REFERENCE PAGE 1

ALGEBRA G E OM E T RY
Cut here and keep for reference

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS GEOMETRIC FORMULAS

a c ad ⫹ bc Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V:
a共b ⫹ c兲 苷 ab ⫹ ac ⫹ 苷
b d bd
Triangle Circle Sector of Circle
a
A 苷 12 bh A 苷 ␲r 2 A 苷 12 r 2␪
a⫹c a c b a d ad
苷 ⫹ 苷 ⫻ 苷 苷 12 ab sin ␪ C 苷 2␲ r s 苷 r ␪ 共␪ in radians兲
b b b c b c bc
d
a r
EXPONENTS AND RADIC ALS ¨
h s
r
xm b ¨
x m x n 苷 x m⫹n 苷 x m⫺n r
xn
1
共x m兲n 苷 x m n x⫺n 苷 n
x

共xy兲n 苷 x n y n 冉冊 x
y
n
苷
xn
yn
Sphere
V 苷 43 ␲ r 3
Cylinder
V 苷 ␲ r 2h
Cone
V 苷 13 ␲ r 2h
x 1兾n 苷 s
n
x x m兾n 苷 s
n
x m 苷 (s
n
x )m A 苷 4␲ r 2

n
s xy 苷 s
n n
xs y 冑 n x
y
n
s
苷 n
sy
x

r
r

h
h
FAC TORING SPECIAL POLYNOMIALS r
x 2 ⫺ y 2 苷 共x ⫹ y兲共x ⫺ y兲
x 3 ⫹ y 3 苷 共x ⫹ y兲共x 2 ⫺ xy ⫹ y 2兲
x 3 ⫺ y 3 苷 共x ⫺ y兲共x 2 ⫹ xy ⫹ y 2兲
DISTANCE AND MIDPOINT FORMULAS
BINOMIAL THEOREM Distance between P1共x1, y1兲 and P2共x 2, y2兲:
共x ⫹ y兲2 苷 x 2 ⫹ 2xy ⫹ y 2 共x ⫺ y兲2 苷 x 2 ⫺ 2xy ⫹ y 2
d 苷 s共x 2 ⫺ x1兲2 ⫹ 共 y2 ⫺ y1兲2
共x ⫹ y兲3 苷 x 3 ⫹ 3x 2 y ⫹ 3xy 2 ⫹ y 3

冉 冊
共x ⫺ y兲3 苷 x 3 ⫺ 3x 2 y ⫹ 3xy 2 ⫺ y 3
x1 ⫹ x 2 y1 ⫹ y2
n共n ⫺ 1兲 n⫺2 2 Midpoint of P1 P2 : ,
共x ⫹ y兲n 苷 x n ⫹ nx n⫺1y ⫹ x y 2 2
2

⫹ ⭈⭈⭈ ⫹ 冉冊 n n⫺k k
k
x y ⫹ ⭈ ⭈ ⭈ ⫹ nxy n⫺1 ⫹ y n
LINES
where
n
k
苷 冉冊
n共n ⫺ 1兲 ⭈ ⭈ ⭈ 共n ⫺ k ⫹ 1兲
1 ⴢ 2 ⴢ 3 ⴢ ⭈⭈⭈ ⴢ k
Slope of line through P1共x1, y1兲 and P2共x 2, y2兲:

y2 ⫺ y1
QUADRATIC FORMULA m苷
x 2 ⫺ x1
⫺b ⫾ sb 2 ⫺ 4ac
If ax 2 ⫹ bx ⫹ c 苷 0, then x 苷 . Point-slope equation of line through P1共x1, y1兲 with slope m:
2a

INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE VALUE y ⫺ y1 苷 m共x ⫺ x1兲

If a ⬍ b and b ⬍ c, then a ⬍ c.
Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b:
If a ⬍ b, then a ⫹ c ⬍ b ⫹ c.
If a ⬍ b and c ⬎ 0, then ca ⬍ cb. y 苷 mx ⫹ b
If a ⬍ b and c ⬍ 0, then ca ⬎ cb.
If a ⬎ 0, then
CIRCLES
ⱍxⱍ 苷 a means x苷a or x 苷 ⫺a
Equation of the circle with center 共h, k兲 and radius r:
ⱍxⱍ ⬍ a means ⫺a ⬍ x ⬍ a
ⱍxⱍ ⬎ a means x ⬎ a or x ⬍ ⫺a 共x ⫺ h兲2 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ k兲2 苷 r 2
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 REFERENCE
REFERENCEPAGE
PAGE2

