Swine flu

Abstract:

Swine flu is a dangerous disorder, spreading worldwide, swine flu is the antiviral infections
disease of respiratory caused by influenza viruses. Isolated from pig in 1930. The virus’s
designation has been established by WHO in 1980, Mostly the cases occur were not life.
Humans usually do not get swine flu because of most the people affected to the contact with
pigs, the world health organization is monitoring cases of the viruses globally to see whether
this virus develops into a pandemic. Swine flu viruses from the types of the
Orthomyxoviridae family, there are divided into 3 types in this family like A, B, and C.
H1N2, H2N2, H2N3, H3N1, H3N2, H3N8, H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N8, H5N9, H7N3,
H7N4, H7N7, H9N2, H10N7. H1N1, H1N2, AND H3N2, Major treatment and control of
swine flu infection by using of antiviral drugs. Antiviral drugs effective against H1N1 virus
include: oseltamivir and zanamivir. The intensity of this disorder can be lowered by
diagnosing and taking proper treatments. Some plants that are extensively used in traditional
chines and Indian medicine plants and could prove useful for the management of swine flu.

Key words: swine flu, influenza virus, Orthomyxoviridae, zanamivir, oseltamivir, WHO.

Introduction:

Swine flu is the disease of respiratory caused by influenza A virus that circulate among pigs.
Affected other species including turkeys, mink, ferrets and humans. Most outbreaks occur
during the late fall and winter months. Similar to outbreaks of flu in peoples. Isolated from
pig in 1930. It’s was classical swine flu like influenza type AH1N1 virus. The virus’s
designation has been established by WHO in 1980, Mostly the cases occur were not life.
Threatening although serious and fatal illnesses. Influenza viruses are not usually transmitted
efficiently in human populations. Humans usually do not get swine flu because of most the
people affected to the contact with pigs. These viruses maybe spread with affected people and
family members or other in close contact with affected people. One large outbreak
propagated by person-to-person transmission. Rare instances the viruses are capable of
adapting to humans the viruses circulate worldwide in seasonal swine influenza virus.[1][2]

The world health organization is monitoring cases of the viruses globally to see whether this
virus develops into a pandemic. Swine flu viruses from the types of the Orthomyxoviridae
family, there are divided into 3 types in this family like A, B, and C. The influenza virion
(infectious particle) is roughly spherical. It is an enveloped virus- that is, the outer layer is a
lipid membrane. Inserted into the lipid membrane are ‘spikes’, which are proteins
(glycoprotein) because they consist of protein, linked to sugars– known as HA
(Haemagglutinin) and NA (Neuraminidase).NA is an influenza virus protein found on the
envelope of the virion particle. The most important function of NA is its ability to cleave
sialic acid- the same compound that HA binds in order to initiate virion entry. As the virus
particles bud out of the host cell, HA interacts with sialic acid on the cell’s exterior, thereby
preventing the virion from dispersing to infect a new cell. NA’s function is to cleave this
sialic acid, preventing the aggregation of virions at the host cell membrane.[3],[4]

Classification of influenza virus:

Types of the Orthomyxoviridae family, there are divided into 3 types in this family like A, B,
and C.

Influenza virus A:

Can infect both human and animal species

May rapidly spread in epidemic or pandemic fashion in animal species or humans

H1N2, H2N2, H2N3, H3N1, H3N2, H3N8, H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N8, H5N9, H7N3,
H7N4, H7N7, H9N2, H10N7. H1N1, H1N2, AND H3N2.

Influenza virus B:

Human virus, Occasional epidemics, not associated with pandemics.

Has not been reported in pigs.

Influenza virus C:

Human virus associated with mild illness, Not associated with epidemics or pandemics.

Swine flu virus influenza C caused small outbreak of a mild form of flu amongst child. Due
to its limited host range in influenza C, not cause pandemic in humans.[3]

Influenza Virus Life Cycle and Host Factors:

 Fig.no: 1 influenza virus life cycle & host factors

Influenza virus is internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis.

After membrane fusion between the virus envelope and the endosome, the viral
ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex is released into the cytoplasm and transported into the
nucleus by the active import machinery of the host cell nuclear pore complex.

Replication and transcription of the viral genome take place in the nucleus, and many host
factors are believed to be involved in this process.
Newly synthesized viral RNA associates with NP and forms the viral ribonucleoprotein
(vRNP) complex together with viral polymerase proteins, which is then transported from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm.

HA and NA are processed post translationally during their transport from the ER to the Golgi
apparatus.

During assembly and budding, virion components are transported to the assembly site, the
lipid raft microdomains at the apical plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells.

Progeny viruses then bud from the cells. The light-orange rectangles indicate individual steps
of the influenza virus life cycle.

