HB N400-Bruprojektering

Basis for Bridge design

Design pre-requisites:
Basic requirements
The construction and the individual elements of the construction must be projected
and designed so that one achieves constructions such as:

- behaves ductile in the ultimate limit state.

- is insensitive to local injuries and unforeseen events.
- is adapted to the environment, landscape, ground, and foundation conditions and is logical
and consistent in its structure.
- is located so that avalanches, landslides, floods, etc. do not have unreasonably large consequences.
- is universally designed and ensures good accessibility and usability for all road users.
- can be built in a safe and sound manner.
- can be inspected, maintained, and repaired at the same time as traffic safety is maintained
and accessibility requirements are not significantly reduced.
- is satisfactorily secured against unauthorized access to undesirable areas on the bridge, such as
when climbing cables, lower flanges, arches, etc.
- enables the replacement of equipment and elements with a shorter dimensioning service life than
assumed for the utility structure, at the same time as requirements for passability are met.

Basic conditions and foundations

Ground investigations shall be carried out to clarify ground conditions and
geotechnical issues. The results from the ground investigations shall be summarized
in a geotechnical report which is included in the basis for selection of foundation
method, see 1.2.2. For requirements for foundation and choice of foundation
method, see Chapter 11.

Furthermore, the foundation method is also determined taking into account the
importance of the bridge in the road system as well after an assessment of:

- the function of the foundation as part of the bridge's static system

- the robustness of the foundation in the face of unforeseen events
- feasibility of the solution

Construction type

When choosing a construction type, the following applies:

- Steel pipes surface-treated with zinc, epoxy, etc. must not be used as water passage.
- Lattice cover should only be used on temporary bridges.
 - The use of stainless steel in load-bearing structures must be clarified in writing with the Norwegian
Public Roads Administration before starting the engineering.
- Traditional wooden decks consisting of straw and plank shall not be used on permanent road
bridges or ferry quays.
- Clamped structures are recommended to be designed so that during the operating phase there is
no need for control of clamping force or re-tensioning of the system.

Devices and designations

Units must be in accordance with the SI system.

To the extent this is deemed necessary, designations are defined in connection with
the formulas or requirements where the terms are used.

Tolerances

Manufacturing and construction tolerances are given in handbook R762 Process

code 2. Stricter tolerance requirements may apply to special types of construction.

Applicable tolerances must be stated in the production documentation.

Usage time

Generally

Bridges and other load-bearing structures shall be designed for a 100-year

dimensioning service life. Items and equipment that have a design service life of
less than 100 years must be replaceable. It must be possible to renew corrosion
protection systems. The construction shall be dimensioned and designed to
take into account planned replacement work.

Temporary constructions

Temporary structures are bridges, ferry quays and other load-bearing structures in
connection with the road line with a planned dimensioning service life of less than 10
years.

Traffic loads corresponding to the use class and road group on the relevant section
shall be assumed in accordance with the current road list. Furthermore, it will be
dimensioned for Bk 10/60 if the bridge will be operated by timber lorries and / or
modular lorries with a total weight of 60 tonnes. It must also be checked for special
road networks such as Sv 12/65 and Sv 12/100 in accordance with chapter 14 if this
is or can be permitted during the period of use.

Surface treatment, coverage, type of coating and dimensioning coating weight are
determined for the individual project. For minimum coverage requirements, see
7.4.2.

Basic material:
Generally: provides requirements for technical basic material for new bridges and for existing
bridges that are part of new road construction. The base material will vary depending on what the
bridge crosses over. General case processing such as hearings, assessments, land acquisitions, etc.
are omitted from this overview.

Basic material for all bridges

The following basic material must be available:
- overview map
- detailed map
- longitudinal and transverse profile of road route
- length profile of brusted
- dimensioning class (road), traffic volume (ÅDT) and speed limit
- information on road salting or assessment of any future salting
- geotechnical report
- information on local conditions that may influence the choice of bridge type
- technical data for any cables and wires.
Additional material for bridges above watercourses
For bridges over watercourses, the following must be available:
- longitudinal and transverse profile of the river course
- description of the river course (smoothness, boulders, rock, sand, mud, vegetation, current local
conditions, etc.)
- water flow observations or water flow calculations if observations do not exist, information can be
obtained from NVE.
- The acidity of the water if this is important for the construction in question.
- special information about ice and ice walking, fishing, as well as any requirements for free opening
for boat traffic
Additional material for existing bridges
For existing bridges that are to be included in new road projects, the following documentation
must be available:
- condition report
- carrying capacity assessment
- function in the road network
- upgrade needs to meet standard requirements.

Documentation

Generally

Documentation means design basis, calculations, drawings, descriptions,

material lists / span lists and management documentation. Performed design
control shall appear from the documentation, see chapter 2.

Digital 3D information model can be used for bridge design (BIM). If it is designed in
BIM, open BIM standards and formats must be used. The information model is built up
with an object-based modeling tool that uses objects with properties and
relationships.
Stitching data is extracted from 3D model.