T R I G ON OM E T RY

ANGLE MEASUREMENT FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES

␲ radians 苷 180⬚ 1 1
s csc ␪ 苷 sec ␪ 苷
r sin ␪ cos ␪
␲ 180⬚
1⬚ 苷 rad 1 rad 苷 ¨
180 ␲ sin ␪ cos ␪
r tan ␪ 苷 cot ␪ 苷
s 苷 r␪ cos ␪ sin ␪

共␪ in radians兲 1
cot ␪ 苷 sin 2␪ ⫹ cos 2␪ 苷 1
tan ␪
RIGHT ANGLE TRIGONOMETRY 1 ⫹ tan 2␪ 苷 sec 2␪ 1 ⫹ cot 2␪ 苷 csc 2␪
opp hyp
sin ␪ 苷 csc ␪ 苷 hyp sin共⫺␪兲 苷 ⫺sin ␪ cos共⫺␪兲 苷 cos ␪
hyp opp opp

cos ␪ 苷
adj
hyp
sec ␪ 苷
hyp
adj
¨
adj
tan共⫺␪兲 苷 ⫺tan ␪ sin 冉 冊 ␲
2
⫺ ␪ 苷 cos ␪

冉 冊 冉 冊
opp adj
tan ␪ 苷 cot ␪ 苷 ␲ ␲
adj opp cos ⫺ ␪ 苷 sin ␪ tan ⫺ ␪ 苷 cot ␪
2 2

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC TIONS

y r
THE LAW OF SINES B
y
sin ␪ 苷 csc ␪ 苷 sin A sin B sin C a
r y 苷 苷
(x, y) a b c
x r r
cos ␪ 苷 sec ␪ 苷 C
r x c

tan ␪ 苷
y
cot ␪ 苷
x ¨ THE LAW OF COSINES
x b
x y a 2 苷 b 2 ⫹ c 2 ⫺ 2bc cos A

b 2 苷 a 2 ⫹ c 2 ⫺ 2ac cos B
GRAPHS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC TIONS
y y y y=tan x c 2 苷 a 2 ⫹ b 2 ⫺ 2ab cos C A
y=sin x y=cos x
1 1
π 2π 2π ADDITION AND SUBTRAC TION FORMULAS
x π 2π x π x sin共x ⫹ y兲 苷 sin x cos y ⫹ cos x sin y
_1 _1 sin共x ⫺ y兲 苷 sin x cos y ⫺ cos x sin y
cos共x ⫹ y兲 苷 cos x cos y ⫺ sin x sin y

y y=csc x y y=sec x y y=cot x

cos共x ⫺ y兲 苷 cos x cos y ⫹ sin x sin y
tan x ⫹ tan y
tan共x ⫹ y兲 苷
1 1 1 ⫺ tan x tan y
tan x ⫺ tan y
tan共x ⫺ y兲 苷
π 2π x π 2π x π 2π x 1 ⫹ tan x tan y
_1 _1

DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAS
sin 2x 苷 2 sin x cos x
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC TIONS OF IMPORTANT ANGLES cos 2x 苷 cos 2x ⫺ sin 2x 苷 2 cos 2x ⫺ 1 苷 1 ⫺ 2 sin 2x
␪ radians sin ␪ cos ␪ tan ␪ 2 tan x
tan 2x 苷
0⬚ 0 0 1 0 1 ⫺ tan2x

30⬚ ␲兾6 1兾2 s3兾2 s3兾3

45⬚ ␲兾4 s2兾2 s2兾2 1 HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS
60⬚ ␲兾3 s3兾2 1兾2 s3 1 ⫺ cos 2x 1 ⫹ cos 2x
sin 2x 苷 cos 2x 苷
90⬚ ␲兾2 1 0 — 2 2

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 REFERENCE PAGE 3
T A B L E O F I N T E R VA L S
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Notation Set description Picture Notation Set description Picture

