1

s1

s3 tθ s3
q sθ
Soil sample
s1

s1 − s 3
tq = Sin 2q
2
s + s 3 s1 − s 3
sq = 1 + Cos 2q
2 2

s1 + s 3
center (C ) =
2
(s − s 3 )
radius ( R ) = 1
2
s1 + s 3
s mean =
2
(s 1 −s3 )
t max =
2

2
3
 maximum shear resisted by soil

angle of
internal friction 𝝓

4
cohesion

5
6
7
8
 s 1' + s 3' s 1' − s 3' s 1' − s 3'
s q' = + Cos 2q tq = Sin 2q
2 2 2

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At failure:
s 1' − s 3' s 1' + s 3' s 1' − s 3' 𝜙′
tf = Sin 2q s =
'
f + Cos 2q 𝜃 = 45° +
2 2 2 2

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   s 1' + s 3'   s 1' − s 3' 
c' Cot '+
  Sin ' =  2 

  2   
(s '
1 ) ( )
− s 3' = s 1' + s 3' Sin '+2c' Cos '
s 1' (1 − Sin ') = s 3' (1 + Sin ') + 2c' Cos '

s 1' = s 3'
(1 + Sin ') + 2c' Cos '
(1 − Sin ') (1 − Sin ')
 '   ' 
s 1' = s 3' Tan 2  45 +  + 2c' Tan 45 + 
 2  2

Angle of Internal Friction (φ or φ’)

Cohesion (c or c’)

Pure dry sands have no cohesion (i.e. c=0))

Pure clays depend only on cohesion (i.e. φ =0)

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