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WP2 Doc 8 rev 10 Final version
May 2010
Working Package 2
- Deliverable n° 2.1 -
- Design for a thermal difference applied on a sandwich panel -
Version 10 –May 2010 = Final version -

(Take into account the remarks of P Hassinen of the 29/09/2009 and 04/10/09 and
Commission remarks of the 18 of May)
Valided at the WP2 meeting of the 12 March 2010
Project co-funded under the European Commission Seventh Research and Technology
Development Framework Programme (2007-2013)
Theme 4 NMP-Nanotechnologies, Materials and new Production Technologies
Prepared by :
D IZABEL
Drafting History :
Draft version 7 June 2009
Draft version 8 (Take into account Rq P September 2009 and October 2009
Hassinen)
Draft version 9 (Take into accont Rq P October 2009
Hassinen)
Draft version 10 Final version (take into 18 May 2010
account Rq of the Commission)
calibrate the format
Dissemination Level
PU Public x
PP Restricted to the other programme participants
(including the Commission Services)
RE Restricted to a group specified by the
Consortium (including the Commission
Services)
CO Confidential, only for members of the
Consortium (including the Commission
Services)
1
Content:
Pages
Introduction 4
1 Aims 6
2 Principe of the different tests 9
2.1 Case 1 – panels on 2 supports: case where the external temperature is superior
at the internal temperature 9
2.1.1 Aim of the test 9
2.1.2 Test procedure 9
2.2 Case 2 – panels on 2 supports: case where the external temperature is inferior
at the internal temperature 10
2.3 Case 3 – panels on 3 supports 12
3 Apparatus 13
3.1 Test specimen/test program 13
3.2 Dispositions about the measurement 14
3.2.1 Thermal gradient 14
3.2.2 Displacements 15
3.2.2.1 Vertical displacement 15
3.2.2.2 Rotation on the central support 15
3.2.3 Stress 15
3.2.4 Reaction on the central support (tests of 2 span panels) 16
3.3 Dispositions about the loading and supports 16
4 Test results 18
4.1 Panel on 2 supports – Case 1 18
4.2 Panel on 2 supports – Case 2 19
4.3 Panels on 3 supports - Case 3 20
5 Exploitation of the test results 22
5.1 Panel on 2 supports - case 1 22
5.1.1 Hyperstatic correction factor β Δ T 22
5.1.2 Determination of the bending B s Δ T and shear G c A c Δ T thermal rigidities 23
5.1.2.1 Method based on with two different tests in terms of span and a constant
value of Δ T 23
5.2 Panels on 2 supports – case 2 23
5.2.3 Determination of the strength bending moment M Rd ,ΔT and shear load V Rd ,ΔT 25
5.3 Panels on 3 supports - case 3 26
5.3.2.1 Based on the thermal gradient loading 26
5.3.3.1 Panels on 3 supports (elastic approach) 28
5.3.3.2 Panels on 3 supports (elastic-plastic-approach) 29
2
5.4 Panel with one face Ribbed and one face flat 30
5.4.1 Determination of the bending B s Δ T and shear G c A c Δ T 30
5.4.1.1 Case of one punctual load 30
5.4.1.2 Case of UEATC Guidance 33
5.4.2.1 Panels on 2 supports 36
5.4.2.1.1 Example of strength values for a panel on 2 supports below ΔT 36
5.4.2.1.2 Example of strength values for a panel on 2 supports below ΔT+Q 36
5.4.2.1.3 Example of strength values for a panel on 2 supports at 20°C 37
5.4.2.2 Panels on 3 supports 38
5.4.2.2.1 (Elastic approach) 38
5.4.2.2.1.1 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports below ΔT 38
5.4.2.2.1.2 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports below ΔT+Q 40
5.4.2.2.1.3 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports at 20°C 42
5.4.2.2.2 (Elastic-plastic-approach) 44
5.4.2.2.2.1 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports below ΔT 44
5.4.2.2.2.2 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports below ΔT+Q 46
5.4.2.2.2.3 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports at 20°C 48
6 Statistical interpretations of the test results 50
6.1 Correction factors of the tests results 50
6.1.1 General expressions of the correction factors 50
6.1.1.1 For a strength capacity ( M u ; Vu ; M sLs ; VsLs ) 50
6.1.1.2 For a rigidity ( BS ; Gc Ac and B F 1 ) 50
6.1.2 Radj ,i values 50
6.1.2.1 For the equivalent rigidities BSΔT and Gc AcΔT 50
6.1.2.1.1 For BSΔT : 50
6.1.2.1.2 For Gc AcΔT : 50
6.1.2.1.3 For BF 1 : 50
6.1.2.2 For the bending moment capacity 51
6.1.2.2.1 Bending moment in span below a pression loading: 51
6.1.2.2.2 Bending moment in span below uplift loading: 51
6.1.2.3 For the shear force capacity 51
Synthesis organigram 52
7 Table of the necessary tests 53
8 Notations 54
Bibliography 58
3
Introduction
The following document definds the thermal test method (aim of the tests, how to do the tests, what
are the results of the tests and how use the tests result in the design).The following table 1 it’s a
synthesis of these points:
Table 1 synthesis of the thermal test method
Type of test Aim Initial tested value Results of the
calculations
Panel on 2 supports below Comparison between The deflection at mid wtest
thermal gradient only (first the real behaviour span wtest for several β ΔT =
wtheoritical
step) and the theoretical thermal gradients
And value of the deflection
=> used to correct
the thermal
deflection in the
design
after with a loading applied The rigidities of the QΔT corresponding to B sΔ T

at mid span to have no panel below a thermal have no displacement at (Bending)
displacement (second step) gradient mid span G c AcΔ T
(shear)
Panel on 2 supports below Find the strength Qd (loading corresponding at the MU2TRdΔT
thermal gradient and loading capacities (bending deflection L/xx) ME2TRdΔT
(several punctual load or and shear resistance) Qc (Collapse loading) VU2TRdΔT
uniform loading) (*) below a thermal VE2TRdΔT
gradient fixed Stresses (alternative way PU2TRdΔT
to calculate the bending PE2TRdΔT
and shear resistance)
And k1
Panel on 3 supports below Comparison between Reaction on the central Rctest
thermal gradient only the real behaviour support due to ΔT β ΔT =
Rctheoritical
and the theoretical
value of the action on => used to correct the
thermal deflection and the
the central support hysperstatic thermal
action in the design
The rigidities below a +The deflection at mid
thermal gradient B s Δ T (Bending)
span
G c A c Δ T (shear)
The strength Reaction on the central MU3ARdΔT (on

capacities below support due to ΔT central support)
thermal gradient only MU3TRdΔT (in span)
VU3T RdΔ
VU3A RdΔ
ditto at SLS
Panel on 3 supports below Find the strength Qd (loading corresponding at MU3ARdΔT
thermal gradient and loading capacities (bending deflection L/xx) MU3ARdpΔT
(several punctual loads or and shear resistance) Qcs (loading corresponding at ME3ARdΔT
uniform loading) (*) below a thermal wrinkling on the central support) MU3ARdpΔT
gradient fixed MU3TRdΔT
Qc (Collapse loading)
4
MU3TRdpΔT
Stresses (alternative way ME3TRdΔT
to calculate the bending ME3TRdpΔT
and shear resistance) VU3TRdΔT
VU3TRdpΔT
VE3TRdΔT
VE3TRdpΔT
VU3ARdΔT
VU3ARdpΔT
VE3ARdΔT
VE3ARdpΔT
PU3ARdΔT
PU3ARdpΔT
PE3ARdΔT
PE3ARdpΔT
And k1
Note 1(*):
If k1 of the EN 14509 is used, the tests below loading + thermal gradient are not necessary.
Warning:
This document is an information document, the user remain responsible of the uses that
he will give at this document.
5
Thermal Tests
1 Aims
When a panel is laid and fixed on a frame of a building, it can be submitted at a thermal
gradient of temperature between the outside face and the inside face. It is the case for
example for the cold house building. The temperature inside can be negative until -40°C and
the outside temperature depend of the seasons (classically summer and winter) currently
+80°C in function of the colour (reflection, absorption coefficient).
In case of panel on 2 supports, for two flat facings, the thermal gradient creates only
additional deflexion that must be taken into account. For a panel on 2 supports with one face
ribbed and one face flat the thermal gradient create inside bending moments and a
complementary global deflection.
When the panel is fixed on several supports, inside forces (bending moment and shear force)
are created in addition of a thermal deflection that must be taken into account.
The aim of this document is to define the thermal test methods and the analyse of the test
results
in view to determine for the design:
RΔT ,measured w
- Hyper static correction factor β Δ T = = measured
RΔT ,theoritical wtheoritical
Note 2:
The current values observed of β ΔT are between 0.8 and 1.1.
- The reaction R Δ T on the central support for a two spans panel;

- The bending B sk Δ T and shear rigidities G c A ck Δ T of a complete sandwich panel below
different thermal gradients;
- The strength of the panel ( M Rd , Δ T ; V Rd , Δ T ) below its self weight, the thermal gradient
and eventually a complementary loading Q c ;
M Rd ,ΔT
- The coefficient k1 =
M Rd ( 20°C )
Note 3:
This Coefficient k1 depends on the relative change of the bending moment resistance due to the thermal gradient
between the two facings.
M Rd ,ΔT
The experimental value of k1 = obtained by the large scale test (see this document) can be directly
M Rd ( 20°C )
2
⎛E ⎞
compared with the value of k1 = 3
⎜ Ct ,+80°C ⎟ following the EN 14509 A.5.5.5 if the thermal gradient is
⎜⎜ E ⎟⎟
⎝ Ct ,+20°C ⎠
of 60°C
- an eventual plate effect in the thermal behaviour of the panel (coefficient k plate ).
The previous results will be used by the following way in the design by testing procedure:
6
For the strength:
It must be verified that:

S d ≤ Rd
So the general expression is:
Rk ,ΔT ,test
S d = γ G × S G ,sd ,calc + γ q × S q,Sd ,calc + β ΔT ×ψ 01 × γ ΔT × S ΔT ,Sd ,calc + ψ 02 × γ ϕ × Sϕ ,Sd ,calc ≤ Rd ,ΔT = k × Rad ,ΔT ×
γm
Remark, it is possible to simplify the previous equation.
The difference between the strength values below the loading ΔT + Q and the strength values
below the loading ΔT gives the equivalent strength value below the loading Q alone.
In this case, the thermal gradient ΔT + Q loading can be change in a new Qfict loading only below
a thermal gradient ΔT fixed
With:
k : statistic factor
Rad ,ΔT : Factor to take into account of the real geometry and real material tested by comparison
with the same nominal value
S: Can be M (bending) or V (shear)
G: the permanent load
q: The variable load (example wind)
ΔT: The thermal gradient that can be positive or negative
ϕ : The creep coefficient
γ M : The material safety factor
L: Span between two consecutive supports
RΔT Is the load measured on the central support during a thermal test
M ΔT Bending moment due to ΔT
1
VΔT = RΔT (in case of symmetric case)
2
Note 4:
The shear strength capacity is determined with a symmetric case. It’s an intrinsic capacity of the panel in
shear below a thermal gradient.
For a no symmetric case, it is necessary to calculate the real action Vsd and to compare it with the max
capacity obtained during the test VRdΔT
RΔT ,measured w measured