共a, b兲 兵x ⱍ a ⬍ x ⬍ b其 a b 共a, ⬁兲 兵x ⱍ x ⬎ a其 a
关a, ⬁兲 兵x ⱍ x 艌 a其
关a, b兴 兵x ⱍ a 艋 x 艋 b其 a b 共⫺⬁, b兲 兵x ⱍ x ⬍ b其 a

兵x ⱍ x 艋 b其
ⱍ a 艋 x ⬍ b其 共⫺⬁, b兴 b
关a, b兲 兵x
a b
共⫺⬁, ⬁兲 ⺢ (set of all b
共a, b兴 兵x ⱍ a ⬍ x 艋 b其 a b
real numbers)

SP E C I A L F U N C T I O N S

POWER FUNC TIONS f 共x兲 苷 x a y

(i) f 共x兲 苷 x n , n a positive integer y

y=x $
(1, 1)
y=x ^ y=x #
y=≈
y=x %
(_1, 1) (1, 1)
0 x

0 x (_1, _1)

n even

n odd

1
(ii) f 共x兲 苷 x 1兾n 苷 s
n
x , n a positive integer (iii) f 共x兲 苷 x ⫺1 苷
x
y y y

y=Δ
(1, 1) (1, 1)
1
0 x 0 x
0 1 x

x
ƒ=œ„ #x
ƒ=œ„

y
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC TIONS π
2
y=tan–!x=arctan x
␲ ␲
arcsin x 苷 sin⫺1x 苷 y &? sin y 苷 x and ⫺ 艋 y 艋
2 2
0 ␲
x lim tan⫺1 x 苷 ⫺
arccos x 苷 cos x 苷 y &? cos y 苷 x and 0 艋 y 艋 ␲
⫺1 x l ⫺⬁ 2

␲
␲ ␲ _ π2 lim tan⫺1 x 苷
arctan x 苷 tan⫺1x 苷 y &? tan y 苷 x and ⫺ ⬍y⬍ xl⬁ 2
2 2

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 REFERENCE PAGE 4

SP E C I A L F U N C T I O N S

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNC TIONS y

log a x 苷 y &? a 苷x
y y=´
y=x

ln x 苷 log e x, where ln e 苷 1

ln x 苷 y &? e y 苷 x 1 y=ln x
0
Cancellation Equations Laws of Logarithms 1 x

loga共a 兲 苷 x
x
a log a x
苷x 1. log a共xy兲 苷 log a x ⫹ log a y

ln共e x 兲 苷 x e ln x 苷 x 2. loga 冉冊x

y
苷 loga x ⫺ loga y
lim e x 苷 0
x l ⫺⬁
lim e x 苷 ⬁
xl⬁

3. loga共x r 兲 苷 r loga x lim ln x 苷 ⫺⬁ lim ln x 苷 ⬁

x l 0⫹ xl⬁

1® 1 ® y 10® 4® e® 2® y
”   ’
2 ”   ’
4 y=log™ x

1.5®
y=ln x
1 y=log∞ x
y=log¡¸ x
1®
0 1 x

0 x

Exponential functions Logarithmic functions

HYPERBOLIC FUNC TIONS y

y=cosh x
e x ⫺ e⫺x 1
sinh x 苷 csch x 苷
2 sinh x y=tanh x

e x ⫹ e⫺x 1
cosh x 苷 sech x 苷
2 cosh x x

sinh x cosh x
tanh x 苷 coth x 苷
cosh x sinh x
y=sinh x

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNC TIONS

y 苷 sinh⫺1x &? sinh y 苷 x sinh⫺1x 苷 ln( x ⫹ sx 2 ⫹ 1 )

y 苷 cosh⫺1x &? cosh y 苷 x and y艌0 cosh⫺1x 苷 ln( x ⫹ sx 2 ⫺ 1 )

y 苷 tanh⫺1x &? tanh y 苷 x tanh⫺1x 苷 2 ln

1
冉 冊 1⫹x
1⫺x

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 REFERENCE PAGE 5

D I F F E R E N T I AT I O N R U L E S
Cut here and keep for reference

GENERAL FORMULAS
d d
1. 共c兲 苷 0 2. 关cf 共x兲兴 苷 c f ⬘共x兲
dx dx
d d
3. 关 f 共x兲 ⫹ t共x兲兴 苷 f ⬘共x兲 ⫹ t⬘共x兲 4. 关 f 共x兲 ⫺ t共x兲兴 苷 f ⬘共x兲 ⫺ t⬘共x兲
dx dx