Calculation reports must be clear with a table of contents, assumptions, assumptions

and results.
Any parts of the construction where a careful control of the execution is particularly
important must be stated so that this can be incorporated in the control plans for the
construction work. Reference is made to 1.4.1.

Unless otherwise agreed, the documentation must be in Norwegian. All

documentation must be available electronically.

Design basis
The design basis shall state the following:
- design prerequisites in accordance with Design pre-requisites.
- basic material according to Basic material.
- description of natural and ground conditions.
- prerequisites with regard to construction method and execution control.
- description of construction and foundation.
- construction materials and material parameters.
- load assumptions and other assumptions for the design calculations.
- any approved deviations from regulations.

Construction calculations
The correctness of all choices and assumptions must be demonstrated and
documented either by calculations or by reference to recognized literature or
practice.

When using analysis programs, results for important quantities must be verified,
possibly made probable by alternative analysis, estimates, results from literature,
etc., depending on the complexity of the construction and the consequences of
failure. As a minimum requirement for verification of the analysis model, shall the
self-load applied for construction is attached:

- displacement figures
- diagrams of average forces and demonstration of the accuracy of the results, for example by hand
estimates or based on diagrams from recognized manuals.

For not generally known calculation methods, sources must be given or formulas
derived so far that the accuracy can be checked.

Calculations must be clearly edited and clearly kept, so that they are easy to control.
The calculations must be copyable. Handwriting can be used, but requirements for
electronic format apply, see Documentation and Calculations and other design
material.

Description and quantity list

The description and quantity list shall in terms of content, editing and scope be in
accordance with handbook R761 Process code 1, handbook R762 Process code 2 and
handbook R763 Competition basis.
Drawings and material lists

Drawings must be prepared using a digital drawing tool. It must be possible to

exchange digital information with other subject areas within a road and bridge
project.
Drawings shall be prepared in a degree of detail that ensures correct execution and which
also provides the necessary documentation for the management of the construction.
Furthermore, the drawings must be so organized and dimensioned that the construction
can be built part by part, without the need to search for information on drawings that
showother parts of the construction.

Outline drawings

Overview drawing must be carried out as described in handbook R700 Drawing basis, section 2.11.

Bridges must be divided into axes. The axis numbering should follow the ascending
profile number on the road and axis 1 should be attached to the lowest profile
number. The overview drawing's comment field shall, in addition to the requirements
in the handbookR700 Drawing basis show:
- year of takeover of the building
- case and document number for any approved deviations
- case and document number for any crossing permit

For bridges over watercourses, the direction of flow, dimensioning flood level and
water velocity shall be included corresponding return period is specified.

When rebuilding existing bridges, a new overview drawing will be prepared. This
drawing shall show both existing and new construction parts as well as other changes.

Development and assembly drawings

Drawing (s) must be prepared which, to the extent necessary, show the
construction method in accordance with the assumed calculation assumptions
for the construction phase.

This can, for example, be an indication of the stage division, assembly

methods, any auxiliary columns, scaffolding, bracing systems, etc.
Foundation drawings

Separate foundation drawings shall be prepared. Requirements for what is to be

displayed on the foundation drawings depend on the foundation method.

When laying foundations on rock:

- dimensions and depth of blasted construction pit

For direct foundations on loose materials:

- excavation level and extent of construction pit
- any frost protection, ground reinforcement, backfilling, leveling and compaction as planned
foundation level

Backfill next to and above the construction must be shown on the foundation drawing. Lower
delimitation of embankment towards construction, delimitation towards reinforcement layer
and embankment for road, as well as protective layer of loose materials against the
membrane must also be stated.

Backfilling up to stone structures can be shown on the drawing of the stone structure if it is
assumed that the work is carried out in an operation.
Extent, thickness, mass types and grading of erosion protection and paved gutters shall be
shown on foundation drawing.

Concrete drawings

Form and reinforcement drawings shall be prepared with the necessary reinforcement strips,
as well as any prestressing reinforcement drawings. Concrete specification, reinforcement
cover and design class are stated onrelevant drawings.

The dimensional drawings shall show the building parts in plan, elevation (possibly longitudinal
section), cross section and necessary details. Any heights must be stated, either on a separate
drawing or on a form drawing. Machining of casting joints and other details that are assumed to be
carried out during execution, must be specified and detailed.

Reinforcement shall be shown in plan, possibly in elevation, with full indication only one place in
accordance with NS-EN ISO 3766, and to the extent necessary on average. It must be detailed on a
larger scale in areas where this is important to ensure good workmanship, for example in joint
areas and where there is a high reinforcement density. In such areas, the location of all rebar with
the necessary objectives must be shown. Mathematical formulas shall not be used to describe
reinforcement with variable dimensions.

The location of each individual tension cable shall be defined in the height and transverse direction
of the bridge along the entire length of the cable. Dimensions and angles / slopes in casting joints
and anchoring details must also be stated.

