Ial Maths Fp3 RE1

Review exercise 1
1
2 tanh x − 1 =0 e x − e− x
sinh x e x − e− x
 e −e 
x −x tanh
= x = = 2
2 x −x  = 1 cosh x e x + e− x
2
e x + e− x
e +e 
2e x − 2e − x =e x + e− x You multiply both sides of this
e = 3e
x −x equation by ex .
e2 x = 3
You take the logarithms of both sides of this
2 x = ln 3 equation and use the property that
x = 12 ln 3 ln e 2 x = 2 x.
2 The wording of the question requires you

5 = 3cosh x e x + e− x
to use the definition cosh x = .
 e x + e− x  2
5 = 3 
 2  You multiply this equation throughout by ex.
10
= 3e x + 3e − x
3e x − 10 + 3e − x =
0 You may find it helpful to substitute y = e x and then, factorise,
3e 2 x − 10e x + 3 =0 3 y 2 − 10 y + 3= (3 y − 1)( y − 3)= 0. This gives

=y and y 3 and, hence, e x =
=
1 1
and e x = 3. With practice,
(3e x − 1)(e x − 3) =
0 3 3
the substitution can be omitted.

ex
= , ex 3
=
1
3
x = ln ( 13 ) , ln 3 The answer x = − ln 3 would also be

acceptable.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
3 The curves intersect when
5sinh x = 4 cosh x You use the definitions
e − e 
x −x
e + e x −x e x − e− x
sinh x = and
5  = 4  2
 2   2 
e x + e− x
cosh x = .
5e x − 5e − x =4e x + 4e − x 2
e x = 9e − x
Using the law of logarithms
e2 x = 9 with n 12=
n ln a = ln a n = and a 9.
2 x = ln 9
=x 1
2ln 9 ln=
= 9 ln 3
ln 3 ln 3 ln 1
e= 3 and e −= eln1−=
ln 3
e=3 1
, using
e ln 3
−e − ln 3
 5  1 3
y =5sinh (ln 3) =5   = ×3−  ln1 = 0 and the law of logarithms

 2  2  3
a
5 8 20 ln a − ln b =
ln .
= × = b
2 3 3
20
p 3,=
= q
3
4
e x − e− x
5cosh x − 2sinh x =
11 You use the definitions sinh x =
2
 e x + e− x   e x − e− x  e x + e− x
5  − 2 = 11 and cosh x = .
 2   2  2
5e + 5e − 2e + 2e =
x −x x −x
22
You multiply this equation throughout by ex.
3e − 22 + 7e
x −x
0
=
2x
3e − 22e + 7 =0 x
You may find it helpful to substitute y = e x and
(3e x − 1)(e x − 7) =
0 then, factorising
3 y 2 − 22 y + 7= (3 y − 1)( y − 7)= 0.
e x = 13 , 7
This gives y = 1
3
and y = 7 and, hence, e x = 1
3
x = ln , ln 7
1
3 and e x = 7. With practice, the substitution can
be omitted.
5 e x − e− x
6sinh 2 x + 9 cosh 2 x =
7 You use the definitions sinh x =
2
 e 2 x − e −2 x   e 2 x + e −2 x  e x + e− x
6  + 9 = 7 and cosh x = replacing x by 2x.
 2   2  2
2x −2 x 2x −2 x
6e − 6e + 9e + 9e = 14
You multiply this equation throughout
15e 2 x − 14 + 3e −2 x =
0 by e2x.
15e 4 x − 14e 2 x + 3 =0
(3e 2 x − 1)(5e 2 x − 3) =
0
You take the logarithms of both sides

1 3
e2 x = , of this equation and use the property
3 5 that ln e 2 x = 2 x.
1 3
2 x = ln , ln
3 5
1 1 1 3
x = ln , ln
2 3 2 5
1 3
p= ,
3 5
6 a
e x − e− x
sinh x + 2 cosh x =
k You use the definitions sinh x =
2
e x − e− x  e x + e− x  e x + e− x
+ 2 =k and cosh x = .
2  2  2
e x − e − x + 2e x + 2e − x =
2k
3e x − 2k + e − x =
0
3e 2 x − 2ke x + 1 =0
Let y = e x
3 y 2 − 2ky + 1 =0
2k ± (4k 2 − 12) Using the quadratic formula
y=
6 −b ± (b 2 − 4ac)
y= .
k ± (k 2 − 3) 2a
= (1)
3
For real y If x  − 3, then both
k 2 − 3  0 ⇒ k  3, k  − 3
k + k2 −3 k − (k 2 − 3)
and are
y e > 0 for all real x, k  − 3 is rejected.
As = x
3 3
k  3. negative.
b Using (1) above with k = 2 You could solve the equation in part b
without using part a but it is efficient to
2 ± (4 − 3) 2 ± 1
y e=
= x
= use the work you have already done.
3 3
e = 1, 3 ⇒ x = ln1, ln 13 = 0, − ln 3
x 1
7 a (e x + e − x ) 2 = (e x ) 2 + 2e x ⋅ e − x + (e − x ) 2
2
e + ex −x
 e − e 
x −x
= e 2 x + 2 + e −2 x
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x ≡  − 
 2   2 
e2 x + 2 + e − (e − 2 + e −2 x )
−2 x 2x
≡
4
4
≡ ≡ 1, as required.
4
b Rewriting the equation in terms of the exponential definitions of the hyperbolic functions, it
becomes:
1 2
− x −x = 2
e −e
x −x
e −e
2 e x +e − x
2 2 ( e x + e− x )
− x −x = 2
e x − e− x e −e
2 − 2e x − 2e − x = 2e x − 2e − x
4e x = 2
x = ln 12 = − ln 2
8 a (e x + e − x ) 2 = (e x ) 2 + 2e x ⋅ e − x + (e − x ) 2
2
 e x + e− x  = e 2 x + 2 + e −2 x
cosh 2 x − 1 2 
2=  −1
 2 
e 2 x + 2 + e −2 x
2×
= −1
4
2e 2 x 4 2e −2 x
= + + −1
4 4 4
e 2 x + e −2 x
= = cosh 2 x, as required
2
If arcosh x > 0 then arcosh x =ln( x + ( x 2 − 1)).

b Using the result in part a
However if cosh x = a, where a > 0, then there are
cosh 2 x − 5cosh x = 2
± ln(a + (a 2 − 1))
two answers x =
2 cosh 2 x − 1 − 5cosh x =2
2 cosh 2 x − 5cosh x − 3 =0
(2 cosh x + 1)(cosh x − 3) =
0
cosh x = − 12 , cosh x =
3
cosh x = − 2 is impossible
1
± arcosh 3 =
x= ± ln(3 + 8)
These answers can also be written as=x ln (3 ± 8).
9 a
3
 e x + e− x   e x + e− x  Using the binomial expansion
3
4 cosh x − 3cosh
= x 4  − 3  (e x + e − x )3
 2   2  =(e x )3 + 3(e x ) 2 ⋅ e − x
+ 3e x (e − x ) 2 + (e − x )3
−3 x
e + 3e + 3e + e 3e + 3e
x x −x x −x
= e3 x + 3e x + 3e − x + e −3 x .
= −
2 2
3x −3 x
e +e
= = cosh 3 x, as required.
2
b cosh 3 x = 5cosh x
Using the result in part a
4 cosh 3 x − 3cosh x = 5cosh x
4 cosh 3 x − 8cosh x =
0
4 cosh x(cosh 2 x − 2) = 0
As for all x, cosh x  1,
cosh x = 2 There are 3 possible answers to this cubic,
± ln 2 + 1
x= ( ) cosh x = 0, cosh x = − 2 and
cosh x = 2. As for all real x, cosh x  1
 1   1 2 −1 
(
− ln =2 + 1 ln  = )
 2 +1 
 ln  × 
2 − 1 
only the last of the three gives real values
 2 +1 of x.
= ln  =
 2 −1 
 ln 2 − 1 ( )
Using arcosh x = ln x + ( x 2 − 1) ( )
 1 
The solutions of cosh 3 x = 5cosh x, as natural logarithms, =
are x ln 2 ± 1 . ( )
10 a
cosh A cosh B − sinh A sinh B When multiplying out the brackets
you must be careful to obtain all
 e + e  e + e   e − e  e − e 
A −A B −B A −A B −B
eight terms with the correct signs.
  −  
 2  2   2  2 
1 A+ B − A+ B
=
4
( e +e + e A − B +e − A − B − e A + B + e − A + B + e A − B − e − A − B ) You use the definition
e x + e− x
1 e A − B + e−( A − B ) cosh x= with x= A + B.
=
4
( )
2e − A+ B + 2e A − B =
2
2
= cosh ( A − B), as required.
b You expand cosh ( x − 1) using the result

cosh x cosh1 − sinh x sinh1 =
sinh x of part a.
cosh x=cosh1 sinh x (1 + sinh1) Divide both sides of this equation by
cosh1 sinh x
tanh x = cosh x(1 + sinh1) and use tanh x = .
1 + sinh1 cosh x
e + e −1
e + e−1
e2 + 1
tanh x
= = =
2
, as required.
1+ 2 + e − e −1 e 2 + 2e − 1
e − e−1
2
11 a Let y = arsinh x
e y − e− y You multiply this equation throughout by ey
Then
= x sinh
= y and treat the result as a quadratic in ey.
2
2=
x e −e
y −y
e 2 y − 2 xe y − 1 =0 The quadratic formula has ± in it. However

2
2 x + (4 x + 4) 2
x − ( x + 1) is negative for all real x and
ey =
2 does not have a real logarithm, so you can
ignore the negative sign.
2 x + 2 ( x 2 + 1)
= = x + ( x 2 + 1)
2
Taking the natural logarithms of both sides,
y = ln  x + ( x 2 + 1)  , as required.
 