5.
d
dx
关 f 共x兲t共x兲兴 苷 f 共x兲t⬘共x兲 ⫹ t共x兲f ⬘共x兲 (Product Rule) 6.
d
dx
冋 册
f 共x兲
t共x兲
苷
t共x兲f ⬘共x兲 ⫺ f 共x兲t⬘共x兲
关 t共x兲兴 2
(Quotient Rule)

d d
7. f 共 t共x兲兲 苷 f ⬘共 t共x兲兲t⬘共x兲 (Chain Rule) 8. 共x n 兲 苷 nx n⫺1 (Power Rule)
dx dx

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNC TIONS

d d
9. 共e x 兲 苷 e x 10. 共a x 兲 苷 a x ln a
dx dx
d 1 d 1
11.
dx
ln x 苷 ⱍ ⱍ
x
12.
dx
共log a x兲 苷
x ln a

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC TIONS

d d d
13. 共sin x兲 苷 cos x 14. 共cos x兲 苷 ⫺sin x 15. 共tan x兲 苷 sec 2x
dx dx dx
d d d
16. 共csc x兲 苷 ⫺csc x cot x 17. 共sec x兲 苷 sec x tan x 18. 共cot x兲 苷 ⫺csc 2x
dx dx dx

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC TIONS

d 1 d 1 d 1
19. 共sin⫺1x兲 苷 20. 共cos⫺1x兲 苷 ⫺ 21. 共tan⫺1x兲 苷
dx s1 ⫺ x 2 dx s1 ⫺ x 2 dx 1 ⫹ x2
d 1 d 1 d 1
22. 共csc⫺1x兲 苷 ⫺ 23. 共sec⫺1x兲 苷 24. 共cot⫺1x兲 苷 ⫺
dx x sx 2 ⫺ 1 dx x sx 2 ⫺ 1 dx 1 ⫹ x2

HYPERBOLIC FUNC TIONS

d d d
25. 共sinh x兲 苷 cosh x 26. 共cosh x兲 苷 sinh x 27. 共tanh x兲 苷 sech 2x
dx dx dx
d d d
28. 共csch x兲 苷 ⫺csch x coth x 29. 共sech x兲 苷 ⫺sech x tanh x 30. 共coth x兲 苷 ⫺csch 2x
dx dx dx

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNC TIONS

d 1 d 1 d 1
31. 共sinh⫺1x兲 苷 32. 共cosh⫺1x兲 苷 33. 共tanh⫺1x兲 苷
dx s1 ⫹ x 2 dx sx 2 ⫺ 1 dx 1 ⫺ x2
d 1 d 1 d 1
34. 共csch⫺1x兲 苷 ⫺ 35. 共sech⫺1x兲 苷 ⫺ 36. 共coth⫺1x兲 苷
dx x sx 2 ⫹ 1 ⱍ ⱍ dx x s1 ⫺ x 2 dx 1 ⫺ x2

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 REFERENCE PAGE 6

TABLE OF I NT EGRALS

BASIC FORMS

1. y u dv 苷 uv ⫺ y v du 11. y csc u cot u du 苷 ⫺csc u ⫹ C

u n⫹1
2. yu n
du 苷
n⫹1
⫹ C, n 苷 ⫺1 12. y tan u du 苷 ln ⱍ sec u ⱍ ⫹ C
3. y
du
u
苷 ln u ⫹ C ⱍ ⱍ 13. y cot u du 苷 ln ⱍ sin u ⱍ ⫹ C
4. ye u
du 苷 e u ⫹ C 14. y sec u du 苷 ln ⱍ sec u ⫹ tan u ⱍ ⫹ C
au
5. ya u
du 苷
ln a
⫹C 15. y csc u du 苷 ln ⱍ csc u ⫺ cot u ⱍ ⫹ C
du u
6. y sin u du 苷 ⫺cos u ⫹ C 16. y sa 苷 sin⫺1 ⫹ C, a ⬎ 0
2 ⫺u 2 a
du 1 u
7. y cos u du 苷 sin u ⫹ C 17. y 苷 tan⫺1 ⫹ C
a2 ⫹ u2 a a
du 1 u
8. y sec u du 苷 tan u ⫹ C
2 18. y u su 苷 sec⫺1 ⫹ C
2 ⫺a 2 a a

