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Senior High School

Pre-Calculus
Module 14:
Solving Situational Problems
Involving Trigonometric Identities

AIRs - LM
LU_Pre-Calculus_Module14 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module14
STEM – PRE-CALCULUS
Module 14: Solving Situational Problems Involving Trigonometric Identities
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Nelson C. Laconsay


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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module14
Senior High School

Pre-Calculus
Module 14:
Solving Situational Problems
Involving Trigonometric Identities

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module14
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in


each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in


answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module14
Target

Trigonometric identities have many real-life applications in


different fields. It is important since in calculation, we can replace either member with
the other.
In your previous lesson, you have built your understanding on determining
equations whether identity or conditional equation and applied trigonometric identities
to find other trigonometric values.
This module will provide you with information and activities that will help you
understand how to solve problems involving trigonometric identities.

After going through this module, you are expected to:


1. solve situational problems involving trigonometric identities (STEM_PC11T-IIg-
2).

Learning Objectives:
1. Recall the trigonometric identities
2. Apply the trigonometric functions in solving situational problems involving
trigonometric identities
3. Construct a technique in solving situational problems involving trigonometric
identities

PRETEST
Directions: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the correct answer for
each item. Use a separate sheet for your answers.

1. What is the value of sin(𝜃 + 𝜃) ?


A. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 B. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 C. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 D. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2. Which is NOT a value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃?
A. 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 B. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1 C. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 D. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
3. Which of the following is INCORRECT?
A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 B. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
C. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 D. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

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4. Which of the following gives the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 90)?
A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 B. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 C. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 D. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
5. At what angle measure does the sine function reach its largest value of 1?
A. 30° B. 45° C. 60° D. 90°
6. What is the exact value of cos 105° ?
√2−√6 √2+√6 √3+√6 √3−√6
A. B. C. D.
4 4 7 7

7. What is the exact value of tan 15° ?


A. 2 + √3 B. 2 − √3 C. 3 + √2 D. 3 − √2
8. What does CGO stand for?
A. Cosine, Group, Order B. Cosine, Generate, Opposite
C. Cosine, Group, Opposite D. Cosine, Generate, Order
9. Which of the following correctly illustrates sin(30° + 45°) ?
A. sin 30° cos 45° − sin 30° cos 45° B. sin 30° cos 45° + cos 30° sin 45°
C. sin 30° cos 45° + sin 30° cos 45° D. sin 30° cos 45° − cos 30° sin 45°
10. What does SMS mean?
A. Sine, Math, Standard B. Sine, Minus, Similar
C. Sine, Mix, Same D. Sine, Multiple, Strand

For numbers 11 and 12, refer to the problem below.


1
Given cos 𝐴 = − and A is located in Quadrant II, find the following:
4

11. What is sin 2𝐴?


√15 √7 √15 √7
A. B. C. − D. −
8 8 8 8

12. What is cos 2𝐴?


√7 √13 √15 √19
A. − B. − C. D.
8 7 8 7

For questions 13 to 15, refer to the problem below.


The force F (in pounds) on the back of a person when he or she bends over at
0.5𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+90)
an acute angle 𝜃 (in degrees) is given by 𝐹 = , where W is the weight (in
𝑠𝑖𝑛10

pounds) of the person.


13. Which simplifies the formula for F?
0.5𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0.5𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 0.5𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0.5𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
A. 𝐹 = B. 𝐹 = C. 𝐹 = D. 𝐹 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛10 𝑠𝑖𝑛10 𝑠𝑖𝑛10 𝑠𝑖𝑛10

14. Calculate the force on the back of a person whose weight is 150 pounds if he bends
an angle of 50°.
A. 277.62 lbs. B. 330.86 lbs. C. 425.35 lbs. D. 450.32 lbs.

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15. How many pounds should a person weigh for his back to endure a force of 275
lbs. if he bends 35°?
A. 115.23 lbs. B. 116.59 lbs. C. 117.89 lbs. D. 119.41 lbs.