Regarding requirements for production documentation and division of responsibilities between

client / consultant and contractor / supplier of prestressing reinforcement, reference is made
to the Norwegian Concrete Association's publication no. 14: prestressing reinforcement
works.

Steel drawings

Complete dimensioned working drawings with the necessary sections and details must
be prepared. Working drawings will be generated from a 3D model, and this 3D model
will follow the production line from planning and engineering to production in the
workshop and assembly on site. Laying out of the main construction in the workshop in
a de-energized condition must be shown on a separate drawing.

This means that two separate 3D models can be generated; one for de-energized
mode, and one for finished mode.

All welds must have their respective dimensions and welding and machining symbols in accordance
with NS-ISO 2553. Important welds and welds with a special design must be shown on average and
on a scale of at least 1: 1. Any requirements for grinding welds must be specified. On the relevant
drawings shall screw symbol and strength class are applied.

Corrosion protection and color of the last tire coat must be stated. Special designs, such as
the transition to cast-in-place steel, must be detailed and shown on a separate drawing.

A list of materials must be prepared which contains position numbers, dimensions, numbers,
weights and steel grades for all steel parts.
Drawings of stone constructions

For bridges and retaining walls in stone, the following shall appear from the drawings:
- rock types
- stone sizes
- maximum joint openings
- minimum overlap in dressings
- visible surfaces on stone (natural surface, drill pipe pattern, hewn surface, polished surface, etc.)

Coating drawings

Separate membrane and coating drawings shall be prepared. These shall show all
necessary details such as transitions, connections and terminations, guides for
geometric jumps, penetrations, joints in corners and casting joints etc.

Equipment drawings

Railing drawings shall show endings of railings or transitional railings to road railings.
Fastening of railings and requirements for expansion joints must be stated.
Bearings and joints shall have their own drawing showing location and orientation
(horizontal and vertical) together for the entire construction. If there is a need to divide
the drawing into one stock and one joint drawing,movement dependencies are shown
on the joint drawing.

Bearings and joint types with dimensioning rotations, movements, loads and
requirements for presetting during installation must be stated in the drawing.
Targeted location of jacking points as well as jacking power in service limit
condition with and without traffic load shall be stated on the same drawing.

Other equipment drawings must show all necessary details. Attachments must be
indicated on equipment drawings,while castings are shown on the form drawing.

Drawings of reinforced / rebuilt bridge

When reinforcing / rebuilding existing bridges, the outline drawing must be updated
or, if necessary redrawn. The overview drawing shall, to the extent possible,
satisfy the requirements in handbook R700 Drawing basis for both the extension
and the existing part of the bridge.

Drawings of finished construction

When the construction work has been completed, all drawings and drawing lists must
be updated for changes made during the construction phase. Furthermore, the
description of moisture insulation, equipment, etc. must be made unambiguous
suppliers' type designations or product names.

Measurements of piles (location, direction, slope and length), measurement of

permanent sheet piling and measurement of bridge decks shall be incorporated on "As
built" drawings. Initial measurement of leveling boltsshall also be incorporated.
If the bridge is dimensioned for one-off transports, this must be stated on the overview
drawing. A standard drawing list shall be prepared in accordance with the Norwegian
Public Roads Administration's website for bridges:
http://www.vegvesen.no/Fag/Teknologi/Bruer. The drawings must be marked "As built"
and delivered electronically in pdf format to the Norwegian Public Roads Administration in
accordance with the Norwegian Public Roads Administration in force at any time standard.

If the future bridge owner is not the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, "Som by gd"
drawings must also be submitted electronically. in pdf format to the respective
owner.

Calculations and other design material

Updated construction calculations and other design material shall be delivered
electronically in pdf format to the Norwegian Public Roads Administration in
accordance with the Norwegian Public Roads Administration's current standard.

A list of documents shall be prepared in accordance with the Norwegian Public Roads Administration's
website for bridges: http://www.vegvesen.no/Fag/Teknologi/Bruer.

Management documentation
Other documentation necessary for the management of the structure shall also be
prepared and delivered electronically to the Norwegian Public Roads
Administration.

An overview of documentation to be submitted to the Norwegian Public Roads

Administration, as well as requirements for the design of a standard document list
is given on the Norwegian Public Roads Administration's website for bridges:
http://www.vegvesen.no/Fag/Teknologi/Bruer.

Quality assurance
The purpose of quality assurance is to achieve quality as specified in the design basis.

Quality assurance must be systematically structured and documented, and adapted

to the tasks performed in the organization. An overall description of the quality
assurance shall be summarized in a quality manual. The quality handbook shall, in
addition to informing the employees about their responsibilities and duties in quality
technical matters, also be able to document the designers' organization's quality
assurance to the client.

The designer shall establish a quality system in accordance with NS-EN ISO 9001. Quality audits shall be
carried out in accordance with NS-EN ISO 19011.

