" " "

SS D D
CC
 " " "

§ D D
CC
* Simple Harmonic Motion:
d
The periodic motion in which acceleration is proportional to displacement and is
always directed towards the

mean position .
l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l 1111111111

ax -
x
s
Angular Frequency ( af
2 or
2¥)
W 2x→ Displacement
-

El = - ,

acuteration

and
Negative signs show opposite directions
n
NOTE : a n are in n

( >
>s cc
a

always towards
a

or acceleration is mean position .

a
a

Ruler
' ' ''
/ l l l l
l l l l l
l l l ll
l l l l '
I ' ' ' '
I / ' ' ''
I
MEAN POSITION

n ga

pull do n moves up

* Acceleration vs displacement Graph :

Ya FACT : Gradient
Raise §
= =
1-
- - - - - - - - -
ta

! ax -
n

! a = - W 2x Fe = -
W
Z

! +n
a
Gradient = -
WZ
( i i >
-
N O
l
WZ
grad value
-

+ - -_ +

i
WZ
! grad : =

i w = Grad:
ay
-
- - - - - - - - -

FA O # t : State and explain 2 features of show it represents S (4 marks)

-
this
graph to -
HM
-
-

i
.
Straight line through origin shows that a and x are directly proportional .

2. Negative gradient shows a and x are in opposite directions .

^ a
F. A O # 2 NOTE : Inclined planes
: 7
- :

N I
<
•

h h Forward Force
w Sino = -
O

t w cosO
Sin O Mla .IQ
Mg
=
t - - - er
we
- - - - - - - - - - - - .

mzn.in
- - - - . . . . .

state and explain whether this motion is S H - - M or not .

a=g Sino so
constant Instant <
wsino
Ans: Acceleration remains constant throughout at every point on slope

and so is not proportional to displacement Hence it . is not SH M . .

NOTE :
Angle is different at every point so acceleration will be different Hence this kind of setup .

will be s . HM .
*
Equation for Graphs :

General Form :
Y label =( Amplitude) ( shape of curve)

* Displacement vs Time Graph :

111111111111111111111111111111

Xa
FACT: Gradient Velocity
starting at MEAN :
+ a . . . . . . . . . -
in :O
-_

At t -
- O , U -
- O

starting from (0,0) → SINE CURVE o

•m=ma× ,
to ,
• • st

NOTE : Maximum displacement is 4 ,

D
o
O
g
3
called Amplitude max : 2 a max :
n= -
MEAN -_

A
.
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - @
-
POSITION
K=O
✓

Equation : X - A- Sino
O
W=t O=Wt

x=ASinwt

*
Velocity VS Time Graph :
111111111111111111111111111111

Va

starting at MEAN :
+ Aw . .

At t -
- O ,
V - Max :

starting from Lo , 1) → COS CURVE o •

t'
• >
t

AW
NOTE : Max : velocity is 4
D
,
o
O
g
3
Equation
2
: V AWCOSO MEAN
-
-
v=o v=o
-
AW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
POSITION
v -_ Max:
u

V= Awcoswt

Formula for
*
Velocity :

IDENTITY :(Sino)'t (cos 2=1

(sinwt)'t (Cosw-42=1
'

( El
'
+
( Ew) -
- I
2
✓
AZIZ =/ -

AZ
2
y
=
A
1 Af
I
*
✓ = WHA? x2)

A? XL> Displacement this formula All calculations of velocity

K
of NOTE : Memorize in S H M will
=
velocity
-
. -
-

"

Angular Amplitude
frequency be done
using this equation .

Velocity at Peak : .

Velocity at Mean :
-

✓ = W AZ -
X
2
✓ = W AZ -
X
Z

'
W AZ A Amplitude displacement
V W AZ 02 NOTE is never zero since it is just the
-

-
-
v
-
-
- → .
-
max -
- .

WTAZ
✓ = Wx O V =
Always change x never A .

'
✓ =Om5 v = AW
*
Velocity Vs Displacement Graph :

✓
at AW
•
Circle center origin
-

NOTE :
Always label the 4 points HA Ait Aw Aw)
-
-

, ,

- A + A x
( • o )

•
-
AW
v

* OSCILLATING SYSTEMS :

*
Spring Mass system :

=
=
= m
=
( At rest)
= soooo .
i
J
=
I
= I N
>
= ,
= I m
I
=
= mo
tensing
J
Fc
= a
a

Force stretched to accelerate

in
spring causes mass

F- Kx (Hooke 's law]

spring
=

F- ma

Kx = ma

and
NOTE : x a are vectors in opposite directions so put a
negative sign .

-
Kx = ma
constant
>
spring
-

a = -
Kx
Mt > mass

F. A O # l : Prove
-
that the motion above is s H . -
M .

Ans : . K and m are both constants hence a ax .

