sheniblog-VIII - Phy&Chem - All Units (EM)

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CLASS:8
PHYSICS&CHEMISTRY
NOTES, PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ITS SOLUTIONS
UNITS:Physics Pages‍
1. MEASUREMENTS & UNITS 02 - 06
2. MOTION 07 - 10
3. FORCE 11 - 14
4. MAGNETISM 15 - 18
5. REFLECTION OF LIGHT IN MIRRORS 19 - 23
6. SOUND 24 - 26
7. STATIC ELECTRICITY 27 - 31
UNITS:Chemistry
1.PROPERTIES OF MATTER 32 - 35
2. BASIC CONSTITUENTS OF MATTER 36 - 40
3. CHEMICAL CHANGES 41 - 44
4.METALS 45 - 47
5.SOLUTIONS 48 - 51
6.WATER 52 - 55
7.FIBRE & PLASTICS 56 - 57
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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS.

Measurement.
Measurement is the comparison of a given physical quantity with a convenient or familiar standard of the
same physical quantity. That standard value is called unit.
When we measure length of a table with our forearm (muzham), we compare the length of the table with
our forearm. And state how many times longer the table than that of the forearm. Now we use ‘length of
our forearm’ as the unit for measuring length of the table.
We use various units for measuring length. Eg:- centimetre, inch, muzham etc.
But the basic unit of length is metre. Its symbol is 'm'.
Centimetre and millimetre are the smaller units of length.
In metre scale the distance between two successive long lines is 1 cm and the distance between two
successive small lines is one millimetre.
(1/100)th part of a metre is one centimetre. That is, 100 cm is equal to 1 m.
Similarly 1000 millimetre is 1 metre.
Kilometre (km), Astronomical unit (AU), Light year (ly) are bigger units of length.
1 km = 1000 m
Astronomical unit is the average distance between the sun and the earth. AU and light year are
used to measure distance to planets and stars respectively.
Least count.
The smallest length that can be accurately measured using a measuring device is the least count.
Least count of a metre scale is 1 millimetre.
Indirect methods of measuring length.
1. Suppose you are asked to measure thickness of one sheet of a note book using a scale in your instrument
box. Here the direct measurement is impossible. In these situations we follow other convenient methods.
In this case we take the height of a bundle of sheets. Then divide the height with the number of sheets in
the bundle. This will be the thickness of one sheet.
Example: Thickness of a bundle of 50 sheets is 6 mm. Find the thickness of one sheet.
Ans. Thickness of one sheet = 6/50 = 0.12 mm
2.Length of a curved line.
The length of the curve cannot be measured directly using a metre scale.
Here we can adopt a technique with a twine. For this place a twine
gently along the curve from A to B. . Then measure the straight length of
the twine.
3. Radius or diameter of a ball

For finding the diameter of the ball, it is kept in between two wooden blocks as shown.
The distance between the inner sides of the block (AB) is the diameter of the ball.

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Mass: Mass of a substance is the measure of the quantity of matter contained in it. The basic
unit of mass is kiolgram. Its symbol is kg.
gram (g) and milligram (mg) are the smaller units of mass.
1000 g = 1 kg and 1000 mg = 1 gm
quintal and tonne are the bigger units of mass.
100 kg = 1 quintal.
1000 kg = 1 tonne
Time: Now a days we use watch to ascertain time. In the past, people used to observe length of shadow for
this purpose. Sundial is one of the devices they used then. At night they observed the position of certain
stars to determine time. But these measurements were not perfect.
Second (s) is the basic unit of time. Minute is another unit of time which is equal to 60 s. Hour is also
a unit of time. 60 minutes is equal to one hour.
Solar day: Solar day is the time period from one noon to the next noon.
It is equivalent to 24x60x60 = 86400s
Fundamental quantities and fundamental units.
Quantities which are not related to one another and cannot be expressed using other quantities are called
fundamental quantities. Length, mass, time, Electric current, Temperature, amount of substance and
luminous intensity are the fundamental quantities. The units of fundamental quantities are fundamental
units. The system based on these fundamental units are called SI units.
Fundamental quantities and their units are tabled below.
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
Derived units:Units which are expressed in terms fundamental units are derived units.
Example.1. Unit of Area is m2 (read as meter square)
That is, unit of area is expressed in terms of the unit of length.
2. Unit of velocity is m/s. It is expressed in terms of fundamental units metre and second.
Features of SI units.
*Unified units * Internationally accepted. * Adequate to express all physical
quantities.
Area of surfaces having irregular Edges.
Suppose you are given a leaf as shown and asked to find its area.
Place the leaf on a graph paper as shown and trace the outline of the leaf.

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In a graph paper, the area of the large square is 1 cm2 and area of small squares is 1mm2.
By counting the total number of squares inside the outline, we can find out the area of the leaf.
Volume
The space occupied by a body is known as its volume.
Volume of a rectangular block = length x breadth x height.
The unit of volume is m3 (cubic metre). It is a derived unit.
Density
Mass of unit volume of a substance is called its density.
Density = mass/volume
Unit of density is kg/m3.
For example, density of water is 1000 kg/m3. It means that the mass of pure water collected in a tank of 1
m length,1m breadth and 1 m height will be 1000kg.
Density of brine (salt water ) is greater than that of fresh water.
Similarly kerosene is less denser than water.
If we take equal volume of different substance, the matter contained in the denser substance will be greater.
Rules to be followed in writing units.
1. The symbols of units are normally written in small letters.
Examples. m,s, kg
2. The symbols of units named after persons are written in capital letter.
Example. Unit of force : newton – N, Unit of Pressure: pascal – Pa Unit of voltage: volt - V
3. The names of units never be written in capital letters.
Example: metre (right) Metre (wrong)
kelvin (right) Kelvin (wrong)
newton (right) Newton (wrong)
4. Never use plural forms of units.
Example: 20 metre (right) 20 metres (wrong), 5 cm (right) 5 cms (wrong)
5. Never use full stop or comma after a symbol except at the end of the sentence.
Example: He has 157 cm height. (right) He has 157 cm. height. (wrong)
6. Never use more than one slash (/) in derived units.
Example: m/s2 (correct) m/s/s (wrong)
7. When derived unit is expressed as the product of other units use a dot or space between them.
Example: N.m (correct) N m (correct) Nm (wrong)
8. Do not mix full name of unit with symbol.
Example: kg/m3 (correct) kilogram/m3 (wrong) kg/cubic metre (wrong)
9.There must be a single space between value and unit.
Example: 10 m (correct) 10m (wrong)
: 20 kg (correct) 20kg (wrong)
10. Never use more than one unit to express a physical quantity.
Example: 1.65 m (correct) 165 cm (correct) 1 m 65 cm (wrong) 1 metre 25 centimetre (wrong)

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS: PRACTICE QUESTIONS& ANSWERS

1. What is the basic unit of length? Write down its symbol.
Ans. metre (m)
2. What is least count? Give the least count of metre scale.
Ans. Least count of a device is the smallest measurement that can be accurately measured using the
device is called its least count. Least count of metre scale is 1 mm.
3.A portion of a metre scale is
given.
a. Name the physical quantity
which is measured using metre
scale.
b. What is the distance between two
small lines marked in the scale?
c. What is the least count of metre scale?
d. Write down the distance between A and B in millimetrte.
e. Write down the distance between A and C in centimetre?
Ans.a. length.
b. 1 milli metre
c. 1 mm
d. 9 mm
e. 3 cm
4. We use so many units other than metre for measuring distance for various practical purpose.
a. What is known as the average distance from earth to Sun?
b. Define light year. Express one light year in kilometre.
c. Which are the units suitable for measuring distance between stars?
d. 'parsec' is the largest unit of length. How many light year is equivalent to one parsec?
c. The thickness of plastic carry bag is too small. Which is the unit suitable for stating its thickness?
Ans.a. Astronomical unit. b. One light year is the distance travelled by light in one year. It is equal to
9460800000000 km (9.46x1012 km)
c. light year and parsec.
d. 3.26 light year.
e. nanometre
5. Common balance is used for measuring mass.
a.What is mass? What is its basic unit?
b. Write down two smaller units of mass. How are they related to the basic unit of mass?
c. How many kilogram is one tonne?
Ans.a. Mass of a substance is the measure of matter contained in it. kilogram is the basic unit of mass.
b. gram and milligram.
1000 g = 1 kg 1000000 mg = 1 kg
c. 1 tonne = 1000 kg
6. See the given figure.
a. Identify the device shown in the figure.
b. What is the basic unit of time?
c. Define one solar day.
d. How many second make a solar day?
Ans.a. Sun dial
b. second
c. One solar day is the time period from one noon to the next noon.
d. One solar day = 24x60x60 = 86400 s
7. SI units are the international system of units based on fundamental units.
a. How many quantities are considered as fundamental quantities?
b. Write down the SI units of each fundamental quantities and their symbols.