= = β ΔT
RΔT ,theoritical wtheoritical
Rk ,ΔT => M Rd ,ΔT Is obtained by the calculation of the moment due to the thermal gradient +
additional load Qc applied during the thermal test.
Rk , ΔT => VRd , ΔT Is obtained by the calculation of the shear load due to the thermal gradient +
additional load Qc applied during the thermal test.
7
For the deflection:
wd ≤ wlim
The deflections are calculated with the thermal rigidities Bsk ,ΔT and Gc Ack , ΔT .
Example for a panel with 2 flat facing on 2 supports:
5GL4 GL2 αΔTL2 5qL4 qL2

wd = ( + (1 + ϕ ) ) + ψ 11 × β ΔT × + ψ 01ψ 11 × ( + )
384 Bsk ,ΔT 8Gc Ack ,ΔT 8e 384 Bsk ,ΔT 8Gc Ack ,ΔT
With:
G : permanent action
Q : in this example is not a long term; load (example Wind)
ΔT : a thermal gradient
The different combination are given for information in the following tables 2 and 3
Table 2 : For a cladding sandwich panel ref“Lightweight Sandwich Constructions Mike Davies”
8
Table 3 For a roofing sandwich panel ref“Lightweight Sandwich Constructions Mike Davies”
Remark :
It is also possible to do a load table by fixing a global value of the thermal gradient. In this
case, the number of combination is divided by 2.
In fact, the two cases ( thermal gradient of winter and thermal gradient of summer) are
replaced by one case with a maximum thermal gradient fixed cover the two cases (max
value)
2 Principe of the different tests

2.1 Case 1 - Panels on 2 supports: case where the external temperature is superior at
the internal temperature
2.1.1 Aim of the test:

- Verify the linear thermal behaviour of the sandwich panel (several gradient tested)
- Compare the measured deflection and the theoretical deflection (coef β ΔT )
- Determine the bending and shear rigidity below a thermal gradient / comparison with
the same rigidities at 20°C
M Rd ,ΔT
- Determine the k1 = coefficient in case of failure during this test
M Rd ( 20°C )
2.1.2 The test procedure

1) Put a panel vertically or horizontally on 2 supports (fixed at the end supports);
2) Measure the deflection at mid span below the self weight (if panel lay horizontally);
3) Apply the maximum thermal gradient requested (generally 60°C or 80°C);
4) Measure the deflection at mid span (see fig 1 and 2);
5) Maintain the thermal gradient and apply a load to have no deflection at mid span. Measure
this load (see fig 3 and 4).
9
6) Remove the central load and apply successively 3 intermediate thermal gradients
beetwenn-10°C and the maximum thermal gradient initially tested
7) Apply for each intermediate thermal gradient a load to have no displacement at mid span
Fig 1 Fig 2
w T ext > T int
L L
Fig 3 Fig 4
Rc T ext > T int
Rc
L L
Note 5:
The vertical test gives the possibility to see an eventual plate effect, allows suppressing the effect of the self
weight of the panel in the measures.
The convenient is a no homogeneous displacement between the edge panels and the central panel
Additionally, it is not evident to have the central support perfectly parallel at the support plan
Note 6:
The horizontal test allows to have a practically beam behaviour. It is easy to applied the central load
The convenient are the perturbation of the measures by the self weight of the panel.
The second problem can be some differential displacements following the width of the panel for non
symmetrical panel (joint male and female or tortional effect).
The central support is optional. It is useful to have the 0 reference when the thermal gradient displacement is
measured.
The results are very sensible, several measurements for a same thermal gradient must be made.
Note 7:
Fixed means here that the fixing are against the movement perpendicular to the plane of the panel. Rotations on
support are free. Thus, we have hinged boundary conditions.
2.2 Case 2- Panels on 2 supports: case where the external temperature is inferior at the
internal temperature
2.2.1 Aim of this test

- Verify the linear thermal behaviour of the sandwich panel (several gradient tested)
- Determine the bending and shear rigidities below a thermal gradient / comparison
with the same rigidities at 20°C
- Determine the bending and shear strength values below a thermal gradient and a load Q
10
M Rd ,ΔT
- Determine the k1 =
M Rd ( 20°C )

1) Fix horizontally the panel on 2 supports (fixed at the end supports);
2) Measure the deflection at mid span below the self weight;
3) Apply a thermal gradient;
4) Measure the deflection at mid span (see fig 5);
5) Maintain the thermal gradient and apply a complementary loading Q until collapse of the
panel
(see fig 6);
6) Measure the deflection and the load applied at each increase of the loading.
Fig 5 T int > T ext
Thermal
chamber w
L L
Fig 6a
T int > T ext
Option 1 of loading:
Qc/4 Qc/4 Qc/4 Qc/4
Thermal
chamber
L L
0 .1 L 0 .3 L 0 . 2 L 0 .2 L 0 .3 L 0 .1 L
Option 2 of loading:
Fig 6b T int > T ext
Qc/4 Qc/4 Qc/4 Qc/4
Thermal
chamber
0 . 125 L 0 . 25 L 0 . 25 L 0 . 25 L 0 . 125 L
Note 8:
Fixed means here that the fixing are against the movement perpendicular to the plane of the panel. Rotations on
support are free. Thus, we have hinged boundary conditions.
11
2.3 Case 3 - Panels on 3 supports
2.3.1 Aim of the test

- Verify the linear thermal behaviour of the sandwich panel (several gradients tested)
- Determine the bending and shear rigidity below a thermal gradient / comparison with
the same rigidities at 20°C
- Determine the for the thermal gradient loading, the action on the central support, and
consequently all the inside forces
- Determine for the thermal gradient + loading applied, the action on the supports and
consequently all the inside forces
M Rd ,ΔT
- Determine the coefficient k1 =
M Rd ( 20°C )
- Determine the effective rest moment on the central support
- Determine the load Q that can be applied on a panel that are preliminary charged by a
thermal gradient fixed

1) Fix the panel on 3 supports;
2) Measure the deflection at mid span and the reaction on the central support below self
weight;
3) Apply a thermal gradient;(positive or negative)
4) Measure the deflection at mid span below the panel; the displacement on the central
support above the panel (outside facing) , the rotation on the central support and the reaction
on the central support (see fig 7);
5) Maintain the thermal gradient and apply a complementary loading until collapse of the
panel (see fig 8);
6) Measure at each increase of the loading until obtain the failure of the panel; the deflection
at mid span below the panel, the displacement on the central support above the panel, the
rotation on the central support, the stress in span and on the central support and the reaction
on the central support.
Option:
It is possible that by creeping effect, the thermal gradient load change in function of the time.
It is recommended to measure the load and deflection immediately after to have apply the
thermal loading and after 1h to see an eventual redistribution of the load in function of the
time
12
Fig 7 T int > T ext
Thermal
chamber w w
L L
Fig 8
T int > T ext
Qc/4 Qc/4 Qc/4 Qc/4
Thermal
chamber
L L
L /8 21 L / 40 7 L / 20 7L/20 21 L / 40 L /8
Alternative loading
Qc T int > T ext
Thermal
chamber
L L
L /8 L / 4 L /4 L / 4 L /8 L /8 L / 4 L / 4 L / 4 L /8
3 Apparatus
The heating and cooling system must be efficiency to:

- apply a step of temperature of 10°C in 10 min+/- 3 min
- have the uniform required temperature on each face of the panel tested
Note 9:
It is admitted to have 2°C of difference between the different points of measurement.
3.1 Test specimen/Test program

To have a good other view of the thermal behaviour of the panel, it is suggested to carried
out the following test program:
For a considered type of panel:

- a min, intermediate and max span. For the continuous panel, the length of this panel is equal
at 2 times the span of the same panel on 2 supports
- a min, intermediate and max thickness.
- a positive and negative gradient
13
The recommended and minimum values of the absolute temperature are -20°C, +20°C ; 60°C and
80°C
3.2 Dispositions about the measurements
3.2.1 Thermal gradient

It is applied by difference of temperature between the two faces of the panel. A temperature
chamber with warm/cold air can be used to create the differential of temperature between the
ambient air of the laboratory and the temperature chamber.
The aim is to apply quickly as soon as possible the thermal gradient as it is the case on a
building when the sun increase the differential of temperature.
The recommended time to apply and have an uniform thermal gradient is 10 min.
The thermal gradient can be positive or negative.
The thermo couples must be uniformly distributed on the panel to check the uniformity of the
thermal gradient applied as defined on figures 9a and 9b.
An infra red system can be used to check the uniform distribution of the temperatures.
There are two possibilities to apply the thermal gradient:
-20°C / + 20°C / + 60°C
+20°C +20°C
L L
Fig 9 a
+ 20 °C
-20 °C /+20°C / +60°C -20 °C /+20°C / +60°C
L L
Fig 9b
Fig 10 a Distribution of the thermal couple

(out side face ambient temperature of the laboratory)
L /2 L /2 L /2 L /2
14
Fig 10b Distribution of the thermal couple
(Inside face: thermal chamber)
L /4 L /4 L /4 L /4 L /4 L /4 L /4 L /4
3.2.2 Displacements
3.2.2.1 Vertical deflection
The displacements are measured at mid span of the panel on 3 points along the width of the
panel.
Note 10:
Some panel are not perfectly symmetric along the width, the 3 points of measurement allows to have the mean
deflexion in the middle of the panel (B/2)
The displacements in span must be measured on the inferior face.
To evaluate the impact of the foam it is also interesting to measure the displacement of the
superior face on the central support.
Note 11:
In case of modelisation of a panel by a truss system, this measurement of the displacement of the superior
facing on the central support allows to verify the numerical model.
3.2.2.2 Rotation on the central support
The rotation is measured on the central support when a complementary loading is applied in
view to have the relation bending moment/rotation at the moment.
The dispositions to measure this rotation are defined in Eurocode 3 part 1.3 (see A.5.2.3).
Note 12:
The expressions A.4a and A.4b in Section A.5.2.3 of Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 have been derived to use the
deflections of a simply supported three-point loaded beam. It may not be possible to use the expressions A.4a
and A.4b directly, but they have to be modified. First point is to define the points of the measurements on the
central support of a continuous two-span sandwich panel.
3.2.3 Stress
The stresses are measured on the central support and in span where the bending moment is
maximum.
This measurement is useful when the wrinkling of the facing is the mode of failure of the
panel (case of large span).
The strain gauges shall allow knowing the stress distribution along the width of the panel.
A minimum of 3 on each face is necessary
The line of strain gauge shall be at 100 mm of the line of the central support.
15
As the bending moment curve is known, it is possible to verify one point on the curve
experimentally at 100 mm of the axis of the central support
Note 13:
Normal stress changes along the web of a profiled face. That is why it is easier to place the strain gauges on the
upper and lower flange of the profile, where the stress in uniform.
3.2.4 Reaction on the central support (test of 2 span panels)

This measurement is necessary to know the static distribution of the bending moments and
shear force due to the different loading applied during the test.
It can be used the following apparatus (see fig 11) or an efficient box already calibrated to
determine this action on the central support.
Central support
Figure 11 – Example of disposition to measure the load at a central support
3.3 Dispositions about the loading and supports
For a pression loading (see fig 12): Figure 12 - Width of the support for positive loading
Q/4
Width of the support = 60 mm
60 mm
16
For a negative loading: (see fig 13)
Width of the support = 120 mm
Figure 13 -Width of the support for negative loading
120 mm
Q/4
Fastener
To apply the loading (see fig 14):
Width = max of 75 mm and 1.4 x the thickness e of the panel
Example for a panel of 60 mm => 84 mm
Figure 14 - Detailed element to apply the load on the sandwich panel

Q/4
Rigidity of the support:

The support must have a deflection < L/1000 with L the span of the panel.
Note 14:
The values of 60mm and 120 mm are derived of the practice. There are also defined in the UEATC guidance. It
is possible to take other values to be in link with the end use condition. But consequently the end use value on
the work site shall be superior or equal at the width of the support tested.
17
4 Test results
4.1 Panel on 2 supports - case 1
The tests results are presented in the following type table 4:
Table 4 - Tests results in the case of panel on 2 supports: T int < T ext
Loading (*) Measured Calculated wmeasured Load Stresses at mid span
mandatory Displacement Displacement w βΔT = w applied to on the facing (in
theoritica
l
w at L/2 at L/2 have no case of large span)
(mm) (mm) deflexion (facultative)
at mid σoutside σinside
span
(MPa) (MPa)
QΔT (daN)
Self weight
Thermal
gradient
10
20 (*)
30
40 (*)
60
18
4.2 Panel on 2 supports - Case 2
The tests results are presented in the following type table 5:
Table 5 - Tests results in the case of panel on 2 supports: T int > T ext
Loading Displacement Load Stresses Load Stresses Load Stresses