The light-blue rectangles indicate host cellular processes that may be involved in the virus
life cycle. Red circles indicate host factors identified in the screens discussed here, and
yellow circles indicate host factors identified in other previous studies.[5]

CAUSE OF SWINE FLU:

The cause of swine flu are most causes of the same as found in normal influenza like
sneezing, coughing, touching their eyes or nose, spread through saliva and mucus particles.
 Fig no: 2 cause of swine flu

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF H1N1 VIRUS:

The signs and symptoms of swine flu are most causes of the same as found in normal
influenza like high Fever, cough, sore throat, malaise, headache, Watery eyes Throat
irritation, these 5 symptoms of rare causes like vomiting, diarrhoea, chills, myalgia. Joint
pain.

Fig no: 3 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SWINE FLU

RISK FACTORS OF SWINE FLU:

Children younger than 5 years old, Elderly persons (65 years of age and older), People with
disease conditions like diabetes mellitus, hepatic failure, Immuno-compromised patients
(caused by medications or by HIV), chronic pulmonary condition, asthma, congestive
cardiac failure, renal failure, hematological abnormalities, neuromuscular disorders,
Pregnant women, Obesity.

Treatment of swine flu can be done by 3 ways:

1) Vaccination
2) Anti-Viral Therapy
3) Ayurveda Treatment

Vaccination:

Vaccines have been developed to protect against the virus that causes swine flu. There are
two different brands of vaccine Pandemrix and Celvapan. Many people given the Pandemrix
vaccine will only need one dose. People who have the Celvapan vaccine will need two doses
three weeks apart. The swine flu vaccine is different from the seasonal flu vaccination that’s
offered every year. The seasonal flu vaccine does not protect against swine flu. The vaccine
is being offered first to pregnant women at any stage of pregnancy, child and people who are
most likely to become seriously ill if they catch swine flu. There are only a few people who
cannot have the swine flu vaccine. The vaccines should not be given to anyone who has had a
severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine or any component of the Vaccine.[6]

Antiviral therapy:

Antiviral drugs two classes of drugs are available for treatment of swine flu:

Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, theses drugs are target the 3 influenza envelope proteins like,

i) Haemagglutinin
ii) Neuraminidase
iii) Matrix two ion channel protein.

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Approved for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A and B

Drug was inhibiting the neuraminidase enzyme, blocks the release of progeny virions from
infected host cells, which stops the spread of infection, because the viral replication rate is
reduced, the immune system can more effectively destroy any remaining viruses. oral
mediation, which is expressed on the viral surface. 2 days they work by deactivating an
enzyme the virus needs to grow and spread.

Fig no: 4 Mechanism of action

Indications:

Must be taken within 2 days, they work by deactivating an enzyme the virus needs to grow
and spread.

Treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza A and B.

Side Effects:

Bronchitis, insomnia, nausea, vertigo and vomiting can occur.[7]

Zanamivir:

Zanamivir is via inhibition of influenza virus neuraminidase with the possibility of alteration
of virus particle aggregation and release. By binding and inhibiting the neuraminidase
protein, the drug renders the influenza virus unable to escape its host cell and infect others.
Mechanism of action Shown in fig no: 4

Zanamivir has poor oral bioavailability and therefore is administered by oral inhalation.
Similar to an asthma inhaler, shouldn’t be used by anyone with respiratory conditions like
asthma, and lung diseases.

Side effects:

Headaches, diarrhoea, nausea, cough, vomiting.[8]

Medicinal plants from all over the world, which may prove useful to combat Swine flu:

1) Clinacanthus siamensis

Family name: Acanthaceae,

Chemical compounds: Trans-3-methylsulfonyl,2-propenol, trans-3-methylsulfinyl,2-

propenol

Action: The chemical compounds are production of anti-influenza virus IgG (1) antibody
produced a higher anti-influenza virus IgA antibody level.

Used for this plant like skin rashes, insects, snake bites, diabetes, gout.[9]

2) Myrica rubra

Family name: Myricaceae

Chemical compounds: Phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, Catechol, Gallic acid

Action: these compounds are used for the activity of Anti-influenza virus irrespective of the
hemagglutinin antigen type in the influenza virus type A (H1N1), its subtype (H3N2), and
type B.

Used for carminative, arsenic poisoning, Astringent, skin diseases, wounds and ulcers,
cholera, heart ailments and stomach diseases.[10]

3) Narcissus tazetta

Family name: Amaryllidaceae

Chemical compounds: A fetuin-binding peptide

Action: It inhibit the plaque formation by respiratory syncytial virus and the cytopathic effect
induced by influenza A (H1N1) virus.