9. y csc u du 苷 ⫺cot u ⫹ C
2 19. ya 2
du
⫺ u2
苷
1
2a
ln
u⫹a
u⫺a
冟 冟 ⫹C

10. y sec u tan u du 苷 sec u ⫹ C 20. yu 2

du
⫺ a2
苷
1
2a
ln
u⫺a
u⫹a 冟 冟 ⫹C

FORMS INVOLVING sa 2 ⫹ u 2 , a ⬎ 0
u a2
21. y sa 2 ⫹ u 2 du 苷 sa 2 ⫹ u 2 ⫹ ln(u ⫹ sa 2 ⫹ u 2 ) ⫹ C
2 2

u 2 a4
22. yu 2
sa 2 ⫹ u 2 du 苷 共a ⫹ 2u 2 兲 sa 2 ⫹ u 2 ⫺ ln(u ⫹ sa 2 ⫹ u 2 ) ⫹ C
8 8

23. y
sa 2 ⫹ u 2
u
du 苷 sa 2 ⫹ u 2 ⫺ a ln
a ⫹ sa 2 ⫹ u 2
u
冟 冟 ⫹C

sa 2 ⫹ u 2 sa 2 ⫹ u 2
24. y du 苷 ⫺ ⫹ ln(u ⫹ sa 2 ⫹ u 2 ) ⫹ C
u2 u
du
25. y sa 苷 ln(u ⫹ sa 2 ⫹ u 2 ) ⫹ C
2 ⫹ u2
u 2 du u a2
26. y sa 苷 sa 2 ⫹ u 2 ⫺ ln(u ⫹ sa 2 ⫹ u 2 ) ⫹ C
2 ⫹ u2 2 2

27. y u sa
du
2 ⫹ u2
苷⫺
1
a
ln冟sa 2 ⫹ u 2 ⫹ a
u
冟 ⫹C

du sa 2 ⫹ u 2
28. y u sa 苷⫺ ⫹C
2 2 ⫹u 2 a 2u
du u
29. y 共a 苷 2 ⫹C
2
⫹ u 2 兲3兾2 a sa 2 ⫹ u 2
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 REFERENCE PAGE 7

TABLE OF I NT EGRALS
FORMS INVOLVING sa ⫺ u , a ⬎ 0
Cut here and keep for reference

2 2

u a2 u
30. y sa 2 ⫺ u 2 du 苷 sa 2 ⫺ u 2 ⫹ sin⫺1 ⫹ C
2 2 a
u a4 u
31. y u sa2 2 ⫺ u 2 du 苷 共2u 2 ⫺ a 2 兲 sa 2 ⫺ u 2 ⫹ sin⫺1 ⫹ C
8 8 a

32. y
sa 2 ⫺ u 2
u
du 苷 sa 2 ⫺ u 2 ⫺ a ln
a ⫹ sa 2 ⫺ u 2
u
冟 冟 ⫹C

sa 2 ⫺ u 2 1 u
33. y du 苷 ⫺ sa 2 ⫺ u 2 ⫺ sin⫺1 ⫹ C
u2 u a
u 2 du u a2 u
34. y sa 苷⫺ sa 2 ⫺ u 2 ⫹ sin⫺1 ⫹ C
2 ⫺ u2 2 2 a

35. y u sa
du
2 ⫺u 2
苷⫺
1
a
ln 冟
a ⫹ sa 2 ⫺ u 2
u 冟 ⫹C

du 1
36. y u sa 苷⫺ sa 2 ⫺ u 2 ⫹ C
2 2 ⫺u 2 a 2u

u 3a 4 u
37. y 共a 2
⫺ u 2 兲3兾2 du 苷 ⫺ 共2u 2 ⫺ 5a 2 兲sa 2 ⫺ u 2 ⫹ sin⫺1 ⫹ C
8 8 a

du u
38. y 共a 苷 2 ⫹C
2
⫺ u 2 兲3兾2 a sa 2 ⫺ u 2

FORMS INVOLVING su 2 ⫺ a 2 , a ⬎ 0
u a2
39. y su 2 ⫺ a 2 du 苷
2
su 2 ⫺ a 2 ⫺
2 ⱍ
ln u ⫹ su 2 ⫺ a 2 ⫹ C ⱍ
u a4
40. y u su2 2 ⫺ a 2 du 苷
8
共2u 2 ⫺ a 2 兲 su 2 ⫺ a 2 ⫺
8 ⱍ ⱍ
ln u ⫹ su 2 ⫺ a 2 ⫹ C