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c. What are the main features of SI units? (at least three )

Ans.a. There are seven fundamental quantities.
b. length – metre (m) mass – kilogram (kg) time – second (s) Electric current – ampere (A)
Temperature – kelvin (K) Amount of substance – mole (mol) Luminous intensity – candela (cd)
8. Units expressed in terms of basic units are called derived units.
a. Write down a derived unit which is expressed using metre. What is this unit for?
b.What is the unit of density? What are the basic units involved in it?
Ans.a. m2 : Unit of area
b. kg/m3 kilogram and metre are used in this derived unit.
9. Two rectangular blocks of equal mass are shown in the figure. Of them which is
denser one?
Ans. The block ‘A’ is denser than that of B.
10. Three immiscible liquids A,B and C are taken in a test tube as shown. Write down
the names of the liquids in the ascending order (increasing order) of density.
Ans.C,B,A
11. Why it is said that fire due to petrol, diesel etc cannot be extinguished by adding water?
Ans. As density of petrol and diesel is less than that of water, they float on water and continue
their burning.
12. Certain rules are to be followed while writing units. Find out the correct ones from the
following pairs and write the related rules.
a. m, M b. Nm, N m c. Newton, newton d. 20 cms, 20 cm
e. 8m, 8 m f. 5 m 20 cm, 5.2 m
Ans. a m : small letters are to be used to write symbols of units.
b. N m: full stop or one space is to be given between the symbols.
c. newton : names of the unit never be written in capital letters.
d. 20 cm : plural forms of symbols are not used.
e. 8 m : space is to be given between value and symbol.
f. 5.2 m : never use more than one units.
13. How many kilometre is 2500 m ? Ans. 2.5 km
14. metre, kilometre, millimetre, nanometre and light year are the units of length. Write them in
descending order (decreasing order) of its values.
Ans.light year, kilometre, millimetre, nano metre.
15. Express the following in its SI units.
a. 1 minute b. 500 mm c. 2 km d. 250 cm
Ansa.1 minute = 60 s b. 0.5 m c. 2000 m d. 2.5 m
16. Find out the strange one from the following. How is it differ from others?
a.second, minute, parsec, hour‍ b. kg,m,kg/m3,K c. ampere‍, kelvin‍, newton‍, mol‍
Ans.a. pasec – It is the unit of distance. Others are the units of time.
b. kg/m3 - It is a derived unit. Others are fundamental units.
c. newton – It is a derived unit. Others are fundamental units.
17. See the first pair and fill the second accordingly.
a. ampere‍: A; candela: ....... b. second: basic unit; m3 :..........
c. Distance between planets: Astronomical unit; Distance between stars: ........
d. Electric current: ampere‍; temperature: .........
Ans. cd b. Derived unit. c. Light year/parsec. d. kelvin‍

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MOTION
If the position of an object changes with respect to time, the body is said to be in motion. In order
to state whether a body is in motion or rest we need a reference point or reference body. Reference body
is the object with respect to which the state of rest or motion of an object is described .
An object which is in motion for one person may be at rest for another person.
This can be explained with a simple example. Consider a passenger in a running train. He is at rest with
respect to the train. That is, when we consider the train as reference body, the passenger is at rest. Because
there is no change in position of his body with respect to the train. But when we consider the platform as
the reference body, the passenger is in motion.
Distance and displacement.
Distance is the length of the path. Displacement is the straight line
distance between initial position and final position. Unit of distance and
displacement is metre (m).
Suppose an object moves from A to B and then from B to C.
Here path length is AB + BC = 3+4 = 7m
So distance is 7 m.
But the straight line distance from initial position A and final position C is only 5m.
Therefore displacement of the object is 5m.
Displacement never be greater than distance.
If an object moves in the same direction, its distance and displacement will be equal.
Example: Consider a stone falling from a height of 10 m. When it reaches the ground, both the distance
and displacement of the stone will be 10 m.
Vector quantities and scalar quantities.
Physical quantities having both direction and magnitude are called vector quantities.
Displacement is a vector quantity.
Physical quantities having only magnitude are called scalar quantities. Distance is a scalar
quantity.
Speed and Velocity.
Speed is the distance travelled in unit time (in one second).
Speed = distance/time. Speed is a scalar quantity.
Velocity is the displacement in unit time.
Velocity = displacement/time.
Velocity is a vector quantity. Unit of speed and velocity is same and is m/s.
Let us consider the Figure.1 above. If the object takes 10 second to travel from A to C,
Its speed = 7/10 = 0.7 m/s and Velocity = 5/10 = 0.5 m/s
If an object moves in the same direction, velocity and speed will be equal.
Uniform speed and non uniform speed.
If an object travels equal distance in equal interval of time, the speed is said to be uniform.
The distance travelled by a car is depicted below.
It is seen that it travels same distance (10m) in equal interval (2s) of time. And hence its speed is uniform
and is 10/2 = 5 m/s.
The movement of hands of a clock is an example for an object having uniform speed.
If an object covers different distance in equal intervals of time, it is said to have non uniform speed.
A ball rolls along the floor, freely falling body etc are examples for motions of non uniform speed.
Average speed:In the case of a vehicle runs along a road, its speed is different at different time. It can be
observed from speedometer. In this situation the average speed is calculated for getting idea about the
speed of the journey.

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Average speed = total distance travelled/total time.

Uniform velocity and non uniform velocity.
If a body has equal displacement in the same direction in equal interval of time, its velocity is said to be
uniform and the motion is called uniform motion.
Examples for uniform motion: 1.Train travels along a straight track with same speed.
2. Light travels through vacuum.
If there is change either in speed or direction, the velocity is non uniform.
It is noted that, velocity may not be uniform even if speed is uniform.
For example, the speed of the hands of a clock is uniform, but its velocity is non uniform as its direction of
motion keeps on changing.
Acceleration.
Rate of change in velocity is acceleration. It is noted that acceleration is non zero only if its velocity is non
uniform.
Acceleration, a = change in velocity/time = (final velocity – initial velocity)/ time = (v – u)/t
Acceleration is a vector quantity. Its unit is m/s2.
Freely falling of an object is an example for accelerated motion. This acceleration is due to the
gravitational force of earth. Acceleration of freely falling object is called acceleration due to gravity. It is
represented by the letter ‘g’.
Sample Question.:1. Velocity of a moving object at the points A and B are marked below. If it takes 4
seconds to reach B from A, calculate its acceleration.
Initial velocity u = 8 m/s
Final velocity, v = 20 m/s
Time = 4 s
Acceleration, a = (v-u)/t = (20 – 8)/4 = 12/4 = 3 m/s2
Sample Question.2. A food packet dropped from a helicopter reaches the ground in 5 s. If the velocity with
which it hits the ground is 50 m/s, what is its acceleration?
Initial velocity u = 0
Final velocity v = 50 m/s
Time t = 5 s
Acceleration, a = (v-u)/t = (50 – 0)/5 = 10 m/s2
Retardation.
Negative acceleration is called retardation. When velocity of an object decreases with time, its
acceleration is negative.
Situations for negative acceleration:
i. A ball rolling on a level ground.
ii. Motion of a vehicle while applying break.
iii. A stone projected up.

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MOTION:PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS.

1.The object with respect to which the state of rest or motion of an object described is called .........
Ans. Reference body.
2. Acceleration of a body having uniform velocity is ........ Ans. Zero.
3. Initial velocity of freely falling body is ...... Ans. Zero.
4. A stone that thrown vertically up returned to the hand after raising 10 m. Find distance and displacement.
Ans. Distance = 10+10 = 20 m Displacement = 0
5. “Distance is always greater than displacement" Comment to this statement.
Ans. The statement is wrong. If an object moves in the same direction, the magnitude of distance and
displacement will be equal. So distance is greater than or equal to displacement.
6. When is the distance and displacement become equal?
And. Distance and displacement will be equal if the object moves without changing its direction.
7. An object moves from P and reaches R via Q with uniform speed. If it takes 10 s for the travel,
a. Calculate the distance covered by the object.
b. What is its displacement?
c. Find its speed and velocity.
d. Is the velocity of the object uniform? Justify your answer.
Ans.a. Distance =140 m. b. Displacement = 110 m
c. i.Speed = distance/time = 140/10 = 14 m/s
ii. Velocity = displacement/time = 110/10 = 11 m/s
d. No. As the direction of motion changes at Q, the velocity is not uniform.
8. Give a few examples for vector quantities. Ans. Displacement, velocity, acceleration.
9. Write down one difference and one similarity between velocity and speed.
Ans.i. Similarity:- The unit of both velocity and speed is m/s.
ii. Difference: Velocity is a vector quantity but speed is a scalar quantity.
10. Give two examples for uniform speed.
Ans. i.The movement of the tip of the hand of a watch. ii. Speed of light travels through vacuum.
11. A car is travelling along a circular path with uniform speed. Is its velocity uniform? Why?
Ans. The velocity of the car is not uniform. Because its direction of motion keeps on changing.
12. If the displacement of a person travelling from A to B is 100 m, which of the following is not likely to
be his distance. Why? 80m, 100 m, 150 m, 160 m.
Ans. 80 m. Because distance never be less than displacement.
13. Check whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Correct the false ones.
a. Distance never be greater than displacement.
b.If an object keeps on moving in the same direction, distance and displacement will be equal.
c. If velocity is uniform, speed will definitely be uniform.
d. The velocity of a body may not be uniform even if it moves with uniform speed.
e. The magnitude of distance and displacement never be equal.
f.Units of velocity and speed are same.
g.The magnitude of velocity and speed of an object will be equal if it moves without changing its
direction.
h. The movement of an object along a circular path with uniform speed is an accelerated motion.
Ans.a. False. Displacement never be greater than distance. b. True. c. True. d. True.
e. False. Magnitude of distance and displacement will be same if it travels in the same direction.
f. True. g. True. h. True.
14. "Distance and displacement of an object moves along a straight line will always be equal.” Comment
to this statement.
Ans. The distance and displacement in respect of a body moves along a straight line may or may not be
equal. For example, in the case of a body thrown vertically up and returned back, magnitude of distance
and displacement are different though it is moved along straight line.
15. .... and .... are the devices that make change in velocity of vehicle. Ans. Accelerator, Brake.

