Page 49

1. Which term describes both Collagen and Haemoglobin

D
2. What type of chemical reaction is involved in the formation of disulfide bonds?
C
3. Which diagram best represents the arrangement of water molecules around sodium
(Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions in solution?
B
4. Copy and complete the following table. Place a tick or a cross in each box as
appropriate.

Globula Fibrous monos disacch glycoge starch cellulos Lipid

r protein acchari aride n e
protein de

m
er as
Monom X
er

co
eH w
Polyme X X X X X

o.
r
rs e
ou urc
Macro X X X X X
molecul
e
o

Polysa X X X
aC s

ccharid
vi y re

Contain X X
s
ed d

subunit
that
ar stu

form
branch
ed
is

chains
Th

Contain X X
s
amino
acids
sh

Made X
from
organic

Contain X X X X

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 s
glycosi
dic
bonds

Contain X X
s
peptide
bonds

One of X X X X
its main
functio
ns is to
act as
an
energy

m
store

er as
co
Usually X X X X X

eH w
insolubl
e in

o.
water
rs e
ou urc
Usually X X
has a
structur
o

al
functio
aC s

n
vi y re

Can X X X
form
helical
ed d

or
ar stu

partly
helical
structur
es
is

Contain X X X X X X
Th

s the
elemen
ts
sh

carbon
hydrog
en and
oxygen
only

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 5. Copy and complete the table below, which summarises some of the functional categories into
which proteins can be placed.

Category Example

Structural 1. Collagen
2. Keratin

enzyme Amylose

Hormones Insulin

Respiratory Pigment Haemoglobin and myoglobin

Defensive Antibodies

Contractile Actin and myosin

m
er as
storage Casein

co
eH w
6.State three characteristics of monosaccharides

o.
1. It dissolves in water
2. Sugar rs e
ou urc
3. Has carbon hydrogen and oxygen

7. The diagram below shows a disaccharide called lactose. The carbon atoms are numbered.
o

You are not expected to have seen this structure before. Lactose is a reducing sugar found in
aC s

milk. It is made from a reaction between the two monosaccharides glucose and galactose.
vi y re
ed d
ar stu
is
Th

a Suggest two functions that lactose could have. [2]

sh

1. A source of energy
2. Could be digested to take in monosaccharides which will create a foundation for
larger molecules.
b What is the name given to the reaction referred to above that results in the formation of
lactose? [1]
Condensation

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 c Identify the bond labelled X in the diagram. [1]
GlycosidicBond
d Draw diagrams to show the structures of separate molecules of glucose and galactose. [2]

m
er as
co
eH w
o.
rs e
ou urc
o
aC s
vi y re
ed d
ar stu
is
Th

e Using the information in the diagram, is the alpha or beta form of glucose used to make
lactose? Explain your answer. [2]
Alpha Glucose because the -OH is below
sh

f Like lactose, sucrose is a disaccharide. If you were given a solution of lactose and a solution of
sucrose, state briefly how you could distinguish between them.
First to distinguish them you would have to use a test in this case the benedict's test for
both solutions. Then by color it should turn red for signs of monosaccharides and if it is
blue that means there are no monosaccharides.

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 8.a The diagram below shows the structures of three amino acids

i Draw a diagram to show the structure of the tripeptide with the following sequence:
alanine–glycine–serine. [3]
ii What is the name given to the sequence of amino acids in a protein? [1]
Primary Structure

m
iii What substance, apart from the tripeptide, would be formed when the three amino acids

er as
combine? [1]

co
Water

eH w
iv Draw a ring around an atom or group of atoms making up an R group that could hydrogen

o.
bond with a neighbouring R group. [1]
rs e
ou urc
o
aC s
vi y re
ed d
ar stu
is
Th
sh

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 m
er as
co
eH w
o.
rs e
ou urc
o
aC s
vi y re
ed d
ar stu

v Draw a ring around and label the peptide bond(s) you have drawn in the diagram. [1]
is

vi Draw a ring around a group of atoms which could hydrogen bond with a –CO – group in an
Th

alpha helix (α-helix). Label this group A. [1]

b State three features that α-helices and beta sheets (β-sheets) have in common. [3]
Held together by hydrogen bonding
sh

Secondary structure
All peptide bonds are involved

c A protein can be described as a polymer. State the meaning of the term polymer. [2]
Molecule that is made from subunits that are similar to each other and are
macromolecules

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 d X and Y represent two different amino acids.i Write down the sequences of all the possible
tripeptides that could be made with just these two amino acids. [1]
XXX,XXY,XYY,XYX,YYY,YYX,YXX,YXY
ii From your answer to d i, what is the formula for calculating the number of different tripeptides
that can be formed from two different amino acids?
8

9. Copy the diagrams below

Lipid Phospholipid

^Phosphate ^ Phosphate

m
er as
a Identify with labels which one represents a lipid and which a phospholipid. [1]

co
A is a lipid

eH w
B is a phospholipid
b i For molecule A, indicate on the diagram where hydrolysis would take place if the molecule

o.
was digested. [2]
rs e
ou urc
Between the head and the tails
ii Name the products of digestion. [2]
Fatty Acids
o

Glycerol
aC s

c Each molecule has a head with tails attached. For molecule B, label the head to identify its
vi y re

chemical nature. [1]

Labeled Phosphate
d i Which of the two molecules is water-soluble? [1]
B Phospholipid
ed d

ii Explain your answer to d i. [1]

ar stu

It is polar
e State one function of each molecule.
Lipid energy store
is

Phospholipid helps the structure of a membrane

Th

10.a
Collagen Haemoglobin
sh

Fibrous Globular

Entirely Partly

Triple Helix Alpha

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 No Yes

No Insoluble Yes Soluble

Use the following to guide you.

Row 1: State whether globular or fibrous.
Row 2: State whether entirely helical or partly helical.
Row 3: State the type of helix.
Row 4: State whether a prosthetic group is present or absent.
Row 5: State whether soluble in water or insoluble in water.
b State one way in which the structure of haemoglobin is related to its function. [2]
Haemoglobins has Iron which Iron combines with oxygen
c Haemoglobin possesses a quaternary structure. What does this mean? [1]
The Molecule has more than one Polypeptide chain
d Name the five elements found in haemoglobin.

m
er as
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Iron

co
eH w
o.
rs e
ou urc
o
aC s
vi y re
ed d
ar stu
is
Th
sh

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