Plants is used to treatment of emetic, headaches, antiphlogistic and analgesic, skin diseases.
[11]

4) Prunus mume

Family name: Rosaceae

Chemical compounds: Presence of a lectin-like molecule

Action: In vitro anti-influenza activity against human swine influenza A viruses.

Used to treat chronic coughs, bronchitis, chronic diarrhoea, dysentery roundworms,

diarrhoea.[12]

5) Cistus incanus

Family name: Cistaceae

Chemical compounds: Polymeric polyphenol components

Action: Inhibit binding of the hemagglutinin to cellular receptors, a local application of the
extract at the viral entry routes may be a promising approach and thus help to provide
protection from influenza virus infections.

Uses: antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, colds, coughs, menstrual problems, and rheumatism,
anti-inflammatory, skin disorders.[13]

6) Sophora flavescens

Family name: Leguminosae

Chemical compounds: Pterocarpans and flavanones

Action: Ability to inhibit neuraminidase an enzyme identified as crucial for the proliferation
of the influenza virus.

Used to treatment of treat fever, dysentery, oliguria, haematochezia, jaundice, swelling,

asthma, eczema, inflammatory disorders, ulcers, diseases associated with skin burns.[14]

7) Aronia melanocarpa

Family name: Rosaceae

Chemical compounds: Phenolic substances anthocyanins, glycosides

Action: isolated of these compounds are used to the Antiviral activity against type A
influenza virus.

Used to the reduces blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, serum endothelin, lipid, and
oxidative stress marker.[15]

8) Schefflera heptaphylla

Family: Araliaceae

Chemical compounds: Frodin and Saponin

Action: potent antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus.

It is used to treat the diuretic, allergy, like itching.[16]

9) Bergenia ligulata

Family: Saxifragaceae

Chemical compounds: Condensed Tannins

Action: Inhibits viral RNA synthesis and reduces viral peptide synthesis.

Used to the diuretic properties like renal calculi, retention of urine, wounds.[17]

10) Geranium sanguineum

Family: Geraniaceae

Chemical compounds: Polyphenols

Action: Inhibition of influenza virus protein synthesis.

Treatment of diarrheal. cholera, digestion problems, irritable bowel syndrome, canker sores,
skin wounds, bleeding sores, fungal infection.[18]

11) Allium Sativum

Family name: Alliaceae

Chemical compounds: S-allylcysteine and S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine

Action: influenza virus the activity of the liver enzymes that process protease inhibitors
levels. In vitro antiviral effect of garlic against parainfluenza virus type 3 & human
rhinovirus type 2 has also been evaluation. Hundreds of years to treat fungal, parasitic, &
viral infections In-vitro anti-influenza activity.

Used to treatment of antifungal, parasitic, viral infections, anti-inflammatory and also

treatment of cardiovascular diseases.[19]

12) Glycyrrhiza glabra

Family name: papilionaceae

Chemical compounds: glycyrrhizin, 18β‐glycyrrhizin acid, glabrin A and B, and

isoflavones.

Action: Evaluated its against the influenza a virus medicated by stopping the virus
replication, glycyrrhizin acid process of plant inhibits virus growth and inactivation virus
particles.

Uses to treat the antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, antidiabetic, throat

and upper respiratory system.[20]

13) Ocimum sanctum

Family name: lamiaceae

Chemical compounds: saponins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and tannins, apigenin,

cirsimaritin, isothymusin, Vicenin.

Action: Antimicrobial properties of this plant it useful for the management of novel H1N1
flu.

Used to treat the colds, headache, stomach disorders, inflammatory, heart diseases, poisoning,
malaria, and highly treatment for diabetes and high cholesterol, skin diseases like itching
fungal infection, cough, bronchitis, antibacterial, anti-microbial

14) Cocos nucifera

Family name: areacaceae

Chemical compounds: sugars, vitamins, minerals, amino acids and phytohormones,

Cytokinin.
Action: cocos nucifera action of the compound’s certain fatty acids, primarily medium-chain
fatty acids, and their derivatives (e.g., monoglycerides) have potent antiviral.

used to treatment of amenorrhea, asthma, blennorrhagia, bronchitis, bruises, fever, flu,

gingivitis, jaundice, menorrhagia, nausea, phthisis, pregnancy, rash, burns, cachexia, calculus,
colds, constipation, cough, dropsy, dysentery, dysmenorrhea, earache, erysipelas, gonorrhoea,
hematemesis, haemoptysis, scabies, scurvy, sore throat, stomach-ache, swelling, syphilis,
toothache, tuberculosis, tumours, typhoid, venereal diseases, and wounds.

15) Zingiber officinlae

Family name: zingiberaceae

Chemical compounds: zingerone, shogaols, and gingerols, volatile oils, enzymes are present
in ginger like allicin, alliin, and alliinase peroxidase.