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16. Rate of change in velocity is called ..... Ans. Acceleration.
17. a. Write down the equation for finding out acceleration. b. What is the unit of acceleration?
Ans. a. Acceleration = (final velocity – initial velocity)/time = (v – u)/t
b. The unit of acceleration is m/s2.
18. Give two situations of accelerated motion.
Ans. i. Freely falling stone. ii. A ball rolls down along an inclined plane.
19. A stone falls freely from height reached the ground in 5 s. Calculate its acceleration if it hit the ground
with the velocity of 50 m/s.
Ans. Initial velocity of the stone ,u = 0 Final velocity ,v = 50 m/s Time , t = 5 s
Acceleration, a = (v – u)/t = (50 – 0)/5 = 50/5 = 10 m/s2.
20. If a body is thrown up, the velocity when it reaches the top most position is ...... Ans. Zero.
21. What is retardation? Give a situation where retardation occurs.
Ans. The negative acceleration is called retardation. Example:- The motion of a stone thrown up.
22. Name the device which makes retardation in vehicle. Ans. Brake.
23. What is acceleration due to gravity? Which letter is used to represent it?
Ans. The acceleration produced on a freely falling object due to the gravitational force of earth is called
acceleration due to gravity. It is represented by the letter 'g'.
24.If acceleration is negative, its velocity .... with respect to time.(increases/decreases) Ans. decreases.
25. Give four situations that cause road accidents.
Ans.i. Over speed ii. Mixing drink with drive.
iii. Using phone while driving. iv. Negligence in using indicators.
26. List out the precautions to be taken by the pedestrians for avoiding road accidents.
Ans.i. Walks only along the right side of the road. ii. Cross roads only at the zebra crossing.
iii. Before crossing the road, make sure there is no vehicle coming from both sides.
iv.Walk only along the footpath.
27. Find out the strange one from the following. How is it differ from others?
(speed, velocity, acceleration, displacement)
Ans. Speed. All others are vector quantities.
28. A lorry travelling with a velocity of 30 m/s comes to rest in 10 s. What is its acceleration?
Ans. Acceleration, a = (final velocity – initial velocity)/time = (v – u)/t = ( 0 – 30)/10 = -3 m/s2
29. What is the displacement of the car in 30 s if it is travelling with uniform velocity of 15 m/s?
Ans. Velocity = displacement/time
Or Displacement = velocity x time = 15x30 = 450 m.
30.A car travelled the first 400 m distance with a speed of 8 m/s, the next 1200 m with a speed of 10
m/s and the last 360 m with a speed of 12 m/s along a straight road.
a. What is the total distance covered by the car? b. How long did it take to complete the journey?
c. Calculate average speed of the car.
Ans. a. Total distance = 400 +1200+ 360 = 1960 m.
b. i. Time required for first 400 m travel = 400/8 = 50 s
ii. Time for the next 1200 m = 1200/10 = 120 s
iii. Time for the last 360 m distance = 360/12 = 30 s
Total time of travel = 50+120+30 = 200 s
c. Average speed of the car = 1960/200 = 9.8 m/s.
31.”All objects having uniform speed need not have uniform velocity.” Explain this statement with the
help of an example.
Ans. The statement is correct. For example, the speed of the hands of a watch is uniform. But its velocity is
non uniform as its direction keeps on changing.

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FORCE
Force is a physical quantity that can make change in velocity,shape and volume of an object. When
an object is pulled or pushed, the force is being applied on it. Unit of force is ‘newton’ (N).
Forces is classified into Contact forces and Non contact forces.
The force applied by the contact between objects is called contact force.
Pushing on a door, drawing water from a well, batting etc are examples for contact forces.
The force applied on an object without contact on it is called Non contact force.
Attraction between magnet and nail(magnetic force), Gravitational force ect. are examples for non contact
force.
Frictional force.
Frictional force is a retarding force that comes into play when a body moves or tends to move
on the surface of another body. The irregularity of the surfaces that come into contact is responsible
for friction.
It is due to the frictional force, a rolling ball on a level road comes to stop by itself.
Rolling friction and Sliding friction.
Rolling friction is the friction comes into play when a body rolls over the surface of another body.
Sliding friction is the friction experiences when a body slides on the surface of another body. Rolling
friction is less than sliding friction. That is why it is easy to move an object by rolling than that of
dragging. When we use wheels, we make use of this.
Advantages of friction.
* Able to hold things without slipping.
* Able to walk along the ground.
* Make use of break in vehicles.
Disadvantages of friction.
*Wearing out of machine parts, tyres etc.
* causes fuel loss.
Methods of reducing friction.
1. Apply lubricants.
Materials used to reduce friction is called lubricants. Oil, grease etc are examples for lubricants.
Graphite is a solid lubricant.
2. Stream lining.
Designing the shape of an object to reduce friction is called streamlining. We apply streamlining while
designing boat ,aeroplane, race car etc.
3. Use bearings.
By using bearings, friction can be minimised. The principle that the rolling friction is less
than sliding friction is made in use of here..
4. Polishing the surfaces.
We know that the irregularity of the surfaces in contact is responsible for friction. So by
polishing the surfaces, friction can be reduced to certain extent.
Weight.
Weight is the attractive force exerting on an object by the earth.
Weight = mg
where ‘m’ is the mass and ‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity and is equal to 9.8 m/s2.
Thrust and pressure.
The total normal force experienced on a surface is thrust.
Take some sand in a tray and place a bricks of weight 5 N as shown in the figure.I. Now the brick exert
5N force on the sand where it comes into contact. Here the thrust is 5N.
Then place the brick as shown in the figure II and III. In each situation, the thrust is same and is 5N itself.

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The area of contacts in each case are different. In the first arrangement, area of contact is 0.005 m2.
In the second and third , they are 0.01 m2 and 0.02 m2 respectively.
Thrust experienced in unit area is called pressure.
That is, Pressure, P = Thrust/Area = F/A
Unit of pressure is N/m2 and it is called ‘pascal’
The pressure exerted in each case is calculated as follows.
P1 = F/A = 5/0.005 = 1000 N/m2
P2 = F/A = 5/0.01 = 500 N/m2
P3 = F/A = 5/0.02 = 250 N/m2
From these results, it is seen that the pressure decreases when area of contact increases and
pressure increases when area of contact decreases.
In our daily life there are various situation where pressure is to be adjusted according to our needs by
adjusting area of contact.
1. Situations where high pressure is made available by reducing area.
a. Making knife with sharp edge.
When the edge is sharp, the area of contact with object to be cut is small and hence large pressure is
exerted there. It helps for easy cutting.
b. Making needle and nail with sharp tip.
When the tip is too sharp, area of contact is very small. So the applied force is experienced at a very small
area and hence pressure will be very large. This helps to pierce the nail smoothly through the object.
2. Situations where pressure is decreased by increasing area.
a. Make straps of travel bags wide enough.
If the strap is wide, area of contact with our body will be larger. Then the weight of the bag will be
exerted on a wide area. So the pressure will be low and hence it is more comfortable to carry.
b. Constructing building with wide basement.
c. Wide tyres are used for heavy vehicles.
Liquid Pressure.
Like solid objects, liquids can also exert pressure on the side of the container in which
they are taken.
The liquid pressure increases with the increase in length of liquid column.
Pressure under a liquid column, P = hdg
where ‘h’ is the height of the liquid column, ‘d’ density of the liquid and ‘g’ is the
acceleration due to gravity.
Atmospheric Pressure.
The pressure due to the atmosphere is atmospheric pressure.
The density of atmospheric air decreases as we go up. Hence atmospheric pressure also
decreases as we go up. The weight of the air column over the unit area of the earth’s surface is one
atmospheric pressure (atm). It is equal to the weight of a mercury column of 0.76 m height and unit area
(1m2)
Unit of atmospheric pressure is ‘bar’. Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.