(*) w at L/2 corresponding corresponding corresponding corresponding correspond corresponding
mandatory Measure at the at the load at the elastic at the load ing at the at the
d (mm) displacement Qd at mid span displacement Qe at mid span collapse collapse load
L/200
Qd (L/200) area Qc Qc at mid span
σoutside σinside Qe σoutside σinside σoutside σinside
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
Self
weight
Thermal
gradient
- 10
0 (*)
+10
+20
+40 (*)
+50
+60
Thermal
gradient+Q
- 10
0 (*)
+10
+20
+40 (*)
+50
+60
19
4.3 Case 3 - Panel on 3 supports
The tests results are presented in the following type tables 6 and 7:
Loading Displace Load Reaction on Stresses Load Stresses Reaction
(*) ment w at correspond the central corresponding correspond corresp on the
mandatory L/2 ing at the support/ at the load ing at the onding central
Measure displaceme Rotation on Qd elastic at the support/
d (mm) nt L/200 the central central support / in displaceme load Rotation
And on Qd (L/200) support span (M max) nt area Qe on the
central Qe central central
support support / in support
span (M
max)
Rd θd σoutside σinside σoutside σinside Re θe
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
Self weight
Thermal
gradient
- 10
0 (*)
+10
+20
+40 (*)
+50
+60
Thermal
gradient
+Q
- 10
0 (*)
+10
+20
+40 (*)
+50
+60
20
Loading Load Stresses Reaction Load Stresses Reaction on
(*) corresponding corresponding on the correspo corresponding the central
mandatory at the at the load central nding at at the collapse support/
wrinkling on Qcs support/ the load Rotation on
the central central Rotation collapse Qc the central
support support / in on the Qc in central support support
Qcs span (M max) central span / in span (M
support max)
σutside σinside Rcs θcs σoutside σinside Rc θc

(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
Self weight
Thermal
gradient
-10 (*)
0
10
20 (*)
30
40 (*)
60 (*)
70
80
Thermal
gradient+Q
- 10
0 (*)
+10
+20
+40 (*)
+50
+60
21
5 Exploitation of the test results
5.1 Panel on 2 supports case 1
5.1.1 Hyper static correction factor β Δ T
The beam theory allows finding the theoretic thermal gradient displacement (see fig 15):
Fig 15 - Deflection of a panel on 2 supports T outside

Δ Ti
e x
Li( x)
fi( x) > 0
Expression of the thermal deflection curve is:
⎛ αΔT ⎞ 2
f i ΔT ( x ) = ⎜ ⎟(x − Lx ) (1)
⎝ 2e ⎠
Expression of the thermal deflection at mid span:
⎛ α ΔTL2i ⎞
f i ΔT ( x = Li / 2 ) = −⎜⎜ ⎟ (2)
⎟
⎝ 8e ⎠
Note 15
The deflection is considered negative when oriented up.
The thermal gradient is considered positive when Toutside > Tinside
Expression of the hyperstatic factor for one test:

f
β Δ T , i = i Δ T ( x = L i / 2 ) measured (3)
⎛ α Δ TL 2i ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 8e ⎠
Expression of the characteristic hyperstatic factor β k :
βΔT, p = e(β −kσ ) (4)

m
β k = ln (β p ) is the characteristic value of β i
β m the mean value of β i

k Determine following the procedure of the EN 14509 –see A.16.3 -
If by use of the statistical approach, a mean value of βm is < at 1 and after application of
the previous statistical approach, the value of βk is > at 1, it must be keep the mean
value of βm<1.
Note 16
The thermal reaction on the central support will be used as follow:
R c = R c theory × β Δ T , k (5)
22
5.1.2 Determination of the bending B s Δ T and shear G c A c Δ T thermal rigidities
5.1.2.1 Method based on two different tests in terms of span and a constant value of Δ T
Fig 16 - Panel on 2 supports with load to have no deflection at mid span L i min
Qi ΔT
(Option facultative support)
To facilitate the displacement
L i min measurements
Fig 17- Panel on 2 supports with load to have no deflection at mid span L j max
Q j ΔT
(Option facultative support)
To facilitate the displacement
Measurements
L j max
3
Qi Li Qi Li
f i ΔT ( x = Li / 2 ) = − − with fi < 0 In these formulas, the self weight effect is neglected)
48 BsΔT 4Gc AcΔT
3
Qj Lj QjLj
f j ΔT ( x = Lj / 2 ) = − − with fj < 0 In these formulas, the self weight effect is neglected)
48 BsΔT 4Gc AcΔT
Expression of the rigidities B s Δ T and G c A c Δ T
B sΔ T =
(
Q i Q j Li L j L2j − L2i ) Gc AcΔT = −
Qj Lj
48 ( f iΔT Q j L j − f jΔT Q i Li )
(6) (7)
⎛ Q j L3j ⎞
4 ⎜ f jΔT + ⎟
⎜ 48 Bs ⎟
⎝ ⎠
5.2 Panel on 2 supports – case 2
The formulation defined in 5.1.1 can be used.
We use the following formula given in the table 8.
23
Table 8 – Example of values of Bs and GcAc for a panel on 2 supports with a loading A8
Panels on 2 supports with flat facing
Type of loading Qd/4 Qd/4 Qd/4 Qd/4
ΔT
L
0.1L 0.3L 0.2L 0.3L 0.1L
w the deflection of the panel due to only the load Qd

applied
1 ⎛⎜ 93Qd i Li ⎞⎟
Equations of 3
deflection used wi = f i ( x = Li / 2 ) = +
BS ,ΔT ⎜⎝ 7200 ⎟⎠
1 ⎛⎜ Qd i Li ⎞⎟
Gc Ac ,ΔT ⎜⎝ 8 ⎟⎠
⎛ 3 ⎞
1 ⎜ 93Qd j L j ⎟
w j = f j ( x = Lj / 2 ) = ⎜ ⎟+
BS ,ΔT ⎜ 7200 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 ⎛⎜ Qd j L j ⎞⎟
Gc Ac ,ΔT ⎜ 8 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Values of Bs ,ΔT (
⎡ 93Qd j L j L2j − L2i ⎤ )
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 7200 ⎥⎦
Bs ,ΔT =
⎡ ⎛ Qd j L j ⎞⎤
⎢ f j − ⎜⎜ f i ⎟⎥
⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ Q d i
Li ⎠⎥⎦
Values of Gc Ac , ΔT ⎡ ⎛ L2j ⎞ ⎤
⎢ Q d j L j ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎜ Li ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎝
⎢ 8 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
GC AC ,ΔT = ⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ Qd j L j ⎞ ⎤
3
⎢ f j − fi ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎢⎣ ⎜ Qd L3i ⎟⎥
⎝ i ⎠⎦
24
5.2.3 Determination of the strength bending moment M Rd , Δ T and shear force V Rd , Δ T
The table 9 gives the values of the strength bending moment and shear strength for a panel below an
example of loading in pression (UEAtc).
Table 9 – Example of strength values for a panel on 2 supports
Panels on 2 supports (with flat facing)
Type of loading Qc/4 Qc/4 Qc/4 Qc/4
ΔT
L
Strength At Li
Bending ULS M U 2TRdΔT = k Rad , M 2T Qc i
Moment 8γ M (ULS )
at mid span At Li
SLS M E 2TRdΔT = k Rad , M 2T Qc i ,elastic
8γ M ( SLS )
Shear At If the maximum action on the support is in link
strength ULS with the loading above (no shear collapse during
the test):
Qc i
VU 2TRdΔT = k Rad ,V 2T
2γ M (ULS )
If not, A5 is used
At If the maximum action on the support is in link
SLS with the loading above (no shear collapse during
the test):
Qc i ,elastic
VE 2TRdΔT = k Rad ,V 2T
2γ M ( SLS )
If not, A5 is used
Compression At If the action on the support is in link with the
strength ULS loading above :
Qc i
PU 2TRdΔT = k Rad ,V 2T
2γ M (ULS )
If not, A5 is used
At If the action on the support is in link with the
SLS loading above :
Qc i ,elastic
PE 2TRdΔT = k Rad ,V 2T
2γ M ( SLS )
If not, A5 used
- The coefficient k depends of the number of tests carried out. It can be calculate on the base
of the following ratio:
Procedure:
1) For each CE characteristic is known:
a. The mean tested value,
b. The characteristic value following the procedure A 16.3,
2) Value of k by characteristic value
S
k = characteristic
meanStested
- The Rad , j coefficients are established following the chapter 6
25
5.3 Panel on 3 supports Case 3 (flat facing)
In this case, the factor β Δ T is determined by the ratio of the deflection at mid span:
Fig 18 – panel on 3 supports submit at a thermal gradient
ΔT
With:
⎛ 1 + 4 K k ,ΔT ⎞⎛ α ΔT L2 ⎞
f ( L / 2 ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 32e
⎟⎟ The deflection at mid span due to the thermal gradient only
⎝ 1 + K k ,ΔT ⎠⎝ ⎠
3Bsk ,ΔT
Kk =
Gc Ack ,ΔT L2
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ Bsk ,ΔT α ΔT ⎞
Re ( ΔT ) = 3⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜
⎟⎟ The reaction on the central support due to the thermal gradient
⎝ 1 + K k ,ΔT ⎠⎝ eL ⎠
only
To solve this case, it is necessary:

- to calculate the rigidities B s Δ T ; G c A c Δ T ;
- to put these values of the rigidities in the expressions of the deflexion and of the reaction on
the central support defined above to obtain the theoretical values;
- to calculate β Δ T .
R measured f measured
β ΔT = =
(L / 2)
R Theory f theory

5.3.2.1 Based on the thermal gradient loading and thermal gradient deflection
We determine the rigidities by the use of the deflection formula at mid span :
⎛ 1 + 4 K i ⎞ ⎛ αΔ T Li 2 ⎞
f i ΔT ( x = Li / 2 ) = - ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟ ⎜
⎟
⎟
⎝ 1 + Ki ⎠ ⎝ 32 e ⎠
⎛ 1 + 4 K j ⎞ ⎛ αΔ T L j ⎞ 2
f j ΔT ( x = Lj / 2 ) = - ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 + K ⎟ ⎜ 32e ⎟
⎝ j ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
We defind the following ratio :
Bs ,ΔT f i L2j
X = et Z =
Gc Ac ,ΔT f j L2i
The previous system can be written as follow:
26
A X² + B X + C = 0
In this expression the coefficients A, B, C, takes the following values:
A = 144(1 − Z )
B = 48 L2j + 12 L2i − 48ZL2i − 12 ZL2j
C = 4 L2i L2j − 4 ZL2i L2j
With :
Δ = B 2 − 4 AC
−B+ Δ
X =
2A
⎛ 3Bs ,ΔT ⎞ ⎛ 3X ⎞
Ki = ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜G A L 2 ⎟ ⎜⎝ L2i ⎠
⎝ c c ,ΔT i ⎠
⎛ 3Bs ,ΔT ⎞ ⎛ 3X ⎞
Kj =⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎜G A L 2 ⎟ ⎜ L2j ⎟
⎝ c c ,ΔT j ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
We obtain B s Δ T
⎛ 1 + Ki ⎞
Bs ,ΔT = RΔT Li e⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ 3αΔ T ⎠
Or with the span Lj
⎛1+ K j ⎞
Bs ,ΔT = RΔT L j e⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ 3αΔ T ⎠
and shear rigidity G c A c Δ T
Bs ,ΔT
Gc Ac ,ΔT =
X
27
5.3.3 Determination of the strength bending Moment M Rd , Δ T and shear force V Rd , Δ T
5.3.3.1 Panels on 3 supports (elastic approach)
The table 10 gives the values of the strength bending moment and shear strength for an example of
loading (UEAtc).
Table 10 – Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic approach
Panels on 3 supports with flat facing (Tint > Text)