Action: allicin properties is used for the action fibrinolytic activity, which reduces platelet
aggregation by inhibiting prostaglandin E2. Antioxidant enzymes levels was increased it may
be used in the anti-inflammatory reactions triggered by viral infections. Anti influenza agents
have been isolated from Zingiber officinal TNF-α. Reported as anti-influenza cytokine.

Used to the analgesic, sedative, antipyretic, antibacterial activity, gastrointestinal tract.

16) Phyllanthus emblica

Family name: euphorbiace

Chemical compounds: Tannins, alkaloids, polyphenols, vitamins and minerals. Gallic acid,
ellagic acid, phyllembein, quercetin, ascorbic acid

Action: Potent inhibitory action against human immune deficiency virus-I reverses
transcriptase. Antiviral activity against like hepatitis A virus and B Virus. cytotoxicity of
colony-forming ability and growth-inhibition assays. And also measuring the mitotic index.
Apoptosis induction and cell-cycle kinetics were analysed by cytofluorimetric methods.
Effective adaptogen and immunity booster that could help control swine flu infections.

17) Tinspora cordifolia

Family name: Menispermaceae

Chemical compounds: Diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid,
phenolics, aliphatic compounds, essential oils, fatty acids, and polysaccharides, Giloin,
tinosporone, tinosporic acid.

Action: Apoptogenic and immunomodulating increased in IgG antibodies in serum, along

with macrophage activation. immense potential for use against novel H1N1 flu since it is a
potent immunostimulant.

Used to treat of fever, urinary problem, dysentery, skin diseases leprosy, diabetes, antioxidant
activity, hypolipidemic effect, hepatic disorder, anticancer anti-HIV potential, antimicrobial
activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-diabetic activity, antistress activity,
antiosteoporosis, antitoxic, wound healing, and immunomodulating activity, systemic
infection and Parkinson ̓s disease.

18) Mentha piperita

Family name: labiatae

Chemical compounds: menthol, mentho furan, menthyl acetate, menthone, mentholin.

carotenes, tocopherols, betaine, and choline.

Action: antimicrobial activity of menthol is against influenza, herpes, and other viruses,
leaves exhibited antiviral activity against influenza A, herpes simplex virus, and vaccinia
virus in egg and cell- culture.

It has been used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and decrease digestive
symptoms such as dyspepsia and nausea, anti-viral activity, antimicrobial activity,
antibacterial activity.

19) Camellia sinensis

Family name: Theaceae

Chemical compounds: polyphenols, caffeine, catechin minerals, and trace amounts of

vitamins, amino acids, and carbohydrates.

Action: green tea contains rich in polyphenolic compounds and catechins, pronounced
antiviral activity, inhibitory effects for all six influenza subtypes tested including 3 major
types of currently human influenza viruses. AH1N1, A H3N2 and B type, H2N2, & H9N2
influenza viruses. Inhibited adsorption of the viruses in RBC. It has ability to
enhance humoral and cell mediated immunity. Useful for preventing influenza by inhibiting
flu replication.

It has been used in the treatment of antioxidative, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory

activity, antimutagenic activity, anti-microbial activity.

20) Andrographis paniculata

Family name: Acanthaceae

Chemical compounds: diterpenoids such as andrographolide, neoandrographolide,14-

deoxyandrographolide, flavonoids sesquiterpene lactones, etc

Action: potential action cellular processes and targets modulated by andrographolide

treatment of immune cells used in the treatment of Antidiabetic, Antipyretic,
Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, Antimalarial, Anti-cancer, Antityphoid, Anti-diarrhoea,
antioedema, etc.,

Conclusion:

Swine flu otherwise known as H1N1 virus, combination of virus from pigs, birds and
humans. This swine flu is contagious and easily spreadable. During the year 2009-2010 that
was a flu season WHO declares the H1N1 flu to be a pandemic. After the pandemic, the flu
virus became one of the strains that cause seasonal flu and scientist discovered vaccine for
this virus now a days it is prevent by taking vaccine.

It is treated by anti-viral drug it works against the H1N1 swine flu and it helps to get well
faster. The best way to prevent swine flu is get vaccinated and also prevent yourself by
hygienic regularly wash your hands with soap or sanitizer don’t often touch your nose, mouth
and face. In this article we include the anti-viral drugs how they act in our body and its side
effects. The important of vaccine and the mechanism behind that how it involved.

This is an overview of swine flu. We collected the information about swine flu in the
reported articles and bring it to you. In this article we elaborated the symptoms, mechanism,
first line drugs and its mechanism, uses for the budding research scholars to explore their
knowledge to innovate.
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