13
FORCE:PRACTICE QUESTIONS‍& ANSWERS

1. Force is a physical quantity that can make change in shape, size, volume and state of motion of an
object.
a. What is the unit of force?
b. Give two examples each for contact force and non contact force.
c. What is frictional force?
d. Which is the force that exists in between all the objects in the universe?
Ans.a. newton.
b. Contact forces: muscular force, frictional force.
Non contact forces: Magnetic force, Gravitational force.
c. It is the force comes into play when an object moves or tends to move over another object.
d. Gravitational force.
2. It is due to frictional force, the speed of ball rolling on the ground decreases.
a. Rolling an object is easier than sliding. Why?
b. Write down advantages and disadvantages of friction.
c. Suggest three methods to reduce friction.
Ans. a. Because rolling friction is less than sliding friction.
b. Advantages: we can hold things, can walk without slipping, can stop vehicle by applying brake.
Disadvantages: causes tear wear of foot wear, machine parts etc.. , Cause fuel loss.
c. Apply lubricants, polish the surfaces in contact, Streamlining.
3. By changing the shape of the objects, friction can be reduced.
a. What is called this type of shaping?
b. What is lubricant? Give two examples.
c. ............ is an example for solid lubricant.
Ans.a. Stream lining.
b. Substance used to reduce friction is called lubricants., Examples. Oil, grease.
c. Graphite.
4. In our daily life, we have to face situations where friction is to be reduced.
a. Identify the object shown in the figure.
b. Which feature of friction is made in use of this?
Ans. a. Bearing.
b. Rolling friction is less than sliding friction.
5. Placed three identical bricks on sand in a tray in different mods.
a. Identify the situation at which area of contact is maximum.

b. Where the thrust is maximum?
c. What is the relation between pressure and area of contact?
Ans. a. Fig.C b. Thrust is same in all the three. c. The pressure decreases with increase of area.
6. Force per unit area is called pressure.
a.Write down the equation for calculating pressure.
b. What is the unit of pressure?
c. Cite an example for a situation where area is reduced to increase pressure.
d.The strap of travel bags is made wide. Why?
Ans.a. Pressure P = Thrust/Area b. N/m2 (pascal‍) c. Edge of knives make thin.
d. When the strap is wide, its area of contact is large. Hence pressure experienced on our body due to its
weight decreases.

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7. It is seen a person is lying safely on a nail bed.

a. What is the science of this?
b. Give an example where this principle is made in use of ?
Ans.a. Pressure decreases when area of contact increases.
b. Wide wheels are used in goods vehicles.
8. The weight of the air column over unit area of the earth's surface is
atmospheric pressure.
a. What is the unit of atmospheric pressure?
b. Atmospheric pressure ..... as we go up. ( increases/ decreases)
c. Name the device used to measure atmospheric pressure.
Ans.a. bar b. decreases. c. Barometer
9. Three identical balloons are fixed on a PVC pipe as shown.
a. If water is filled in the pipe, which balloon will swell up more? Justify your
answer.
b. What are the factors influencing liquid pressure.
c.Write down equation for liquid pressure.
Ans.a. As liquid pressure increases with depth (height of liquid column) , the
pressure will be maximum at the lowest position. Hence the lower most balloon will
swell up more.
b.Height of liquid column (h), Density of liquid (d), Acceleration due to gravity(g)
c. Liquid pressure P = hdg.
10. Find out the reason for the following.
a. More tyres are used in goods vehicles.
b. Sharp nails can be nailed easily.
c. There is a possibility of nasal bleeding when mountaineers climb higher.
d. It is able to walk on the ground without slipping.
Ans.a. Pressure decreases when area of contact increases.
b. When the nail is sharp, area of contact decreases. Hence high pressure is made available while
hammering.
c. Atmospheric pressure decreases with increase of altitude.
d. Due to the frictional force between foot and the floor.
11. The raising of bubbles from the bottom of water filled bottles are shown in the figures.
a. Find out the correct figure. Justify.
b. What is the relation between pressure and density of a liquid?
Ans.a. The figure(1) is correct. Because pressure is higher at the bottom bed.
b. Pressure increases with increase of density.
12. Of the two bottles, one is filled with concentrated salt water and the other with fresh
water. And identical rubber balls is kept at the bottom of the bottles.
a. Identify the bottle that contain salt water.
b. Justify your answer.
c. What are are the factors influencing liquid pressure?
Ans.a. Bottle (2)
b. The denser liquid can exert more pressure. It is in the second bottle, the ball is more
compressed. So the salt water is taken in the bottle (2).
c. Height of liquid column (h), Density of liquid (d), Acceleration due to gravity(g)

15
MAGNETISM: PRACTICE QUESTIONS.

Natural magnets and Artificial magnets.
Magnets obtained directly from nature are natural magnets. We use magnets for various purpose. The
natural magnets do not have sufficient strength and shape as we require. So now a days artificial magnets
are used commonly. The magnets are named according to their shape. A few examples are given below.
Properties of magnets.
a. Directional property.
A freely suspended magnet always aligns itself along Geographical north – south direction. The end that
points towards the north is North pole of the magnet and that points towards the south is South pole.
b. Like poles of magnets repel each other and like poles attract each other.
Magnetic Compass.
Magnetic compass is an instrument for detecting the direction of magnetic field (OR for finding out
direction). It is a magnetic needle arranged in such a way that can rotate freely inside a non magnetic case.
Earth as a Magnet.
The Earth behaves like a large magnet. It was first discovered by William Gilbert.
The North pole of Earth’s magnet is near the geographic south pole and the South
pole of Earth’s magnet is near the geographic north pole.
It is due to the presence of Earth’s magnetic field, the freely suspended magnet
aligns along the north- south direction.
Magnetisation:There are various methods for magnetising a magnetic
substances like cobalt,nickel, iron etc. One of the methods is, rubbing a magnet
over a magnetic substance. The process of magnetisation of a hacksaw blade is
shown below.
When the hacksaw blade is rubbed many times with a magnet in the direction as shown, the hacksaw
blade becomes a magnet with North polarity at A and South polarity at B.
Magnetic lines of force.
It is the imaginary lines indicating the influence and
direction of magnetic force. Their direction is from north
pole to south pole outside the magnet. And it is from south
to north inside the magnet.

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Magnetic Flux Density:Magnetic lines of force are present all around a magnet. But it is not uniform.
Near the poles, the lines of force are very close to each other. The number of magnetic lines of force
passing normal to unit area is called magnetic flux density at that region. The region around a
magnet where its influence is felt is known as the magnetic field.
Peculiarities of magnetic lines of force.
* They do not intersect one another.
* When like poles of magnets comes near each other, the lines of force bend away.
* When unlike poles of magnets comes near each other, their path will be from North pole of one magnet to
South pole of the other.
Magnetic Induction:The phenomenon of a magnetic substance acquiring

magnetism due to the presence of a magnet is called magnetic induction.
When a magnetic substance (say, an iron nail) is brought near a magnet or brought in
contact with a magnet, the magnetic substance becomes a magnet. The polarity of the
magnet produced by induction will be like polarity at the farther end and unlike
polarity at the nearer end.
In fig.1, a nail is brought near a magnet and in fig.2, a nail is brought in contact with
a magnet. In both this arrangement, the nail gets magnetised. The end X of the nail is
South pole and Y is North pole.
Susceptibility and Retentivity:
The ability of a magnetic substances to get magnetised under the
influence of an external magnetic field is called the susceptibility.
The ability of a substance to retain the acquired magnetism is Retentivity.
The susceptibility of soft iron is very high, but its retentivity is small. Similarly the susceptibility of steel is
low, but its retentivity is high.
Therefore, soft iron is better for making temporary magnet. But steel is preferable for making permanent
magnet.
Permeability.
It is one of the magnetic properties of substances. Permeability of substances is their ability to pass
magnetic lines of force through them. Permeability of magnetic substances is higher than that of non
magnetic substances like copper,aluminium, air. That is why magnetic compass is made by keeping
magnetic needle inside a non magnetic case. Soft iron is a substance having very high permeability.
Electromagnet.
Electromagnet is made by winding an insulated conducting wire on a soft iron piece. It acts as a magnet
only when current is passed through it. So Electromagnet is a temporary magnet.
Strength of an Electromagnet can be increased by:
i. increasing number turns of conducting wire.
ii. Passing high current.
iii. Using the core made of a material having high permeability and
maximum area of cross section as possible.