Using the result of part a with x = cot θ .
b
θ ) ln cot θ + (1 + cot 2 θ ) 
arsinh (cot=
  Using cosec 2θ = 1 + cot 2 θ .
= ln(cot θ + cosec θ )
 cos θ 1   cos θ + 1 
= ln  + = ln  
 sin θ sin θ   sin θ  You use both double angle
formulae = cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x − 1 and
 2 cos 2 θ2 
= ln  θ 
sin 2 x = 2sin x cos x with 2 x = θ .
 2sin 2 cos 2 
θ
 cos θ2   θ
= ln=
 θ 
ln  cot  , as required.
 sin 2   2
12 a Let y = artanh x
e y − e− y You have been asked to prove a standard result
= x tanh
= y in this question. You should learn the proof of
e y + e− y this and other similar results as part of your
e y − e− y e y preparation for the examination.
= y −y × y
e +e e
2y
e −1 Make e2y the subject of the formulas and then
= 2y
e +1 take logarithms.
xe + x = e 2 y − 1
2y
e 2 y (1 − x) =1 + x
1+ x
e2 y =
1− x
 1+ x 
2 y = ln  
 1− x 
1  1+ x 
=y artanh
= x ln   for | x | < 1as required.
2  1− x 
b
You need to be able to sketch the graphs of the
hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions.
When you sketch a graph you should show any
important features of the curve. In this case, you
should show the asymptotes x = −1 and x = 1
of the curve.
c
x = tanh ln (6 x) 
You use the result in part a.
1  1+ x 
ln=
(6 x) artanh
= x ln  
2  1− x 
As you have squared this equation, you might
 1+ x 
ln (6 x) = ln   have introduced an incorrect solution. It would
 1− x  be sensible to check on your calculator that
 1+ x  x = 12 , 13 are solutions of x = tanh ln (6 x)  . In

(6 x) =  
 1− x  this case, both are correct.
Squaring
1+ x
6x =
1− x
2
6x − 6x = 1+ x
6 x 2 − 5 x + 1= (3 x − 1)(2 x − 1)= 0
x = 12 , 1
3
13 a
 1 − (1 − x 2 )   1 + (1 − x 2 )  There are a number of different ways
ln   + ln   of starting this question. The method
 x   x  used here begins by using the log rule
   
log a + log b = log ab.
 1 − (1 − x 2 )   1 + (1 − x 2 ) 
= ln   
 x  x 
   This is the difference of two squares
1 − (1 − x 2 ) x2 a 2 − b 2 = (a − b)(a + b) with
= ln = ln = ln1 = 0
x2 x2 a 1 and=
= b (1 − x 2 ).
Hence
 1 − (1 − x 2 )   1 + (1 − x 2 ) 
ln   = − ln   , as required.
 x   x 
   
1
b=
Let y arcosh
= arsech x
x
sech y = x
2
=x
e + e− y
y
= 2 xe y + xe − y Multiply throughout by ey and treat

the result as a quadratic in ey.
xe 2 y − 2e y + x =0
2 ± (4 − 4 x 2 ) 1 ± (1 − x 2 )
=ey =
2x x
 1 + (1 − x ) 
2  1 − (1 − x 2 ) 
y = ln   , ln  
 x   x 
   
 1 + (1 − x 2 )  Either of the two answers is
= ± ln   , using the result of a
 x  possible but it is conventional
  to take 0 < arsech x  1.
 1 + (1 − x 2 ) 
=y arsech
= x ln   , as required.
 x 
 
c Using sech 2 x = 1 − tanh 2 x

3 tanh 2 x − 4sech x + 1 = 0,
3 − 3sech 2 x − 4sech x + 1 =0
3sech 2 x + 4sech x − 4 =0
sech x = −2 is impossible with
(3sech x − 2)(sech x + 2) = 0
real values of x.
sech x = 2
3
 1 + (1 − 94 )   3+ 5 
± ln 
x= =± ln    3± 5 
   2  x = ln   is another correct
2
 3
  2 
form of the answer.
14 a
In a complicated calculation like this, it is
cosh
= 3θ cosh(2θ + θ ) sensible to use the abbreviated notation
= cosh 2θ cosh θ + sinh 2θ sinh θ suggested here but, if you intend to use a
notation like this, you should state the
Let cosh θ c=
= and sinh θ s
notation in the solution so that the marker
cosh 3θ = (2c 2 − 1)c + 2 sc × s knows what you are doing.
= 2c 3 − c + 2 s 2 c
= 2c3 − c + 2(c 2 − 1)c You use the ‘double angle’ for
hyperbolics =cosh 2θ 2 cosh 2 θ − 1
= 2c3 − c + 2c 2 − 2c and sinh 2θ = 2sinh θ cosh θ and
= 4 cosh 3 θ − 3cosh θ the identity cosh 2 θ − sinh 2 θ =
1.
θ cosh(3θ + 2θ=
cosh 5= ) cosh 3θ cosh 2θ + sinh 3θ sinh 2θ The signs in these formulae can be
worked out using Osborn’s rule.
cosh 3θ cosh=
2θ (4c3 − 3c)(2c 2 − 1)
=8c5 − 10c3 + 3c
sinh 3θ sinh
= 2θ sin(2θ + θ ) sinh 2θ
= (sinh 2θ cosh θ + cosh 2θ sinh θ ) sinh 2θ
= (2 sc × c + (2c 2 − 1) s )2 sc
= 2(4c 2 − 1) s 2 c
= 2(4c 2 − 1)(c 2 − 1)c
=8c5 − 10c3 + 2c
Combining the results
cosh 5θ =8c 2 − 10c3 + 3c + 8c5 − 10c3 + 2c
= 16 cosh 5 θ − 20 cosh 3 θ + 5cosh θ
b 2 cosh 5 x + 10 cosh 3 x + 20 cosh x = 243,

Letting cosh x = c and using the results in a
32c 5 − 40c 3 + 10c + 40c 3 − 30c + 20c = 243
You can use an inverse hyperbolic
5 243 3 button on your calculator to find
c= ⇒ c=
32 2 3
arcosh .
3 2
x = ± arcosh ≈ ±0.96
2
15 a
When you draw a sketch, you should show the
important features of the curve. When drawing
an ellipse, you should show that it is a simple
closed curve and indicate the coordinates of the
points where the curve intersects the axes.
15 b =
b 2 a 2 (1 − e 2 ) The formula you need for calculating the
eccentricity and the coordinates of the foci are
9 =16(1 − e 2 ) =16 − 16e 2 given in the Edexcel formula booklet you are
16 − 9 7 allowed to use in the examination. You should
=e2 = be familiar with the formulae in that booklet.
16 16
You should quote any formulae you use in your
7 solution.
e=
4
c The coordinates of the foci are given by
 7 
(± ae, 0) =  ±4 × (
, 0  = ± 7, 0
4 
)

16 a =
b 2 a 2 (e 2 − 1)
The formula for calculating the eccentricity
4= 16(e 2 − 1)= 16e 2 − 16
b 2 a 2 (e 2 − 1)
is=
2 16 + 4 20 5
e= = = It is important not to confuse this with the
16 16 4 formula for calculating the eccentricity of an
5 b 2 a 2 (1 − e 2 )
ellipse =
e =
2
b The coordinates of the foci are given by The formulae for the foci of an ellipse and a
hyperbola are the same ( ± ae, 0 )
 5 
(
( ± ae, 0 ) =  ±4 × , 0  = ±2 5, 0
2 
)

Therefore the distance between the foci is 2 5 + 2 5 =4 5
this sketch, you should show where the
c curves cross the axes. Label which curve is H
and which is E. These two curves touch each
other on the x-axis.
b 2 a 2 (1 − e 2 )
17 a =
As the coordinates of the foci of an ellipse
4 =9 (1 − e 2 ) =−
9 9e 2 are (±ae,0), you first need to find the
eccentricity of the ellipse using
9−4 5 5
e2 = = ⇒e= b 2 a 2 (1 − e 2 ) with a = 3 and b = 2
=
9 9 3
The coordinates of the foci are given by
 5 
(
( ± ae, 0 ) =  ±3 × , 0  = ± 5, 0
3 
)

17 b
In this question, you are not asked to draw a
diagram but with questions on coordinate
geometry it is usually a good idea to sketch a
diagram so you can see what is going on.
a
The equations of the directrices are x = ±
e
3 9
x= ± = ±
5 5
3
Let the line through P parallel to the x-axis intersect the directrices at N and N ' , as
shown in the diagram
If you introduce points, like N and N' here, you
9 18 should define them in your solution and mark
N ' N =×
2 = them on your diagram. This helps the examiner
5 5
follow your solution.
The focus directrix property of the ellipse gives that

SP = ePN and S' P = ePN'
SP + S' P = ePN' + ePN'
= e (PN + PN' ) = eN' N
5 18
= × = 6, as required.
3 5
You divide this equation by 12
18 a 3 x 2 + 4 y 2 =
12
x2 y 2
x2 y 2 Comparing the result with 2 + 2 = 1, a2 =
+ =1 a b
4 3 4 and b2 = 3 and you use b2 = a2 (1 – e2 ) to
=b 2 a 2 (1 − e 2 ) calculate e.
3=4 (1 − e 2 ) =4 − 4e 2
4−3 1 1
e2 = = ⇒e=
4 4 2
18 b 3 x 2 + 4 y 2 =
12
Differentiate implicitly with respect to x

dy
6x + 8 y = 0 Differentiating implicitly using the chain
dx
d
dy
= −
6x
=−
3x rule,
dx
( 4 y 2=) ddyx ddy ( 4 y 2=) ddyx × 8 y
dx 8y 4y
At (1, 2 )
3
dy −3 ×1 1
= = −
dx 4 × 2
3
2
Using y – y1 =m(x – x1), an equation of the tangent is

y − 32 =− 12 ( x − 1) =− 12 x + 12
− 12 x + 2
y=
c
Sketching a diagram makes it clear that the
area of the triangle is to be found using the
standard expression 12 base× height with
the base S'S and the height OG.
The coordinates of S are

( 2 × 12 , 0 ) =
( ae, 0 ) = (1, 0)
By symmetry, the coordinates of S' are (–1,0)

The y-coordinate of G is given by
y =0+2 =2 You find the y-coordinate of G by substituting

x = 0 into the answer to part a.
∆SS ' G = 2 base× height
1
= 12 S ' S × OG
= 12 2 × 2 = 2
a 
19 a S2 has coordinates  3, 0 
2 
Hence
3
e = a
Comparing 