Jumpstart

Activity 1: Recall the Identities


Directions: Study the table of summary of trigonometric identities. Complete the
missing terms or equations. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Reciprocal Identities 1
csc 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
1
sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
1
cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
Quotient Identities tan 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃


(1)_______________________
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃
Even-Odd Identities sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 cos(−𝜃 ) = cos 𝜃
tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃
Cosine Difference Identity (2)_______________________________
Cosine Sum Identity cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cosAcosB − sinAsinB
Sine Difference Identity sin(A − B) = sinAcosB − cosAsinB
Sine Sum Identity (3)_______________________________
Cofunction Identities 𝜋
cos ( − 𝐵) = sin 𝐵
𝜋
sin ( − 𝐵) = cos 𝐵
2 2
𝜋
tan ( − 𝐵) = cot 𝐵
2
Tangent Difference Identity tanA − tanB
tan(A − B) =
1 + tanA tanB
tanA + tanB
tan(A + B) =
(4)___________________________ 1 − tanA tanB
Sine Double-Angle Identity sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
Cosine Double-Angle cos 2𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴
Identities cos 2𝐴 = 2cos 2 𝐴 − 1
cos 2𝐴 = 1 − 2sin2 𝐴
Tangent Double-Angle
Identity (5)___________________________

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Discover

Trigonometric identities are used to evaluate trigonometric


functions, simplify trigonometric expressions, and verify other identities. Because of
these identities, Mathematicians were able to solve problems in the different fields
such as in calculus and all its application.
These identities are used to solve situational problems such as in the fields of
architecture (measuring roof angle, calculating heights of trees and buildings, and
developing large infrastructures), astronomy (determining distance in space between
planets and moon phases), music theory (calculating sound waves), oceanography
(tidal change using trigonometric graph and depth of underwater objects), gaming
(projectile and trajectory in games), engineering (calculating alternating electric
current and determining the sizes and angles of mechanical parts using trigonometric
relationship), and physics (calculating equilibrium, forces, and work).
In the previous modules, you have learned how to determine an identity and a
conditional equation and how to apply the different trigonometric identities to find
other trigonometric values. In this module you will learn how to solve situational
problems involving trigonometric identities.
Trigonometric identities are of central importance in solving problems in
calculus and different fields. These equations model real-life applications such as into
events we might not immediately recognize. Study the examples below and consider
the guide questions to solve these problems involving trigonometric identities.
Problem 1: Anthon, a baseball player hit the ball at an angle 𝜃 to the horizontal with
an initial velocity of 𝑣0 feet per second. If air resistance is ignored, the horizontal
1
distance d travelled by the ball, the range, is given by 𝑅 = 𝑣 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. At what angle
16 0

𝜃 does R maximum?
1
Given: 𝑅 = 𝑣 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
16 0

Unknown: 𝜃 where R is at maximum


Solution:
• Simplify: 1 2
𝑅= 𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Identify a trigonometric identity to be 16 0
used to simplify the given. 1 2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑅= 𝑣
Use the double-angle formula to 16 0 2
rewrite the given. 1 2
𝑅= 𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 32 0

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• Analyse/ solve. Since the largest value for sine function is 1,
occurring when 𝜃 = 90°.
For maximum R, we must have
2𝜃 = 90°
Divide both sides by 2. 𝜃 = 45°
Conclusion: At an angle of 45°, the range, R is at maximum.

Problem 2: Find the exact value of cos 105°.


Given: cos 105°
Unknown: exact value
Solution:
• Simplify:
Identify a trigonometric identity to be
used to simplify the given. cos(60° + 45°) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠60°𝑐𝑜𝑠45° − 𝑠𝑖𝑛60°𝑠𝑖𝑛45°
Use the cosine sum identity.
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
• Analyse/ solve. 1 √2 √3 √2
cos(60° + 45°) = ⋅ − ⋅
2 2 2 2
√2 − √6
cos(60° + 45°) =
4
√2−√6
Conclusion: The exact value of cos 105° is .
4
3 𝜋
Problem 3: Given sin 𝜃 = and < 𝜃 < 𝜋, find sin 2𝜃 and cos 2𝜃.
5 2
3
Given: sin 𝜃 = , where 𝜃 is in Quadrant II
5

