REFERENCE page 1

ALGEBRA GEOMETRY
Arithmetic Operations Geometric Formulas
Cut here and keep for reference

a c ad 1 bc
asb 1 cd − ab 1 ac 1 − Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V:
b d bd
a Triangle Circle Sector of Circle
a1c a c b a d ad A − 12 bh A − r 2 A − 21 r 2
− 1 − 3 −
b b b c b c bc
d − 12 ab sin  C − 2r s − r s in radiansd

Exponents and Radicals

a
xm h r s
x m x n − x m1n − x m2n
xn ¨ r
¨
1 b
sx mdn − x m n x2n − n r
x

sxydn − x n y n SD x
y
n
−
xn
yn
Sphere Cylinder Cone
x − (s x)
m
x 1yn − s
n
x x myn − s
n m n
V− 4 3
V − r h 2
V − 13 r 2h
3 r

Î sx n
x A − 4r 2 A −  rsr 2 1 h 2
s xy − s x s y
n n n n − n
y sy
U
Factoring Special Polynomials
U K
x 2 2 y 2 − sx 1 ydsx 2 yd K

x 3 1 y 3 − sx 1 ydsx 2 2 xy 1 y 2d r

x 3 2 y 3 − sx 2 ydsx 2 1 xy 1 y 2d

Binomial Theorem Distance and Midpoint Formulas

sx 1 yd2 − x 2 1 2xy 1 y 2  sx 2 yd2 − x 2 2 2xy 1 y 2 Distance between P1sx1, y1d and P2sx 2, y2d:
sx 1 yd3 − x 3 1 3x 2 y 1 3xy 2 1 y 3
d − ssx 2 2 x1d2 1 s y2 2 y1d2
sx 2 yd3 − x 3 2 3x 2 y 1 3xy 2 2 y 3

sx 1 ydn − x n 1 nx n21y 1
nsn 2 1d n22 2
2
x y
Midpoint of P1 P2: S x1 1 x 2 y1 1 y2
, D
SD
2 2
n n2k k …
     1 … 1 x y 1 1 nxy n21 1 y n
k

where SD n
k
−
nsn 2 1d … sn 2 k 1 1d
1?2?3?…?k
Lines
Slope of line through P1sx1, y1d and P2sx 2, y2d:

Quadratic Formula m−
y2 2 y1
2b 6 sb 2 2 4ac x 2 2 x1
If ax 2 1 bx 1 c − 0, then x − .
2a
Point-slope equation of line through P1sx1, y1d with slope m:
Inequalities and Absolute Value
y 2 y1 − msx 2 x1d
If a , b and b , c, then a , c.
If a , b, then a 1 c , b 1 c. Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b:
If a , b and c . 0, then ca , cb.
y − mx 1 b
If a , b and c , 0, then ca . cb.
If a . 0, then Circles
| |
           x − a  means  x − a  or  x − 2a
Equation of the circle with center sh, kd and radius r:
| |
           x , a  means    2a , x , a
          | x | . a  means  x . a  or  x , 2a sx 2 hd2 1 s y 2 kd2 − r 2

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 REFERENCE page 2
TRIGONOMETRY
Angle Measurement Fundamental Identities
 radians − 1808 1 1
csc  − sec  −
s sin  cos 
 180° r
18 − rad  1 rad − sin  cos 
180  ¨
tan  − cot  −
r cos  sin 
s − r
s in radiansd 1
cot  − sin2  1 cos2  − 1
tan 
Right Angle Trigonometry 1 1 tan2  − sec 2  1 1 cot 2  − csc 2 
opp hyp
sin  −   csc  − sins2d − 2sin  coss2d − cos 
hyp opp

S D
hyp
adj hyp opp 
cos  −   sec  − tans2d − 2tan  sin 2  − cos 
hyp adj ¨ 2

S D S D
adj
opp adj  
tan  −   cot  − cos 2  − sin  tan 2  − cot 
adj opp 2 2

Trigonometric Functions
The Law of Sines B
y r y
sin  −   csc  − sin A sin B sin C
r y − −
a
(x, y) a b c
x r r
cos  −   sec  − C
r x c
y x ¨
tan  −   cot  −
x
The Law of Cosines
x y b
a 2 − b 2 1 c 2 2 2bc cos A
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions b 2 − a 2 1 c 2 2 2ac cos B
y y y y=tan x c 2 − a 2 1 b 2 2 2ab cos C A
y=sin x y=cos x
1 1
π 2π Addition and Subtraction Formulas
2π
x π 2π x π x sinsx 1 yd − sin x cos y 1 cos x sin y
_1 _1 sinsx 2 yd − sin x cos y 2 cos x sin y

cossx 1 yd − cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y

y y=csc x y y=sec x y y=cot x cossx 2 yd − cos x cos y 1 sin x sin y
tan x 1 tan y
1 1 tansx 1 yd −
1 2 tan x tan y

π 2π x π 2π x π 2π x tan x 2 tan y
tansx 2 yd −
_1 _1 1 1 tan x tan y

Double-Angle Formulas
sin 2x − 2 sin x cos x
Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles
cos 2x − cos 2x 2 sin 2x − 2 cos 2x 2 1 − 1 2 2 sin 2x
 radians sin  cos  tan 
2 tan x
08 0 0 1 0 tan 2x −
1 2 tan2x
308 y6 1y2 s3y2 s3y3
458 y4 s2y2 s2y2 1 Half-Angle Formulas
608 y3 s3y2 1y2 s3
1 2 cos 2x 1 1 cos 2x
908 y2 1 0 — sin 2x −     cos 2x −
2 2

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.