3, 0  with the formula for
2 2 
b a 2 (1 − e 2 )
=2
3
the focus (ae, 0), e =
 3 a
2 2
= a 2 1 −  = *
 4 4
x2 y 2 You are given that a is the semi-major axis,
An equation of the ellipse is + 1
=
a 2 b2 so a can be left in the equation. The data in
Using * the question does not include b, so b must be
replaced.
x2 y 2
+ 1
=
a2 a2
4
The required equation is
x2 4 y 2
+ =1
a2 a2
x2 + 4 y 2 =
a2
b Equations of the directrices are

a a 2a
x= ± = ± = ±
e 3 3
2
a
c From * above, b =
2
19 d For Q
 1   π 1 π
 a cos φ , a sin ϕ  =  a cos , a sin 
 2   4 2 4
 a a  a 2 a 2
= = ,   , 
 2 2 2   2 4 
For P
 1   π 1 π
 a cos φ , a sin ϕ  =  a cos , a sin 
 2   2 2 2
 a
=  0, 
 2
For PQ
a
y− Using the formula from module
2 = x−0
y − y1 x − x1
a 2 a a 2 C1 for a line, =
− −0 y2 − y1 x2 − x1
4 2 2
4 y − 2a 2 x
=
2 −2 2 The a cancels throughout the denominators
4 2 y − 2 2a =(2 2 − 4) x of this equation. On the left-hand side
(4 − 2 2 ) x + 4  a
2 y − 2 2a =
0 4 y − 
 2 4 y − 2a
=
 2 1 2 −2
4  − 
Dividing throughout by 2 2  4 2
( )
2 −1 x + 2 y − a =0, as required.
20 a The formulae you need for calculating the

2 2
b a (1 − e )
= 2 eccentricity, the coordinates of the foci, and the
equations of the directrices are given in the
4=9(1 − e 2 ) =9 − 9e 2 Edexcel formula booklet you are allowed to use
in the examination. However, it wastes time
9−4 5 5 checking your textbook every time you need to
e2 = = ⇒e=
9 9 3 use these formulae and it is worthwhile
remembering them. Remember to quote any
formulae you use in your solution.
b The coordinates of the foci are
 5 
(± ae, 0) =  ±3 × , 0  = (± 5, 0)
 3 
The equation of the directrices are
a 3 9
x= ± = ± = ±
e 5 5
3
20 c
= x 3cos
= θ , y 2sin θ
dx dy
= −3sin θ , =2 cos θ
dθ dθ
dy dy dθ 2 cos θ
= × =
dx dθ dx 3sin θ
y − y1= m( x − x1 )
2 cos θ
y − 2sin θ= ( x − 3cos θ )
3sin θ
3 y sin θ − 6sin 2 θ =−2 x cos θ + 6 cos 2 θ
Divide this line throughout by 6
2 x cos θ + 3 y sin θ = 6(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) = 6
x cos θ y sin θ
+ 1, as required.
=
3 2
20 d
Let the foot of the perpendicular from O to the tangent at P be N.

Using mm’ = –1 the gradient of ON is given by
1 3sin θ
m' = − =
dy 2 cos θ
dx
3sin θ
An equation of ON is y = ∗
3sin θ
Eliminating y between equation ∗ and the answer to part c
x cos θ sin θ  3sin θ 
+  x =1
3 2  2 cos θ 
 4 cos 2 θ + 9sin 2 θ 
x x =1 12 cos θ 18sin θ
 12 cos θ  x= and y =
2
4 cos θ + 9sin θ 2
4 cos 2 θ + 9sin 2 θ
12 cos θ are parametric equations of the locus.
x=
4 cos 2 θ + 9sin 2 θ Eliminating θ between them to obtain a Cartesian
Substituting this expression for x into equation ∗ equation is not easy and you will need to use the
3sin θ 12 cos θ 18sin θ printed answer to help you.
y= × =
2 cos θ 4 cos θ + 9sin θ 4 cos 2 θ + 9sin 2 θ
2 2
2 2
 12 cos θ   18sin θ 
= x2 + y 2   + 
 4 cos θ + 9sin θ   4 cos θ + 9sin θ 
2 2 2 2
144 cos 2 θ + 324sin 2 θ 36(4 cos 2 θ + 9sin 2 θ )

= =
(4 cos 2 θ + 9sin 2 θ ) 2 (4 cos 2 θ + 9sin 2 θ ) 2
36
=
4 cos θ + 9sin 2 θ
2
9 ×144 cos 2 θ + 4 × 324sin 2 θ

9x2 + 4 y 2 =
(4 cos 2 θ + 9sin 2 θ ) 2
1296 cos 2 θ + 1296sin 2 θ 1296
= =
(4 cos θ + 9sin θ )
2 2 2
(4 cos θ + 9sin 2 θ ) 2
2
2
 36  2 2 2
=   (x + y )
=
 4 cos 2
θ + 9sin 2
θ 
The locus of N is ( x + y ) =9 x 2 + 4 y 2 , as required.
2 2 2
21 a
= x a= cos θ , y b sin θ
dx dy
=−a sin θ , = b cos θ
dθ dθ
dy dy dθ b cos θ
=× =−
dx dθ dx a sin θ
Using mm′ = −1, the gradient of the normal is given by
a sin θ
m′ =
b cos θ
y − y1 = m′( x − x1 )
a sin θ
y − b sin θ= ( x − a cos θ )
b sin θ
by cos θ − b 2 sin θ cos θ =
ax sin θ − a 2 sin θ cos θ
ax sin θ − by cos θ =
(a 2 − b 2 ) sin θ cos θ Divide this equation throughout
by sin θ cos θ
ax by
− a 2 − b2
=
cos θ sin θ
ax sec θ − by cosec θ =
a 2 − b 2 , as required
b Substituting y = 0 in the result to part a

ax sec θ= a 2 − b 2 You find the x-coordinate of G by
2 2 substituting y = 0 into the equation of the
a −b
x= cos θ normal at P and solving the resulting
a equation for x.
 a 2 − b2 
P : (a cos θ , b sin θ ), G :  cos θ , 0 
 a 
The coordinates ( xM , yM ) of M the midpoint of PG are given by
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 
 , .
 2 2 
a cos θ + a a−b cos θ
2 2
xM =
2
cos θ  a + a 2 − b 2   2a 2 − b 2 
2
=     cos θ
2  a   2a 
b sin θ + 0 b sin θ
=yM =
2 2
Hence, the coordinates of M are
 2a 2 − b 2 b 
 cos θ , sin θ  , as required.
 2a 2 
21 c For M
 2a 2 − b 2  b
x =  cos θ , y   sin θ
 2a  2
x y
cos θ , sin θ =
 2a − b 2 
2
b
   
 2a  2
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ =
1
x2 y 2
2 2 Any curve with an equation of the form + = 1 is an
x y a 2 b2
2 2
+=1 ellipse. If you are asked to show that a locus is an ellipse, it
 2a − b   b 
2 2
is sufficient to show that it has a Cartesian equation of this
   
 2a   2  form.
This is an ellipse. A Cartesian equation of this ellipse is
4a 2 x 2 4 y2
+ = 1
( 2a 2 − b 2 ) b
2 2
Substituting x = 0 into the equation of the normal
a 2 − b2
−by cos ec θ = a 2 − b 2 ⇒ y = − sin θ
b
a 2 − b2
Hence OH = sin θ
b
area ∆OMG y − coordinate of M
= The triangles OMG and OGH can be looked at as
area ∆OGH OH having the same base OG.
As the area of a triangle is
=
( b2 ) sin θ
1
a 2 −b 2
sin θ × base × height, triangles with the same base will
b 2
b2 have areas proportional to their heights. The height of
= , as required. the triangle OGM is shown by a dotted line in the
2(a 2 − b 2 )
diagram and is given by the y-coordinate of M.
x2
22 In the first Cartesian quadrant, the ellipse is the graph of the function=
y 4 1−
82
8 x2
The area it encloses for x greater than 4 is 4 ∫ 1− dx ; we solve the integral by putting x = 8sin u ,
4 82
getting:
π
4 ∫π 8cos 2 u du =
2
6
π
16
= ∫π 1+cos2u du
2
16π  3
= + 16  − =
3  4 
16π
= −4 3
3
In order to get the total area we need the area of the triangle PQO, where O is the origin and Q is the
projection of P on the x-axis. The area of this triangle is easily 4 3 : therefore, the area of the shaded
16 16
region is π and a =
3 3
x2 y 2
23 a Substituting =
y mx + c into + 1
=
a 2 b2
x 2 (mc + c) 2 Multiply this equation throughout by
+ 1
= a2b2
a2 b2 Then multiply out the brackets and
b 2 x 2 + a 2 (mx + c) 2 =
a 2b 2 collect the terms together as a
b 2 x 2 + a 2 m 2 x 2 + 2a 2 mxc + a 2 c 2 =
a 2b 2 quadratic in x.
(a 2 m 2 + b 2 ) x 2 + 2a 2 mcx + a 2 (c 2 − b 2 ) =
0
As the line is a tangent this equation has repeated roots
‘ b 2 − 4ac = 0’
4a m c − 4(a 2 m 2 + b 2 )a 2 (c 2 − b 2 ) =
4 2 2
0
Divide this equation throughout by b2
a 2 m 2 c 2 − (a 2 m 2 + b 2 )(c 2 − b 2 ) =
0 and then rearrange to make c2 the
a 2 m 2 c 2 − a 2 m 2 c 2 + a 2 m 2b 2 − b 2 c 2 + b 4 =
0 subject of the formula.
= c a 2 m 2 + b 2 , as required.
2
23 b (3, 4) ∈ y = mx + c
The tangents have equations of the
Hence 4 = 3m + c ⇒ c = 4 − 3m (1)
form y = mx + c and x = 3, y = 4
For this ellipse, a = 4 and b = 5 and the
must satisfy this relation.
result in part a becomes
c 2 16m 2 + 25
= (2)
Substituting (1) into (2)
(4 − 3m) 2 = 16m 2 + 25
16 − 24m + 9m 2 = 16m 2 + 25
7 m 2 + 24m + 9 = (m + 3)(7 m + 3) = 0
3
m =−3, −
7
If m = –3, c = 4–3 m = 4 + 9 = 13
3 9 37
If m =− , c = 4 − 3m = 4 + =
7 7 7
There are two tangents to the ellipse
The equations of the tangents are which pass through (3, 4)
Both have negative gradients.
3 37
y=−3 x + 13 and y =
− x+
7 7
x2 y 2
24 a Substituting =
y mx + c into + = 1
a 2 b2
Multiply this equation throughout by
x 2 (mx + c) 2 a2b2
+ = 1
a2 b2 Then multiply out the brackets and
b 2 x 2 + a 2 (mx + c) 2 = a 2b 2 collect the terms together as a
quadratic in x.
b 2 x 2 + a 2 m 2 x 2 + 2a 2 mxc + a 2 c 2 =
a 2b 2
(b 2 + a 2 m 2 ) x 2 + 2a 2 mcx + a 2 (c 2 − b 2 ) =
0, as required.
b As the line is a tangent the result of part a has repeated roots