Type of loading Qcs/4 Qcs/4 Qcs/4 Qcs/4
ΔT
int int
L RΔT L
Qcs :Load maximum applied during the test below ΔT + Q
RΔT thermal reaction on the central support (only due to ΔT)
Strength At ULS
1 ⎧ Li Qcsi ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 31899 ⎞ R ⎫
bending M U 3 ARd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad , M 3 A ⎨ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟ + L ΔT ⎬
moment on γ M (ULS ) ⎩ 16 ⎝ 1 + K k ⎠⎝ 32000 ⎠ 2 ⎭
the central
support At SLS
1 ⎧ Li Qcsi ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 31899 ⎞ R ⎫
M E 3 ARd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad , M 3 A ⎨ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟ + L ΔT ⎬
γ M ( SLS ) ⎩ 16 ⎝ 1 + K k ⎠⎝ 32000 ⎠ 2 ⎭
If Qel < Qcs then Qcs is replaced by Qel
Strength At ULS
1 ⎧ Li Qcsi ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 559426 434Kk ⎞ 13RΔT ⎫
bending MU 3TRd,(ΔT +Q) = k Rad,M 3T ⎨ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ + ⎟− L ⎬
moment in γ M (ULS) ⎩ 16 ⎝ 1 + K k ⎠⎝ 1280000 400 ⎠ 40 ⎭
span at
13L/20 of an At SLS
1 ⎧ Li Qcsi ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 559426 434Kk ⎞ 13RΔT ⎫
end support
M E3TRd,(ΔT +Q) = k Rad,M 3T ⎨ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ + ⎟− L ⎬
γ M (SLS) ⎩ 16 ⎝ 1 + Kk ⎠⎝ 1280000 400 ⎠ 40 ⎭
Shear At ULS
1 ⎧ Qcsi ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 124901 49 ⎞ R ⎫
strength at VU 3TRd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3T ⎨ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ + K k ⎟ − ΔT ⎬
the end γ M (USLS ) ⎩ 2 ⎝1+ Kk ⎠⎝ 256000 80 ⎠ 2 ⎭
support
At SLS
1 ⎧ Qcsi ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 124901 49 ⎞ R ⎫
V E 3TRd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3T ⎨ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ + K k ⎟ − ΔT ⎬
γ M ( SLS ) ⎩ 2 ⎝1+ Kk ⎠⎝ 256000 80 ⎠ 2 ⎭
Shear At ULS This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading above
strength near (Interaction M;R):
the central
1 ⎧ Qcsi ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 131099 31 ⎞ RΔT ⎫
support VU 3 ARd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A ⎨ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ + Kk ⎟ − ⎬
γ M (ULS ) ⎩ 2 ⎝1+ Kk ⎠⎝ 256000 80 ⎠ 2 ⎭
At SLS This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading above
(Interaction M;R):
1 ⎧ Qcsi ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 131099 31 ⎞ RΔT ⎫
V E 3 ARd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A ⎨ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ + Kk ⎟ − ⎬
γ M ( SLS ) ⎩ 2 ⎝1+ Kk ⎠⎝ 256000 80 ⎠ 2 ⎭
Compression At ULS PU 3TRd ,( ΔT +Q ) = VU 3TRd ,( ΔT +Q )
28
strength on At SLS PE 3TRd ,( ΔT +Q ) = VE 3TRd ,( ΔT +Q )
the end
support
Compression At ULS This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading above
Strength on (Interaction M;R):
the central ⎧⎪ Q ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 131099 31 ⎞ RΔT ⎫⎪
support PU 3 ARd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A ⎨ csi ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ + Kk ⎟ + ⎬
⎪⎩ γ M (ULS ) ⎝1+ Kk ⎠⎝ 256000 80 ⎠ γ M (ULS ) ⎪⎭
At SLS This strength on the central support shall be in link with the
loading above (Interaction M;R):
⎧⎪ Q ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 131099 31 ⎞ RΔT ⎫⎪
PE 3 ARd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A ⎨ csi ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ + Kk ⎟ + ⎬
⎪⎩ γ M ( SLS ) ⎝ 1 + K k ⎠⎝ 256000 80 ⎠ γ M ( SLS ) ⎪⎭
Note 17:
Very often, it is difficult to see a failure by compression on a support. In the design by calculation, a calculation
of the stress applied on the support in function of the reaction of the central support and a comparison of this
stress with the compression stress is one way to know if the failure by compression is obtained or not.
The same approach shall be followed with a negative thermal gradient
The compression strength will be replaced by a strength of the assemblies below a traction loading.
5.3.3.2 Panels on 3 supports (elastic-plastic approach)

The table 11 gives the values of the strength bending moment and shear strength for an example of
loading UEAtc.
Table 11 – Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports :Elastic-plastic approach -

Panels on 3 supports with flat facing (Tint > Text)
Type of loading At ULS Qc/4 Qc/4 (after wrinkling on the central support)
ΔT
MU3Ares
L Rc after wrinkling on the central support below Q + ΔT
At SLS
Qcs/4 Qcs/4 Qcs/4 Qcs/4
ΔT
int L int L
RΔT due to the thermal gradient only
Strength At ⎧⎛ Q − Rc ⎞ 49 Qc Li ⎫ 1
bending ULS M U 3 A resRd ( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad , M 3 A ⎨⎜ c ⎟ Li − ⎬
moment on ⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ 160 ⎭ γ M (ULS )
the central At
1 ⎧ Li Qcsi ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 31899 ⎞ R ⎫
support SLS M E 3 ARd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad , M 3 A ⎨ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟ + L ΔT ⎬
γ M ( SLS ) ⎩ 16 ⎝ 1 + K k ⎠⎝ 32000 ⎠ 2 ⎭
Strength At 217 Li 13M U 3 A resRdΔT
bending ULS M U 3T Rdp ( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad , M 3T Qc i −
moment in 3200γ M (ULS ) 20
span at
29
13L/20 of an At
1 ⎧ Li Qcsi ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 559426 434 K k ⎞ 13RΔT ⎫
end support SLS M E 3TRd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad , M 3T ⎨ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ + ⎟− L ⎬
γ M ( SLS ) ⎩ 16 ⎝ 1 + K k ⎠⎝ 1280000 400 ⎠ 40 ⎭
Shear At 49Qc i Rad ,V 3T M U 3 A resRdpΔT

strength at ULS VUT Rdp ( ΔT + Q ) = [ (k )− ]
the end 160 γ M (ULS ) L
support
At
1 ⎧ Qcsi ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 124901 49 ⎞ R ⎫
SLS VE 3TRd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3T ⎨ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ + K k ⎟ − ΔT ⎬
γ M ( SLS ) ⎩ 2 ⎝1+ Kk ⎠⎝ 256000 80 ⎠ 2 ⎭
Shear At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading above (Interaction M;R):
strength near ULS 31Qc i Rad ,V 3 A M U 3 A resRdpΔT
the central VUA TRdp ( ΔT +Q ) = [ (k )+ ]
support 160 γ M (ULS ) L
At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading above (Interaction M;R):
SLS
1 ⎧ Qcsi ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 131099 31 ⎞ RΔT ⎫
VE 3 ARd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A ⎨ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ + Kk ⎟ − ⎬
γ M ( SLS ) ⎩ 2 ⎝1+ Kk ⎠⎝ 256000 80 ⎠ 2 ⎭
Compression At PU 3TRd ,( ΔT +Q ) = VU 3TRd ,( ΔT +Q )
strength on ULS
the end At PE 3TRd ,( ΔT +Q ) = VE 3TRd ,( ΔT +Q )
support SLS
Compression At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading above (Interaction M;R):
Strength on ULS 31Q R M
the central PU 3 A Rdp ( ΔT +Q ) = 2 [ ci
(k
ad ,V 3T
)+
U 3 A resRdpΔT
]
support 160 γ M (ULS ) L
At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading
SLS above (Interaction M;R):
⎧⎪ Q ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 131099 31 ⎞ RΔT ⎫⎪
PE 3 ARd ,( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A ⎨ csi ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ + Kk ⎟ + ⎬
⎪⎩ γ M ( SLS ) ⎝ 1 + K k ⎠⎝ 256000 80 ⎠ γ M ( SLS ) ⎪⎭
The same approach shall be followed with a depression loading.
Note 18:
In alternative, it is possible to build an interaction diagram when it is known on the central support the load and the
bending moment applied. In this case, it is important to measure also on the central support the rotation during the tests.
5.4 Panel with one face Ribbed and one face flat
5.4.1.1 Case of 1 punctual load
Method based on two different tests in terms of span and a constant value of Δ T
Panel on 2 supports with load to have no deflection at mid span L i min

ΔT
L i min
30
Qi
L i min
Panel on 2 supports with load to have no deflection at mid span L j max

ΔT
L j max
Q j
L j max
⎛ αΔTL2i ⎞
f iΔT ( x = Li / 2 ) = −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟[− β ΔIi + 1] With fi < 0 In these formulas, the self weight effect is neglected)
⎝ 8e ⎠
λi f i ΔT ( x=Li / 2 ) = − i i (1 − β Qi ) − (1 − βQi ) With fi < 0 In these formulas, the self

3
QL Qi Li
48BsΔT 4Gc AcΔT
weight effect is neglected)
⎛ αΔTL2j ⎞
f jΔT ( x = Lj / 2 ) = −⎜ [
⎜ 8e ⎟
]
⎟ − β ΔTj + 1 With δ ΔTj < 0 In these formulas, the self weight effect is neglected)
⎝ ⎠
3
λ j f j ΔT ( x= Lj / 2) = − j j (1 − β Qj ) − (1 − βQj ) With fj < 0 In these formulas, the self

QL QjLj
48 BsΔT 4Gc AcΔT
With:
BF 1 BF 1
β Qi = β Qj =
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢B + BsΔT ⎥ ⎢ BsΔT ⎥
⎢ F 1 ⎛ 12 BsΔT ⎞ ⎥ ⎢ BF 1 + ⎛ ⎞⎥
⎢ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
2 ⎟⎥ ⎢ ⎜1 + 12 BsΔT2 ⎟⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ Gc Ac Li ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎜ G AL ⎟⎥
⎝ c c j ⎠⎦
BF 1 BF 1
β ΔTi = β ΔTj =
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ F1 ⎛ 8 BsΔT ⎞ ⎥ ⎢ BF 1 + ⎛ ⎞⎥
⎢ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
2 ⎟⎥ ⎢ ⎜1 + 8 BsΔT 2 ⎟⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ Gc Ac Li ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎜ G AL ⎟⎥
⎝ c c j ⎠⎦
31
Synthesis of the procedure:
The geometric and mechanical data are:
Li ; L j ; e; ΔT ; α = 12 E −6
The tests results are:

Qi ; Q j ; f iΔT ; f jΔT ; λ
Parameters:
BsΔT BsΔT
=B =X
BF 1 Gc Ac
1) Calculation of B:
B=
[L2
j − L2i ] Or B =
[L − L ]
2
i
2
j
⎡αΔT ⎛ L4j L4 ⎞ 2 ⎤ ⎡ αΔT ⎛ L4j L4 ⎞ 2 ⎤

⎢ ⎜− + i ⎟ − L j + L2i ⎥ ⎢ ⎜ − i ⎟ + L j − L2i ⎥
⎜ f ⎟ ⎜f ⎟
⎢⎣ 8e ⎝ jΔT f iΔT ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8e ⎝ jΔT fiΔT ⎠ ⎥⎦
2) Calculation of X:
L2i ⎧⎪ ⎡⎛ αΔTL2i ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪ L2j ⎧⎪ ⎡⎛ αΔTL2j ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪

X =− ⎨ ⎢⎜ ⎜ ⎟ + + = − ⎨ B ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟ + 1⎥ + 1⎬
B ⎟ ⎥ ⎬
1 1 Or X
⎟ ⎥
8 ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣⎝ 8efiΔT ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭ 8 ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣⎝ 8ef jΔT ⎠ ⎦ ⎪⎭
3) Calculation of BsΔT :
⎛ Qi L3i ⎞ 1
BsΔT = −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 48 f iΔT λi ⎠ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎥
+⎜ ⎟
⎢ ⎡ ⎤ ⎜⎝ 1 + 4 K i ⎟⎠⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1 + 2.6666667 K i )⎢ − 1⎥
⎢ 1
⎥ ⎥
⎢ ⎛ f iΔT 8e ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟ +1 ⎥
2 ⎟
⎢ ⎣⎢ ⎝ α Δ TL i ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
3BsΔT 3X
with: K i = 2
= 2
Gc AcΔT L i Li
4) Calculation of Gc AcΔT ; BF 1 :
BsΔT BsΔT
BF 1 = Gc AcΔT =
B X
32
5.4.1.2 Case of UEATC guidance loading
Determination of the bending B s Δ T and shear G c A c Δ T thermal rigidities (2)
Method based on two different tests in terms of span and a constant value of Δ T
Panel on 2 supports with load to have no deflection at mid span L i min
ΔT
0.1L 0.3L 0.2L 0.3L 0.1 L
L i min
Qi / 4
0.1L 0.3L 0.2L 0.3L 0.1 L
L i min
Panel on 2 supports with load to have no deflection at mid span L j max

ΔT
L j max
Qj /4
L j max
⎛ αΔTL2i ⎞
f iΔT ( x = Li / 2 ) = −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟[− β ΔIi + 1] With fi < 0 In these formulas, the self weight effect is neglected)
⎝ 8e ⎠
(1 − βQi ) − Qi Li (1 − βQi ) With fi < 0 In these formulas, the self

3
31Qi Li
λi f i ΔT ( x = Li / 2 ) = −
2400 BsΔT 8Gc AcΔT
⎛ αΔTL2j ⎞
f jΔT ( x = Lj / 2 ) = −⎜
⎜ 8e ⎟
[ ]
⎟ − β ΔTj + 1 With δ ΔTj < 0 In these formulas, the self weight effect is neglected)
⎝ ⎠
λ j f j ΔT ( x = Lj / 2 ) = −
31Q j L j
(1 − β ) −Qj
Qj Lj
(1 − β ) With fj < 0 In these formulas, the self
Qj
2400 BsΔT 8Gc AcΔT
With:
33
BF 1 BF 1
β Qi = β Qj =
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ F1 ⎛ 300 BsΔT ⎞ ⎥ ⎢ BF 1 + ⎛ ⎞⎥
⎢ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
2 ⎟⎥ ⎢ ⎜1 + 300 BsΔT 2 ⎟⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ 31Gc Ac Li ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎜ 31G A L ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ c c j ⎠⎦
BF 1 BF 1
β ΔTi = β ΔTj =
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ F1 ⎛ 8 BsΔT ⎞ ⎥ ⎢ BF 1 + ⎛ ⎞⎥
⎢ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
2 ⎟⎥ ⎢ ⎜1 + 8 BsΔT 2 ⎟⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ Gc Ac Li ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎜ G AL ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ c c j ⎠⎦
Synthesis of the procedure:
The geometric and mechanical data are:

Li ; L j ; e; ΔT ; α = 12 E −6
The tests results are:

Qi ; Q j ; f iΔT ; f jΔT ; λ
Parameters:
BsΔT BsΔT
=B =X
BF 1 Gc Ac
1) Calculation of B:
B=
[L
2
j − L2i ] Or B =
[L − L ]
2
i
2
j
⎡αΔT ⎛ L4j L4i ⎞ 2 ⎤ ⎡ αΔT ⎛ L4j L4i ⎞ 2 ⎤

⎢ ⎜− + ⎟ − L j + L2i ⎥ ⎢ ⎜ − ⎟ + L j − L2i ⎥
⎜ f ⎟ ⎜f ⎟
⎣⎢ 8e ⎝ jΔT f iΔT ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 8e ⎝ jΔT fiΔT ⎠ ⎦⎥
2) Calculation of X:
L2i ⎧⎪ ⎡⎛ αΔTL2i ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪ L2j ⎧⎪ ⎡⎛ αΔTL2j ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪

X =− ⎜
⎨ B ⎢⎜ ⎟
⎟ + 1⎥ + 1⎬ Or X = − 8 ⎨ B ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟ + 1⎥ + 1⎬
⎟ ⎥
8 ⎪⎩ ⎣⎢⎝ 8efiΔT ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ ⎣⎢⎝ 8ef jΔT ⎠ ⎦ ⎪⎭
3) Calculation of BsΔT :
34
⎛ 31Qi L3i ⎞ 1
BsΔT = −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2400 f iΔT λi ⎠ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎛ ⎞⎥
⎜ ⎟
⎢ ⎟⎥
+⎜
1 1
⎢ ⎡ ⎤ ⎜ ⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎢ +
⎥ ⎜ ⎜⎝ 31 ⎟⎠ K i ⎟⎥
1
⎢ ⎢ ⎝ ⎠⎥
⎢ (1 + 2.6666667 K i )⎢ − 1⎥
1
⎥ ⎥
⎢ ⎛ f iΔT 8e ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟ +1 ⎥
2 ⎟
⎢ ⎣⎢ ⎝ α Δ TL i ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
3BsΔT 3X
With: K i = 2
= 2
Gc AcΔT L i Li
4) Calculation of Gc AcΔT ; BF 1 :
BsΔT BsΔT
BF 1 = Gc AcΔT =
B X
35
5.4.2 Determination of the strength bending moment M Rd ,ΔT and shear load V Rd ,ΔT
5.4.2.1 Panels on 2 supports
5.4.2.1.1 Example of strength values for a panel on 2 supports below ΔT
Panels on 2 supports (one face flat one face ribbed)
Type of loading
BF1 ΔTRd fixed
β=
Bs
BF 1 + L
(1 + 2.6666 K )
3Bs
K=
Gc Ac L2
Inside strength At αΔTRd
Bending Moment ULS M U 2Ts ,RdΔT = − M U 2TF 1,RdΔT = k Rad ,M 2T BF 1 (1 − β )
at mid span eγ M (ULS )
At αΔTRd
SLS M E 2Ts ,RdΔT = − M U 2TF 1,RdΔT = k Rad ,M 2T BF 1 (1 − β )
eγ M ( SLS )
Shear strength At No verification
ULS
At No verification
SLS
Compression At No verification
strength ULS
At No verification
SLS
Table 12 Example of strength values for a panel on 2 supports below ΔT
5.4.2.1.2 Example of strength values for a panel on 2 supports below ΔT+Q

ΔT fixed
L
Global At Li
strength ULS M U 2T ,RdΔT = k Rad ,M 2T Qc i
Bending 8γ M (ULS )
Moment At Li
at mid span SLS M E 2T ,RdΔT = k Rad ,M 2T Qi ,elastic
8γ M ( SLS )
Shear At If the maximum action on the support is in link with the
strength ULS loading above (no shear collapse during the test):
Qc i
VU 2T ,RdΔT = k Rad ,V 2T
2γ M (ULS )
If not, A15 of the EN 14509 is used
At If the maximum action on the support is in link with the
SLS loading above (no shear collapse during the test):
Qi ,elastic
VE 2T ,RdΔT = k Rad ,V 2T
2γ M ( SLS )
36
Compression At If the action on the support is in link with the loading
strength ULS above :
Qc i
PU 2T ,RdΔT = k Rad ,V 2T
2γ M (ULS )
At If the action on the support is in link with the loading above
SLS :
Qi ,elastic
PE 2T ,RdΔT = k Rad ,V 2T
2γ M ( SLS )
Table 13 Example of strength values for a panel on 2 supports below ΔT+Q
The same approach shall be followed with a negative thermal, gradient.
5.4.2.1.3 Example of strength values for a panel on 2 supports at 20°C

L
Global At Li
strength ULS M U 2T , Rd = k Rad , M 2T Qc i
Bending 8γ M (ULS )
Moment At Li
at mid span SLS M E 2T , Rd = k Rad , M 2T Qi , elastic
8γ M ( SLS )
Strength At
Bending ULS M U 2Ts ,Rd = k Rad ,M 2T Qc i
Li
(1 − β )
Moment 8γ M (ULS )
at mid span At
in the SLS M E 2Ts ,Rd = k Rad ,M 2T Qi ,elastic
Li
(1 − β )
sandwich 8γ M ( SLS )
part
Strength At
Bending ULS M U 2TF 1, Rd = k Rad , M 2T Qc i
Li
(β )
Moment 8γ M (ULS )
at mid span At
in the ribbed SLS M E 2TF 1,Rd = k Rad ,M 2T Qi ,elastic
Li
(β )
profiled 8γ M (SLS )
Shear At If the maximum action on the support is in link with
strength ULS the loading above (no shear collapse during the test):
Qc i
VU 2T ,Rd = k Rad ,V 2T
2γ M (ULS )
If not, A15 of EN 14509 is used
At If the maximum action on the support is in link with
SLS the loading above (no shear collapse during the test):
Qi ,elastic
VE 2T ,Rd = k Rad ,V 2T
2γ M ( SLS )
Compression At If the action on the support is in link with the loading above :
strength ULS Qc i
PU 2T ,Rd = k Rad ,V 2T
2γ M (ULS )
37
At If the action on the support is in link with the loading above :
SLS Qi ,elastic
PE 2T ,Rd = k Rad ,V 2T
2γ M ( SLS )
If not, A15 of EN 14509 used
Table 14 : Example of strength values for a panel on 2 supports at 20°C

The compression strength will be replaced by strength of the assemblies below a traction loading.
BF 1
β=
⎡ ⎤
⎢ Bs ⎥
⎢ BF 1 + ⎥
⎢ ⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎥
⎜1 + K⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ 31 ⎠ ⎥⎦
5.4.2.2 Panels on 3 supports
5.4.2.2.1 (Elastic approach)
5.4.2.2.1.1 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic approach below ΔT-
Type of loading
ΔTcs fixed
L RcsΔT L
ΔTcs :maximum aThermal gradient pplied during the test before
wrinkling on central support
ΔTcs fixed
λΔTMs L
L
ΔTcs fixed that imply no wrinkling on the central support
Strength bending At ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡⎛ L ⎞
moment on the ULS M U 3 A,RdΔT = k Rad ,M 3 A ⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜ ⎟ Rcs ,testΔT ⎤⎥
⎜γ ⎟
central support
⎝ M (ULS ) ⎠ ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
At ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡⎛ L ⎞
SLS M E 3 A,RdΔT = k Rad ,M 3 A ⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜ ⎟ Rcsel ,testΔT ⎤⎥
⎜γ ⎟
⎝ M ( SLS ) ⎠ ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
Global strength At Li ⎡⎛ 13L ⎞ ⎤
bending moment ULS M U 3T ,RdΔT ( x=13 L 20) = k Rad ,M 3T ⎢⎜ ⎟ Rcs ,testΔT ⎥
in span at 13L/20 γ M (ULS ) ⎣⎝ 40 ⎠ ⎦
of an end support At Li ⎡⎛ 13L ⎞ ⎤
SLS M E 3T ,RdΔT ( x=13 L / 20) = k Rad ,M 3T ⎢⎜ ⎟ Rcsel ,testΔT ⎥
γ M (SLS ) ⎣⎝ 40 ⎠ ⎦
Shear strength at At If action on the support in link with the loading above :
the end support ULS 1 ⎡ Rcstest ⎤
γ M (ULS ) ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
At If action on the support in link with the loading above :
SLS 1 ⎡ Rcsel ,test ⎤
γ M ( SLS ) ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
If not,A15 of the EN 14509 is used
38
Shear strength near At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the
the central support ULS loading above (Interaction M;R):
1 ⎡ Rcstest ⎤
VU 3 A,RdΔT = k Rad ,V 3 A
γ M (ULS ) ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
At This strength on the support central shall be in link with the
SLS loading above (Interaction M;R):
1 ⎡ Rcsel ,test ⎤
VE 3 A,RdΔT = k Rad ,V 3 A
γ M (SLS ) ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
Compression At PU 3T ,RdΔT = VU 3T ,RdΔT
strength on the end ULS
support At PE 3T , RdΔT = VE 3T , RdΔT
SLS
Compression At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the
strength on the ULS loading above (Interaction M;R):
central support
PU 3 A,RdΔT = k Rad ,V 3 A
1
[Rcstest ]
γ M (ULS )
At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the
SLS loading above (Interaction M;R):
PE 3 A,RdΔT = k Rad ,V 3 A
1
[R ]
γ M ( SLS ) csel ,test
Table 15 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic approach below ΔT-
Note 19:
39
5.4.2.2.1.2 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic approach below ΔT+Q
ΔT fixed
L Rc L
Qcs :Load maximum applied during the test before wrinkling on central support
Qcs/4 Qcs/4
ΔT fixed
⎡ 31 R ⎤
λQcs L and λcs = ⎢ − cs ⎥
⎣160 2Q cs ⎦
L
Strength At ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡⎛ Qcsi − Rcsi ⎞ ⎛ 49Qcsi L ⎞⎤

bending ULS M U 3 A, Rd ( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad , M 3 A ⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜ ⎟ L−⎜ ⎟⎥
⎜γ ⎟ ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 160 ⎠⎦
moment on
⎝ M (ULS ) ⎠
the central
support
At ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡⎛ Qcsi,el − Rcsi,el ⎞ ⎛ 49Qcsi,el L ⎞⎤
SLS M E3 A,Rd (ΔT +Q) = k Rad ,M 3 A ⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜ ⎟⎟L − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎜γ ⎟ ⎜
⎝ M ( SLS ) ⎠⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 160 ⎠⎦
Global At Li ⎡⎛ Qcsi − Rcsi ⎞⎛ 13L ⎞ 21Qcsi L ⎤