The designer's organization must have a person with sufficiently defined

responsibilities, authority, resources and organizational freedom of action to carry out
the following work tasks:
- plan and maintain the organization's quality system.
- verify that specified requirements are met.
- implement measures or contribute to solutions to ensure quality.
- plan and perform quality audits.

The designer's quality system must at least ensure that:

- organization and internal responsibilities are known; position and work instructions must be
preparedto the extent necessary
- the design is managed, executed and controlled by professionals with the necessary theoretical
knowledge and practical insight
- all personnel performing work of importance to quality shall have the necessary qualifications
and prerequisites for this
- framework conditions and current guidelines for the design are understood and complied with
- self-control includes all aspects of the design task
 - the documentation is clear and clearly shows the basis for and the results of the design
- all deviations from defined requirements are registered and systematized as a basis for
corrective measures

For larger projects and / or where the client makes demands for this, a quality plan must
be prepared. The designer's engineer's quality system, together with the client's quality
system and requirements, forms the basis for a quality plan for the specific bridge
project.
Design requirements and access
considerations:
Requirements for widths: Reference is made to handbook N100 Road and
street design for requirements provide for Asplan Viak.

Requirements for heights above and below bridges:

Free height above watercourses
Free height above watercourses is determined so that there is at least 0.5 m
clearance against the superstructure when calculated water level for 200-year
floods.

In cases where the consequences of high flood water levels are particularly large
(including lack of detour options), it may be relevant to use a longer return
period. These choices are made in consultation with NVE.

The rules do not apply to culverts used for water passage in landfills.

Requirements for alignment

Guidance over bridges must be in accordance with handbook N100 Road and street
design. Particular reference is made to the requirement for an increased minimum radius
in the horizontal curve on bridges in relation to roads.

Design of details: Over roads, pedestrian and cycle paths, railways, parking areas or areas
with other forms of activity, the outer edges of the bridge deck shall be designed so that controlled water
run-off is achieved, and the risk of pebbles or other loose objects falling on underlying areas is minimized.

Edge girder

Detailed geometry requirements for the upper and inner side of curbs on road bridges are shown in
Figure 4.4.

The width of the edge girder (b) is affected by the geometry of the railing type and
other properties, see manual N101 Railings and side areas of the road. Theoretical
width requirements are rounded to the nearest 50 mm within the requirements
of the handbook. The minimum width of the edge girder is b = 500 mm.

The edge girder must have a height h = 150 mm above the upper edge of the coating.
Planned coating thickness (s) is used as a basis. The upper side of the curb shall have a
slope towards the carriageway of 4% and the corner towards the carriageway shall be
veiled 70 x 70 mm.

The outer edges of the bridges must have drip noses, regardless of whether there are
requirements for edge girders. Edge girder shall be cast in place and without

shrinkage joints.

Figure 4.4: Geometric requirements for curbs on road bridges.

For separate pedestrian and bicycle road bridges, similar requirements apply, see
figure 4.5. Edge carrier's smallestwidth is b = 350 mm.

Figure 4.5: Geometric requirements for curbs on separate pedestrian and bicycle road bridges

Transition plates
Generally:

This point deals with geometry requirements. For dimensioning requirements, see Chapter 7.
For bridges with land vessels as well as loose-mass tunnels, culverts, etc. with an approximate
square cross-section and traffic on the roof the following applies:
- When the filling height up to the bridge end is> 3.0 m, a transition plate must be used, see figure
4.7.
- For a planned speed limit> 50 km / h, the transition plate must have a length of at least 4.0 m
 - measured perpendicular to the support axis. For planned speed limit ≤ 50 km / h, as well as
pedestrian and bicycle paths, the length must be a minimum of 3.0 m.
- No transition plate is required when the overfill height d, from the upper edge of the structure to
the lower edge of the wearing course is> 2.5 m for the planned speed limit> 50 km / h and> 1.5
m for the planned speed limit
- ≤ 50 km / h, see figure 4.8.
- A transition plate must be used regardless of the filling height if the filling up to the structure is
made up of light masses (expanded polystyrene, lightweight clinker, etc.)

Joint-free bridges must have a transition plate regardless of the filling height. Loose mass
tunnels, culverts and tunnel portals (traffic inside the race) with a complete base plate
shall have a transition plate at the ends of the base plate in accordance with the rules for
the road type. The height requirements apply from rock or sediment-free, solid ground.
See also Figures 4.7 and 4.8.

No transition plate is required for constructions with tunnel cross-sections.

Joint-free bridges

The length of the transition plate shall be increased by a minimum of 1.0 m for joint-free bridges with a total
bridge length of L tot ≥ 50 m and holding in the area near the center of the bridge, or Ltot ≥ 25 m and holding at
one end.

Overfill

In the case of moisture insulation directly on the structure, the height from the upper edge of
the transition plate to the upper edge of the structure shall be 0.2 m ≤ h ≤ 1.0 m in the support
axis of the plate. If traction pipes for cables are placed on top of the transition plate, the height
requirement h ≥ 0.2 m from the upper edge of the traction pipe or the upper edge of the
traction pipe applies. protection.