‘ b 2 − 4ac =0’
4a m c − 4(b 2 + a 2 m 2 )a 2 (c 2 − b 2 ) =
4 2 2
0 Divide this equation throughout by 4a2
a 2 m 2 c 2 − (b 2 + a 2 m 2 )(c 2 − b 2 ) =
0
2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
a m c −b c +b −a m c + a m b = 0
2 2 2 2 Divide this equation throughout by b2
c a m + b , as required.
= and then rearrange to make c2 the
subject of the formula.
24 c
As c 2 =a 2 m 2 + b 2 , y =mx + c
could have the forms
y =mx ± (b 2
+ a 2 m2 )
However, the question specifies
that the tangent crosses the positive
y-axis. As the line has a positive y
intercept, you can reject the
negative possibility.
An equation of L is y =mx + b 2 + a 2 m 2
For A y = 0
b2 + a 2 m2
0= mx + b 2 + a 2 m 2 ⇒ x =−
m
b2 + a 2 m2
Hence OA =
m
For B x = 0
=y b2 + a 2 m2
Hence OB
= b2 + a 2 m2
The area of triangle OAB, T say, is given by
1 1 b2 + a 2 m2
T= OA × OB = b2 + a 2 m2
2 2 m
2 2 2
b +a m
=
2m
b 2 + a 2 m 2 1 2 −1 1 2
24
= d T = bm + am
2m 2 2
For a minimum
dT 1 1
= − b 2 m −2 + a 2 = 0
dm 2 2
b2 2 2 b2 The diagram shows that the tangent has a positive
= a ⇒ m =
m 2
a 2 b
gradient and so the possible value − can be
As L has a positive gradient a
b ignored.
m=
a
2
dT 2 −3 b2
= b= m
dm 2 m3
b d 2T b 2 a 3
At = m , = = > 0 and so this gives a minimum value of
a dm 2 m 3 b
2
2 2b
b +a  
 a 2b 2
=T = = ab, as required.
b b
2  2 
a a
2
b 2 b
e At m= , c = a 2 m 2 + b 2= a 2   + b 2= 2b 2
a a
b
Substituting m = and c = 2b into the result in part a.
a
 2 2 b 2
 2 2 b 2 2 2
 b + a × 2  x + 2a × × 2bx + a (2b − b ) = 0
 a  a Divide this equation throughout by b2
2b 2 x 2 + 2ab 2 2 x + a 2b 2 =
0
2 x 2 + 2a 2 x + a 2 =
0
As the line is a tangent, this quadratic
( )
2
2x + a 0
= must factorise to a complete square. If
you cannot see the factors, you can use
a the quadratic formula.
x= −
2
25 a To find an equation of the tangent at P.
= x cosh
= t , y sinh t
dx dy
= sinh = t, cosh t
dt dt
dy dy dt cosh t
= × =
dx dt dx sinh t
Using y – y1 = m(x – x1)
cosh t
y − sinh= t ( x − cosh t )
sinh t
y sinh t − sinh 2 t = x cosh t − cosh 2 t
y sinh t = x cosh t − (cosh 2 t − sinh 2 t )
= x cosh t − 1 Using the identity
x cosh t − y sinh t = 1 (1) cosh2 t – sinh2t =1
To find the equation of the normal at P.
Using mm′ = –1, the gradient of the normal is given by
sinh t
m' = −
cosh t
y − y1= m '( x − x1 )
sinh t
y − sinh t =− ( x − cosh t )
cosh t
y cosh t − sinh t cosh t = − x sinh t + sinh t cosh t
x sinh t + y cosh t = 2sinh t cosh t (2)
25 b
To find the coordinates of G, you

Substitute y = 0 into (2) substitute y = 0 into the equation of
x sinh t = 2sinh t cosh t the normal found in part a.
x = 2 cosh t
The coordinates of G are (2 cosh t, 0)
The x-coordinate of Q is cosh t To asymptotes to the hyperbola
The asymptote in the first quadrant has equation y = x x2 y 2 b
− = 1 are y = ± x
Hence the coordinates of Q are (cosh t, cosh t) a 2 b2 a
y −y 0 − cosh t These formulae are given in the
The gradient of GQ is given by 1 2 = = −1 Edexcel formulae booklet. With the
x1 − x2 2 cosh t − cosh t hyperbola a = b = 1 and the
As the gradient of y = x is 1 and 1 × –1 = –1, GQ is asymptotes are y = ± x
perpendicular to the asymptote.
The asymptote in the first quadrant
c Substitute y = 0 into (1) has equation y = x
1
x cosh t =1 ⇒ x =
cosh t To find the coordinates of T, you
 1  substitute y = 0 into the equation
The coordinates of T are  ,0 of the tangent found in part a.
 cosh t 
Substitute x = 0 into (2)
y cosh t 2sinh t cosh
= = t ⇒ y 2sinh t To find the coordinates of R, you
The coordinates of R are (0, 2sinh t ) substitute x = 0 into the equation
of the normal found in part a.
1
TG 2 cosh t −
=
cosh t
2
2 2 2  1  2 If a circle can be drawn through R
TR = OR + OT = (2sinh t ) +  
 cosh t  with centre T and radius TG then
TR must also be a radius of the
1 1
= 4sinh 2 t + = 2
4(cosh 2 t − 1) + circle. So you can solve the
cosh t cosh 2 t problem by showing that TR and
1 TG have the same length.
= 4 cosh 2 t − 4 +
cosh 2 t
2
 1  2
=  2 cosh t −  = TG
 cosh t 
Hence TR = TG and R lies on the circle with centre at T and radius TG.
26
To find the coordinates of T, it is easiest
to carry out your calculation in terms of
a parameter. As the question specifies
no particular parametric form, you can
choose your own. The hyperbolic form
has been used here but (a sec t, b tan t)
would work as well and there are other
possible alternatives.
Let the point P have coordinates (a cosh t , b sinh t )
To find an equation of the tangent PT,
dx dy
= a= sinh t , b cosh t
dt dt
dy dy dt dy dx b cosh t
= × = ÷ =
dx dt dx dt dt a sinh t
Using y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
b cosh t To find the x-coordinate of T, you
y − b sinh=t ( x − a cosh t ) substitute y = 0 into an equation of the
a sinh t
tangent at P, so first you must obtain
ay sinh t − ab sinh 2 t =bx cosh t − ab cosh 2 t an equation for the tangent.
ay sinh t =bx cosh t − ab(cosh 2 t − sinh 2 t )
Using the identity
= bx cosh t − ab cosh2t – sinh2t = 1
For T, y = 0
a
bx cosh t = ab ⇒ x =
cosh t
The coordinates of N are (a cosh t, 0)
a
OT ⋅ ON= × a cosh t= a 2 , as required.
cosh t
dx dy
27 a
= a=sec t tan t , b sec 2 t
dt dt To find the gradient of the
dy 2
b sec t b sec t b tangent, you use a version
= = = of the chain rule
dx a sec t tan t a tan t a sin t dy
dy dy dt dt
Using mm ' = −1, the gradient of the normal = × = dx
dx dt dx dt
a sin t
is given by m ' = −
b
An equation of the normal is
y − y1= m '( x − x1 )
a sin t
y − b tan t = − ( x − a sec t )
b
by − b 2 tan t = −ax sin t + a 2 tan t
ax sin t + by = (a 2 + b 2 ) tan t , as required.
27 b
A diagram is essential here. Without it,
you would be unlikely to see that there
are four possible point where
OA = 3OS
There are two to the right of the y-axis,
corresponding to the focus S with
coordinates (ae, 0), and two to the left
of the y-axis, corresponding to the
The x-coordinate of A is given by focus, here marked S′, with
coordinates (–ae, 0)
ax sin t + 0= (a 2 + b 2 ) tan t
a 2 + b 2 tan t a 2 + b 2
x= × =
a sin t a cos t
a 2 + b2
Hence OA =
a cos t
3
Using= b 2 a 2 (e 2 − 1) with e = You need to eliminate b from the
2 length OA to obtain a solvable
2
2 29  5a equation in t from the condition
b= a  − 1=  OA = 3AS
4  4
a 2 + b 2 a 2 + 5 a4
2
9a
and
= OA = =
a cos t a cos t 4 cos t
3
As e = ,
2
3a
OS= ae =
2
OA = 3OS
9a 9a 1
= ⇒ cos t =
4 cos t 2 2
These values give two points
π 5π
t= , P, (2a, 3b ) and (2a, − 3b )
3 3
These are the solutions in the first and fourth quadrants.
From the diagram, by symmetry, there are also solutions in the second and third
quadrants giving
2π 4π
t= , These correspond to the two points (−2a, 3b )
3 3
The possible values of t are 1
and (−2a, − 3b ) where cos t = −
π 2π 4π 5π 2
t= , , ,
3 3 3 3
x2 y 2
28 a − = 1 x2 − y 2 = a2 ⇒
x2 y 2
− =1
a2 a2 a2 a2
b 2 a 2 (e 2 − 1)
=
This is an hyperbola in which a = b
For this hyperbola b 2 = a 2
a 2 = a 2 (e 2 − 1) ⇒ 1 = e 2 − 1 ⇒ e 2 = 2
e = 2, as required.
b The coordinates of S are

(ae, 0) = (a 2, 0)
An equation of L is
a a a 2
x= = =
e 2 2
c
SP is perpendicular to y = x, so its
gradients is –1
An equation of SP is
y =−1( x − a 2) =− x + a 2
y+x=a 2
SP meets y = x where x2 y2 b
The asymptotes to the hyperbola − 1 are y = ±
= x
a 2 a b 2 2 a
x+= x a 2⇒= x
2 These formulae are given in the Edexcel formulae booklet.
Hence P is on the directrix L. With this hyperbola a = b and the asymptotes are y = ± x
SQ is perpendicular to y = –x, This question is about the intersection of line with the
so its gradient is 1 asymptotes. The lines y = x and y = –x are perpendicular to
each other and a hyperbola with perpendicular asymptotes is
An equation of SQ is called a rectangular hyperbola. In Module FP 1, you studied
1( x a 2) =
y =− x−a 2 another rectangular hyperbola, xy = c2
y= x − a 2
a 2
SQ meets y = − x where − x = x − a 2 ⇒ x =
2
Hence Q is on the directrix L.
Both P and Q lie on the directrix L.
a 2 a 2
The coordinates of P are  , 
 2 2 
a 2 a 2
The coordinates of Q are  ,− 
 2 2 
28 d SP: y + x =a 2 (1) To find the coordinates of R, you
a 2 (2)
Hyperbola x 2 − y 2 = solve equations (1) and (2)
simultaneously.
Form (1)= y a 2 − x (3)
Substitute (3) into (2)
x 2 − (a 2 − x) 2 =
a2
x 2 − 2a 2 + 2 2ax − x 2 =
a2
The coordinates of R
3a
2 3 2
2 2ax= 3a ⇒ x= = a 3 2 2 
2 2 4 are 
 4 a, 4 a 
 
