What Is Physics

Tr. Myat PHYSICS CLASS 12.3.
2019
What is “Physics”?
 Physics is the study of forces, energies and their relationships.
Write down some words, as much as you can, which are considered to be
related to the subject of Physics.
 Solar system, atoms, velocity, speed, astronomy, light, time, force, electricity, nuclear,
momentum, volume, length, kinematic, density, current, voltage, power, energy, work done.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
What is meant by the term physical quantities?
 Physical quantities are everything which can be measured.
Examples of physical quantities: light intensity, time, force, electrical current, nuclear energy,
momentum, area, volume, density, etc.
Why are measurements important for physics?
 Measurement is very fundamental to all observations, making laws and principles.
Basic Quantities : length, mass, time, etc.
Derived Quantities: When basic quantities are multiplied or divided each other, derived quantities
are obtained. e.g, Area, volume, speed, weight, etc.(derived quantity can be broken down into
basic)
Area= length *width speed=distance/time
Length * length length/time
Basic Quantities: length (m)

SI mass (kg)
Time (s)
Current (A)
1
Tr. Myat PHYSICS CLASS 12.3.2019
Temperature (C or K)
Amount of substances (moles)
Light intensity (candela)
Measuring Instruments of Length:
Instrument Precision Uses
Ruler (30cm)/meter Science lab experiment (<1m)

rule (100cm) /measuring tape 1mm Open field experiment (>1m)
Half meter rule (50cm) 1mm Science lab experiment
Vernier caliper 0.1mm=1/10 mm Small measurement (e.g.,. Thickness of

a coin, a sheet of paper)
Micrometer ( screw gauge) 0.01mm =1/100 mm Small measurement (eg ,. Thickness of
a coin, a sheet of paper)
TYPES OF ERRORS: 1. Parallax error
2. Zero error END ERROR
3. End error wrong =23cm, correct=13cm
Wrong eye 4. Random error (DUE TO BACKGROUND NOISE) 23cm

Correct Wrong eye position
position
position (parallax)
zz 10cm
10cm 12c
m
0cm
0cm
m
correct
Wrong ( zero error)
2
Meter Rule Measuring Tape
Vernier Caliper Micrometer Screw Gauge
3
 PARALLAX ERROR
4
1/x=x^-1,
1/100=1/10^2=10^-2 , 0.00736=7.36/1000=7.36*10^-3
5
3000 4000 (scientific notation) = 7.1*10^-2
3875
6
7
No Value Rounded to 1 sig Rounded to 2 sig Scientific

Notation
1 79724 80000 80000 8.0*10
4
2 953300 1000000 950000 9.5*10^5
3 430144 400000 430000 4.3*10^5
4 20517000 20000000 21000000 2.1*10^7

2.0*10^7
5 402593933 400000000 400000000 4.0*10^8
6 798613 800000 800000 8.0*10^5

7.9*10^5
7 0.0079324 0.008 0.0079 7.9*10^(-3)
8 0.0000953 0.00010 0.000095 9.5*10^(-5)
9 0.00000430 0.000004 0.0000043 4.3*10^(-6)
10 0.020510 0.020000 0.021 2.1*10^(-2)
11 0.40259 0.4 0.40 4.0*10^(-1)
12 0.0007926 0.0008 0.00079 7.9*10^(-4)
13 0.00771 0.008 0.0077 7.7*10^(-3)
14 0.000000650m 0.000000700 0.00000065 6.5*10^(-7)
8
9
1. 25000N = 25kN
2. 8600000J = 8.6MJ
3. 3 000 000 000 B = 3 GB
4. 4400g = 4.4kg
5. 1800 000N = 1.8MN
6. 0.0035 m = 3.5 mm or 0.35cm
7. 0. 044 g = 44mg
8. 0.000008 m = 8um
9. 0. 000665 s = 665us
10. 0.000 000011 m = 11 nm
MEASURING VOLUME OF AN OBJECT

REGULAR-SHAPED OBJECT
4/3( π r3)
Lbh or lwh
Base *height
πr 2h
IRREGULAR-SHAPED BODY
V2-V1=Volume of the irregular-shaped object
2nd volume reading after the object is put into the cylinder,V2
1st volume reading before the object is put into the cylinder,V1
10
V2
V1
The correct size of measuring cylinder must be at least three times of

the object to be measured.
11
Density=mass/volume
Precautions: 1. Eye level must be correct (look at the base of the meniscus)
12 the cylinder on the flat base.
2. Gently lower the object down into the water. 3. Put
Measuring Mass
Instrument= Balance, SI unit= kg (kilogram)
Digital Balance
13
1 ton = 1000 kg
Lever Balance Beam Balance