For structures in filling with overfill height d ≥ 0.2 m, the upper edge of
the transition plate can be at the same level as the upper edge of the
structure in the plate's support axis.

Widths and falls

The extent of the transition plate in the transverse direction of the road shall be such that it covers
under the shoulders without coming into conflict with railing posts, light mast foundations, etc. In
order to avoid the same conflict, no requirement for transition plate under middle parts.

Top transition plate should have a drop of (10 ± 5): 100 from the scheme, see figure 4.7.
 Figure 4.7: Transition plate for construction without overfill masses with coating directly on the
roof plate

Figure 4.8: Transition plate for construction with overfill masses

Geometric requirements for cavities:

Doors, hatches and manholes:

Access
4.5.1 Generally
The requirements in 4.7.2 - 4.7.4 are independent of the construction material.

4.5.2 Access to warehouses

In areas near warehouses, structures shall be designed with sufficient free space to
ensure accessibility for inspection / maintenance work.
For bridges without joint construction, access to the bearings will only be from the
outside. Free height above ground with regard to access to bearings shall be ≥ 1200
mm, see figure 4.13. For column requirements, d, see Figure 4.15.

The minimum distance between the end skirt and the bearing shall be ≥ 200 mm.

Figure 4.13: Example of access to storage from the outside

For bridges with joint construction and joint rooms, access to bearings may be from
the outside or from the joint room. Free height shall be ≥ 1200 mm measured from
the terrain or bottom in the joint room depending on which since access is assumed
from, see figure 4.14.

If it is arranged so that all access can take place from the joint room, there is a requirement for free
height above ground ≥ 600 mm. For requirements for column (d), see Figure 4.15.

The distance from the bottom in the joint room to the upper edge of the storage ledge must be ≥
200 mm.
Figure 4.14: Example of access to a warehouse arranged from the outside and a joint room, respectively

Figure 4.15 shows a plan of warehouse ledges with access from one or more sides.

Bearing console can be designed to fit the shape of the bearing. For larger
warehouses, it may be necessary to design the arrangement under the console as
pilasters, see the middle part of figure 4.15.

Figure 4.15: Plan storage ledges with access from one or more sides

For gap (d) between bearing ledge and superstructure, the following applies:
- d ≥ 200 mm for (a + b) ≤ 800 mm
-d ≥ 400 mm for 800 mm <(a + b) ≤ 1600 mm
-d ≥ 600 mm for (a + b)> 1600 mm
Load
Classification of influences
Loads are classified according to their variation over time as follows:
- permanent load
- variable load
- accident load

The characteristic value of the impact shall be used as a basis for calculating
the dimensioning load effect.

Detection of fatigue is done by defining the load history. Characteristic load and
the number of shifts is determined as the expected load history over the design
dimensioning service life.

Permanent load
Permanent influences are expected to be almost constant within the time period
considered. Which permanent impact is considered:
- weight of the structure (self-load)
- weight of permanent ballast and equipment that will not be removed
- external water pressure calculated from mean water level or
mean groundwater level and with mean density
- soil pressure, weight of soil and any other filling masses

Self-loaders
The weight of all permanent parts of the structure is considered as self-load. Therefore, it should
not be taken into account construction tolerances when calculating the self-load.

For calculation of self-load for various construction materials, see NS-EN 1991-1-1, as
well as chapters 7 and 9 of N400 Handbook.
When using filling material in ballast boxes, tolerance requirements for the self-load must be
specified.

Coating
Dimensioning coating weight must always be included in the self-load. Requirements for
dimensioning weight are given here, while the choice of coating classes is dealt

Dimensioning coating weight shall be determined in each individual case. Minimum

requirements for dimensioning pavement weights in carriageways are given in Table.

Maximum span l [m]

l ≤ 50 50 <l ≤ 200 l> 200
3.5 kN / 2.5 kN / m 2
2.0 kN /
m2 m2

Table 5.1: Minimum requirements for dimensioning pavement weights in roadways

Water pressure
Water pressure is determined as specified in NS-EN 1997-1 and handbook V220
Geotechnics in road construction. Variable part of the water pressure is treated later.

Ground pressure
Ground pressure is determined as specified in NS-EN 1997-1 and handbook V220
Geotechnics in road construction. Pressures from other types of fillers must be
determined separately.

The weight of soil and soil pressure can be considered permanent except in
cases where soil or any other filling masses must be assumed to be able to be
removed or added. In such cases, the associated change in load shall be
considered as variable and freeload. In case it is applied for the portal tunnel.

Variable load
Loads from variable influences are loads that vary in time and include:
- traffic loads
- natural loads
- other variable loads such as:
• load from variable ballast and equipment that can be removed
• loads applied to the structure in temporary phases such
as fabrication, installation, special short-term
operations, removal, etc.

Characteristic values for traffic loads are given in NS-EN 1991-2, as well as additional rules
in regulations for traffic loads. Typical value for other variable loads is defined as it most
unfavourable expected load based on the current conditions.

