a.

TEST FOR DIFFERENCE

The paired t-test is used to compare the values of means from two related samples, for
example in a 'before and after' scenario.

The difference between the means of the samples is unlikely to be equal to zero (due to
sampling variation) and the hypothesis test is designed to answer the question "Is the
observed difference sufficiently large enough to indicate that the alternative hypothesis is
true?". The answer comes in the form of a probability - the p-value.

FORMULA:

t = (x – μ) / (s/√n)

where:

 x: sample mean
 μ0: hypothesized population mean
 s: sample standard deviation
 n: sample size

PROBLEM
Studies on standing and supine systolic blood pressures were compared. This study was
performed on twelve subjects. Their blood pressures were measured in both positions.

Subject Standing Supine Difference

1 132 136 4

2 146 145 1

3 135 140 5

4 141 147 6

5 139 142 3

6 162 160 -2

7 128 137 9

8 137 136 -1

9 145 149 4

10 151 158 7

11 131 120 -11

12 143 150 7

Mean 140.83 143.33 2.50

SD 9.49 10.83 5.50

STATISTICAL TREATMENT(SPSS)

 HYPOTHESIS
There is no difference between the mean blood pressures in the two populations.

 INTERPRETATION
The computer output from performing a paired samples t-test on the standing and supine
blood pressure data gives a p-value of 0.144. Thus the probability of getting a difference
of 2.50 mmHg between the mean blood pressures (given that position does not affect
blood pressure) is 0.144 or 14.4% or about 1 in 7. This is not sufficiently low to conclude
that position does affect mean blood pressure. Therefore, we fail to reject the null
hypothesis with this data, and conclude that there is insufficient evidence to suggest a
difference between blood pressures, on average, in the two positions.

b. TEST FOR RELATIONSHIP

 In determining the relationship of the respondents’ extent of computer gaming and
academic performance, the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was used.

 Pearson correlation coefficient formula:


Where:
N = the number of pairs of scores
Σxy = the sum of the products of paired scores
Σx = the sum of x scores
Σy = the sum of y scores
Σx2 = the sum of squared x scores
Σy2 = the sum of squared y scores

Pearson coefficient correlation interpretation:

STATISTICAL TREATMENT (SPSS)

RESPONDENTS HOURS GRADES

 . Pearson
correlation
coefficient

Academic performance
vs. .833
Extent of computer gaming activities

 PROBLEM

Declining academic performance of students in English because of computer gaming.

 HYPOTHESIS
The following research hypotheses were tested at .05 level of significance:

There is no significant relationship between extent of playing games and academic

performance of the respondents.
 INTERPRETATION
Findings shows that the relationship of the extent of computer gaming and
academic performance was statistically significant with the r-value at .833 which implies
that there is a highly significant correlation between aforementioned variables, the closer
the r-value to +1 or -1 , the more closely the two variables are related. More specifically,
an increase in the number of hours in computer gaming activities is associated with the
decrease in academic performance in terms of Grade point Average.