Substituting for x in (3)
3 2 2
y =a 2 − a= a
4 4
To find the tangent to the hyperbola at R
x2 − y 2 =a2
dy dy x
2x − 2 y =0 ⇒ = Differentiating the equation of the
dx dx y
hyperbola implicitly with respect to x.
At R
dy x 3 4 2 a
= = 2 = 3
dx y 4 a
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
2  3 2  9 2
y− 3  x −
a= 3x −
a  = a
4 4  4 This is the equation of the tangent to the
 hyperbola at R. To establish that R passes
y 3 x − 2 2a
= through Q, you substitute the x-coordinate
of Q into this equation and show that this
a 2 a 2 a 2
At x =, y = 3   − 2 2a =
− gives the y-coordinate of Q.
2  2  2
This is the y-coordinate of Q.
Hence the tangent at R passes through Q.
29 Let the equation of the tangent be =
y mx + c
Eliminating y between = y mx + c and x 2 − 4 y 2 =
4
x 2 − 4(mx + c) 2 =
4
2 2 2 2
x − 4m x − 8mcx − 4c = 4
2 2 2
(4m − 1) x + 8mcx + 4(c + 1) = 0 *
As the line is a tangent, equation * has repeated If the line was a chord, it would cut the curve
roots in two distinct points and this equation would
‘ b 2 − 4ac = 0’ have a positive discriminant. As the line is a
tangent it touches the curve at just one point
64m c − 16(4m 2 − 1)(c 2 + 1) =
2 2
0
and this equation has a repeated root. The
2 2 2 2 2 2
64m c − 64m c − 64m + 16c + 16 = 0 discriminant is zero.
2 2
16
= c 64m − 16
c 2 =4m 2 − 1 ⇒ c =± (4m 2 − 1)
If m < 12 , then (4m 2 − 1) would be
The equation of the tangent is
the square root of a negative number
mx ± (4m 2 − 1), where m > 12 , as required.
y= and there would be no real answer. The
cases m = ± 12 are interesting. For these
30 a x a=
= cos t , y b sin t values the equations are y = ± 12 x
dx dy
= −a sin t , = b cos t These are the asymptotes of the
dt dt
hyperbola and do not touch it at any
dy ddyt b cos t point with finite coordinates.
= dx = −
d x dt a sin t Asymptotes can be thought of as
tangents to the curve ‘at infinity’.
For the tangent
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
b cos t
y − b sin t = − ( x − a cos t ) As the question asks for no particular
a sin t
form for the equation of the tangent this
ay sin t − ab sin 2 t =−bx cos t + ab cos 2 t is an acceptable form for the answer.
ay sin t + bx cos t = ab(sin 2 t + cos 2 t ) However the calculation in part c will
be easier if you simplify the equation at
ay sin t + bx cos t = ab
this stage using sin 2 t + cos 2 t =
1
dy b cos t
b As = − , using mm ' = −1, the gradient of the normal is given by
dx a sin t
a sin t
m' =
b cos t
y − y1= m '( x − x1 )
a sin t
y − b sin=t ( x − a cos t )
b cos t
by cos t − b 2 sin t cos t =ax sin t − a 2 sin t cos t
ax sin t − by cos t = (a 2 − b 2 ) sin t cos t
30 c
π
The condition 0 < t <
2
implies that P is in the first
quadrant.
Substituting y = 0 into the answer to part b

You find the x-coordinate of Q by
a 2 − b2 substituting y = 0 into the equation
ax sin t = (a 2 − b 2 ) sin t cos t ⇒ x = cos t
a you found for the normal in part b
and solving for x.
 a 2 − b2 
The coordinates of Q are  cos t , 0 
 a 
Substituting x = 0 into the answer to part a
b You find the y-coordinate of R by
ay sin t = ab ⇒ y = substituting x = 0 into the equation
sin t
you found for the tangent in part a
 b  and solving for y.
The coordinates of R are  0, 
 sin t 
The coordinates of M are given by
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2   a − b
2 2
b 
 , =
  cos t , 
 2 2   2a 2sin t 
a 2 − b2 2ax
d If the coordinates of M are (x, y) then
= x cos t ⇒=
cos t and
2a a − b2
2
b b
y= ⇒ sin t =
2sin t 2y a 2 − b2 b
x= cos t and y = are the parametric
2 2 2a 2sin t
As cos t + sin t = 1, the locus of
equations of the locus of M. To find the Cartesian
2 2
 2ax   b  equation, you must eliminate t. The form of the answer
M is  2 2 
+  = 1, as required. given in the question gives you a hint that you can use
 a − b   2 y  the identity cos 2 t + sin 2 t =1 to do this.
31 a To find the equation of the tangent at (a sec θ , b tan θ )
= x a= sec θ , y b tan θ
dx dy
= a= sec θ tan θ , b sec 2 θ
dθ dt
dy b sec 2 θ b sec θ b
= = =
dx a sec θ tan θ a tan θ a sin θ
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
As the question asks for no particular form
b for the equation of the tangent this is an
y − b tan θ= ( x − a sec θ )
a sin θ acceptable form for the answer. However,
the calculation in part b will be easier if you
ab sin 2 θ
ay sin θ − = bx − ab sec θ simplify the equation at this stage.
cos θ
 1 − sin 2 θ  cos 2 θ
bx − ay= sin θ ab  =  ab
 cos θ  cos θ
bx − ay sin θ = ab cos θ (1)
To find the equation of the normal at (a sec θ , b tan θ )
Using mm ' = −1, the gradient of the normal is given by
a sin θ
m' = −
b
y − y1= m '( x − x1 )
a sin θ When you multiply the brackets
y − b tan θ = − ( x − a sec θ ) sin θ
b out, sin θ sec
= θ = tan θ
cos θ
by − b 2 tan θ = −axsinθ + a 2 tanθ
ax sin θ + by = (a 2 + b 2 ) tan θ (2)
31 b
This problem will be solved using the

property that the angle in a semi-circle is
a right angle and you need to show that
PS and QS are perpendicular. All five of
the points, P, Q, ( a sec θ , b tan θ ) and
the two foci lie on the same circle.
Substitute x = 0 into (1) To find the coordinates of P, you

−ay sin θ = ab cos θ ⇒ y =−b cot θ substitute x = 0 into the equation of the
tangent found in part a.
The coordinates of the P are (0, −b cot θ )
Substitute x = 0 into (2)
To find the coordinates of Q, you
a 2 + b2 substitute x = 0 into the equation of the
by = (a + b ) tan θ ⇒ y =
2 2
tan θ
b normal found in part a.
 a +b 2 2

The coordinates of Q are  0, tan θ 
 b 
The focus S has coordinates (ae, 0)
y1 − y2 −b cot θ − 0 b
The gradient of PS is given= by m = = cot θ
x1 − x2 0 − ae ae
The gradient of QS is given by
a 2 + b2
tan θ − 0
y1 − y2 b −( a 2 + b 2 )
=m' = = tan θ
x1 − x2 0 − ae abe
b a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
mm ' = cot θ × − tan θ = − 2 2
ae abe ae
The formula for the eccentricity is

b 2 a 2 (e 2 − 1)
=
b2 = a 2e2 − a 2 ⇒ a 2e2 = a 2 + b2
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
Hence mm ' = − 2 2 = − 2 −1
=
ae a + b2
So PS is perpendicular to QS and ∠PSQ = 90° There is no need to repeat the calculations
By the converse of the theorem that the angle for PS ' and QS ' . It is evident from the
in a semi-circle is a right angle, the circle diagram that the whole diagram is
described on PQ as diameter passes through the focus S. symmetrical about the y-axis, so, if the
circle passes through S, it passes through
By symmetry, the circle also passes through the focus S ' .
S ' . It is quite acceptable to appeal to
symmetry to complete your proof.
e 2 x + e −2 x
32 a cosh 2 x =
2
When x = ln k
e 2 x + e −2 x e 2ln k + e −2ln k
=
2 2
 1 
ln  2 
ln k 2
e +e k 
=
2
1
k2 + 2
= k
2
4
k +1
= as required
2k 2
b f ( x=
) px − tanh 2 x
f ′ ( x )= p − 2sech 2 2 x
2
= p−
cosh 2 2 x
At x = ln 2, f ′ ( x ) = 0 , so:
2
p− 2
= 0
cosh (2 ln 2)
From part a with k = 2:
24 + 1
cosh(2 ln 2) =
2 × 22
17
=
8
Therefore:
2
p− 2
=0
 17 
 
 8
128
p=
289
33 a y =− x + tanh 4 x
dy
=−1 + 4sech 2 4 x =0
dx As cosh x  1 for all real x,
1 cosh 4 x = −2 is impossible.
sech 2 4 x = ⇒ cosh 2 4 x = 4
4
cosh 4 x = 2
4 x arcosh2
= = ln 2 + 3 ( ) For x  0, there is only one value of x which
gives a stationary value. The question tells
1 you that the curve has a maximum point so,
=x
4
(
ln 2 + 3) in this question, you need not show that this
point is a maximum by, for example,
examining the second derivative.
1 3
b tanh 2 4 x =1 − sech 2 4 x =1 − =
4 4
You need a value for tanh 4x and this is
3
As x  0, tanh 4 x = easiest found using the hyperbolic
2 identity sech 2 x = 1 − tanh 2 x.
1
At x
=
4
(
ln 2 + 3 )
1 3
y =− x + tanh 4 x =− ln 2 + 3 +
4 2
( )
=
1
4
( (
2 3 − ln 2 + 3 , as required. ))
34
a
=x = a (sinh θ ) −1
sinh θ When substituting remember to substitute for
dx a cosh θ the dx as well as the rest of the integral.
= −a (sinh θ ) −2 cosh θ = −
dθ sinh 2 θ
1 1 dx
∫ x ( x 2 + a 2 ) dx ∫ a
= × dθ
sinh θ
a 2
sinh 2 θ
+ a 2
(
d θ )
Use 1 + sinh 2 θ =cosh 2 θ to
− a cosh θ
−1 cosh θ simplify this expression.
= ∫=θa
dθ 2
sinh 2 θ
1+ sinh 2
a ∫ cos θ
dθ
sinh 2 θ
1 cosh θ 1
− ∫
= dθ = − ∫ 1dθ a a
a cosh θ a As x = , then sinh θ =
sinh θ x
1
− θ + constant
= a
 