Handbook R412 Bruklassifisering has scoped the regulations apply as minimum

requirements when classifying existing bridges and when dimensioning
temporary bridges, reinforcements or extensions. It briefing define the size of the
utility loads to be used when classifying existing bridges.

Temporary loads
Temporary loads from:
- materials and equipment stored on the structure or adjacent road embankment
- equipment and transport necessary for the execution

If more accurate calculations or investigations are not carried out, a dynamic

supplement of 20% of the vehicle's total load shall be calculated for construction
traffic that operates the construction during the construction phase. The speed for
such traffic is limited to a maximum of 40 km / h.

Natural loads
Natural loads are loads due to the climate at the site and other natural conditions
(earthquakes, etc.). The need for and the extent of any measurements and observations to
determine the natural loads at the site is determined for the individual project.

The characteristic value of a variable natural load on a permanent structure is determined

as the load with a probability p = 0.98 that it is not exceeded by a single year, with a return
period of 50 years.

In building conditions with a duration of less than 1 year, the return

period can be reduced to 10 years in accordance with NS-EN 1991-1-
6. A return period equal to 10 years can also be used when checking
claims.
Abnormal natural loads have a return period corresponding to accidental loads.

Snow load
Snow loads are not considered to occur at the same time as traffic loads on road bridges.
If the construction part can be used as storage space for snow or cannot be expected to
be cleared of snow, the load must be assessed separately.

Structures that protect bridges (roofs, etc.) shall be calculated for snow load as specified in NS-EN
1991-1-3.
Snow loads that may remain on the structure over time shall be included in the calculations as
permanent loads.

Wind load

Wind classes
Wind loads on utility structures are determined according to the following wind load classes:

Wind load class I: Utility constructions with insignificant dynamic load effect from
wind. Wind load class I includes all bridges, where the maximum natural swing
period is <2 s.

Examples of bridge types in wind load class I are slab bridges, beam
bridges in concrete or steel, cooperative bridges, truss bridges, free-
standing bridges in finished condition, vault constructions.

Wind load class II: Utility constructions with dynamic load effect from wind that can
not be neglected. Wind load class II includes all utility structures where one of the
following is met:
- maximum natural swing period is ≥ 2 s and the span is <300 m
- maximum natural swing period is <2 s and the span is ≥ 300 m

Examples of utility structures in wind load class II are free-standing

bridges in construction condition, slender columns and towers in
construction condition, suspension and sloping drawbridges with a
limited span.

Wind load class III: Utility constructions with a pronounced dynamic load effect
from wind. Wind load class III includes all bridges where the following two
conditions are met:
- maximum natural swing period is ≥ 2 s
- the span is ≥ 300 m

Utility constructions with a particularly special design, for example slender walkways,
shall be considered to belong to wind load class III even if the span is <300 m, given that
the maximum natural swing period is ≥ 2 s.

A utility structure can be calculated according to a higher wind load class than it
belongs to.

Loads from variable water pressure

Variable water pressure loads are due to variations in water level or groundwater level.
Characteristic values are determined based on the highest and lowest observed water
level. For the groundwater level should the limits are assessed separately.
If efficient and lasting drainage is ensured, this can be considered
when determining a variable water pressure load.
Loads from landslides
For structures that intend to secure other infrastructure against landslides, the
landslide load is calculated, depending on the type of landslide, according to the
following:
- Avalanches: handbook V138 Roads and avalanches, chapter 6
- Flood landslides: manual V139 Flood and mudslides, section 6.5.3
- Landslides: CEO report 32 Securing roads against rockslides

For calculation of accident loads from landslides, see 5.7.6.1.

Ice load
Utility structures shall be dimensioned for ice loads where relevant. The design of the
construction is adapted to local conditions so that ice loads are reduced as much as
possible. For rivers, attack levels for ice load must be considered separately. The
following gives characteristic load values.

Ice thickness
Dimensioning ice thickness in meters, h, is calculated according to the amount of frost FD
in hour degrees [h ° C] given in the manual N200 Road construction. For permanent
constructions, the return period of 100 years is used. For temporary
constructions, a return period of 10 years is used.
Load from drifting ice

Load from crushing ice of thickness h against a vertical structure with width D is
calculated as one line load after:

where:
C = 1800 kPa
h1 = 1.0 m

The term above gives the upper limit for ice load from a flat ice cover. In areas with screws,
separate assessments must be made. If the displacement of the structure at the load
attack point is calculated to be more than 10 mm after (5.27), the dynamic effects of ice
crushing shall be assessed in more detail. The ice is driven by wind and current. In the case
of bridges over smaller lakes and rivers, the driving forces can be limiting for the ice loads.

Local assessments can be made to achieve a better loading estimate.