su 2 ⫺ a 2 a
41. y du 苷 su 2 ⫺ a 2 ⫺ a cos⫺1 ⫹C
u u ⱍ ⱍ
su 2 ⫺ a 2 su 2 ⫺ a 2
42. y u2
du 苷 ⫺
u
⫹ ln u ⫹ su 2 ⫺ a 2 ⫹ C ⱍ ⱍ
du
43. y su 2 ⫺ a2 ⱍ
苷 ln u ⫹ su 2 ⫺ a 2 ⫹ C ⱍ
u 2 du u a2
44. y su 2 ⫺ a2
苷
2
su 2 ⫺ a 2 ⫹
2 ⱍ
ln u ⫹ su 2 ⫺ a 2 ⫹ C ⱍ
du su 2 ⫺ a 2
45. y u su 苷 ⫹C
2 2 ⫺ a2 a 2u
du u
46. y 共u 2 3兾2 苷 ⫺ 2
⫹C
2
⫺a 兲 a su 2 ⫺ a 2

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 REFERENCE PAGE 8

TABLE OF I NT EGRALS

FORMS INVOLVING a ⫹ bu
u du 1
47. y a ⫹ bu 苷 b 2
(a ⫹ bu ⫺ a ln ⱍ a ⫹ bu ⱍ) ⫹ C

u 2 du 1
48. y a ⫹ bu
苷
2b 3
[
共a ⫹ bu兲2 ⫺ 4a共a ⫹ bu兲 ⫹ 2a 2 ln a ⫹ bu ⱍ ⱍ] ⫹ C

49.
du
y u共a ⫹ bu兲 苷 a ln
1
冟 u
a ⫹ bu 冟 ⫹C

50.
du
y u 共a ⫹ bu兲 苷 ⫺ au ⫹ a
2
1 b
2
ln 冟 a ⫹ bu
u
冟 ⫹C

u du a 1
51. y 共a ⫹ bu兲 2 苷
b 2共a ⫹ bu兲
⫹ 2 ln a ⫹ bu ⫹ C
b ⱍ ⱍ

52.
du
y u共a ⫹ bu兲 2
苷
1
a共a ⫹ bu兲
1
⫺ 2 ln
a
a ⫹ bu
u 冟 冟 ⫹C

53. y
u 2 du
共a ⫹ bu兲2 b
1
苷 3 冉 a ⫹ bu ⫺
a2
a ⫹ bu
⫺ 2a ln a ⫹ bu ⱍ 冊
ⱍ ⫹C

2
54. y u sa ⫹ bu du 苷 15b 2 共3bu ⫺ 2a兲共a ⫹ bu兲3兾2 ⫹ C

u du 2
55. y sa ⫹ bu 苷 3b 2 共bu ⫺ 2a兲 sa ⫹ bu ⫹ C

u 2 du 2
56. y sa ⫹ bu 苷 15b 3
共8a 2 ⫹ 3b 2u 2 ⫺ 4abu兲 sa ⫹ bu ⫹ C

57.
du
y u sa ⫹ bu 苷 sa ln
1
冟 sa ⫹ bu ⫺ sa
sa ⫹ bu ⫹ sa
冟
⫹ C, if a ⬎ 0

苷
s⫺a
2
tan⫺1 冑 a ⫹ bu
⫺a
⫹ C, if a ⬍ 0

sa ⫹ bu du
58. y du 苷 2 sa ⫹ bu ⫹ a y u sa ⫹ bu
u

sa ⫹ bu sa ⫹ bu b du
59. y du 苷 ⫺ ⫹ y u sa ⫹ bu
u2 u 2

60. y u sa ⫹ bu du 苷 b共2n ⫹ 3兲
n
2
冋 u n共a ⫹ bu兲3兾2 ⫺ na yu n⫺1
sa ⫹ bu du 册
u n du 2u nsa ⫹ bu 2na u n⫺1 du
61. y sa ⫹ bu 苷 ⫺ y sa ⫹ bu
b共2n ⫹ 1兲 b共2n ⫹ 1兲

du sa ⫹ bu b共2n ⫺ 3兲 du
62. y u sa ⫹ bu 苷 ⫺ a共n ⫺ 1兲u
n n⫺1
⫺
2a共n ⫺ 1兲 yu n⫺1
sa ⫹ bu

