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• [Zl Chapter one - Copy.pdf ➔

5. If the noun ends in "f,fe" the plural is formed by changing "f,fe"

into "ves". For example:
Knife ..... knives wife ..... wives leaf....leaves
wolf..... wolves shelf..... shelves
But there are some nouns end in "f.fe" and the form of plural is just
add "s" for example: belief.. .. beliefs chief...... chiefs
hoof.... hoofs safe ...... safes
6. The flowing nouns have irregular plural . ~1 .t.....'JI
Man .....men woman ....women tooth ..... teeth
goose .... geese ox .... oxen child .... children
mouse .... mice foot ....feet person ....people
7. Some nouns have the same form both in singular and plural. For
example:
Sheep..... sheep deer .... deer fish .... fish
aircraft ......aircraft dozen ... dozen
8. If the noun ends with "o" and the "o" is preceded by a vowel, the
plural is formed by adding "s" to the singular. For example:
Radio ... radios
9. If the noun ends with "o" and the "o" is preceded by a consonant,
the plural is generally (not always formed by adding "es" to the
singular for example:
Buffalo .... Buffaloes mango ..... mangoes
tomato .....tomatoes
~ ~I~ ~.>J ~~
Casino....... casinos jumbo .... Jumbos kilo ... kilos
photo .... photos piano...... pianos
10. .l;&Ji ~ ufo ~ ~1.i .l.),JI ~ W l.l ~ I .L.....'JI
News, furniture, information, luggage, advice, character,
machinery, dirt
Ex. The news is good today
11. ~I~ ,_,i ~ ~1., W l.l ~ -.16. ,_,i ~'JI .L.....'JI
Trousers, goods, people, police, glasses, shoes, scissor, socks
Ex. The police are coming soon.
....J$ ~ J-;....; J_;i.JI ..,J.,. -..l'i.ill.i
Pair
A pair of shoes was sold.

r/r

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• 0 Chapter one - Copy.pdf ➔

Chapter one

Pablo: Hello I'm Pablo. What's your name? ..... or Hello. My name is
Pablo
Ahmed: My name's Ahmed .... Hello, I'm Ahmed Ali. Nice to meet you.
Pablo: Hello Ahmed . ...... And you . .. or .. .nice to meet you too.

Introduction
Ali. Ahmed this is Salim.
Salim this is Ahmed.
Ahmed. Hello Salim
Salim. Hello Ahmed.
Q. Put the words in the correct order.

Arc, you, How, today ............... How are you today'?

Nice, have, day, a ...... . . . ..... ... .. Have a nice day
Coffee, cup, please, of, a, ..... . ........... .. A cup of coffee please
Grammar
Singular and Plural

I . To form the plu ral number of a noun adds "s" to the singular. For
example:
Book .... Books mouth .•.•... mouths rock •.. rocks
Door.....doors gate ........ gates girl .......girls
2. If the noun ends in s,ss, x, ch, sh, z the plural id formed by adding
"es" to the singular. For example:
class ...... classes box ..... boxes dish .... dishes
watch ....watcbes tax ..... taxes bus ..... buses
3. If the noun ends in ·y·· and ··y· is preceded by a vowel (u, o, I, e, a)
the plural is formed by adding "s" to the singular. For example:
Day .... days key .... keys boy ..... boys
Sunday....Sundays
4. If the "y" is preceded by consonant. the plural is fanned by
changing "y" into "ies". Foreample:
Lady....ladies baby ..... babies fly ... flies butterfly
..... butterflies city .....cities

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: [Zl (pronouns).pptx ➔

We use them after 'as' and 'than' fo r comparison .5

.She is as tall as me
.He is taller than her
We can again use the subject pronoun+ a verb in the same
situation
.She is taller than i am
.He is taller than she is
'We use them after 'but' and 'except .6
.Everybody went home early but me
.Everybody went home early except him

Possessive adjectives
.I have a bag - this is my bag
.You have a cat - that is your cat
.He has a car - it is his car \•IV

.She has a book - it is her book

.The dog has a bed - it is its bed
.We have a flat - it is our flat
They have a daughter - she is their daughter

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 : [Zl (pronouns).pptx ➔

Chapter Four
Pronouns
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. We
often use them to avoid repeating the nouns that they refer
to. Pronouns have different forms for the different ways
.we use them

-------- ----

\' - .- ..-
Object Possessive Possessive
[; ~~ '
Ad"ective Pronoun

I My Mine
You Your Yours
He His His
Sh e Her Hers
It Its Its
We Our Ours
You Your Yours
... '
Th e y ~-
~~ ... -
Their Theirs
J •

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 IZl (pronouns).pptx ➔

nfossessive urononns
I have a bag - this is mine.
You have a cat - that cat is yours.
He has a car - it is his.
She has a book - it is hers.
We have a flat - it is ours.
They have a daughter - she is theirs.

Exercises
□ Tick ( ✓ ) the correct sentence:
□ I. Maryam's children are married.
Maryam is children are married.
□ 2. What's he's job?
What's his job?
□ 4. They're from Germany.
Their from Germany.
□ 5. They're parents have a house inn Bon.
Their parents have a house in Bonn.

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lil~,ilrril

l2l (pronouns).pptx ➔

Subjective Pronouns,
I like London
You have eaten the chocolate
He plays football
She hates mushrooms
It was cold
We are French
They are going home

Objective Pronouns
We use them for the object of a verb I .□

John knows me
Suha kissed you
The dog licked him
David hugged her
The teacher dropped it
The children love us
Ali helped them

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lil~,ilrril

IZl (pronouns).pptx ➔

We use them after a preposition (including after phrasal .2

verbs
It's important to me
?Can the children come with you
!Look at her
.The chocolate is for him
David is looking forward to it
!Keep up with us
.Lucy works for them

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lil~,ilrril

IZl (pronouns).pptx ➔

We use them after a preposition (including after phrasal .2

verbs
It's important to me
?Can the children come with you
!Look at her
.The chocolate is for him
David is looking forward to it
!Keep up with us
.Lucy works for them

We use.them after 'be'. (ln very _fo rmalEnglish,_ thesubjectpronoun is .3

(somet1mes used here, but th1s 1s veryold- fas h1oned and unusual
!Who'sthere?It's me
lt's you
This is her
!!twas him
We use them with short answers .4
!A:Who's there?B: Me
!A:Whoatethecake?B: Him
A:l'mtired.B: Me too
With short ~nswers, we can also use~ subject pronoun+ a verb. This
soundsab1tmorefonnalthantheobJectpronounalone
!A:Who'sthere? B: l am
!A:Whoatethecake?B: He did
A:l'mtired. B: l amtoo

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 IZl (pronouns).pptx ➔

Subjective Pronouns,
I like London
You have eaten the chocolate
He plays football
She hates mushrooms
It was cold
We are French
They are going home

Objective Pronouns
We use them for the object of a verb I .□

John knows me
Suha kissed you
The dog licked him
David hugged her
The teacher dropped it
The children love us
Ali helped them

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