Distance between construction parts

For structural parts subjected to ice crushing, the load on each individual part can be
calculated with D = Deff after (5.27) if the center distance, L> 5D. If L <5D, an
expected accumulation of ice between the structural members and Deff can be
calculated as shown in Figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1: Distance between construction parts

Oblique constructions

Ice load against sloping construction surfaces is limited by the bending strength of the ice.
For the ice load to be dominated by bending fractures, the angle of the inclined plane must
be α <70 °, see figure 5.2. The load is then calculated according to ISO 19906: 2010
(E)point A.8.2.4.4.3.
 Figure 5.2: Ice load against sloping construction

Horizontal load from thermal expansion and water level variation

One-sided load from fixed ice cover (kN / m) in the event of temperature changes is calculated on the
basis of evenly distributed load:

qh = 300h + 2.5 | T | <250

where:
h - ice thickness in meters. Should not be introduced with a value greater than h = 0.5 m
T - lowest daily average temperature (° C) with return period 50 years, see NS-EN 1991-1-5

Possibilities for unilateral loading from expansion shall be considered in the individual case.

Vertical ice loads for water level variations

In the event of water level changes, loads from solid ice specified in (5.26) may have a
vertical upward component which is a maximum of 1/3 of the horizontal load. Ice cover
frozen in pillars can with rising water level provide lifting loads.

The lifting load (kN / m) can be calculated according to (5.29).

FL = Liqv

where Li is the exposed length in contact with ice. For a circular cross section, Li = πD.
It distributed lifting loads are:

where:
w - total water level change
kg - the pressure modulus = 9.81 kN / m3.

For free-standing piles, the lifting load (kN / m) can be calculated in a simplified manner according to
formula:

FL = qph2

where:
qp <1600 kN / m2 and h ≤ 0.6 m.
Thermal influences
The thermal impact is composed of the effects of:
- evenly distributed temperature proportion
- vertically linearly varying temperature proportion,
alternatively vertically non-linearly varying
temperature share
- horizontal linearly varying temperature fraction
- the difference in evenly distributed temperature proportion between
construction parts
- the temperature difference across the wall thickness
and between external and internal walls in cassette
cross-section

The different temperature proportions and simultaneity of these shall be calculated in accordance
with NS-EN 1991-1-5, as well additional provisions as specified in 5.4.8.2 - 5.4.8.4.

For structures and structural parts not covered by cross-sections defined in

NS-EN 1991-1-5: 2003 + NA: 2008, section 6.1.1, types 1, 2 and 3, evenly
distributed bridge temperature can be set equal to representative air
temperature, if a more accurate value is not used. Varying temperature
ratio must be assessed in each individual case.

Vertically varying temperature ratio

Vertically linearly varying temperature proportion shall be distributed

over the cross-sectional height so that the distribution gives ΔT = 0 in
the cross-section's center of gravity axis.

For vertical non-linearly varying temperature proportions, one can

normally omit correction for contributions that the distribution makes T
N, exp and T N, con.

Difference in temperature ratio between different construction parts

When calculating the difference in evenly distributed temperature proportion
between different construction parts, shall the most unfavourable component is
assumed to have the extreme temperature (Te, min / Te, max), while the
temperature for the other components appears as a reduction of the numerical
value in relation to the extreme temperature.

Temperature differences

Temperature differences in hollow steel cross-sections (superstructures and pillars) must be determined
in each individual case.

Seismic influences

Seismic impact is considered an abnormal natural load.

The seismic influence is characterized by seismic zone maps for acceleration in bedrock,
given as the peak value α g40Hz [m / s2] at frequency n = 40 Hz. Seismic zone maps to be
used in Norway is given in NS-EN 1998-1.

The earthquake motion is given as a description of the motion of the bedrock at

a single point. For structures that are not directly on the bedrock, the change in
the earthquake acceleration that occurs between the bedrock and the structure
shall be compensated for.

Bridges shall be designed in accordance with NS-EN 1998-2, with the exceptions
described in NS-EN 1998-2: 2005 + A1: 2009 + NA: 2009 section 1.1.1 (4). Bridges
that are not covered by the scope given in this section shall be designed in
accordance with the provisions of NS-EN 1998-1.

Completed structures and retaining walls shall be designed in accordance with NS-EN 1998-5.

Selection of seismic class

Seismic class for bridges shall be selected in accordance with NS-EN 1998-2: 2005 + A1: 2009 + NA:
2009, table NA.2 (901).

For constructions that are located across roads that are of greater social significance
than the construction itself, shall underlying veg determined valg of seismic klasse for
constructionions.

If the underlying road has good detour options and clean-up after an earthquake
damage is assumed to take a relatively short time, the seismic class can be determined
on the basis of criteria for the overlying structure alone.

Requirements for analyzes

No seismic analysis is required for bridges in category 0 in accordance with NS-EN 1998-2:
2005 + A1: 2009 + NA: 2009, Table NA.2 (904).

Construction Deformation loads

Deformation loads are loads that are associated with applied deformations or of the construction
material properties, such as:

- prestressing of the structure (tensile forces)

- shrinkage, creep and relaxation
- sentences
- deformations from loads applied to the structure

Deformation loads are often time-dependent. Characteristic load is defined as the largest expected
value within the time period considered.