a and θ = arsinh   .
 x
1 a
− arsinh   + constant, as required.
=
a x
35 a Let y = artanh x
tanh y = x To differentiate a function f(y) with
Differentiate implicitly with respect to x respect to x you use a version of the
dy dy 1 1 d dy
sech 2 y 1
=⇒ = 2 = chain rule ( f ( y ) ) =′
f ( y) × .
dx dx sech y 1 − tanh 2 y dx dx
1
= , as required
1 − x2
dv du
b Using integration by parts and the result in part a You use ∫ u x uv − ∫ v dx with
d=
dx dx
∫ artanh x dx= ∫ 1× artanh x dx u = artanh x and
dv
= 1. You know
du
from
dx dx
x
= x artanh x − ∫ dx part a.
1 − x2
= x artanh x + 12 ln (1 − x 2 ) + A This solution uses the result
f ′( x) −2 x
∫ f ( x) dx = ln f ( x). So ∫ 1 − x 2= (
dx ln 1 − x 2 )
and you multiply this by − 12 to complete the
solution. This is a question where there are a
number of possible alternative forms of the
answer.
e y − e− y
36 a Let
= y arsinh x then
= x sinh
= y You multiply this equation throughout by
2 ey and treat the result as a quadratic in ey.
2 x= e y − e − y
e 2 y − 2 xe y − 1 =0
2 x + (4 x 2 − 4) The quadratic formula has ± in it.
e =
y
2 2
However x − ( x + 1) is negative for all
2 x + 2 ( x 2 + 1) real x and does not have a real logarithm,
= x + ( x 2 + 1)
= so you can ignore the negative sign.
2
Taking the natural logarithms of both sides, y = ln  x + ( x 2 + 1)  , as required.
 
b y = arsinh x
sinh y = x
Differentiating implicitly with respect to x
dy dy 1 arsinh x is an increasing function of
cosh y =⇒1 = x for all x. So its gradient is always
dx dx cosh y
positive and you need not consider
cosh 2 y =+1 sinh 2 y =+
1 x 2 ⇒ cosh y = (1 + x 2 ) the negative square root.
d 1 −1
Hence (arsinh x)= = (1 + x 2 ) 2 , as required.
dx 2
(1 + x )
You use the product rule for
36 c y = (arsinh x) 2
d du dv
dy −1
differentiation (=
uv) v + u
= 2arsinh x (1 + x 2 ) 2 dx dx dx
dx −
1
with u = 1 2arsinh x and v= (1 + x 2 ) 2 .
d2 y −1 −1  1 −3
2
= 2 (1 + x 2 ) 2 (1 + x 2 ) 2 + 2arsinh x ×  −  (2 x)(1 + x 2 ) 2
dx  2
− 32
=2(1 + x 2 ) −1 − 2 xarsinh x (1 + x 2 )
dy d2 y
Substituting for and 2 into
dx dx
2
d y dy
(1 + x 2 ) 2 + x − 2
dx dx
(
= (1 + x 2 ) 2(1 + x 2 ) −1 − 2arsinh x(1 + x 2 )
− 32
) + x × 2arsinh x(1 + x )2 − 12
−2
−1 −1
= 2 − 2 xarsinh x(1 + x 2 ) 2 + 2 xarsinh x(1 + x 2 ) 2 − 2
= 0, as required.
1 1
∫ arsinh x d=x ∫
0 0
1× arsinh x dx
= [ xarsinh x ]0 − ∫0
1 1 x
dx
d
dx
( 1 1
2
) −1
(1 + x 2 ) 2 = × 2 x × (1 + x 2 ) 2 =
x
(1 + x 2 )
2
d (1 + x ) x
1 so ∫ d=
x (1 + x 2 ).
= arsinh1 −  (1 + x 2 ) 
2
(1 + x )
 0
( )
= ln 1 + 2 − 2 + 1
37 a
4 x 2 + 4 x + 5= ( px + q ) 2 + r
= p 2 x 2 + 2 pqx + q 2 + r
The conditions of the question allow p = −2
Equating coefficients of x 2
as an answer, but the negative sign would
4 = p2 ⇒ p = 2 make the integrals following awkward, so
Equating coefficients of x choose the positive root.
4 = 2 pq = 4q ⇒ q = 1
Equating constant coefficients

5 = q 2 + r =1 + r ⇒ r = 4
p 2,=
= q 1,=
r 4
1 1
37 b ∫ 4x 2
+ 4x + 5
dx = ∫
(2 x + 1) 2 + 4
dx If you know a formula of the type
1 1  ax 
Let 2 x + 1 =2 tan θ ∫ a 2 x 2 + b2 dx = ab arctan  b  , or you
d dx are confident at writing down integrals
2 = 2sec 2 θ ⇒ = sec 2 θ
dθ dθ by inspection, you may be able to find
1 1 this integral without working. It is,
 dx 
∫ (2 x + 1)2 + 4 dx = ∫ 4 tan 2 θ + 4  dθ  dθ however, very easy to make errors with
the constant and get, for example, the
1 1  2x + 1 
=∫ ( sec 2 θ ) dθ common error arctan 
2
 + C.
4 sec θ
2  2 
1
= θ +C
4
1  2x +1 
= arctan  +C
4  2 
2 2 As in part b, you may be able to write

c ∫ dx = ∫ dx down this integral without working.
2
(4 x + 4 x + 5) ( (2 x + 1) 2
+ 4)
Let 2 x + 1 =2sinh θ
dx dx
2 = 2 cosh θ ⇒ = cosh θ
dθ dθ
2 2  dx 
∫ (2 x + 1)2 + 4 dx = ∫ (4sinh 2 θ + 4)  dθ  dθ
( )
2
= ∫=
2 cosh θ
(cosh θ ) dθ ∫ 1dθ
 2x +1 
=θ + C = arsinh  +C
 2 
(
Using arsinh x = ln x + ( x 2 + 1) )
2  2 x + 1   (2 x + 1) 2  
∫ =
(4 x 2 + 4 x + 5)
dx ln 
 2 
 + 
 4
+ 1  + C
 
 2 x + 1   4x2 + 4 x + 1 + 4  
=ln   +   +C
 2   4  
 2 x + 1  1 
= ln  + (4 x 2 + 4 x + 5)  + C
 2  2 
− ln 2 + an arbitrary constant is
= ln (2 x + 1) + (4 x 2 + 4 x + 5)  − ln 2 + C
  another arbitrary constant.
= ln (2 x + 1) + (4 x 2 + 4 x + 5)  + k , as required.
 
38 Solve the integral as follows:
x+2
∫ 4 x 2 + 9 dx
x 2
= ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2
4x + 9 4 x2 + 9
Then the first integral is a standard integral of the form kf ' ( x ) ( f ( x ) ) , and we can easily see that its
n
4 x2 + 9 4x
value is , as the derivative of 4 x 2 + 9 is . For the second integral we make a
4 4 x2 + 9
substitution: if t = 23 x , then:
2
∫ 4 x 2 + 9 dx
2 3
=∫ dt
4 × 94 t 2 + 9 2
1 2
=∫ dt = arsinh t = arsinh x
2
t +1 3
4x2 + 9 2
Then we can conclude that the integral of the function is + arsinh x + C .
4 3
5 1
( x − 2)
2
39 Since = x 2 − 4 x + 4 , we can rewrite the integral as = ∫ dx . So if we put
( x − 2) + 1
2 2
2
4
x−2
t= we get that the integral is:
2
3
1
∫0 2 t 2 + 1 2 dt
2
3
1
=∫ dt
2
0
t2 +1
= arsinh 32
x2 x2 This solution uses integration by parts,
40 ∫ x arcosh
= x dx arcosh x − ∫ dx dv du
2 2 ( x 2 − 1) ∫ u d= x uv − ∫ v dx, with u = arcoshx and
dx dx
To find the remaining integral, let x = cosh θ . dv
= x. There are other possible approaches to
dx dx
= sinh θ
dθ this question, for example, substituting
u = arcoshx.
x2 cosh 2 θ  dx 
∫ 2 ( x 2 − 1) dx = ∫ 2 cosh 2 θ − 1  dθ dθ
cosh 2 θ 1
∫ 2sinh θ sinh θ dθ 2 ∫ cosh θ dθ
2
= =
1
4∫
= (cosh 2θ + 1)dθ Using the identity
2
cosh 2θ 2 cosh θ − 1.
=
sinh 2θ θ sinh θ cosh θ θ
= =
+ +
8 4 4 4
 ( x 2 − 1)  x
  1
= 
2 2
+ arcoshx sinh θ= (cosh θ − 1)= ( x − 1)
4 4
Hence the area, A, of R is given by
2
 x2 1 1 
=A  arcoshx − x ( x 2 − 1) − arcoshx 
2 4 4 1
2
 x 2 1  1 2

 −  arcoshx − x ( x − 1) 
=
 2 4  4 1
7 3
=  arcosh2 −  − [ 0] As arcosh 1 = 0 and (1 − 1) =
2
0, both
4 2 
terms are zero at the lower limit.
7 3
=
4
(
ln 2 + 3 −
2
)
, as required.
41 a I n ∫ sec
n
= x dx , n ≥ 0
Use integration by parts with:
du
u =sec n − 2 x ⇒ =( n − 2 ) sec n − 2 x tan x
dx
and
dv
= sec 2 x ⇒= v tan x
dx
=I n sec n − 2 x tan x − ( n − 2 ) ∫ sec n − 2 x tan 2 x dx
= sec n − 2 x tan x − ( n − 2 ) ∫ sec n − 2 x ( sec 2 x − 1) dx
= sec n − 2 x tan x − ( n − 2 ) ∫ ( sec n x − sec n − 2 x ) dx
= sec n − 2 x tan x − ( n − 2 ) ∫ sec n x dx + ( n − 2 ) ∫ sec n − 2 x dx
= sec n − 2 x tan x − ( n − 2 ) I n + ( n − 2 ) I n − 2
I n + (=
n − 2 ) I n sec n − 2 x tan x + ( n − 2 ) I n − 2
(=
n − 1) I n sec n − 2 x tan x + ( n − 2 ) I n − 2 as required
b I 4 = ∫ sec 4 x dx
Using the reduction formula from part a:
=3I 4 sec 2 x tan x + 2 ∫ sec 2 x dx
= sec 2 x tan x + 2 tan x + c
1 2 2
I4
= sec x tan x + tan x + c
3 3
π
4
42 a I n ∫x
n
= cos x dx, n ≥ 0
0

du
u =x n ⇒ =nx n −1
dx
and
dv
= cos x ⇒= v sin x
dx
π
π 4
=I n  x n sin x  − n ∫ x n −1 sin x dx
4
0
0
Use integration by parts again with:

du
u =x n −1 ⇒ =( n − 1) x n − 2
dx
and
dv
=sin x ⇒ v =− cos x
dx
π
 π
π
4

 
=I n  x sin x  − n   − x cos x  − ( n − 1) ∫ x ( − cos x ) dx 
n 4 n −1 4 n−2
0 0
 0 
 
