but without
emerge from the data. Most types between the two genders (Hay
projecting an excessively masculine or
of qualitative research follow this 2000; Crawford 2003). De Koning
feminine image). Of course, humour
script, regardless of the methodology and Weiss (2002) discuss the
in the workplace has its dark side
employed (be it grounded theory, important role that humour plays
also, given its potential to offend
phenomenology, etc.). Humour in the formation and functioning
colleagues and adversely affect
analysis can follow the same method of intimate relationships. On the
workplace camaraderie.
of inductive analysis. Instances of negative side, humour analysis can
humour (e.g., jokes) are “mined” also shed light on how males can Another fascinating and insightful
from conversations or printed manifest their dominance and power use of humour analysis is for cross-
matter (such as movie scripts) and in social settings vis-a-vis women. cultural studies. Ziv (1988) and
then analysed for common themes Pryor (1995), for instance, has shown Davies (2002) highlight the cross-
or patterns. The above discussion that teasing, jokes, and remarks that cultural utility of humour analysis
describes several similarities between are governed by sexual overtones are by discussing how various societies
most forms of qualitative research among the most common forms of treat men, women, and children
and humour analysis and it is easy sexual harassment. differently in terms of humour
to see why humour analysis can be usage. They have conducted content
used as a special type of qualitative Humour application may also be
analysis of popular jokes across
investigative tool. studied in the context of solemn
different countries and they show
occasions, such as death and dying,
how societies use humour differently
Research Implications of or to understand how people who
and how these differences are
Humour Analysis may suffer from depression react
indirectly linked to factors such as
Qualitative research is used in many to or use humour as a form of
technological development and
of the social sciences to understand therapy, or possibly as a coping
literacy levels.
people’s feelings and views about mechanism against the trials and
the world in which they live and tribulations of daily life (Henman Conclusion
how these views influence their 2001; Abel 2002). Maples et al. This Update’s primary thrust has
behaviour. Qualitative research (2001) have drawn attention to both been to draw attention to the
can be used for understanding the inherent benefits and the risks utility of using humour analysis
one specific individual’s views and of using humour as a counselling as a somewhat novel (and, as
reasons for his or her behaviour; it tool, especially when treating clients of today, relatively infrequently
can also be used for understanding from diverse ethnic and cultural utilized) qualitative research tool for
the views and behaviour of a specific backgrounds. understanding diverse cultural and
group of people. Humour analysis social phenomena (be it at either
The analysis of humour can be an
can likewise be used to understand the individual or group level). To do
interesting tool for understanding
how an individual or a group of so, it has described the similarities
the nuances of workplace cultures.
individuals view the world, albeit that exist between conventional
For instance, humour analysis can
through a humorous lens. While qualitative research tools (as in
be used to see how individuals (from
qualitative researchers from diverse grounded theory, ethnography,
different levels of the organisational
backgrounds (various social sciences, phenomenology, case studies, etc.)
hierarchy) interact with one another,
business management, etc.) have so and humour analysis. Given the
especially in terms of humour usage
far sporadically used humour analysis similarities between the two, it is easy
(both the production of and reaction
as an investigative tool, this Update to appreciate why humour analysis
to humour) (Holmes & Marra 2002;
advocates that, given that humour can be regarded (and applied) as a
Romero & Cruthirds 2006; Robert
analysis has inherent attributes that special type of qualitative research
& Yan 2007). Some studies have
are so similar to other qualitative tool.
examined whether or not humour
research methods, it should be
can break down communication Humour usage analysis can be used
much more frequently utilized as
barriers that generally exist between to understand both intra-gender
an analytical tool to investigate a
supervisors and their subordinates and inter-gender interactions in
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social research UPDATE
social research UPDATE (ISSN: 1360-7898) is published by the Department of Sociology, University of Surrey
Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom. tel: +44 (0)1483689450
Edited by Nigel Gilbert (n.gilbert@surrey.ac.uk)
Summer 2012 © University of Surrey