Tension, shrinkage, creep and relaxation

Concrete structures shall be designed in accordance with Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete

structures:
- NS-EN 1992-1-1 General rules and regulations for buildings
- NS-EN 1992-2 Bridges

For structures cast in water, an additional reduction factor of 0.8 for concrete and 0.9 for
reinforcement shall be introduced when calculating dimensioning strengths in line with guidelines
in the Norwegian Concrete Association publication no. 5: Design and execution of concrete
structures in water.

The effect of construction deformation loads shall be taken into account in the dimensioning. Average
values for the material properties shall be used as a basis.

The finished construction must be checked at a minimum of two times; just after the bridge has
been opened to traffic and during the design period of use, normally 100 years.

When selecting parameters for creep and shrinkage, 70% relative humidity for bridge
superstructure and 80% relative humidity for columns above water can be assumed.

Sentences

For direct and pile foundations, respectively.

Frictional forces / deformation forces from bearing

The resulting frictional force from plain bearings or forces from deformation of block bearings shall
be distributed over the other structures of the structure in accordance with the stiffnesses of these
structures. Full frictional force shall be assumed in all plain bearings located on the side of the
structure's movement center which together gives the greatest effect, while plain bearings on the
opposite side are considered to have 50% of full frictional force. The resulting frictional force shall
nevertheless not be less than the greatest force from the plain bearings in a single laying axis.

Ground pressure against end skirt on joint-free bridges

For structures that are displaced towards the ground, the total ground pressure must be
determined.

If no other more accurate calculations are performed, the total earth pressure can be represented
at the earth pressure coefficient k, simplified is determined as given in (next formula) for
dimensioning of concrete in the ultimate limit state.

where:

k0 - coefficient of resting pressure

kp - coefficient of passive earth pressure
- occurring displacement
p- displacement by full mobilization of passive earth pressure
Ground pressure coefficient due to occurring displacement from thermal influences or traffic load
can be conservatively determined from the expression above when inserting p = H / 200, where H
is the height of the end skirt.

Accident loads
Accidental loads are loads to which the structure may be subjected as a result of incorrect
operation, accident or abnormal events such as:

- impact loads from vehicles, ships or rail traffic

- cargo from falling objects
- fire with possible subsequent explosion
- explosion with possible subsequent fire
- loads caused by landslides and floods

The incidence and consequence of accidental loads are usually related to a specific risk level. To the
extent the accident load can be determined by means of probability calculations, the probability of
events that are disregarded in the analysis should not exceed 10-4 per year.

Accidental load caused by vehicles

Characteristic values for impact loads from vehicles are specified in NS-EN 1991-1-7 and NS-EN
1991-2. Columns, superstructure and other load-bearing structures must be checked for impact
loads from vehicles if this is relevant. Decisive for the risk of collision is the location of the structure
in the roadway, visibility, curvature, etc.

The dimensioning for impact loads shall be considered separately for:

- bridges with several pillars near the roadway

- superstructure consisting of several beams next to each other
- hanging poles, poles in overhead trusses or the like
- walls and portals in tunnels, underpasses, etc.

The impact load is not considered to occur simultaneously with variable loads, except in the case of
dependence between the impact load and the variable load.

The minimum value for impact power in areas where ship traffic is not expected is specified in NS-
EN 1991-1- 7: 2006 + NA: 2008, point NA.4.6.3. For parts of the superstructure that are higher than
the sail run, the frontal impact force, Fdx, shall not be calculated to be less than 0.1 MN.

Structural parts that are located outside the edge of the foundation or fender plate, such as sloping
columns, arch structures or the superstructure, must also be dimensioned for shock loads.

Accident loads from landslides and floods

Accidental load caused by landslides

The risk of landslides from land or underwater landslides must be assessed for the individual
rupture site. In the event of such a risk, this must be taken into account when choosing a bridge
type and constructive design. Characteristic values for landslide-induced loads must be determined
in each individual case.
For structures that are intended to secure other infrastructure against landslides, see 5.5.6.

Accidental load caused by flooding

Free height above watercourses shall satisfy the requirements in 4.2.4. Loads caused by floods are
determined in each individual case.

Simultaneity of loads
Two or more loads that are strongly dependent on time and location or that often occur with their
maximum value at the same time, shall be considered as one load when combining loads. Loads
that, from a reasonable point of view, are mutually exclusive are not combined.

Temperature loads and loads caused by variations in the density of the water can both be assumed
not to coincide with other natural loads.

Simultaneity of wind, current, wave and tidal loads

The most unfavourable wind, current, wave and tidal loads shall be considered to coincide. In
combination with other loads, combinations of the above-mentioned natural loads shall be
considered as one load.

Suppose it can be demonstrated by means of registrations or other relevant documentation that

the most unfavourable wind, current, wave and tidal loads do not coincide. In that case, it must be
documented how the above loads occur together and combined with other loads.