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 REFERENCE PAGE 9

TABLE OF I NT EGRALS
Cut here and keep for reference

TRIGONOMETRIC FORMS
⫺1
63. y sin u du 苷
2 1
2 u ⫺ 14 sin 2u ⫹ C 76. y cot u du 苷 n ⫺ 1 cot
n
u⫺
n⫺1
y cot n⫺2
u du

1 n⫺2
64. y cos u du 苷
2 1
2 u ⫹ 4 sin 2u ⫹ C
1
77. y sec u du 苷 n ⫺ 1 tan u sec
n n⫺2
u⫹
n⫺1 y sec n⫺2
u du

⫺1 n⫺2
65. y tan u du 苷 tan u ⫺ u ⫹ C
2 78. y csc u du 苷 n ⫺ 1 cot u csc
n n⫺2
u⫹
n⫺1 y csc n⫺2
u du

sin 共a ⫺ b兲u sin 共a ⫹ b兲u

66. y cot u du 苷 ⫺cot u ⫺ u ⫹ C
2 79. y sin au sin bu du 苷 2共a ⫺ b兲
⫺
2共a ⫹ b兲
⫹C

sin 共a ⫺ b兲u sin 共a ⫹ b兲u

67. y sin u du 苷 ⫺ 共2 ⫹ sin u兲 cos u ⫹ C
3 1
3
2 80. y cos au cos bu du 苷 2共a ⫺ b兲
⫹
2共a ⫹ b兲
⫹C

cos 共a ⫺ b兲u cos 共a ⫹ b兲u

68. y cos u du 苷
3 1
3 共2 ⫹ cos 2u兲 sin u ⫹ C 81. y sin au cos bu du 苷 ⫺ 2共a ⫺ b兲
⫺
2共a ⫹ b兲
⫹C

69. y tan u du 苷
3 1
2 ⱍ
tan 2u ⫹ ln cos u ⫹ C ⱍ 82. y u sin u du 苷 sin u ⫺ u cos u ⫹ C
70. y cot u du 苷 ⫺
3 1
2 ⱍ
cot 2u ⫺ ln sin u ⫹ C ⱍ 83. y u cos u du 苷 cos u ⫹ u sin u ⫹ C
ⱍ ⱍ 84. yu sin u du 苷 ⫺u n cos u ⫹ n yu
n n⫺1
71. y sec u du 苷
3 1
2 sec u tan u ⫹ 2 ln sec u ⫹ tan u ⫹ C
1
cos u du

csc u cot u ⫹ 2 ln csc u ⫺ cot u ⫹ C 85.ⱍ ⱍ yu cos u du 苷 u n sin u ⫺ n yu

n n⫺1
72. y csc u du 苷 ⫺
3 1
2
1
sin u du

1 n⫺1 sin n⫺1u cos m⫹1u n⫺1

73. y sin nu du 苷 ⫺
n
sin n⫺1u cos u ⫹
n y sin n⫺2u du 86. y sin u cos u du 苷 ⫺
n m
n⫹m
⫹
n⫹m y sin n⫺2
u cosmu du

1 n⫺1 sin n⫹1u cos m⫺1u m⫺1

74. cos nu du 苷 cos n⫺1u sin u ⫹ 苷 ⫹ y sin u cos n m⫺2
u du
y n n y cos n⫺2u du n⫹m n⫹m

1
75. y tan u du 苷 n ⫺ 1 tan
n n⫺1
u⫺ y tan n⫺2
u du

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FORMS

⫺1 u2 ⫹ 1 u
87. y sin ⫺1
u du 苷 u sin⫺1u ⫹ s1 ⫺ u 2 ⫹ C 92. y u tan u du 苷 tan⫺1u ⫺ ⫹ C
2 2