17
MAGNETISM: PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS.

1. Artificial magnets are used commonly for practical purposes.
a. What are the limitations of natural magnets?
b. Suggest name of a substance for making artificial magnet.
c.Give the name of a device which make use of directional property of magnet.
Ans. a. Natural magnets do not have required shape and sufficient strength.
b.Alnico.
c. Magnetic compass.
2. The earth behaves as a magnet. This is the reason for a freely suspended magnet aligns itself along north
- south direction.
a.Who did discover that the earth behaves as a magnet.
b.Where do the poles of earth magnet locate?
c. How will you detect the poles of a bar magnet using its directional property?
Ans. a. William Gilbert.
b.The north pole of earth's magnet is near the geographic south pole and the south pole of earth's magnet is
near the geographic north pole.
c. When a bar magnet is suspended freely, the end that points towards north direction is its north pole and
that points towards south is south pole.
3. A hacksaw blade is magnetised by rubbing it with a magnet
several time from A to B as shown in the figure. Identify the
poles of the hacksaw blade( induced magnet).
Ans. A – South pole and B- north pole.
4.What is meant by magnetic lines of force? Which is its
direction?
Ans. Magnetic lines of force are the imaginary lines indicating influence of magnetic force and direction.
They are directing from north pole to south pole outside the magnet and from south pole to the north pole
inside the magnet.
5.What is magnetic flux density? Where the flux density is maximum around a magnet?
Ans. Magnetic flux density is the number of magnetic lines of force passing normal to unit area. Flux
density is maximum at the poles.
6. See the figure.
a. Which is the device indicated as 'X'.
b.Identify the poles of the magnet marked as A & C.
c.An iron nail is brought at A and then at B. Where the nail be
experienced weak attraction? Why?
Ans.a. Magnetic compass.
b.A–North pole, C– South pole. c.The nail will be weakly
attracted at B as the flux density is less there.
7.Find out the errors in marking the magnetic lines of force and
redraw it properly.
Ans. i. The directions of lines force shown in the figure are
wrong.
ii. The magnetic lines of force never intersect each other.
But in the figure, they intersected.
8.What is magnetic field?
Ans. The region around a magnet where the magnetic influence is felt is magnetic field.
9. Substances that are attracted by magnets are magnetic substances. Give examples for magnetic
substances. Ans. Cobalt,Nickel, Iron.
10. What is magnetic induction?
Ans. The phenomenon of a magnetic substance acquiring magnetism due to the presence of a
magnet/magnetic field is called magnetic induction.

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11.See the figure. If an iron nail is brought near a magnet, it will be

magnetised.
a. What is called this phenomenon?
b. Identify the polarities of the ends A&B of induced magnet(nail)..
Ans. a. Magnetic induction. b. North pole will be induced at A and south pole at B.
12.Soft iron and steel can be magnetised by induction. What are the differences of their magnetic
properties.
Ans. Soft ion can be strongly magnetised very easily.(High susceptibility). But its ability to retain its
acquired magnetism is low (Low retentivity).
But steel is not susceptible as soft iron. But its retentivity is higher than that of soft iron.
13. Explain susceptibility and retentivity. Compare soft iron and steel on this basis.
Ans. See answer to the Question.12.
14. "Soft iron is better than steel for making temporary magnet.” Justify this statement.
Ans. This statement is correct. Because soft iron is more susceptible than that of steel.
15. What is meant my permeability?
Ans. It is the ability of a substance to pass magnetic lines of force through it.
16. Magnetic compass is not made by arranging magnetic needle inside a soft iron case. Why?
Ans. Magnetic compass is used to detect the presence and direction of magnetic lines of force. If the
magnetic needle is arranged inside a soft iron, the presence of magnetic field cannot be felt by the needle as
the permeability of the soft iron is high.
17. a. What is electromagnet?
b.List out the materials for making an electromagnet.
c. Suggest a few methods to increase strength of an electromagnet.
Ans.a. It is a temporary magnet. It acts as a magnet only when current is passed through it.
b. Insulated copper wire, Soft iron bar (An iron nail), Battery, Connecting wire.
c.i. Increase the number of turns. ii. Increase intensity of current.
iii. Use a material having high susceptibility as a core.
iv. Increase cross sectional area of the core as possible.
18.Steel is better than soft iron for making permanent magnet. Why?
Ans. Retentivity of steel is greater than that of soft iron. So it can effectively
retain its acquired magnetic power.
19.Two iron nails are placed at the end of a bar magnet as shown in the figures.
a. Find out the correct one. b. Justify your answer.
Ans. a. Figure B is correct.
b.As the polarity of the free ends of the nails are similar, they will repel each
other.
20. Find out the correct figure from those given below.
Ans. Figure.C
21.See the figure.
a. Identify the arrangement. .
b. Which of the following is the most suitable one for winding the copper wire?
(Narrow steel bar, thick steel bar, narrow soft iron bar, thick soft iron bar)
Ans. a. Electromagnet. b. thick soft iron bar

19
REFLECTION OF LIGHT IN SPHERICAL MIRRORS.
Spherical mirrors: It is plane mirror we commonly use in our

houses. Its reflecting surface is plane. Spherical mirrors are mirrors
in which the reflecting surface is part of the sphere. The mirror in
which reflecting surface curved inwards is called concave mirror
and that in which the reflecting surface curved outwards is called
convex mirror.
Centre of curvature.(C): The centre of the sphere of which the

mirror is a part is the centre of curvature of that mirror. Any line drawn from
centre of curvature to the mirror is normal to the mirror.
Radius of curvature(R): Radius of curvature of a mirror is the radius of the
sphere of which it is a part. The distance from the centre of curvature to the
reflecting surface of the mirror is the radius of curvature. In the figure, CP is the
radius of curvature.
Aperture‍: The reflecting surface of a mirror is its aperture.
Pole ‍(P): Pole of the mirror is the mid point of its aperture.
Principal Axis: It is the straight line connecting Pole and Centre of curvature of mirror.
Reflection from a spherical mirrors.
Laws of reflections are true for spherical mirrors also. That is, angle of incidence and angle refraction are
equal in spherical mirrors.
Principal focus of Concave mirror.(F)
Rays of light incident on a concave mirror, parallel and close to the
principal axis, passes through a fixed point on the principal axis after
reflection. This point is the principal focus of concave mirror.
Principal focus of Convex mirror.(F)

Rays of light incident on a concave mirror, parallel and close to the
principal axis, appear to come from a fixed point on the principal axis. This
point is the principal focus of convex mirror.
Convex mirrors cannot focus the rays of light at the principal focus. Hence
principal focus of convex mirrors are are considered as virtual.
Difference between the principal focus of Concave mirror and Convex mirror.
Concave mirror Convex mirror
Principal focus is real. Principal focus is virtual.
Principal focus is in front of the mirror. Principal focus is behind the mirror.
Focal length of mirrors(f):Focal length of a spherical mirror is the distance from its principal focus to
the pole. It is equal to half of the radius of curvature. That is, f = R/2
* The focal length of a Rear view mirror is 0.6 m. Find its radius of curvature.
We have f = R/2 Then R = 2f = 2x0.6 = 1.2 m
Focal plane: As far as concerned a concave mirror, only parallel rays are focussed

20
at the principal focus. But the rays making different angle with the principal axis are focussed at different
points which are the foci of the mirror (not principal focus). The plane formed by these points is
perpendicular to principal axis and passes through principal focus. This plane is known as focal plane.
Reflection at spherical mirrors.
1. A ray parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror, after reflection, passes through its principal
focus.
2.A light ray parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror, after reflection,
diverges away from the principal axis and it appears to come from its principal
focus.
3. Ray of light incident through the principal focus/directed to the the principal
focus passes parallel to the principal axis after reflection.
4. Ray of light incident through the centre of curvature/directed towards the centre of curvature retraces its
path after reflection.
5.Ray of light falling obliquely at the pole, reflected back with the same angle of reflection as that of the
angle of incidence.(Obeying law of reflection)..
Image formation by Concave mirrors.

1. Object beyond C
Position of the image: Between C and F
Features of image‍: Size - diminished (smaller than object).
inverted and Real.

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2.Object at C
Position of the image: At C
Features of image‍: same size as that of the object,inverted and Real.
3. Object between C and F.

Position of the image: Beyond C
Features of image‍: larger than the object. Inverted and Real.
4. Object between F and P.

Position of the image: Behind the mirror.
Features of image‍: larger than the object. Erect and Virtual.
5. Object at F.
Image is not formed as the reflected rays parallel to each other.
6. Object at infinity.
Position of the image: At F
Features of image‍: diminished, inverted and real.
Image formation by Convex mirror

in the case of a convex mirror; diminished,erect and virtual image is
formed behind the mirror whatever be the position of object.
Magnification
Magnification of the image is a number that indicates how many
times larger the image as that of the object.
Magnification m = Height of the image(hi)/Height of the object(ho)
Magnification is a physical quantity having no unit.
Uses of mirrors
In our daily life we use use mirrors in various situations. A few examples are given