π
π π 4
=  x n sin x  + n  x n −1 cos x  − n ( n − 1) ∫ x n − 2 cos x dx
4 4
0 0
0
π π
=  x n sin x  + n  x n −1 cos x  − n ( n − 1) I n − 2
4 4
0 0
n n −1
1 π n π
=   +   − n ( n − 1) I n − 2
24 24
n −1
1 π π 
=    + n  − n ( n − 1) I n − 2 as required
24 4 
π
4
42 b I 4 ∫x
4
= cos x dx, n ≥ 0
0

4 −1
1 π π 
=I4    + 4  − 4 ( 4 − 1) I 4− 2
24 4 
3
π π 
=  + 4  − 12 I 2
64 2  4 
And:
2 −1
1 π π 
=I2    + 2  − 2 ( 2 − 1) I 2− 2
24 4 
1 ππ 
= ×  + 2  − 2I0
2 44 
Calculating I0:
π
4
I 0 = ∫ x 0 cos x dx
0
π
4
= ∫ cos x dx
0
π
= [sin x ]04
1
=
2
Putting everything together:
π3  π   1 ππ  1 
=I4  + 4  − 12  ×  + 2 − 2× 
64 2  4   2 44  2
π3  π  3π  π 
=  + 4 −  + 2  + 12 2
64 2  4  24 
= 0.0471197...
= 0.0471 (4 d.p.)
a 1
43 a I n= ∫ x ( a − x ) 3 dx, n ≥ 0, a > 0
n

du
u =x n ⇒ =nx n −1
dx
and
dv 1
3 4
=( a − x ) 3 ⇒ v =− ( a − x ) 3
dx 4
a a
 3 4
  3 4

I n = − x n ( a − x ) 3  − ∫  − nx n −1 ( a − x ) 3  dx
 4 0 0  4 
a a
3 4
 3 4
−  x n ( a − x ) 3  + n ∫ x n −1 ( a − x ) 3 dx
=
4 0 4 0
a a
3 4
 3 1
−  x n ( a − x ) 3  + n ∫ x n −1 ( a − x )( a − x ) 3 dx
=
4 0 4 0
4 a
 3  
a a
3 1 1
−  x n ( a − x ) 3  + n  ∫ ax n −1 ( a − x ) 3 dx − ∫ x n ( a − x ) 3 dx 
=
4 0 4  0 0 
a a a
3 4
 3 1
3 1
−  x n ( a − x ) 3  + an ∫ x n −1 ( a − x ) 3 dx − n ∫ x n ( a − x ) 3 dx
=
4 0 4 0 4 0
a
3 4
 3 3
−  x n ( a − x ) 3  + anI n −1 − nI n
=
4 0 4 4
a
4  4

In = −  x n ( a − x ) 3  + anI n −1 − nI n
3  0
4  4
  4

I n + nI n = −  a n ( a − a ) 3  −  0n ( a − 0 ) 3   + anI n −1
3    
4 
In  + n  = anI n −1
3 
 4 + 3n 
In   = anI n −1
 3 
3an
In = I n −1 as required
4 + 3n
27 43
43 b I 2 = a
49
3a ( 2 )
I2 = I1
4 + 3( 2)
3
= aI1
5
3a (1)
I1 = I0
4 + 3 (1)
3
= aI 0
5
Integrating directly:
a 1
I0
= ∫ ( a − x ) 3 dx
0
a
3 4

= − ( a − x ) 3 
4 0
3 4 4

= − ( a − a ) 3 − ( a − 0 ) 3 
4 
4
3
= a3
4
Putting everything together:
3 3 3 4
I2 = a × a × a 3
5 7 4
10
27 3
= a
140
27 43
Since I 2 = a
49
27 103 27 43
a = a
140 49
140
a2 =
49
140
a=
7
1 1 3
44=
a y (=
ax )3 2
a x
2 2
1 1
dy 3
= a x 2 2
dx 2
1
  dy  2  2
xB
Using=s ∫ 1 +    dx gives:
  dx  
xA  
1
  3 1 1 2  2
4
s ∫  1 +  a 2 x 2   dx
=
0
 2  
1
4
 9 2
= ∫ 1 + ax  dx
0
4 
9 du 9 4
1
Let u =+ ax ⇒ = a ⇒ dx =
4 dx 4 9a
when x = 0, u = 1
when x = 4, u = 1 + 9a
1
4 1 1+ 9 a
 9 2 4
∫0  4 
1 + ax dx
9a ∫1
= u 2
du
1+ 9 a
4  2 32 
=  u 
9a  3 1
8 
) 2 − 1
3
=  (1 + 9 a
27 a  
b s = 16, therefore:
8  3

 (1 + 9 a ) 2 −1 =
 16
27 a 
3
(1 + 9a ) 2 − 1 =54a
3
(1 + 9a ) 2 =54a + 1
(1 + 9a ) = ( 54a + 1)
3 2
(1 + 18a + 81a 2 ) (1 + 9a=) 2916a 2 + 108a + 1

1 + 27 a + 243a 2 + 729a=3
2916a 2 + 108a + 1
729a 3 − 2673a 2 − 81a = 0
81a ( 9a − 33a − 1) =
2
0
Since a ≠ 0,
33 ± 332 − 4 ( 9 )( −1)
a=
2 (9)
 11 ± 5 5 
 = 
 6 
a = 3.696... or a = −0.0300...
a > 0, therefore:
a = 3.6967 (4 d.p.)
45 a =
y 2 x + 16
1 2
=x y −8
2
dx
=y
dy
1
  dx  2  2
yB
Using=s ∫ 1 +    dy gives:
  dy  
yA  
1
3 2
∫ (1 + y ) dy
2
s
= as required
0
1
3 2
b= ∫ (1 + y ) dy
2
s
0
Let =
y sinh u ⇒ d= y cosh udu
When y = 0, u = 0
When y = 3, u = arsinh 3
1
3 2
∫ (1 + y ) dy
2
s
=
0
1
arsinh3 2
∫ (1 + sinh u )
2
= cosh udu
0
arsinh3
= ∫
0
cosh 2 udu
arsinh3
1
=
2 ∫ (1 + cosh 2u ) du
0
arsinh3
1 1 
=  u + sinh 2u 
2 2 0
1
= [u + sinh u cosh u ]0
arsinh3
2
1 arsinh3
=u + sinh u 1 + sinh 2 u 
2 0
1 1
=
2
arsinh3 + 3 10
2
( )
since arsinh x= ln x + 1 + x 2 ( )
1 3
s=
2
(
ln 3 + 10 +
2
10 )
dx
46 x = t 2 − 1 ⇒ = 2t
dt
1 dy
y= t 3 − 2 ⇒ = t 2
3 dt
1
  dx 2  dy 2  2
tB
Using s ∫    +    dt gives:
=
 dt   dt  
tA   
1
∫ ( ( 2t ) + ( t ) ) dt
2 2
2 2 2
=s
0
1
2 2
∫ ( 4t + t 4 ) dt
2
=
0
1
2 2
∫ t ( 4 + t ) dt
2
=
0
let u =4 + t 2 ⇒ du =2tdt
when t = 0, u = 4
when t = 2, u = 8
1
2
1 2
s = ∫ u du
20
8
1  2 32 
=  u 
2  3 4
1  32 3

=  8 − 4 2

3 
3
8 −82
=
3
47 a For polar coordinates:
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
The curve r = θ can then be expressed using the parametric equations:
x = r cos θ
y = θ sin θ
Differentiating:
dx
= cos θ − θ sin θ
dθ
dy
= sin θ + θ cos θ
dθ
Therefore:
2 2
 dx   d y 
 = (cos θ − θ sin θ ) + (sin θ + θ cos θ )
2 2
  +
 dθ   dθ 
= (cos 2 θ − 2θ cos θ sin θ + θ 2 sin 2 θ ) + (sin 2 θ + 2θ cos θ sin θ + θ 2 cos 2 θ )
= (cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) + (2θ cos θ sin θ − 2θ cos θ sin θ ) + θ 2 (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
= 1+θ 2
1
  dx 2  dy 2  2
θB
Using s ∫  
=  +   dθ gives:
  dθ  
θ A   dθ 
4π
W
= ∫ 0
1 + θ 2 dθ
Let θ = tan x ⇒ dθ = sec 2 x dx

when θ = 0 , x = 0
when θ = 4π , x = arctan 4π
4π 1
∫ (1 + tan x ) 2 sec x dx
2 2
W
=
0
47 b I n = ∫ sec n x dx
du
u =sec n − 2 x ⇒ =( n − 2 ) sec n − 2 x tan x
dx
and
dv
= sec 2 x ⇒= v tan x
dx
=I n sec n − 2 x tan x − ( n − 2 ) ∫ sec n − 2 x tan 2 x dx
= sec n − 2 x tan x − ( n − 2 ) ∫ sec n − 2 x ( sec 2 x − 1) dx
= sec n − 2 x tan x − ( n − 2 ) ∫ ( sec n x − sec n − 2 x ) dx
= sec n − 2 x tan x − ( n − 2 ) ∫ sec n x dx + ( n − 2 ) ∫ sec n − 2 x dx
= sec n − 2 x tan x − ( n − 2 ) I n + ( n − 2 ) I n − 2
I n + (=
n − 2 ) I n sec n − 2 x tan x + ( n − 2 ) I n − 2
(=
n − 1) I n sec n − 2 x tan x + ( n − 2 ) I n − 2
sec n − 2 x tan x + ( n − 2 ) I n − 2
In =
n −1
arctan 4π
Since W = ∫
0
sec3 x dx using the reduction formula with n = 3 gives:
arctan 4π
[sec x tan x ]0
arctan 4π
+ ∫ sec x dx
W= 0
2
[sec x tan x ]0
arctan 4π arctan 4π
+ ln tan x + sec x  0
=
2
= 80.82…
= 80.8 (3 s.f.)
1
dx − 12
48 x = 2t 2 ⇒ = t
dt
dy
y =1 − t ⇒ =−1
dt
1
  dx 2  dy 2  2
tB
Using S 2π ∫ x    +    dt gives:
=
 dt   dt  
tA   
1
  − 1 2
4 2
1
S 2π ∫ 2t   t  + ( −1)  dt
2
= 2 2
  