Top-Pan Balance
Spring
Balance
14
Density: mass over volume. (density = mass/volume),

Unit : kgm-3
Wooden block iron block same volume
Iron
Different mass
wood
lessdense More dense
15
Vernier Caliper
Inner diameter
Depth
Outer diameter
16
1 division=0.1mm
Or 0.01cm
3.3cm + (4*0.01cm) = 3.34cm or 33.4mm
17
6.4cm+3x0.01cm= 6.43cm
8.6cm+2x0.01cm)=8.62cm
0cm+6x 0.01cm=0.06cm
10mm+6x0.1mm=10.6mm
5.3cm+31xx0.1mm=
38mm+ 0.01cm=38.3mm
5.31cm
4.2cm+
7cm+ 5 x7 40.01cm=
0.2cm+ x x0.01cm= 4.27cm
7.05cm
0.01cm= 0.24cm
70mm+ 5 x 0.1mm=70.5mm
- - 0.04cm
+ 0.06cm 0.06cm
+ 0.03cm
+ 0.1cm
- 0.03cm
18
No Zero error
Positive Zero error

+0.03cm
8.34cm-(+0.03cm) = 8.31cm
0 +
Negative zero error Vernier 0 -
Vernier 0
-0.02cm
8.34cm-(-0.02cm) = 8.36cm
19
+ 0.01cm
3.2cm + 0.04cm
3.24cm
3.24cm-(+0.01cm)
3.23 cm
20
50 divisions on thimble = 0.5mm on the datum line

1 division on thimble = 0.01mm
Main scale on sleeve + thimble scale
= 2.5mm + (38 x 0.01mm)

0.5mm
= 2.5 + 0.38 = 2.88mm
21
+0.02mm - 0.04mm
22
2mm + 0.37
+ 0.02mm
2.37 mm
2.37mm – (+0.02mm)=2.35mm
23
24
25
Length of the string  period are directly

proportional!
Amplitude and period are directly

proportional to each other!
26
27
 ZERO ERROR
28
Parallax Error
Zero Error
END error
29

What Is Physics

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Tr. Myat PHYSICS CLASS 12.3.

 Physics is the study of forces, energies and their relationships.

What is meant by the term physical quantities?

 Physical quantities are everything which can be measured.

Why are measurements important for physics?

 Measurement is very fundamental to all observations, making laws and principles.

Basic Quantities : length, mass, time, etc.

Area= length *width speed=distance/time

Length * length length/time

Basic Quantities: length (m)

Amount of substances (moles)

Light intensity (candela)

Measuring Instruments of Length:

Instrument Precision Uses

Ruler (30cm)/meter Science lab experiment (<1m)

Vernier caliper 0.1mm=1/10 mm Small measurement (e.g.,. Thickness of

TYPES OF ERRORS: 1. Parallax error

2. Zero error END ERROR

3. End error wrong =23cm, correct=13cm

Wrong eye 4. Random error (DUE TO BACKGROUND NOISE) 23cm

Wrong ( zero error)

Meter Rule Measuring Tape

Vernier Caliper Micrometer Screw Gauge

3000 4000 (scientific notation) = 7.1*10^-2

No Value Rounded to 1 sig Rounded to 2 sig Scientific

2 953300 1000000 950000 9.5*10^5

3 430144 400000 430000 4.3*10^5

4 20517000 20000000 21000000 2.1*10^7

6 798613 800000 800000 8.0*10^5

8 0.0000953 0.00010 0.000095 9.5*10^(-5)

9 0.00000430 0.000004 0.0000043 4.3*10^(-6)

10 0.020510 0.020000 0.021 2.1*10^(-2)

11 0.40259 0.4 0.40 4.0*10^(-1)

12 0.0007926 0.0008 0.00079 7.9*10^(-4)

13 0.00771 0.008 0.0077 7.7*10^(-3)

14 0.000000650m 0.000000700 0.00000065 6.5*10^(-7)

3. 3 000 000 000 B = 3 GB

5. 1800 000N = 1.8MN

6. 0.0035 m = 3.5 mm or 0.35cm

10. 0.000 000011 m = 11 nm

MEASURING VOLUME OF AN OBJECT

V2-V1=Volume of the irregular-shaped object

The correct size of measuring cylinder must be at least three times of

Instrument= Balance, SI unit= kg (kilogram)

Lever Balance Beam Balance

Density: mass over volume. (density = mass/volume),

Wooden block iron block same volume

lessdense More dense

Positive Zero error

50 divisions on thimble = 0.5mm on the datum line

Main scale on sleeve + thimble scale

= 2.5mm + (38 x 0.01mm)

= 2.5 + 0.38 = 2.88mm

Length of the string  period are directly

Amplitude and period are directly

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