22
Concave mirror.
* Shaving mirror/Make up mirror‍. * Head mirror * Used in search light.
Convex mirror
Used as reflectors in street lamps, Used as Rear view mirror by drivers for viewing vehicles from behind.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS.
1. The path of a ray of light reflected from a mirror is given
a. Identify the mirror. b. Name the point marked as P on the mirror.
c. Write down the value of the angle 'x'.
d.Name the law that helped you to answer the question (c).
Ans. a. Concave mirror. b. Pole. c. x = 35°. d. Law of refection.
2. Give two differences between principal focus of convex mirror and concave
mirror.
Ans.i. Principal focus of concave mirror is real but that of the convex mirror is
virtual.
ii. Principal focus of concave mirror is in front of the mirror but focus of convex mirror is behind it.
3. If radius of curvature of a concave mirror is x cm, what will be its focal length?
Ans. Since f = R/2, focal length of this mirror is x/2 cm.
4. A ray of light is incident on a spherical mirror.
a. identify the mirror.
b. Complete the ray diagram and mark principal focus of the
mirror.
c. If PC = 16 cm, find focal length of the mirror.
Ans. Convex mirror
b.
c. Radius ofcurvature, R = 16 cm
Therefore focal length,f = R/2= 16/2 = 8 cm
5.An object of height 3cm is placed in front of a

convex mirror. Then which of the following is
likely be the height of the image formed? Justify
your answer. ( 3 cm, 5 cm, 1 cm)
Ans.Size of image formed by a convex mirror is always smaller than the object. So the height of image will
be 1cm.
6. What should be the position of the object before a concave mirror so as to form a virtual image. Also
give two more features of this image.
Ans. The object is to be placed in between Pole (or mirror) and principal focus.
The image will be erect and larger than the object.
7. Which of the following may be the magnification of an image formed by a convex mirror. Justify your
answer. ( 2, ½, -2)
Ans. ½. Because size of image formed by a convex mirror is always less than that of the object and hence
magnification is always less than one.
8. An object is placed in front of a concave mirror at its centre of curvature.
a. What will be the size of the image? b. Find out its magnification.
Ans a. The same size as that of the object. b. magnification = -1.
9. Concave mirrors can form erect image and inverted image. What must be the position of the object for
getting an erect image from a concave mirror?
Ans. Object is to be placed in between pole(P )& principal focus
(F).
10. It is given the height of the object that placed in front of a
concave mirror between C &F and height of image.
a. Of these heights, which is to be considered as negative? Why?
b. Find out the magnification of the image.

23
c. Where is to be the position of the object so as to form image at its focus?

d. What peculiarity of a concave mirror is made it possible to use it as a shaving mirror?
Ans.a. Height of the image. Because measurement taken downward from the principal axis is to be
considered as negative. b. Magnification = -4/2 = -2 c. At infinity.
d. Concave mirrors can make erect and magnified image when the object is placed in between pole and
focus of the mirror.
11.Mirrors are used for various purposes.
a. Name the mirror used as rear view mirror.
b. List out the features of this mirror favourable to use this as a rear view mirror.
Ans.a. Convex mirror.
b. * wide field of view. * can make clear and diminished image.
12. 'OA' is an incident ray to a concave mirror.
a. Draw the path of reflected ray.
b. State the law that helped you to complete the path of the ray.
Ans.a
b. Law of reflection: Angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.

13.Mirrors are placed on roadsides at curves so as to see the vehicle coming from other side. What type of
mirror is used there? Give one more use of this type or mirror.
Ans. Convex mirror. It is also used as rear view mirror.
14.Name the spherical mirror that can make only virtual images. Give one more feature of this image.
Ans. Convex mirror. Image is erect and diminished.
15.Suggest the position of the object to be placed before a concave mirror for getting diminished and
inverted image. Ans. Place the object beyond C.
16.Find out radius of curvature of a convex mirror of focal length 12 cm.
Ans. Radius of curvature R = 2 f = 2x12 = 24 cm
17. Check whether the following statements are true or false. Also correct the wrong ones.
a. A convex mirror can make real and virtual image.
b. Convex mirrors have wide field of view.
c. Laws of reflections are applicable to spherical mirrors also.
d. Magnification of image formed by a concave mirror is always less than ONE.
e. Magnification of the image formed by plane mirror is greater than ONE.
f. If the image formed by a mirror is real, magnification will be negative.
g. There is no unit for Magnification.
h. If the object is placed beyond C of the concave mirror, magnification will be less than ONE.
i. Focus of convex mirror is real but that of concave mirror is virtual.
Ans.a. False. Convex mirrors can make only virtual image. b. True. c. True.
d. False. Magnification of image formed by a concave mirror may be equal to ,greater or less than ONE.
e.False. Magnification of the image formed by plane mirror is always ONE.
f.True. g. True. h. True.
i. False. Focus of convex mirror is virtual but that of concave mirror is real.

24
SOUND
Sound
Sound is a form of energy which gives us sensation of hearing. For experiencing a sound, three
components are essential. They are source of sound, medium for propagation and a receiver.
Sound is produced by the vibration of objects. The objects that produce sound are called sources of sound.
The sounds we commonly hear are the sum of the sounds produced by main part of the source and its other
related parts.
For example, In a chenda the main vibrating part is a stretched leather. But the sound heard from chenda is
the sum of sounds produced by the leather, its wooden part, air inside the drum etc.
Similarly living beings produce sound by vibrating their vocal chord and related parts like tongue,lips etc.
Frequency
The number of oscillations in one second is called frequency. The unit of frequency is Hertz(Hz). Every
objects have a particular frequency when it is allowed to vibrate or oscillate freely. This frequency is called
natural frequency. The natural frequency of an object depends on many factors. They are its length,
thickness, tension, area and nature of the material,. Frequency of a simple pendulum decreases with
the increase of its length. The sound produced from various objects are different. The tone of a sound
depends on frequency of the sound source.
Pitch and Loudness of sound.
Sharpness of the sound is called pitch. Pitch increases with frequency of sound. Female voice,
cuckoos’ cry, whistling sound etc are examples for sound of high pitch.
But male voice, ducking, lion’s roar etc are sounds of low pitch.
Loudness is the measure of audibility. It depends on the amplitude of the vibration and the sensory
ability of the ear. The unit of loudness is decibel. Loudness of sound is measured using decibel meter.
Propagation of Sound.
Sound needs material medium for propagation. This can be proved as follows. Take
a tightly closed flask in which a bell is attached as shown. Shake gently the flask
and here the sound of the bell. Then remove the cork and add a little water into it and
boil well. When the flask is filled with steam, close the flask and pour cold water
over the flask. Then the steam inside the flask will be condensed and hence vacuum
will be created inside the flask. Gently shake the flask now. Now we can hear only a
feeble sound of the bell. From this, it is clear that sound cannot propagate without
the presence of a medium. That is why astronauts use radio system for
communication.
Sound can travel through liquid and solid also.
Limits of audibility.
Human being can hear a sound only if its frequency lies between 20Hz to 20000Hz. It is called the audible
limit of human beings.
Ultrasonic and infrasonic sound.
Sound of frequency greater than 20000Hz is called ultrasonic sound and that of frequency
below 20Hz is called infrasonic sound. Sound produced by Galton whistle is ultrasonic. This sound
cannot be heard by human beings. But bats, dogs etc can hear ultrasonic sound. Bats make use of ultrasonic
sound for their travel at night and preying .
Similarly doves and elephants can hear infrasonic sound.
Uses of ultrasonic sound.
It is used in SONAR which is used to measure depth of ocean.
It is also used in medical field for diagnosis and treatment.
Noise pollution.
Production of sound in a manner unhealthy to human being is called noise pollution. It causes various

25
health problems. High blood pressure, deafness, asthma, learning disability are a few examples.
SOUND. PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. For experiencing sound, three components are essential. Which are they?
Ans. Source of sound, medium for propagation and a receiver.
2. Give a few examples for sources of sound.
Ans. Chenda, Vocal chord, tuning fork, Guitar, flute.
3. Object that produce sound is known as source of sound. How does it produce sound?
Ans. Sound is produced by vibration of objects.
4. In most of the sound sources, sound is produced by the vibration of one of the major parts and its related
parts. Cite this with examples.
Ans.i. In the case of chenda, the main vibrating part is its stretched leather. But the sound heard from a
chenda is the sum of the sounds produced by leather and the related parts like wooden body, air enclosed in
the chenda etc.
Similarly in the case of larynx, the main vibrating part is vocal chord. But sound heard from a person is the
effective sound produced by the vibrations his throat,tongue,lips, cheeks etc.
5. What is frequency?
Ans. It is the number of oscillations/vibrations in one second.
6. What is the unit of frequency?
Ans. Hertz (Hz).
7. If a swing completes 10 oscillations in 15 seconds,calculate its frequency?
Ans. Frequency f = n/t = 15/10 = 1.5Hz
8. Frequency of a simple pendulum depends on its length. How does it relate with its length?
Ans. Frequency decreases with increase of its length.
9. What is the natural frequency?
Ans. It is the frequency/vibration of an object when it is allowed to vibrate freely. Every objects has its
own natural frequency.
10. In a tuning fork, it is marked as 288 Hz. What does it stand?
Ans. It is the natural frequency of the tuning fork.
11. Sound produced by various objects like tumbler, scale, tuning fork are different. What might be the
reason for these difference?
Ans. One of the reasons is the difference of their vibrating frequency.
12. Natural frequency of an object depends on many factors. List out a few of them.
Ans. i. Nature of the substance ( Eg:- Sound produced by an aluminium is different from that produced by
an iron piece)
ii. Length of the object. iii. Thickness .
iv. Tension (In the case of a string, the tone of sound varies with its tension)
v. Area.
13.Pitch is one of the characteristics of sound. What is pitch?
Ans. Pitch is the sharpness of a sound. It depends on frequency. Pitch increases with increase of frequency.
14. Give a few examples for high pitch and low pitch sounds.
Ans. i. High pitch: Female voice, whistling sound, cuckoo’s cry.
ii. Low pitch: Male voice, ducking, drumming, thundering.
15. Loudness is the audibility of sound. What are the two factors influencing loudness?
Ans.i. Amplitude of the vibration of the source of sound. (Amplitude of the sound wave).
ii. Sensory ability of the listener’s ear.
16. What is the unit of audibility? Name the device used to measure it.
Ans. Decibel Decibel meter.
17. Astronauts cannot communicate directly. So they use radio device. Why?
Ans. In the space there is no atmosphere. So sound cannot propagate there.