1  
1
4 1
 1 2
= 4π ∫ t  + 1 dt 2
1 t 
4 1
= 4π ∫ (1 + t ) 2 dt
1
Let u = 1 + t ⇒ du = dt
When t = 1, u = 2
When t = 4, u = 5
5 1
S = 4π ∫ u 2 du
2
5
2 3 
= 4π  u 2 
 3 2
8  32 3

= π 5 − 2 2 
3  
=
(
8π 5 5 − 2 2 )
3
1
49 a y = (a − x ) 2 2
, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
1
dy
− x ( a − x2 ) 2
−
=
dx
x
= − 1
(a − x )2 2
1
  dy  2  2
xB
Using
= S 2π ∫ y 1 +    dx gives:
  dx  
xA  
1
1 1
 x  2 2
S = 2π ∫ ( a − x 2 2
) 1 + 2 
dx
−1  a−x 
1
1 1
 a 2
= 2π ∫ ( a − x 2 2
)  2 
dx
−1 a−x 
1
1 1 1
 1 2
∫ (a − x )
2 2
= 2πa 2
 2 
dx
−1 a−x 
1 1
= 2πa 2
∫ dx
−1
1
[ x ]−1
1
= 2πa 2
the surface has an area of 24π and since the curve has equal area on either side of the axes:
1
2πa 2 [ x ]0 = 12π
1
1
2πa 2 = 12π
1
a2 = 6
a = 36
50 For polar coordinates:
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
The curve r = cos 2θ can then be expressed using the parametric equations:
x = cos 2θ cos θ
y = cos 2θ sin θ
Square both sides to ease differentiation:
x 2 = cos 2θ cos 2 θ
y 2 = cos 2θ sin 2 θ
Differentiate with respect to parameter θ:
 dx 
 cos 2θ × 2 cos θ (− sin θ ) + (−2sin 2θ ) cos θ
2
2x  =
 dθ 
dx 1
= − cos θ (cos 2θ sin θ + sin 2θ cos θ )
dθ x
1
= − cos θ sin 3θ
x
 dy 
 cos 2θ × 2sin θ (cos θ ) + (−2sin 2θ ) sin θ
2
2y =
 dθ 
dy 1
= − sin θ (cos 2θ cos θ − sin 2θ sin θ )
dθ y
1
= − sin θ cos 3θ
y
Then:
2 2
 dx   dy  1 1
   +=  cos 2 θ sin 2 3θ + 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 3θ
 dθ   dθ 
2
x y
cos 2 θ sin 2 3θ sin 2 θ cos 2 3θ
= +
cos 2θ cos 2 θ cos 2θ sin 2 θ
sin 2 3θ cos 2 3θ
= +
cos 2θ cos 2θ
1
=
cos 2θ
1
  dx  2  d y  2  2
xB
Using S 2π ∫ y  
= + dx gives:
  dθ   dθ  
xA  
π
4
1
S 2π ∫ cos 2θ sin θ × dx
0
cos 2θ
π
4
= 2π ∫ sin θ dx
0
π
= 2π [ − cos θ ]04
 1 
= 2π  2π − 
 2
51 =
y ex , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
dy
= ex
dx
1
  dy 2  2
xB
Using
= S 2π ∫ y 1 +    dx gives:
  dx  
xA  
1
1 2
=S 2π ∫ e x (1 + e 2 x ) dx
0
Let u =e x ⇒ du =e x dx
When x = 0, u = 1
When x = 1, u = e
1
e 2
=S 2π ∫ (1 + u 2 ) du
1
Let u= sinh v ⇒ du= cosh v dv
When u = 1, v = arsinh 1
When u = e, v = arsinh e
arsinh (e) 1
=S 2π ∫
arsinh (1)
(1 + sinh 2 v) 2 cosh v dv
arsinh (e)
= 2π ∫
arsinh (1)
cosh 2 v dv
arsinh (e)
1 1 
= 2π ∫  + cosh 2v  dv
arsinh (1) 
2 2 
arsinh (e)
1 1 
= 2π  v + sinh 2v 
2 4  arsinh (1)
Express sinh 2v in terns of sinh v to allow the substitution of limits:
arsinh (e)
1 1 
=S 2π  v + × 2sinh v cosh v 
2 4  arsinh (1)
= π [ v + sinh v cosh v ]arsinh (1)
arsinh (e)
arsinh (e)
π v + sinh v 1 + sinh 2 v 
=
  arsinh (1)
( ) (
= π  arsinh(e) + e 1 + e 2 − arsinh(1) + 1 1 + 12 
  )
Since arsinh x= ln ( x + 1 + x ) , 2
S π ln ( e + 1 + e ) + e 1 + e − ln (1 + 2 ) − 2 
= 2 2
 
  e + 1 + e2  
= π ln   + e 1 + e2 − 2 
  1 + 2 
 
= 22.9427…
= 22.943 (3 d.p.)
Challenge
1 a
Using the identity for tan(A ± B):

tan β − tan α m − m1
tan θ = tan (β − α) = = 2 as required.
1 + tan β tan α 1 + m1m2
a cos t
1 b Assuming the point P has coordinates (acost, bsint), the gradient of the normal at P is
b sin t
Knowing that the coordinates of the foci are (± ae, 0) , we can easily find that the gradients of PS
b sin t
and PS’ are
a cos t ± ae
So, using the result from part a, the tangent of the angle between PS and the normal is:
a sin t b sin t a 2 cos t sin t − a 2 e sin t − b 2 cos t sin t

−
b cos t a cos t − ae = ab cos 2 t − abe cos t
 a sin t   b sin t  ab sin 2 t
1+    1 +
 b cos t   a cos t − ae  ab cos 2 t − abe cos t
(a 2 − b 2 ) cos t sin t − a 2 e sin t
=
ab cos 2 t − abe cos t + ab sin 2 t
a 2 e 2 cos t sin t − a 2 e sin t
=
ab(1 − e cos t )
−a 2 e sin t (1 − e cos t ) ae sin t
= = −
ab(1 − e cos t ) b
Similarly, we find that this is also the value of the tangent of the angle between the normal and PS’
Therefore, since the tangent is injective between 0 and 2π (where it is defined), we can conclude
that the two angles are the same.
1
2 a=y , x >1
x
b
V = π ∫ y 2 dx
a
∞
 1 
= π ∫  2  dx
1
x 
∞
 1
= π − 
 x 1
 1 1
= π− + 
 ∞ 1
=π
1 dy 1
b y =⇒ =
− 2
x dx x
1
  dy  2  2
xB
Using
= S 2π ∫ y 1 +    dx gives:
  dx  
xA  
1
1  1  
∞ 2 2
=S 2π ∫ 1 +  − 2   dx
1
x   x  
∞
1 1
=S 2π ∫ 1 + 4 dx as required.
1
x x
1
c 1+ > 1, x > 0 is always positive, therefore:
x4
1 1 1
1+ 4 >
x x x
and
a a
1 1 1
2π ∫ 1 + 4 dx > 2π ∫ dx, x > 0 as required.
1
x x 1
x
a
1
d 2π ∫ dx = 2π [ ln x ]1
a
1
x
= 2π ln a
As a → ∞, ln a → ∞
Therefore:
a
1 1
2π ∫ 1 + 4 dx → ∞ as a → ∞
1
x x
So Torricelli’s trumpet does have infinite surface area.

Ial Maths Fp3 RE1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ial Maths Fp3 RE1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Review exercise 1

2 The wording of the question requires you

3e 2 x − 10e x + 3 =0 3 y 2 − 10 y + 3= (3 y − 1)( y − 3)= 0. This gives

the substitution can be omitted.

x = ln ( 13 ) , ln 3 The answer x = − ln 3 would also be

y =5sinh (ln 3) =5   = ×3−  ln1 = 0 and the law of logarithms

You take the logarithms of both sides

If arcosh x > 0 then arcosh x =ln( x + ( x 2 − 1)).

= cosh ( A − B), as required.

b You expand cosh ( x − 1) using the result

e 2 y − 2 xe y − 1 =0 The quadratic formula has ± in it. However

 1+ x  x = 12 , 13 are solutions of x = tanh ln (6 x)  . In

= 2 xe y + xe − y Multiply throughout by ey and treat

c Using sech 2 x = 1 − tanh 2 x

b 2 cosh 5 x + 10 cosh 3 x + 20 cosh x = 243,

c The coordinates of the foci are given by

The focus directrix property of the ellipse gives that

Differentiate implicitly with respect to x

Using y – y1 =m(x – x1), an equation of the tangent is

The coordinates of S are

By symmetry, the coordinates of S' are (–1,0)

y =0+2 =2 You find the y-coordinate of G by substituting

b Equations of the directrices are

20 a The formulae you need for calculating the

Let the foot of the perpendicular from O to the tangent at P be N.

144 cos 2 θ + 324sin 2 θ 36(4 cos 2 θ + 9sin 2 θ )

9 ×144 cos 2 θ + 4 × 324sin 2 θ

b Substituting y = 0 in the result to part a

Substituting x = 0 into the equation of the normal

As the line is a tangent this equation has repeated roots

Substituting (1) into (2)

b As the line is a tangent the result of part a has repeated roots

The area of triangle OAB, T say, is given by

To find the coordinates of G, you

b The coordinates of S are

Substituting y = 0 into the answer to part b

This problem will be solved using the

Substitute x = 0 into (1) To find the coordinates of P, you

The formula for the eccentricity is

Equating constant coefficients

2 2 As in part b, you may be able to write

Use integration by parts with:

Use integration by parts again with:

Using the reduction formula from part a:

Use integration by parts with:

(1 + 18a + 81a 2 ) (1 + 9a=) 2916a 2 + 108a + 1

Let θ = tan x ⇒ dθ = sec 2 x dx

Using the identity for tan(A ± B):

a sin t b sin t a 2 cos t sin t − a 2 e sin t − b 2 cos t sin t

You might also like