Unknown: sin 2𝜃 and cos 2𝜃


Solution:
• Simplify:
Identify a trigonometric identity to be
used to simplify the given.
3 2 4
√ 2 √
cos 𝜃 = − 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = − 1 − ( ) = −
Use the Pythagorean identity to 5 5
determine cos 𝜃.
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
• Analyse/ solve. sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
3 4
sin 2𝜃 = 2 ( ) (− )
Since 𝜃 is in Quadrant II, only sine 5 5
function is positive. 24
sin 2𝜃 = −
Use the Double-angle formulas for 25
Sine and Cosine.
cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
3 2
cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 ( )
5
7
cos 2𝜃 =
25
24 7
Conclusion: sin 2𝜃 = − and cos 2𝜃 =
25 25

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Be guided that in Quadrant I, all trigonometric functions are positive. In
Quadrant II, only sine and cosecant functions are positive. In Quadrant III, only
tangent and cotangent functions are positive. In Quadrant IV, only cosine and secant
functions are positive.

Problem 4: The force F (in pounds) on the back of a person when he or she bends over
0.72𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+90)
at an acute angle 𝜃 (in degrees) is given by 𝐹 = , where W is the weight (in
𝑠𝑖𝑛15

pounds) of the person. Find the force on the back of a person whose weight is 168.45
lbs. if he bends an angle of 40°.
0.72𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+90)
Given: W=168.45 lbs; 𝜃 =40°; 𝐹 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛15

Unknown: F
Solution:

• Simplify:
Identify a trigonometric identity to be sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
used to simplify the given. sin(𝜃 + 90) = sin 𝜃 cos 90 + cos 𝜃 sin 90
Use the Sine Sum Identity to simplify sin(𝜃 + 90) = sin 𝜃 (0) + cos 𝜃 (1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 90) sin(𝜃 + 90) = cos 𝜃
• Analyse/ solve. 0.72𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 90)
𝐹=
𝑠𝑖𝑛15
Since sin(𝜃 + 90) = cos 𝜃 , then 0.72(168.45)𝑐𝑜𝑠(40)
𝐹=
Substitute the given values. 𝑠𝑖𝑛15
0.72(168.45)𝑐𝑜𝑠(40)
𝐹=
𝑠𝑖𝑛15
𝐹 = 358.97
Conclusion: The force on the back of a person whose weight is 168.45 lbs. if he bends
an angle of 400 is 358.97 lbs.

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Explore

Activity 2: Give Our Exact Values


Directions: Give the exact values of the given problems. Identify the trigonometric
identity to be used and show your complete solutions. Copy the table below.
sin 75° Problem tan 15°

Identity

Solution

Exact Value

Activity 3: True or False?


Directions: Based from your responses in Activity 2, determine whether the following
statements are True or False. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. sin 75° can be expressed as sin (45°+30°).


2. Use the sine double-angle identity to find the exact value of sin 75°.
3. tan 15° can be expressed as tan (60°-45°).
√2 √6
4. The exact value of sin 75° is + .
4 4

5. The exact value of tan 15° is -√5 + 2.

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Deepen

Activity 4: How Heavy Should I Be?


Directions: Solve the problem below by showing your step-by-step and detailed
solution. Write your solutions on a sheet of paper. Study the scoring rubric to be be
used in assessing your performance.

Tonton’s force F (in pounds) on his back when he bends over at an


Problem: 0.72𝑊 sin(𝜃+90)
acute angle 𝜃 (in degrees) is given by 𝐹 = , where W is his
sin 18
weight (in pounds).

a. Simplify the formula.


b. Find the force on Tonton’s back if his weight is 162.35 lbs. if he
bends an angle of 35°.
c. How many pounds should he weigh for his back to endure a
force of 255 lbs. if he bends 40°?

Rubrics for Scoring the Scrapbook


Indicators Poor Fair Good Very Good
1 point 2 point 3 points 4 points
Understanding of -Show no -Show a little -Show good -Find all important
the Problem understandin understanding understanding parts of the
g of the of the problem of the problem problem
problem -Fully understand
the problem
Process and -Demonstrate -Demonstrate a -Demonstrate a -Demonstrate a
Strategies little or no limited general clear knowledge
knowledge or knowledge and knowledge and and application of
application of application of application of math skills
math skills math skills math skills
Accuracy (x2) -Inaccurately -Solution has -Solution is -All calculation is
solutions some mistakes correct correct
-Small mistakes -Correct solution
may exist
Communication/ -No evident -Has -Explanation -Has clear and
Explanations explanation explanation but has good use of thoughtful
not clear to math language explanation
understand -Procedures -Procedures are
can be followed organized and
easy to labelled, easy to
understand understand
Total
____
⁄20