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18. Write down the procedure of an experiment to prove that sound needs material medium
for propagation.
Ans. Fix a bell inside a flask as shown in the figure. Gently shake the bell and listen the
sound. Then remove the cork and take some water in the flask. Boil the water well. When
the flask is completely filled with steam, stop boiling and close the flask with the cork. Then
pour cold water over the flask so as to condense the steam inside it. When the steam is
condensed, a vacuum will be created inside the flask. Now shake the bell once more as
before. Only a feeble sound can be heard then. From this it is clear that air or any other
medium is necessary for the propagation of sound.
19. What is the audible limit of human beings?
Ans. From 20Hz to 20000Hz.
20. Differentiate ultrasonic sound and infrasonic sound.
Ans. Sound of frequency greater than 20000 Hz is called ultrasonic sound and that of frequency less than
20Hz is called infrasonic sound. These sounds are inaudible to human beings.
21. Find out the odd one from the following.
a. 100 Hz, 2000 Hz, 10000Hz,25000HZ
b. Whistling sound, lions roar, cuckoo's cry, female voice.
Ans.a. 25000HZ. It is beyond the audible limit.
b. Lions roar. All others are high pitch sound.
22. See the figure.
a. Identify the device.
b. What is its use?
c. What kind of waves are used in this device?
Ans.a. SONAR
b. To measure depth of ocean.
c. Ultrasonic waves.
23. Sound of frequency greater than 20000 Hz is called ultra sonic sound. Give a few uses of this sound.
Ans. i. It is used in SONAR ii. It is used in medical field for diagnosis and treatment.
24. The sound produced by a Galton whistle is inaudible to human beings. Why?
Ans. Because it is ultrasonic sound.
25. Noise pollution causes many health problems. List out a few of them.
Ans. Blood pressure, Deafness, Asthma, learning disability.
26. Propose a few suggestions to reduce sound pollution.
Ans.a. Use box type loudspeaker instead of horn type loud speakers.
b. Prohibit the use of air horns.
c. Plant as many trees as possible because plants can absorb sound well.
d. Take stringent action against the persons who violate laws in respect of sound pollution.

27
STATIC ELECTRICITY: PRACTICE QUESTIONS

When certain substances are rubbed against each other, they get charged and then they can attract very
light objects like small pieces of paper. Glass rod – Silk, Ebonite – wool, plastic scale – hair etc are
examples for such compatible pair of substances. The process of converting an object into a charged one
is called Electrification.
When two objects are rubbed against each other, electrons are transferred from one body to other.
This is the reason for charging or Electrification of the objects. The body which loses electrons gets
positive charge and that gains the electrons gets negative charge.
Properties of Electric Charges.
i. Charged bodies attract uncharged bodies.
ii. Unlike charges attracts each other.
iii. Like charges repel each other.
Electric charge is a scalar quantity. Its unit is ‘coulomb’.
Electroscope.
Electroscope is an instrument used to detect the presence of static charge.
Its main parts are a metal ball, a conducting rod and two gold leaves which are
enclosed inside a glass jar.
The body to be tested is either brought near the metal ball or brought in contact
with the metal ball. If there is charge in the body, the leaves of the electroscope will
deflect each other.
Discharging.
The activity of neutralisation of charge on a body is called discharging.
Earthing.
Earthing is the process of connecting a body to the earth using a metallic
conductor. When a charged body is earthed, it gets neutralised by passing electrons
from earth to the body or from the body to the earth. [If the body possesses positive
charge, electrons flow will be from the earth to the body. And if the body possesses negative charge,
electrons will flow from body to the earth]
The earth gives or receives electrons at any time and in any quantity. So the Earth is considered as an
electron bank.
Electrostatic induction.
The electrification of an object under the presence of a charged body is called electrostatic induction.
Usually charge acquired by induction method is temporary. But through the strict procedure we can
permanently charge a body by the method of induction.
For charging a metallic rode AB by induction, the following steps are to be followed.
Capacitor:Capacitor is a device which can store electric charge. When a

charged conductor is kept for a long time , the charge will gradually be
discharged to the surroundings. If another conductor is placed near the charged

28
conductor, the charge will be retained in it for a long time. This principle is utilised in the construction of
capacitors. Generally a capacitor consists of two metal plates keeping a very small distance and an
insulator called dielectric is filled in between the plates. The capacitor is named on the basis of dielectric
used in it. In this sense Capacitors are called paper capacitor, air capacitor etc.
The ability of a capacitor to store electric charge is known as capacitance. Unit of capacitance
is farad(F).For practical purpose small units like microfarad and pico farad are used.
Distribution of Electric charge.
When a conductor is charged, the charge will reside only on its surface.
But the distribution of charge may not be uniform. The amount of
charge will be more at the pointed ends, sharp edges etc.
Thunder and lightning.
Lightning is the electric discharge between charged clouds in the
atmosphere or between the charged clouds and the earth.
Lightning conductor.
Lightning conductor is an arrangement for protecting buildings in the event of lightning. It consists a
metal rod having pointed ends
mounted on the top of a building and it
is electrically connected to the ground
through a thick conducting wire.
Working.
Actually the lightning conductor
makes the easy path to discharge the
charge cumulated in the clouds that
comes nearer to the building. When a
cluster of charged (say, negatively
charged)clouds comes near the
building, opposite charge(here positive
charge) will be induced at the sharp
ends of the lightning conductor. That
means, electrons will be flowed to the
earth through the conducting wire.
Since the end is sharp,large amount of
positive charge will be induced there. Due to this induced charge, an intense electric field will be
developed in the vicinity of the lightning conductor (near the building). This field neutralises the clouds.
This process is repeated and hence the clouds that comes nearer to the building is getting neutralised
continuously.
Precautions to be taken to protect from lightning.
During lightning:-
* Do not operate electrical equipments.
* Do not lean on the wall of building.
* Do not stand holding window bars or grills.
* Do not stand beneath tall trees.
First Aid given to a person struck by lightning.
* He should be made to lie in a place where there is good air circulation.
* Keep the body warm by massaging.
* give artificial respiration if needed.
* Press strongly on the chest at regular intervals.
* Taken to the hospital at the earliest.

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STATIC ELECTRICITY: PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. What are the sub atomic particles in an atom?
Ans. Electron, proton and neutron.
2. Name the sub atomic particle which doesn’t have electric charge? Ans. Neutron.
3. Specify the charges of proton and electron. Ans. Electron: Negative, Proton: Positive.
4. Atoms are electrically neutral. Why?
Ans. Because the number negatively charged particles (electrons) and positively charged particles(protons)
in an atom is equal.
5. When a suitable pairs of substances are rubbed against each other, they get charged? Can you explain
why?
Ans. It is due to the transfer of electrons.
6. When an object is rubbed with other object, it gets either positive charge or negative charge. What is the
reason for this difference?
Ans. If electron is lost from the object, it will get positive charge. If it gains the electrons, it will get
negative charge.
7. When a body X rubbed on another body Y, a few electrons are transferred from Y to X. Identify the
charge obtained to each one.
Ans. X gets negative charge and Y gets positive charge.
8. See the table and fill the blanks.
Rubbed Electron transfer Body that gets +ve Body that gets -ve
objects charge charge
X&Y ...... a..... X Y
A&B From B to A ...... b..... ...... c.....
P&Q ...... d..... Q P
Ans. a. From X to Y b. B c. A d. From Q to P.
9. “When a piece of hacksaw blade is rubbed with a wool, hacksaw blade is not electrified due to non
transfer of electrons between them.” Comment to this statement.
Ans. This statement is not right. Due to rubbing there may be transfer of electrons between them. But the
transferred charge is spread to the other parts of the hacksaw blade as it is a conductor. That is, the the
charge will not be static.
10. Glass rod and silk are a compatible pair for producing static electricity by rubbing. When they are
rubbed each other, identify the one which gets positive charge?
Ans. Glass gets positive charge and silk gets negative charge.
11. List out the three properties of electric charge.
Ans. i. Charged body attracts uncharged bodies.
ii. Unlike charges attract each other. iii. Like charges repel each other.
12. Repulsion is the confirmation test for making sure the presence of charge in a body. Why?
Ans. If a body attracts another one, it is not sure that both of them are charged bodies because a charge
can attract an uncharged body. . But if they repel each other, it is sure that both of them are charged bodies.
13. What is the unit of charge? Ans. Coulomb.
14. Complete the sentences.
a. Charge is a ......... quantity. ( scalar/vector)
b. Electroscope is used to ...........
( measure charge, know the presence of charge, identify nature of charge)
c. The neutralisation of charge in a body is called ......

