DATA GATHERING METHODS AND TOOLS

Common methods of gathering data about a family:

1. Observation
2. Physical Examination
3. Interview
4. Record Review
5. Laboratory/Diagnostic test

Common methods of gathering data about a family:

1. OBSERVATION

So in data gathering, there are questions that does not need to be asked, mag
oobserve ka lang.

The family’s health status can be inferred from the following problem
areas:

a. Communication and interactions pattern expected, used and tolerated

by family members

So the first thing you need to observe is communication within the family.
Minsan kahit hindi nila sabihin mapapansin mob a kapag may problema sila sa
family? Hindi sila nag uusap, ganyan. Yung mag asawa hindi nag uusap so
ganyan. That’s one aspect of observation. Paano ba sila mag usap sa isat isa
respectful ba? So that’s the first thing you need to observe.

The environment is new to you, and observation of environment and client are
equally important. In addition to focusing on the family members’ concerns and
the purpose of the visit, you need to be observant about the neighborhood, travel
safety, home environmental conditions, number of household members, client
demeanor, and body language, as well as other nonverbal cues.

Two major dimensions of family communication patterns: social-oriented and

concept-oriented. The social-oriented families are authoritative and controlling
families. Children in this type of families should defer to parental authority,
maintain harmonious relationships and to avoid any conflict with their parents or
others. Conversely, concept-oriented communication emphasized individual
ideas, beliefs and feelings. This type of families encourages children to express
ideas openly and to challenge the views of others.

In protective families, children are discouraged from expressing different opinions

and encouraged to keep harmonious relationships.

In pluralistic families, children are not only exposed to controversial issues, but
are encouraged to develop strong and different opinions without fear of
punishment.

The laissez-faire families are concerned about neither conversation nor

conformity. This communication pattern encourages neither the challenge
of other’s opinion nor harmonious relationships.

On the other side, consensual families stress both relational harmony and
open communication between parents and children.

You should also assess Body Language and Other Nonverbal Cues

After you have knocked on the door or rang the doorbell and are in the
home or even while greeting the people in the doorway, you are gathering
data about the family from the initial meeting. Know that they are doing
the same. Be aware of all household members; acknowledge and greet
them. If some are absent, inquire about them. Make this a habit on all
visits. Each family member is important and has opinions and health care
needs, even if you only see certain members of the family on each visit.
 Be observant of family body language and demeanor.
These nonverbal cues provide information that must not be overlooked.
Observations such as, “You seem anxious today,” or “Did I come at a bad
time? You seem distracted,” are openings that allow family members to
express what is on their minds. If you are not open to body language while
making a visit, you may overlook important cues and continue with your
agenda, without realizing that the family is distracted by another, more
pressing issue.

b. Role perceptions/task assumptions by each member, including

decision-making patterns – for example in a single parent family, does
the mother assume the role of the father or vice versa. Who is the
authoritative figure in an extended family, the one who decides, is it
the father or the grandfather?

Sa loob ng family bawat isa may role. SO are you performing the role? Lets say
as a daughter are you doing the role of a daughter? A son? As the eldest child?
So one good example is decision making, sino ang decision maker? Effective bas
yang decision maker sa family?

c. Conditions in the home and environment

Ito ang pinakaadaling iobserve. Initially kasama ditto ang cleanliness. So

hindi naman tinatanong yun inoobserve lang yun. Medyo offending siguro
pag tinanong yun. MAlinis po ba ang bahay ninyo? Di naman kailangan
itanongma oobserve mo naman. Sapat ba ang ventilation sa bahay?
Nakakahinga b akayo ditto ? diba pangit. So those things ay dapat
inoobserve nalng natin. So yung cr halimbawa ay walang flush walang
 flush po yung cr ninyo? Hindi mo na kailangan itanong. So one technique
to check the bathroom is sasabihin mogng makikicr ka . ayaw natin
maging invasive yung dating natin. Yung masyadong nakikialam. Di mo na
iattanong yung kamiusta po yung cr nyo? Ano po inodor nyo? Di mo na
itatanong yun. Ioobserve mo yun. Puntahan mo. So makikicr ka at
iaassess ang cr nila. So kamsta? May water supply ba? May proper
garbage disposal ba? So di mo na kaiangan itanong yun ioobserve mo
nalang.

2. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION objective asssessment

Another data gathering technique is physical examiniation.

Significant data about the health status of individual members can be obtained
through direct examination through IPPA,

Inspection

Palpation

Percussion

Auscultation

So you will perform this to the whole family to identify a problem. Lets say for
example nag inspection ka and yung aanak may infestation which is may kuto so
you record that no. another example is that sa inpection napansin mo na
medyo malake yung tyan ng nanay, so mag peperform ka ng abdominal
assessment. Baka may bukol ganyan.

By the way you will also take thw vital signs of the family. Bp rr pr

Measurement of specific body parts and reviewing the body systems.

So we will review the body systems The 11 organ systems include the
integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, lymphatic system,
respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system,
cardiovascular system, urinary system, and reproductive systems.

May mga sakit bas a puso, sa lungs, may constipated ba, mag diarrhea ba? So
that’s examples of coomon problems In tha family that you can identify.

SO laahat ng makikita mo sa physical exam will be considered a heath deficit

3. INTERVIEW
Subjective assessment

Productivity of interview process depends upon the use effective

communication techniques to elicit needed response PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED:
 On a related note, it is important to be aware of your own body
language. If youre fidgeting during the entire visit, nag chew ka og
gum, give minimal eye contact while continuously looking at your
paperwork, appear rushed or gadali, or refuse to sit on any of the
furniture, your behavior with tell the family a great deal about you,
including how you feel about being in their home.

Two types of interview

1. completing health history of each family member

a. Health history determines current health status based on significant
PAST HEALTH HISTORY e.g. developmental accomplishment, known
illnesses, allergies, restorative treatment, residence in endemic areas
for certain diseases or sources of communicable diseases.
b. FAMILY HISTORY e.g. genetic history in relation to health and illness.
c. SOCIAL HISTORY e.g. intra-personal and inter-personal factors affecting
the family member social adjustment or vulnerability to stress and
crisis
Like for example one family member stopped going to school. So you
found out na that child was bullied at school so you also record that no
because social history can provide signs of the health of the client like
basin na appektuhan iyahang mental health and that.

“So how is your son doing in college?” “Did you plant a garden again this
year?”

Along with the chance to connect with the patient as a person, the social
history can provide vital early clues to the presence of disease, guide
physical exam and test-ordering strategies, and facilitate the provision
of cost-effective, evidence-based care. For example, the golfer who no
longer golfs due to dyspnea on exertion is developing the first signs of
 heart failure, lung disease, or anemia; if the doctor doesn't know about
this change and must wait for other clues, valuable months are lost.

2. Collecting data by personally asking significant family members or

relatives questions regarding health, family life experiences and home
environment to generate data on what wellness condition and health
problem exist in the family ( first level assessment) and the corresponding
nursing problems for each health condition or problem ( 2nd level
assessment)

So you can also use the questionnaire while conducting interview so you can
refer to the comprehensive family survey form.

4. RECORDS REVIEW – another data gathering method

Gather information through reviewing existing records and reports pertinent to

the client: Individual clinical records of the family members, laboratory and
diagnostic reports, immunization records reports about home and environmental
conditions.

Ask if they were recently hospitalized.

Mga laboratory rports. Meron ba nagpapalabpratory sa bahay? So hingi tayo

copy. Meron ba nag papa xray? May nagpapa CBC ba? So hingi ka copy tapos
nakita mo anemic yung mother for example. So you record that as problem no.

So laboratory, immunization records, so lahat ng bata mag immunization

records no so hingi tayo copy. Pag wala tanong nalang kung kompleto ba ang
bakuna. MMR para sa tipdas

5. LABORATORY/ DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Another method of data collection is through performing laboratory tests,
diagnostic procedures or other tests of integrity and function carried out by the
nurse herself and /or other health workers.

So ditto parang irerefer mo sila sa ospital para mag palaboratory and then you
can review their results sa next visit mo and identify mo if may problem ba or
wala.

Laboratory tests – CBC, UNrinalysis

Diagnostic tests – Xrays, CT scans, Ultrasound