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Gauge

Directions: Read the statements carefully. Select the letter of your answer. Write you
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the value of sin(𝜃 + 𝜃) ?
𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 B. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 C. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 D. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2. Which of the following gives the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 90)?
A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 B. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 C. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 D. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
3. At what angle measure does the sine function reach its largest value of 1?
A. 30° B. 45° C. 60° D. 90°
4. Which is NOT a value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃?
A. 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 B. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1 C. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 D. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
5. Which of the following is INCORRECT?
A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 B. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 C.
C. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 D. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
6. What is the exact value of cos 15° ?
√2−√6 √2+√6 √3+√6 √3−√6
A. B. C. D.
4 4 7 7

7. What is the exact value of tan 15° ?


A. 2 + √3 B. 2 − √3 C. 3 + √2 D. 3 − √2
8. In what quadrant are sine and its reciprocal positive?
A. I and II B. II and III C. II and IV D. I and IV
5
For numbers 9 to 11: Given cos 𝑥 = − and 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.
13

9. sin x
24 7 12 14
A. B. C. D.
25 24 13 25

10. sin 2x
120 115 113 102
A. − B. − C. − D. −
169 169 125 125

11. cos 2x
119 113 109 101
A. − B. − C. − D. −
169 169 125 125

12. How can 2sin10°cos10° be written as a trigonometric expression?


A. sin 10° B. sin 20° C. cos 10° D. cos 20°

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For questions 13 to 15:
The force F (in pounds) on the back of a person when he or she bends over at
0.5𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+90)
an acute angle 𝜃 (in degrees) is given by 𝐹 = , where W is the weight (in
𝑠𝑖𝑛20

pounds) of the person.


13. Which simplifies the formula for F?
0.5𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0.5𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 0.5𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0.5𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
A. 𝐹 = B. 𝐹= C. 𝐹 = D. 𝐹 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛20 𝑠𝑖𝑛20 𝑠𝑖𝑛20 𝑠𝑖𝑛20

14. Calculate the force on the back of a person whose weight is 180 pounds if he bends
an angle of 50°.
A. 169.14 lbs. B. 180.86 lbs. C. 225.35 lbs. D. 250.32 lbs.
15. How many pounds should a person weigh for his back to endure a force of 255
lbs. if he bends 35°?
A. 211.23 lbs. B. 212.94 lbs. C. 214.89 lbs. D. 215.41 lbs.

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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module15 11
Pre-test
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. D
6. A 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C
11.C 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B
Activity 1: Recall the Identities
1. Pythagorean Identities
2. cos(A-B) = cosAcosB+sinAsinB
3. sin(A+B) = sinAcosB+cosAsinB
4. Tangent Sum Identity
2 tan 𝐴
5. tan 2A= 2
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
Activity 2: Give Our Exact Values
√2 √6
+ ; 2 − √3
4 4
Activity 3: True or False
1. true 2. false 3. true 4. true 5. False
Gauge:
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A
6. B 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. A
11.A 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. B
Answer Key
References

Printed Materials:

Department of Education. (2016). Unit 3: Trigonometry, Precalculus Learner’s


Material (pp. 171-195). Pasig City, Philippines.

Department of Education. (2016). Unit 3: Trigonometry, Precalculus Teacher’s Guide


(pp. 177-209). Pasig City, Philippines.

Villaluna, Thelma T. et al. (2017). Pre-calculus: Analysis and Application. Valenzuela


City: Tru-Copy Publishing House, Inc.

Website:

Analytical Rubric for Math Problem Solving. Retrieved July 25, 2020 from
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/332351647472784932/

Math Project Rubric. Retrieved July 26, 2020 from


https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/854909941738924922/

Real Life Applications of Trigonometric Identities. Retrieved October 19, 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMnMxTEt9dM/

Sum and Difference Identities. Retrieved October 30, 2020 from


https://courses.lumenlearning.com/precalctwo/chapter/sum-and-difference-
identities/

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union


Curriclum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
launion@deped.gov.ph
lrm.launion@deped.gov.ph

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