M U 3T , Rd ( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad , M 3T ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟−
160 ⎥⎦
strength ULS
bending γ M (ULS ) ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 20 ⎠
moment in
span at
13L/20 of an
At
Li ⎡⎛ Qcsi,el − Rcsi,el ⎞⎛ 13L ⎞ 21Qcsi,el L ⎤
SLS M E 3T , Rd ( ΔT +Q) = k Rad ,M 3T ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟− ⎥
end support γ M ( SLS ) ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 20 ⎠ 160 ⎦
At This strength on the support central shall be in link with the loading
1 ⎡ Rcsi ⎤
VE 3 A, Rd ( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A ⎢ 2 ⎥
γ M ( SLS ) ⎣ ⎦
Compression At If action on the support in link with the loading above :
strength on ULS 1 ⎡ Qcsi − Rcsi ⎤
the end VU 3T , Rd ( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3T ⎢ ⎥
support γ M (ULS ) ⎣ 2 ⎦
SLS
1 ⎡ Qcsi ,el − Rcsi ,el ⎤
VE 3T , Rd ( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3T ⎢ ⎥
γ M ( SLS ) ⎣ 2 ⎦
Compression At Shear strength near the central support
strength on ULS This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading
the central above (Interaction M;R):
support 1 ⎡ Rcsi ⎤
VU 3 A, Rd ( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A ⎢ 2 ⎥
γ M (ULS ) ⎣ ⎦
40
PE 3 A, Rd (ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A Qcs i ,el

1
[R ]
γ M ( SLS )
csi ,el
Table 16 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic approach below
Note 20:
41
5.4.2.2.1.3 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic approach at 20°C –
L L
Qcs :Load maximum applied during the test before wrinkling on central
support
Qcs/4 Qcs/4
⎡ 31 R ⎤
λQcs L λcs = ⎢ − cs ⎥
⎣160 2Qcs ⎦
L
Strength bending At M U 3 A,Rd = k Rad ,M 3 A Qcs i Li λcsi
moment on the central ULS
support At M E 3 A,Rd = k Rad ,M 3 A Qcs i ,el Li λcsi ,el
SLS
Global strength At Li ⎡ 217 13λcsi ⎤
M U 3T ,Rd = k Rad ,M 3T Qcs i −
γ M (ULS ) ⎢⎣ 3200 20 ⎥⎦
bending moment in ULS
span at 13L/20 of an
⎡ 217 13λcsi ,el ⎤
end support At Li
M E 3T ,Rd = k Rad ,M 3T Qcs i ,el −
γ M ( SLS ) ⎢⎣ 3200 20 ⎥⎦
SLS
Strength bending At Li ⎡ 217 13λcsi ⎤

M U 3Ts ,Rd = k Rad ,M 3T Qcs i − (1 − β )
γ M (ULS ) ⎢⎣ 3200 20 ⎥⎦
moment in span at ULS
13L/20 of an end
⎡ 217 13λcsi ,el ⎤
support taken by the At
sandwich part M E 3Ts ,Rd = k Rad ,M 3T Qcs i ,el
Li
− (1 − β )
γ M (SLS ) ⎢⎣ 3200 20 ⎥⎦
SLS
Strength bending At Li ⎡ 217 13λcsi ⎤

M U 3TF 1,Rd = k Rad ,M 3T Qcs i − β
γ M (ULS ) ⎢⎣ 3200 20 ⎥⎦
moment in span at ULS
13L/20 of an end
⎡ 217 13λcsi ,el ⎤
support taken by the At Li
ribbed profile M E 3TF 1s Rd = k Rad ,M 3T Qcs i ,el − β
γ M ( SLS ) ⎢⎣ 3200 20 ⎥⎦
SLS
Shear strength at the At If action on the support in link with the loading above :
end support ULS
VU 3T ,Rd = k Rad ,V 3T Qcs i
1 ⎡ 49
− λ
⎤
= k R
(
Qcsi − Rcsi )
γ M (ULS ) ⎢⎣160 csi ⎥⎦ ad ,V 3T
2γ M (ULS )
( )
SLS
1 ⎡ 49 ⎤ Qcsi ,el − Rcsi ,el
VE 3T ,Rd = k Rad ,V 3T Qcs i ,el − λ = kR
γ M ( SLS ) ⎢⎣160 csi,el ⎥⎦ ad ,V 3T
2γ M ( SLS )
If not, A15 of The EN 14509 is used

Shear strength near At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading
the central support ULS above (Interaction M;R):
1 ⎡ 31 ⎤ Rcsi
VU 3 A,Rd = k Rad ,V 3 A Qcs i ⎢ + λcsi ⎥ = k Rad ,V 3 A
γ M (ULS ) ⎣160 ⎦ 2γ M (ULS )
42
1 ⎡ 31 ⎤ R
VE 3 A,Rd = k Rad ,V 3 A Qcs i ,el ⎢ + λcsu ,el ⎥ = k Rad ,V 3 A csi ,el
γ M ( SLS ) ⎣160 ⎦ 2γ M ( SLS )
Compression At PU 3T ,Rd = VU 3T ,Rd

strength on ULS
the end At PE 3T ,Rd = VE 3T ,Rd
support SLS
Compression At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading
strength on ULS above (Interaction M;R):
the central 1 ⎡ 31 ⎤ Rcsi
support PU 3 A,Rd = k Rad ,V 3 A Qcs i ⎢ + λcsi ⎥ = k Rad ,V 3 A
γ M (ULS ) ⎣160 ⎦ γ M (ULS )
1 ⎡ 31 ⎤ Rcsi ,el
PE 3 A,Rd = k Rad ,V 3 A Qcs i ,el + λ = k R
γ M ( SLS ) ⎢⎣160 csi ,el ⎥⎦ ad ,V 3 A
γ M ( SLS )
Table 17 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic approach at 20°C
Note 21:
BF 1 3Bs
β= K=
⎡ ⎤ Gc Ac L2
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ Bs ⎥
⎢ BF 1 + ⎥
⎢ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞⎥
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎢ ⎜1 + ⎜ 1 ⎟K ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎜ ⎜ 1049 60λtest ⎟ ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎜ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎝ 3200 19 ⎠ ⎠⎦
43
5.4.2.2.2 (Elastic-plastic-approach)
5.4.2.2.2.1 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic/plastic approach below ΔT
Type of loading
ΔTc fixed
L RcsΔT L
ΔTc :maximum Thermal gradient applied during the test before wrinkling in
span
ΔTc fixed
λΔTMs L
L
ΔTc fixed that imply no wrinkling on the central support
Strength bending At ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡⎛ L ⎞
moment on the ULS M U 3 A,RdΔT = k Rad ,M 3 A ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ Rc ,testΔT ⎤
⎜γ ⎟⎢ ⎥
central support ⎝ M (ULS ) ⎠ ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
At ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡⎛ L ⎞
SLS M E 3 A,RdΔT = k Rad ,M 3 A ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ Rcel ,testΔT ⎤
⎜γ ⎟⎢ ⎥
⎝ M ( SLS ) ⎠ ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
Global strength At Li ⎡⎛ 13L ⎞ ⎤
bending moment ULS M U 3T ,RdΔT ( x=13 L 20) = k Rad ,M 3T ⎢⎜ ⎟ Rc ,testΔT ⎥
in span at 13L/20 γ M (ULS ) ⎣⎝ 40 ⎠ ⎦
of an end support At Li ⎡⎛ 13L ⎞ ⎤
SLS M E 3T ,RdΔT ( x=13 L / 20) = k Rad ,M 3T ⎢⎜ ⎟ Rcel ,testΔT ⎥
γ M ( SLS ) ⎣⎝ 40 ⎠ ⎦
Shear strength at At If action on the support in link with the loading above :
the end support ULS 1 ⎡ Rcstest ⎤
γ M (ULS ) ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
SLS 1 ⎡ Rcel ,test ⎤
γ M ( SLS ) ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
Shear strength near At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading
the central support ULS above (Interaction M;R):
1 ⎡ Rctest ⎤
VU 3 A,RdΔT = k Rad ,V 3 A
γ M (ULS ) ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ Rcel ,test ⎤
VE 3 A,RdΔT = k Rad ,V 3 A
γ M (SLS ) ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
Compression At PU 3T ,RdΔT = VU 3T ,RdΔT
strength on the end ULS
support At PE 3T , RdΔT = VE 3T , RdΔT
SLS
Compression At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading
strength on the ULS above (Interaction M;R):
central support
PU 3 A,RdΔT = k Rad ,V 3 A
1
[Rctest ]
γ M (ULS )
44
PE 3 A,RdΔT = k Rad ,V 3 A
1
[R ]
γ M ( SLS ) cel ,test
Table 18 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic/plastic approach below ΔT
Note 22:
45
5.4.2.2.2.2 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic-plastic approach below ΔT+Q
ΔT fixed
L L
Qcs :Load maximum applied during the test after wrinkling on support and span
Qc/4 Qc/4
ΔT fixed
λQc L
Strength At ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡⎛ Qci − Rci ⎞ ⎛ 49Qci L ⎞⎤

bending ULS M U 3 A, Rdp ( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad , M 3 A ⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜ ⎟L − ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎜γ ⎟ ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 160 ⎠⎦
moment on
⎝ M (ULS ) ⎠
the central
support
At ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡⎛ Qcsi,el − Rcsi,el ⎞ ⎛ 49Qcsi,el L ⎞⎤
SLS M E3 A,Rd (ΔT +Q) = k Rad ,M 3 A ⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜ ⎟⎟L − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎜γ ⎟ ⎜
⎝ M ( SLS) ⎠ ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 160 ⎠⎦
Global At Li ⎡⎛ Qci − Rci ⎞⎛ 13L ⎞ 21Qci L ⎤