Negative sign shows a and x are in opposite directions .

F. A. O # 2 : Find
frequency .

a =
-

km x

a- =
I VWZ I

we =
Im

2Tnf = Im

f- = 2¥ Im
FA Q#3 : Find Time
- Period .

F- F
T = 2A If
*
Energy changes in oscillating systems :

=
=
= m
J
K E = Max :
oooo
-

=
=
i
,
=
;
= I N
>
= ,
= I m
'
I maximum
E. RE
rotor
=

=
J
FC
= a
a

FACT: E. RE K E -

* Graph for K E:-

NOTE :
Following derivation is for graph only .
NOTE : for numerical use :

K .E= {MV K E=ImVZ

Z
-

'

✓= Awcoswt →
graph K E -
-
- ztmlwfnxz)
IMWYAZXZ)
'

K C- =
- IMLAWCOSWTI K E- -

-
K C- = .
{MAZWZCCOSWEIZ E. P C- = . ztkx?
#
Y Fabel Amplitude shape of
-

curve

K -

En
z' MWZAZ @

t
>

* Graph for E P E: -
-

NOTE :
Following derivation is for graph only .

E- P C- -
= {KXZ
x= Asinwt → Graph
ftp.E-tzk/ASinWt)Z NOTE : W
-
= Em k=mW
'

E. RE -_
EMWZAZ (Sinwtf
a- =a-
y label Amplitude
-

shape of curve

E.P En -

{ MWZAZ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

t
>
 Total
*
Energy
:

T.f-tzmWZAZT.E-IMWZAYCOSWL.PT
T.E= K Et E. RE -
NOTE :

EmW2A4sinwt5 TEA AZ
El
t.E-tzmWZAZlccoswtttcsinw.LY ] In ,z=¥z
NOTE :
Identity :(Sino)2tCcosOP=I
F. C- = IMWZAZCI)
T .E=ImWZAZ →
NOTE : Memorize this formula for numerical .

Energy vs Time Graph

* :

En
TE
{ MWZAZ K E
-

E. RE

t
>

*
Energy vs Displacement Graph :

C- IT
^
TE K E:
- E RE :
-
TE :
•
q
( I
I
Amplitudes always TE
/
r ere , MaMean Max: Max : E is
/ l
l l
l
I 8-
crossover
- - - - -
a- - - - - - -
•
i Zero -
-
Amplitude Zero : Mean
,
,
points E !
/
l
I 1 I !
l l
l
l l
KE -

! I
l l l
/
'
t
/ /
( • i • ! • >
Xlm
-
A -
A LA TA
Fz Tz

Cross -
over points :

K .E=E P E - -

¥mW2( AZ -
x 2) = 'zkx2
¥m/W/2(A2-x2)=¥rxwf×2
AZ ×2=×2-

2=2×2×2
A-

=
AI
2

×2=±A → Memorize

FAQ : Sketch Energy vs displacement graph showing K'E. E. RE and T E

-

given that C- max :

-
-
20J and A- 5cm

C- IT
"
20J TE
•
q
( I

/ I
/ E RE
-
l
l l
l l
l l
, g- - - - - - -
• - - - - -

-0,0 ,
/ I 10J i
,
i i i
I l
/ ,
K
l l
-

Ey ,
l l l
I
'
r i I
< i i Xlm
• • • >
-
5 I Is 5
TE 52
 Vertical Mass
*
spring system :

ll l ll l l l l l l l 11/11 11 l l l l l l l l 1/11/11

F
Be
b

}
s
m

Fspring ×
ga
Wo

m o

W =
F

ke
mg =

Fn I -
-

Fspring causes acceleration

Fspring = Ma

-
Kx = ma

a=
-

km x

vertical affected by gravity

9g
it is
a= x > NOTE :
system is so
-
.

F. A. Q# l : Find W .

-
g
a= e- X

I win

W' = of
W= I
F. A O # 2: Find Time Period
- .

2K
I
F- e

2k get
-

F. A. a# 3 : what will happen if another similar is attached series?

spring in

qq.im
"""

F- Large
F- 522Aff

F- DT Ig e
•
oscillation will take
longer .
m

•
Time period will increase .

F. A. a# 4 : what will happen if another similar

spring is attached in parallel? " " " " " " "" ,

Eg
7- 2a

F- Fz 2K Fe
Ee
} § Ee

F- IF T

•
oscillation is
quicker
•
Time period will decrease .
* oscillations in a Pendulum:

Angle will be small 0=5 100

NOTE :
very
. : -

111111111111,11111111111
.

