Calculus

Derived from a Latin word ‘Calx’ which means “stone” and from a Greek word “Chalis” which means “limestones”

Functions

Functions
It has both
Quadratic Graph
This are made of

Has general form of

Linear graph
Variable

Y=ax2+bx+c

Has general form of

X y

This is the and this is

Y=mx+c

Independent
Dependent
Variable
Variables
 Limits

This is the value that a function or sequence “approaches

As the input or index approaches a value Numerically

Lim f(x)= L
To evaluate
x c Usually using a calculator, obtain a
table of x & values near x= c and
determine what y value the
function is approaching

Graphically
The limit at x
approaches c does
not depend on the Analytically Radical function
variable of c
Inspect the graph, as x
approaches c, what value is
the function approaching Use limit law to get a
limit of polynomial
 Continuity

A function f is continuous at a point if

Lim f(x)=f(a) It has 3 conditions to be satisfied

x-a

f(a) exists, that is, f

is defined at a That two numbers
are equal
lim f(x) exists,
x-a
Differentiability

A real valued function f(x) is If a function has

differentiable at x= c if vertical tangent of
Lim f(x)-f(c) x=a, then if is non
differentiable at x=a
x-c x-c
 Derivatives

A function expresses its rate of change with respect to an independent variable

Derivative rules
Related rates

Power Rule
Chain

Product rule Exponential

Involves multiple
variables that are Identify knowns and
changing with unknowns. Find an
Quotient Rule
Logarithms respect to time equation relating
quantities then
differentiates with respect
to t. Plug in known
Product rule quantities and solve for
nuknowns
 Area Between two
curves

To determine the area

between two functions.

Conditions Formula

Determine the area between Y=

Area= definite integral form c
f(x) and Y= g(x) on the interval Area=definite integral from a to d of [f(y)dy-g(y)dy]
[a,b] to b of [f(x)dx-g(x)dx]

Volume by cylindrical shells Determine the are Volume by disk The radius of the cylinder is
between X=f(y) and X=g(y) given by a function f(x) and
on the interval [c,d] the height is the change in x

disk method is the process of finding the volume of an

a region contained between two cylinders of object by dividing that object into many small

the same height with the same central axis. cylinders/disks and then adding the volumes of these
We usually denote the height of the Formula
cylinders by H, the radius of the inner
cylinder by r , and the thickness of the shell
by t, so that the radius of the larger cylinder
is r + t.

V= π(r + t)2H − πr 2H = π[(r + t)2 − r 2]H = π(2r + t)tH