M U 3T , Rdp ( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad , M 3T ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟−
160 ⎥⎦
strength ULS
bending γ M (ULS ) ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 20 ⎠
moment in
span at
13L/20 of an
At
Li ⎡⎛ Qcsi,el − Rcsi,el ⎞⎛ 13L ⎞ 21Qcsi,el L ⎤
SLS M E3T ,Rd (ΔT +Q) = k Rad ,M 3T ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟− ⎥
end support γ M ( SLS) ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 20 ⎠ 160 ⎦
Shear At If action on the support in link with the loading above :

strength at ULS 1 ⎡ Qci − Rci ⎤
the end VU 3T , Rd ( ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3T ⎢ ⎥
support γ M (ULS ) ⎣ 2 ⎦
SLS
1 ⎡ Qcsi ,el − Rcsi ,el ⎤
VE 3T , Rd (ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3T ⎢ ⎥
γ M ( SLS ) ⎣ 2 ⎦
Shear At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading above
strength near ULS (Interaction M;R):
the central 1 ⎡ Rci ⎤
support VU 3 A, Rd (ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A ⎢ 2 ⎥
γ M (ULS ) ⎣ ⎦
At This strength on the support central shall be in link with the loading above
SLS (Interaction M;R):
1 ⎡ Rci ⎤
VE 3 A, Rd (ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A ⎢ 2 ⎥
γ M ( SLS ) ⎣ ⎦
Compression At PU 3T , Rd (ΔT +Q ) = VU 3T , Rd (ΔT +Q )
strength on ULS
the end At PE 3T , Rd (ΔT +Q ) = V E 3T , Rd (ΔT +Q )
support SLS
46
Compression At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading above
strength on ULS (Interaction M;R):
the central
support PU 3 A, Rd (ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A
1
[Rci ]
γ M (ULS )
At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading above
PE 3 A, Rd (ΔT +Q ) = k Rad ,V 3 A Qcs i ,el

1
[R ]
γ M ( SLS )
csi ,el
Table 19 - Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic-plastic approach below ΔT+Q -
Note 23 :
47
5.4.2.2.2.3 Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic-plastic approach at 20°C
L L
Qc :Load maximum applied during the test after wrinkling on support and in
span
Qc/4 Qc/4
⎡ 31 R ⎤
λQc L λc = ⎢ − c ⎥
⎣160 2Qc ⎦
Strength At M U 3 A,Rdp = k Rad ,M 3 A Qc i Li λci

bending ULS
moment on At M E 3 A,Rd = k Rad ,M 3 A Qcs i ,el Li λcsi ,el
the central SLS
support
Global At Li ⎡ 217 13λci ⎤
M U 3T ,Rdp = k Rad ,M 3T Qc i −
γ M (ULS ) ⎢⎣ 3200 20 ⎥⎦
strength ULS
bending
⎡ 217 13λcsi ,el ⎤
moment in At Li
span at M E 3T ,Rd = k Rad ,M 3T Qcs i ,el −
γ M ( SLS ) ⎢⎣ 3200 20 ⎥⎦
SLS
13L/20 of an
end support
Strength At ⎡ 217 13λci ⎤
M U 3Ts ,Rdp = k Rad ,M 3T Qc i
Li
− (1 − β )
γ M (ULS ) ⎢⎣ 3200 20 ⎥⎦
bending ULS
moment in
⎡ 217 13λcsi ,el ⎤
span at At
13L/20 of an M E 3Ts ,Rd = k Rad ,M 3T Qcs i ,el
Li
− (1 − β )
γ M (SLS ) ⎢⎣ 3200 20 ⎥⎦
SLS
end support
taken by the
sandwich
part
Strength At Li ⎡ 217 13λci ⎤
M U 3TF 1,Rdp = k Rad ,M 3T Qc i − β
γ M (ULS ) ⎢⎣ 3200 20 ⎥⎦
bending ULS
moment in
⎡ 217 13λcsi ,el ⎤
span at At Li
13L/20 of an M E 3TF 1s Rd = k Rad ,M 3T Qcs i ,el − β
γ M ( SLS ) ⎢⎣ 3200 20 ⎥⎦
SLS
end support
taken by the
ribbed
profile
Shear At If action on the support in link with the loading above :
strength at ULS
1 ⎡ 49 ⎤ ⎛ Qcsi − Rcsi ⎞
the end VU 3T ,Rd = k Rad ,V 3T Qc i − λ = k R ⎜ ⎟
support γ M (ULS ) ⎢⎣160 ci ⎥⎦ ad ,V 3T ⎜
2γ
⎝ M (ULS ) ⎠
⎟
SLS
1 ⎡ 49 ⎤ ⎛ Qcsi ,el − Rcsi ,el ⎞
VE 3T ,Rd = k Rad ,V 3T Qcs i ,el − λ = k R ⎜ ⎟
γ M ( SLS ) ⎢⎣160 csi ,el ⎥⎦ ad ,V 3T ⎜
⎝ 2 γ M ( SLS )
⎟
⎠
48
Shear At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading above
strength near ULS (Interaction M;R):
support VU 3 A,Rd = k Rad ,V 3 A Qc i ⎢ + λci ⎥ = k Rad ,V 3 A
γ M (ULS ) ⎣160 ⎦ 2γ M (ULS )
At This strength on the support central shall be in link with the loading above
1 ⎡ 31 ⎤ R
VE 3 A,Rd = k Rad ,V 3 A Qcs i ,el ⎢ + λcsu ,el ⎥ = k Rad ,V 3 A csi ,el
γ M ( SLS ) ⎣160 ⎦ 2γ M ( SLS )
Compression At PU 3T ,Rd = VU 3T ,Rd
strength on ULS
the end At PE 3T ,Rd = VE 3T ,Rd
support SLS
Compression At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading above
strength on ULS (Interaction M;R):
support PU 3 A,Rd = k Rad ,V 3 A Qc i ⎢ + λci ⎥ = k Rad ,V 3 A
γ M (ULS ) ⎣160 ⎦ γ M (ULS )
At This strength on the central support shall be in link with the loading above
1 ⎡ 31 ⎤ R
PE 3 A,Rd = k Rad ,V 3 A Qcs i ,el ⎢ + λcsi ,el ⎥ = k Rad ,V 3 A csi ,el
γ M ( SLS ) ⎣160 ⎦ γ M ( SLS )
Table 20 - Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports: Elastic-plastic approach at 20°C
Note 24:
BF 1 3Bs
β= K=
⎡ ⎤ Gc Ac L2
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ Bs ⎥
⎢ BF 1 + ⎥
⎢ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞⎥
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎢ ⎜1 + ⎜ 1 ⎟K ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎜ ⎜ 1049 60λtest ⎟ ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎜ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎝ 3200 19 ⎠ ⎠⎦
49
6 Statistical interpretations of the test results
6.1 Correction factors of the tests results
6.1.1 General expressions of the correction factors
Each text result is corrected with the following expressions given below:
6.1.1.1 For a strength capacity ( M u ; Vu ; M sLs ; VsLs )

⎛ 1 ⎞
S d = S test × Radj ,i × k × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (17)
⎝γm ⎠
6.1.1.2 For a rigidity ( BSΔT ; Gc AcΔT and B F 1 )

Rd = Rtest × Radj ,i × k (18)
With:
S d : The characteristic design solicitation considered
S test : The tested solicitation considered
Rd : The characteristic design rigidity considered
Rtest : The tested rigidity considered
Radj ,i : The correction factor to take into account of the real performance and geometry of the
different elements
k :A statistic correction factor function of the number of tests done
γ m : The security factor of the material
6.1.2 Radj ,i Values

6.1.2.1 For the equivalent rigidities BSΔT and Gc AcΔT
6.1.2.1.1 For BSΔT :
⎡⎛ t ⎞⎤⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ e
2
⎞ ⎛ t2 ⎞
Radj , Bs = ⎢⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (19)
⎣⎝ t1obs ⎠ ⎝ t 2 obs ⎠⎦⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ eobs ⎠
6.1.2.1.2 For Gc AcΔT :

Gck ⎛ e ⎞
Radj ,Gc Ac = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (20)
Gcobs ⎝ eobs ⎠
6.1.2.1.3 For B F 1 :
⎛ t ⎞
Radj , BF 1 = ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ t1obs ⎠
50
6.1.2.2 For the bending moment capacity
6.1.2.2.1 Bending moment in span below a pression loading (case of panel with profile
face)
α
⎡⎛ t ⎞
β
⎛ f y1 ⎞ ⎤⎛ e ⎞
Radj , M = ⎢⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎟ (21)
⎢⎝ t1obs ⎠
⎜f
⎝ y1obs
⎟
⎠ ⎥⎜⎝ eobs ⎠
⎣ ⎦
Note 25 :
For α ; β see A.5.5.4 of EN 14509
Expression A.15 in EN 14509 has been derived for profiled faces and fastenings, not for panels with flat faces.
The expression for adjustment factor Radj,M given hear is valid for sandwich panels with a profiled face.
6.1.2.2.2 Bending moment in span below uplift loading (case of panel with profile face)
α
⎡⎛ t ⎞
β
⎛ f y2 ⎞ ⎤⎛ e ⎞
Radj , M = ⎢⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎟ (22)
⎢⎝ t 2 obs ⎠
⎜f
⎝ y 2 obs
⎟
⎠ ⎥⎜⎝ eobs ⎠
⎣ ⎦
Note 26 :
For α ; β see A.5.5.4 of EN 14509
Expression A.15 in EN 14509 has been derived for profiled faces and fastenings, not for panels with flat faces.
The expression for adjustment factor Radj,M given hear is valid for sandwich panels with a profiled face.
6.1.2.3 For the shear force capacity

For the shear load with a failure in the core:
f cvk ⎛ e ⎞
Radj ,V = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (23)
f cvobs ⎝ eobs ⎠
51
How to take into account of the
thermal gradient
Panel on 2 Panel on 3
supports supports
2 Flat 1 flat facing 2 Flat 1 flat facing

facings 1 ribbed facing facings 1 ribbed facing
Applied on thermal action Applied on thermal action

wtest
β ΔT = β ΔT =
Rctest
wtheoritical Rctheoritical
See 5.1.1 and 5.2.1 See 5.3.1
ΔT + Qc/n
ΔT + Qc/n ΔT + Qcs/n ΔT + Qcs/n
ΔT ΔT + Qc/n ΔT + Qc/n
ΔT Mres Mres
ΔT ΔT
Calculs of : Calculus of BsΔT and GcAcΔT See 5.3.2 Rg See 5.4.1.1

Calculs of : BsΔT
BsΔT BF1ΔT Based on K=3Bs/GcAcL² Based on
GcAcΔT GcAcΔT Or directly by the knowledge K=3Bs/GcAcL² and β
See 5.1.2 and See 5.4.1.1 and 5.4.1.2 of the action on the central Or directly by the
5.2.2 support obtained by test knowledge of the action
on the central support
For a ΔT fixed obtained by test
Calculus of global
values of:
For ΔT fixed calculus
MU2TRdΔT
of : For a ΔT fixed Calculus of global elastic
ME2TRdΔT See 5.3.3.1 See
MU2TRdΔT and elastic plastic values below ΔT and
VU2TRdΔT and 5.3.3.2 ΔT +Q of: 5.4.2.2
ME2TRdΔT
VE2TRdΔT MU3ARdΔT MU3ARdpΔT
VU2TRdΔT
PU2TRdΔT ME3ARdΔT MU3ARdpΔT
VE2TRdΔT
PE2TRdΔT MU3TRdΔT MU3TRdpΔT
PU2TRdΔT
And with coef β for the ME3TRdΔT ME3TRdpΔT
PE2TRdΔT
design by calculation VU3TRdΔT VU3TRdpΔT
MU2TRdsΔT VE3TRdΔT VE3TRdpΔT
ME2TRdsΔT VU3ARdΔT VU3ARdpΔT
MU2TRdF1ΔT VE3ARdΔT VE3ARdpΔT
ME2TRdF1sΔT PU3ARdΔT PU3ARdpΔT
See 5.4.2.1.2 PE3ARdΔT PE3ARdpΔT
k1= MΔT( 80°C) / MΔT(20°C) or used A.5.5.5 EN 14509 52