:O a
°
Hence displacement will be in a

!
so line
i straight
i
.
°
Cos5=0 99-

, cos 10=0.98 for very

i 1- Sino
<
i >
x
i
a
a
small L's cos 0=1

W
✓

Method # l :
Components of Tension

TCOSO = W

Tu) = W

F- W

Tsin O causes acceleration

Tsin O -
-
ma

-
T (E) =
ma → NOTE and in opposite directions hence
sign
: x a are -
ve .

-
w (E) = ma

E
ring ( ) ma
-
- -

a = - 9
TX

11111111111,111111111111

i
i
i
i

i
i >
×
i a F , mgcoSO
a

<

W v
mgsino

Method # 2 : components of weight

Sino causes acceleration
mg

mlgsinoerxa
a= -

Ix
L

FA O # l : Prove that motion above is 5. Him

-
.

Ans:
og
and L are both constants hence axx

. -
ve
sign shows a and x are in opposite directions .

F. A. Q#2 Find
g
:

frequency .

a =
-
I x

d u v
W 2x
r
a = -

W = If
2.Af = #
f- = faff
F. A Q#3 : Find Time Period
- .

t.EE
7- 2K€
F. A Q#4 : Plot
- a
graph of -145 vs L km

F T"

=4gI g=4I
Z Z
1-2=4Th Gradient units : Cms
-

NOTE :
4¥ grad :

1-I g
L

J K E unit of Grad: Im grid :

-
Cms
-
Z

>
L 1cm

F. A .cl#5:T=2AfT9- If mass of pendulum is increased what happens to T?

Ans No :
effect

mtgSino Ma
-
-

a-
gSino
-

F. A Q# 6 : A
-

simple pendulum has a bob of mass

0.3kg and length of 1M The bob is thrown
- aside through an
angle of 60 and

released from rest Calculate :

111111111141111 " " "'
.

"

§
(a) Vmax : Sino -
- I
'

(a) W
-
-
Fk =
9.81 Sino -
-
F i
i
i
Vmax : -
-
AW x= Sint → Amplitude .

,
i
i >

Sin 659.8T
×
Vmax : =
i cc To
a

'
'
Vmax: O 33ms
0.3g
= -

(b) a max :

A= - W 2x

a = - W 2A

a= -
(F) 2x sin 6
- 2
a= O -
98ms

(c) Maximum Tension .

FACT: Tension is maximum at mean position

F- W

F- 0.319 81) -

F- 2.9N

NOTE : since pendulum is

actually in circular motion ,
T W - Fc
-

can also be used .

* oscillations of a
liquid in a U tube :
-

Liquid
•

( 2h >

mass of liquid =
fxvol
2h)
MEAN -
liquid eventually settles down at this point
M =L (A ×

§
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

h
n

> Ac

Pressure Difference : > NOTE : Movement is due to pressure difference .

Po -
-

fgho fg -
- (2x)

F- Pox A
fg (2x) A
-
-

F- ma

fg (Xx) AHHHH) a > NOTE: x and a are in opposite directions hence -

ve
sign .

Spx
a = -

✓ ✓

!
a -
-
W2x

* DAMPING :

Gruadval decrease in amplitude of oscillations due to lost in

overcoming friction
energy .

*
Types of Damping :

i. Critical Damping
2
. Heavy Damping

3. Light Damping
i. Critical
Damping
:

returns to equilibrium position shortest time possible without

when the
system in the
any
oscillations .

e.
g shock absorbers in cars , speed -
o - meters .

2. Heavy Damping :

system returns to equilibrium position very slowly without any oscillations .

in doors
e.
g dampers .

exceed those
NOTE : Frictional forces in
heavy damping in critical
damping .

3.
Light
t
Damping :

Defined oscillations are observed however amplitude of oscillations decreases

gradually with time .

e.g simple pendulum , electromagnetic damping .

disp : a

engMfgn¥am7meg
Heavy Damping

* Resonance:

*
Driving Frequency( fro) :

In order to keep a
system which has a
degree of damping in continuous motion ,
some outside periodic force

called
is used The
.

frequency of this force is

driving frequency .

Natural
*
FrequencyCfo) :

The frequency of system on it's own .

* Resonance :

when fo and fo becomes equal there . is a

large increase in amplitude of oscillation .

nmrr i >
light damping introduced NOTE : whenever amplitude vs
frequency graph is plotted ,

concept is
always resonance .

critical
Heavy or
damping introduced
~
renews
f- o = f-D

introduced
NOTE : whenever
damping is :

•
Amplitude decreases
•

frequency shifts left

.
Peak flattens
* Uses of Resonance :

•
Microwaves

Tuning circuits in radios

•
MRI

*
Disadvantages of Resonance :

e.

Breakages e g bridges
-
.