冋 册
⫺1
88. y cos u du 苷 u cos⫺1u ⫺ s1 ⫺ u 2 ⫹ C
1 u n⫹1 du
93. yu n
sin⫺1u du 苷 u n⫹1 sin⫺1u ⫺ y s1 ⫺ u , n 苷 ⫺1
n⫹1 2
⫺1 ⫺1
u du 苷 u tan u ⫺ ln共1 ⫹ u 兲 ⫹ C
1
89. y tan 2
2

90. y u sin⫺1u du 苷
2u 2 ⫺ 1
4
sin⫺1u ⫹
u s1 ⫺ u 2
4
⫹C
94. yu n
cos⫺1u du 苷
1
n⫹1
冋 u n⫹1 cos⫺1u ⫹
u n⫹1 du
y s1 ⫺ u 册 2
, n 苷 ⫺1

91. y u cos⫺1u du 苷
2u 2 ⫺ 1
4
cos⫺1u ⫺
u s1 ⫺ u 2
4
⫹C 95. yu n
tan⫺1u du 苷
1
n⫹1
冋 u n⫹1 tan⫺1u ⫺ y
u n⫹1 du
1 ⫹ u2
册
, n 苷 ⫺1

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 REFERENCE PAGE 10

TABLE OF I NT EGRALS

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FORMS

1
96. y ue au
du 苷
a2
共au ⫺ 1兲e au ⫹ C 100. y ln u du 苷 u ln u ⫺ u ⫹ C
1 n au n u n⫹1
97. yue n au
du 苷 u e ⫺ yu n⫺1 au
e du 101. yu n
ln u du 苷 关共n ⫹ 1兲 ln u ⫺ 1兴 ⫹ C
a a 共n ⫹ 1兲2
e au 1
98. ye au
sin bu du 苷
a ⫹ b2
2 共a sin bu ⫺ b cos bu兲 ⫹ C 102. y u ln u du 苷 ln ⱍ ln u ⱍ ⫹ C
e au
99. ye au
cos bu du 苷 共a cos bu ⫹ b sin bu兲 ⫹ C
a ⫹ b2
2

HYPERBOLIC FORMS

103. y sinh u du 苷 cosh u ⫹ C 108. y csch u du 苷 ln ⱍ tanh u ⱍ ⫹ C 1

2

104. y cosh u du 苷 sinh u ⫹ C 109. y sech u du 苷 tanh u ⫹ C

2

105. y tanh u du 苷 ln cosh u ⫹ C 110. y csch u du 苷 ⫺coth u ⫹ C

2

106. y coth u du 苷 ln ⱍ sinh u ⱍ ⫹ C 111. y sech u tanh u du 苷 ⫺sech u ⫹ C

107. y sech u du 苷 tan ⱍ sinh u ⱍ ⫹ C ⫺1

112. y csch u coth u du 苷 ⫺csch u ⫹ C

FORMS INVOLVING s2au ⫺ u 2 , a ⬎ 0

113. y s2au ⫺ u 2 du 苷
u⫺a
2
s2au ⫺ u 2 ⫹
a2
2
cos⫺1冉 冊
a⫺u
a
⫹C

114. y u s2au ⫺ u 2 du 苷
2u 2 ⫺ au ⫺ 3a 2
6
s2au ⫺ u 2 ⫹
a3
2
冉 冊
cos⫺1
a⫺u
a
⫹C

115. y
s2au ⫺ u 2
u
du 苷 s2au ⫺ u 2 ⫹ a cos⫺1
a⫺u
a
冉 冊 ⫹C

116. y
s2au ⫺ u 2
u2
du 苷 ⫺
2 s2au ⫺ u 2
u
⫺ cos⫺1
a⫺u
a
冉 冊 ⫹C

117. y s2au ⫺ u
du
2
苷 cos⫺1 冉 冊
a⫺u
a
⫹C

118. y s2au ⫺ u
u du
2
苷 ⫺s2au ⫺ u 2 ⫹ a cos⫺1 冉 冊
a⫺u
a
⫹C

119. y s2au ⫺ u
u 2 du
2
苷⫺
共u ⫹ 3a兲
2
s2au ⫺ u 2 ⫹
3a 2
2
冉 冊
cos⫺1
a⫺u
a
⫹C

du s2au ⫺ u 2
120. y u s2au ⫺ u 苷⫺ ⫹C
2 au

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