7 Necessary tests
Table 21 Necessary tests
Type of test Number Tests results
Panel on 2 support below Small intermediate max span wtest
thermal gradient only Small intermediate max thickness β ΔT =
wtheoritical
Smallest facing
Panel on 2 supports below Small intermediate max span MU2TRdΔT

thermal gradient and loading Small intermediate max thickness ME2TRdΔT
(*) Smallest facing VU2TRdΔT
VE2TRdΔT
PU2TRdΔT
PE2TRdΔT
And k1
Panel on 3 supports below Small intermediate max span Rctest
thermal gradient only Small intermediate max thickness β ΔT =
Rctheoritical
Smallest facing
Panel on 3 supports below Small intermediate max span MU3ARdΔT MU3ARdpΔT

thermal gradient and loading Small intermediate max thickness ME3ARdΔT MU3ARdpΔT
(*) Smallest facing MU3TRdΔT MU3TRdpΔT
ME3TRdΔT ME3TRdpΔT
VU3TRdΔT VU3TRdpΔT
VE3TRdΔT VE3TRdpΔT
VU3ARdΔT VU3ARdpΔT
VE3ARdΔT VE3ARdpΔT
PU3ARdΔT PU3ARdpΔT
PE3ARdΔT PE3ARdpΔT
And k1
Note (*) 26:

If k1 of the EN 14509 is used, the tests below loading + thermal gradient are not necessary.
The number of tests depends of the precision wanted by the manufacturer:

- If he wants to optimise the statistic approach, each test can be made 3 times
- If he want only to have an evaluation of the different parameter, each test can be made
only one time but in this case the use of a global corrected factor k applied of the test
results must be taken into account.
Note 27:
k is around 0.85 generally if only one test is done, see draft annex F EN 14509 for the definition of k.
53
8 Notations
L : Span of the panel

e : Thickness of the panel
Δ T : Thermal gradient applied (>0 if displacement of the beam go up) T ext > T int
B s Δ T : Bending rigidity below ΔT
G c A c Δ T : Shear rigidity below ΔT
α : Expansion coefficient of the raw material of the facing
Q i : Load applied to have no displacement at mid span
p i : Permanent self weight of the panel
M i Δ T : Bending moment at mid span (central support)
V i Δ T : Shear force
R i Δ T : Reaction on the central support
f i Δ T : Thermal gradient deflection (<0)
f ig :Self weight deflection (<0)
β i : Hyper static correction factor
β k : Characteristic Hyper static correction factor
w ( x , y ) : Deflection in case of sandwich plate
Ls : small span of the panel
Li : intermediate span of the panel
Lm : maximum span of the panel
b : width of the panel
G : permanent load
p : uniform loading
W :wind action
W+ : positive wind action
W- : negative wind action
S : snow load
F : survey load
ΔT : thermal gradient
Q : linear punctual load
Qd : load test corresponding at the deflection L/200 at mid span
Qc : load test corresponding at the collapse/failure in span
Qe : limit elastic load
Qcs : load test corresponding at the collapse/failure on the central support
QΔ : thermal load test corresponding at a deflection null at mid span
RC : central support reaction that can be measured to determine the residual bending moment
RA, RB : end support reaction
MC : bending moment on the central support
V or V’ : shear failure load below a loading positive or negative
M : bending moment below a positive loading
M’ : bending moment below a negative loading
P : pression on a support
x : abscisse
F :test load below a positive loading in link with a deflection at mid span of L/200
54
F’: test load below a negative loading in link with a deflection at mid span of L/200
D : test load in link with a permanent residual deflection. Below a positive load
D’ : test load in link with a permanent residual deflection. Below a positive load
Bs : Equivalent sandwich bending rigidity
BF1 : Rigidity of the ribbed profile

GcAc : Equivalent Shear rigidity
MU2TRd : Bending strength of a panel on 2 supports below a positive loading
MU2T’Rd : Bending strength of a panel on 2 supports below a negative loading
VU2TRd : Shear strength of a panel on 2 supports below a positive loading

VU2T’Rd : Shear strength of a panel on 2 supports below a negative loading
ME2TRd : Serviceability bending strength of a panel on 2 supports below a positive loading
ME2T’Rd : Serviceability Bending strength of a panel on 2 supports below a negative loading
VE2TRd : Serviceability Shear strength of a panel on 2 supports below a positive loading

VE2T’Rd : Serviceability Shear strength of a panel on 2 supports below a negative loading
MU3ARd : Bending strength on a central support following an elastic approach of a panel on 3

supports below a positive loading
MU3A’ Rd : Bending strength on a central support following an elastic approach of a panel on

3 supports below a negative loading
MU3AresRd : Strength residual bending moment on the central support
MU3TRd : Bending strength in span following an elastic approach of a panel on 3 supports

below a positive loading
MU3T’Rd : Bending strength in span following an elastic approach of a panel on 3 supports

below a negative loading
MU3TRdp : Bending strength in span following an elastic-plastic approach of a panel on 3

MU3T’Rdp : Bending strength in span following an elastic-plastic approach of a panel on 3

supports below a negative loading
VU3ARd : Shear strength near the central support following an elastic approach of a panel on 3
VU3A’Rd : Shear strength near the central support following an elastic approach of a panel on
VU3TRd : Shear strength near the end support following an elastic approach of a panel on 3
VU3T’Rd : Shear strength near the end support following an elastic approach of a panel on 3
supports below a negative loading
55
FURd : Ultimate strength capacity of the assembly = min [FU Rdpullout ; FU Rdanchorage ; FU
Rdfastener]
FU Rdpullout : Ultimate pull out capacity of the assembly
FU Rdanchorage : Ultimate anchorage capacity of the assembly
FU Rdfastener : Ultimate tensile capacity of the assembly
FE Rd : Serviceability strength capacity of the assembly = min [FE Rdpullout ; FE Rdanchorage ; FE
Rdfastener]
FE Rdpullout : Serviceability pull out capacity of the assembly
FE Rdanchorage : Serviceability anchorage capacity of the assembly
FE Rd fastener : Serviceability tensile capacity of the assembly
MUSd : Ultimate bending moment applied
VUSd : Ultimate shear load applied
RU2TSd : Ultimate support load applied for a panel on 2 supports
RU3ASd :Ultimate central support load applied for a panel on 3 supports
RU3TSd : Ultimate end support load applied for a panel on 3 supports
MESd : Serviceability bending moment applied
MERd : Strength bending moment
VESd : Serviceability shear load applied
VERd : Strength Serviceability shear load
RE2TSd : Serviceability support load applied for a panel on 2 supports
RE3ASd : Serviceability central support load applied for a panel on 3 supports
RE3TSd : Serviceability end support load applied for a panel on 3 supports
fsd : deflection of the panel
flim : maximum deflexion acceptable at mid span
fs : deflection of the small span of the panel
Li : deflection of the intermediate span of the panel
Lm : deflection of the maximum span of the panel
MRd ΔT : bending strength capacity below a thermal gradient = MRd x km
fck : characteristic shear strength capacity of the core material
fcme : mean shear strength of the core material
Gck : characteristic shear modulus of the core material
Gcme : mean shear modulus of the core material
Rad,Bs : bending rigidity correction factor
Rad,GcAc : shear rigidity correction factor
Rad,M :bending moment correction factor
Rad,V : shear load correction factor
γF : coefficient de correction de résultat d’essai fonction du type de tolérance retenue
k : global statistic correction coefficient
km : Thermal correction factor of the strength bending moment
kϕ : Creep correction factor of the strength shear load
ϕ :Creep coefficient
α : Thermal coefficient
γm : Security material factor
γF : Loading factor
ψi : Combination load factor
56
ME3ARd : Serviceability bending strength on a central support following an elastic approach
of a panel on 3 supports below a positive loading
ME3A’ Rd : Serviceability Bending strength on a central support following an elastic approach

of a panel on 3 supports below a negative loading
ME3AresRd : Serviceability Strength residual bending moment on the central support
ME3TRd : Serviceability bending strength in span following an elastic approach of a panel on

3 supports below a positive loading
ME3T’Rd : Serviceability Bending strength in span following an elastic approach of a panel on

VE3ARd : Serviceability Shear strength near the central support following an elastic approach
of a panel on 3 supports below a positive loading
VE3A’Rd : Serviceability Shear strength near the central support following an elastic approach
of a panel on 3 supports below a negative loading
VE3TRd : Serviceability Shear strength near the end support following an elastic approach of a
panel on 3 supports below a positive loading
VE3T’Rd : Serviceability Shear strength near the end support following an elastic approach of
a panel on 3 supports below a negative loading
57
Bibliography
- EN 14509, (November 2006) self-supporting double skin metal faced insulating panels –
factory made product – specification
- Strength formula of material tome 1 David Izabel
- UEAtc guidance 1996 Technical report for assessment of installations using sandwich
panels with CFC-free polyurethane foam core MOAT56. Paris
- Draft annex F of EN 14509 (Draft may 2007). Design by testing Paris
- Thermal deformations and stresses in rectangular sandwich panel with non rigid core
Pogorzelski Jerzy 1969
- Mike Davies Lightweight Sandwich Constructions
- European Recommendations for Sandwich panel
58

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WP2 Doc 8 rev 10 Final version

- Design for a thermal difference applied on a sandwich panel -

Version 10 –May 2010 = Final version -

after with a loading applied The rigidities of the QΔT corresponding to B sΔ T

The strength Reaction on the central MU3ARdΔT (on

- The reaction R Δ T on the central support for a two spans panel;

It must be verified that:

Remark, it is possible to simplify the previous equation.

RΔT ,measured w measured

5GL4 GL2 αΔTL2 5qL4 qL2

2 Principe of the different tests

2.1.1 Aim of the test:

2.1.2 The test procedure

2.2.1 Aim of this test

2.2.2 The test procedure

Fig 5 T int > T ext

Qc/4 Qc/4 Qc/4 Qc/4

2.3.1 Aim of the test

2.3.2 The test procedure

The heating and cooling system must be efficiency to:

3.1 Test specimen/Test program

For a considered type of panel:

3.2 Dispositions about the measurements

3.2.1 Thermal gradient

There are two possibilities to apply the thermal gradient:

-20°C / + 20°C / + 60°C

-20 °C /+20°C / +60°C -20 °C /+20°C / +60°C

Fig 10 a Distribution of the thermal couple

The displacements in span must be measured on the inferior face.

3.2.2.2 Rotation on the central support

3.2.4 Reaction on the central support (test of 2 span panels)

Figure 11 – Example of disposition to measure the load at a central support

3.3 Dispositions about the loading and supports

Figure 14 - Detailed element to apply the load on the sandwich panel

Rigidity of the support:

Loading Displacement Load Stresses Load Stresses Load Stresses

σutside σinside Rcs θcs σoutside σinside Rc θc

Fig 15 - Deflection of a panel on 2 supports T outside

Expression of the hyperstatic factor for one test:

Expression of the characteristic hyperstatic factor β k :

βΔT, p = e(β −kσ ) (4)

β k = ln (β p ) is the characteristic value of β i

β m the mean value of β i

Expression of the rigidities B s Δ T and G c A c Δ T

5.2.2 Determination of the bending B s Δ T and shear G c A c Δ T thermal rigidities

We use the following formula given in the table 8.

w the deflection of the panel due to only the load Qd

Fig 18 – panel on 3 supports submit at a thermal gradient

To solve this case, it is necessary:

5.3.2 Determination of the bending B s Δ T and shear G c A c Δ T thermal rigidities

and shear rigidity G c A c Δ T

Panels on 3 supports with flat facing (Tint > Text)

5.3.3.2 Panels on 3 supports (elastic-plastic approach)

Table 11 – Example of strength values for a panel on 3 supports :Elastic-plastic approach -

L Rc after wrinkling on the central support below Q + ΔT

Shear At 49Qc i Rad ,V 3T M U 3 A resRdpΔT

Panel on 2 supports with load to have no deflection at mid span L i min

Panel on 2 supports with load to have no deflection at mid span L j max

λi f i ΔT ( x=Li / 2 ) = − i i (1 − β Qi ) − (1 − βQi ) With fi < 0 In these formulas, the self

λ j f j ΔT ( x= Lj / 2) = − j j (1 − β Qj ) − (1 − βQj ) With fj < 0 In these formulas, the self

The tests results are:

⎡αΔT ⎛ L4j L4 ⎞ 2 ⎤ ⎡ αΔT ⎛ L4j L4 ⎞ 2 ⎤

L2i ⎧⎪ ⎡⎛ αΔTL2i ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪ L2j ⎧⎪ ⎡⎛ αΔTL2j ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