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d. The Earth can receive or give any amount of electrons. So it is called .......
Ans.a. scalar.
b. know the presence of charge.
c. Earthing.
d. Electron bank.
15. See the picture.

a. Identify the device. b. What is its use.
c. Mark the metal sphere, gold leaves and metallic conductor.
Ans.a. Electroscope.
b. To detect the presence of charge.
16. How will you detect the presence of charge in a body using an electroscope?
Ans. The body to be tested is brought in contact with the metallic ball of the electroscope, if it possesses
charge, the gold leaves will diverge each other.
17. What is earthing?
Ans. Connecting a body to the earth using a conducting wire is called earthing.
18. What is the purpose of earthing?
Ans. It is for discharging a charged body. ( to neutralise a charged body)
19. In figure.1, a charged body is mounted on a wooden stand.
a. Identify the charge on the body.
b. This charge is due to ....... of electrons in the body.
(Deficiency/surplus)
c. The body is connected to the earth using a conducting wire as
shown in the Fig.2.What is called this process?
d. During this process, electrons .....
(flow from earth to the body / flow from the body to the earth)
Ans.a. Positive charge. b. Deficiency. c. Earthing. d. flow from earth to the body.
20. Mark the symbol of earthing.
21. A charged body is brought near a metallic body X as shown.

This is one of the methods of charging.
a. Name this method of charging.
b. Mark the charge developed on X.
Ans.a. Charging by induction.
b.

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22. Binu wants to store positive charge on an object by the method of induction. What type of charge is to
be brought near the object to be charged?
Ans. Negative charge.
23. One wishes to charge a body permanently (negative charge) by the method of induction. Write down
the procedure to be followed for this.
24. What is capacitor?

Ans. Capacitor is an arrangement of metal plates which can store electric charge for long time.
25. The charge storing capacity of a capacitor can be increased by keeping suitable insulator between its
plates.
a. What is called such insulators? b.What is known as capacitance?
c. What is the unit of capacitance?
Ans.a. Dielectrics. b.The ability of a capacitor to store electric charge is
known as capacitance. c. Farad.
26. The pictures of a few electronic components are shown.
a. Identify the components.
b. What is the function of these devices?
Ans.a. Capacitors. b. It is an electric device which can store electric
charge for long time.
27. What is called paper capacitor?
Ans. Capacitor in which paper is used as dielectric is called paper capacitor.
28. Briefly explain the distribution of charge in a conductor.
Ans. When charge is given to a conductor, it will spread all over its surface.
But the amount of distribution will be more at the pointed ends,sharp edges
and curved regions.
29. Lightning conductor is a device which protect tall buildings from lightning. Briefly explain the working
of lightning conductor.
Ans. Lightning is the electric discharge through atmosphere. It occurs when large amount of charge
accumulates in the clouds. When we use lightning conductor, the clouds are neutralised. This can be
explained as follows.
The lightning conductor has a metallic comb of pointed ends. It is mounted on the top of the building and
earthed well using a thick copper wire. When charged clouds comes near the lightning conductor, large
amount of opposite charge will be induced on its pointed ends. This produces a strong electric field around
it. This field neutralises the charged the clouds.
30. List out the precautions to be taken to protect ourselves from lightning?
Ans. When there is lightning: Do not operate electrical equipments, do not lean on the wall, do not hold
metallic grills,pillars etc, do not stand beneath tall trees.
31. What are the first aids to be given to a person who struck by lightning.
* Make available fresh air. * Warm the body by massaging. * Give artificial respiration.
Press strongly on the chest at regular interval to maintain heart beat.
32. Benny is bringing a charged body near the metallic object B, to
charge it.
a. Name this method of charging.
b.What might be the charge of the body A,which is used to charge B?
Ans.a. Electrostatic induction. b. Negative charge.
33. Identify the electronic transfer occurs when the following pairs are

32
rubbed against each other.

a. Glass rod – Silk b. Ebonite – wool.
Ans.a. From glass to silk. b. From wool to Ebonite .
34. What are the practical units (smaller units) of capacitance?
Ans.i. microfarad (µF) ii. Pico farad (pF)
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
All objects around us are made of different materials. Usually they are seen in solid, liquid or gaseous state.
Matter: Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

Features of substances in various states
State mass Volume Shape
Solid Definite mass Definite volume Definite shape
Liquid Definite mass Definite volume No definite shape
Gaseous Definite mass No definite volume No definite shape
All substances are made of minute particles.

Features of this particles: i. This particles bear all the properties of the substance.
ii. They have distance between them.
iii. These particles are in continuous motion.
iv. They attract one another.
The properties of these particles in various states of
matter are different. In solids, they are closely packed. In
liquid, separation between the particles are greater than that
in solid. In gaseous state, the distance between the particles
is very large. The packing of particles in solid, liquid and gas
are pictured below.
Change of state:The state of a substance can be changed

from one state to another by heating or cooling. Heat energy
is responsible for the change of state of matter. The
flowchart of change of state is given.
When a substance is heated, it absorbs energy. As a result,

the following changes occurs to the particles of the substance.
* Increases Energy * Increases the distance between them . * Increases mobility .
* Decreases the attraction between them.
Sublimation: The phenomenon of changing a solid directly into gas without forming liquid is
called sublimation.
Example: Camphor,Naphtha-lien ball and Iodine are examples for substances that undergo sublimation.
Solidification: It is the process of changing liquid/gas into solid. Eg:- Freezing of water.
Liquefaction: It is the process of changing solid into liquid. Eg:- Melting of ice.
Condensation: It is the process of changing gas into liquid. Eg:- Formation of dews.
Vapourisation: It is the process of changing liquid into gas. Eg:- Conversion of water into steam.
Changes due to change of state.

Properties Solid to Liquid Liquid to Gas Gas to Liquid Solid to Gas
Mobility of particles Increases Increases Decreases Increases

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Distance between particles Increases Increases Decreases Increases

Attraction between particles Decreases Decreases Increases Decreases
Energy of particles Increases Increases Decreases Increases
Diffusion: Diffusion is the spontaneous mixing of different particles of gases and liquids. It is
due to diffusion the smell of flowers and fruits spread out in the surroundings. Rate of diffusion increases
with temperature. As the freedom of movement of the particles in gases is greater than that in liquid,
diffusion rate of gas is much greater in gases. Since particles in solid are immobile, there is no diffusion in
solids.
Pure substances and mixtures.
Materials made of particles of identical nature are called pure substance.
Examples: Water, sugar, common salt.
If we take some quantity of any of these materials, it contains only particles having unique properties.
Substances which consist particles of different nature are called mixtures.
Example.1: Saline water. It contains particles of water and common salt.
Soda water, ornament gold, lemon juice, tea, air, soil etc are examples for mixtures.
Separation of components from mixture.
In our daily life there are so many occasions when components of mixtures are to be separated.
Example:Separation of chaff from paddy, dredge from tea.
The method of separation is based on the physical properties of the components.
Example.1. We remove dredge from tea by filtering. Here we make use of difference in size of the
particles present in the mixture.
2. We can separate aluminium powder and iron powder from their mixture using a magnet. Here we make
use of the fact that ion is a magnetic substance and aluminium is non magnetic.
3. Salt can be separated from salt water by distillation. Here volatile nature of water is made use of.
4. Chaff is too lighter than paddy. Hence they can be separated by fanning.
Distillation:This method is employed when one of the components is volatile and the other is non
volatile. Water and common salt can be separated from salt water through distillation.
Distillation can also be applied when there is large difference in boiling point of the components. For
example the acetone (boiling point 56°C ) and water (boiling point 100°C) can be separated from their
mixture by distillation.
Distilled water used for injection and in storage battery is produced through this method.
Fractional Distillation: If the difference between the boiling point of the components is small,
fractional distillation is used to separate them.
For example: Boiling point of ethanol is 78°C and that of Methanol is 65°C. Since the difference in their
boiling point is small, these substances can be separated from their mixture by fractional
distillation.
Separation using Separating funnel:The components from the mixture of immiscible liquids
having difference in densities can be separated using separating funnel.
Example: Mixture of kerosene and water.
Sublimation.
Components like ammonium chloride, iodine etc having the property of sublimation can be
separated by this method.
Centrifugation:This is the method of separation of components from a mixture, based on the
difference in the mass of the particles. The mixture is taken in a test tube and is rotated fast. Then the
particles with higher mass will be separated from the mixture and move away from centre of rotation.
This method is used in clinical laboratories to separate blood cells from blood. It is also used to
separate the precipitate obtained during chemical reaction.
Chromatography:Chromatography is the method used to separate more than one solutes dissolved in the
same solvent. Examples:For separating components from dyes, separating poisonous substance mixed

34
with blood.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. Properties of substance in different states are given . Insert them in the table given below.
a. Has definite volume, but do not have permanent shape. b. Has permanent shape and definite volume.
c. The particles remains far away from one another. d. Attraction between the particles is very high.
e. Highest diffusion rate.
Solid Liquid Gas
Ans.
Solid Liquid Gas
Has permanent shape and Has definite volume, but no The particles remains far away
definite volume. permanent shape. from one another.
Attraction between the particles Highest diffusion rate.
is very high.
2. Fill in the blanks.
a. When a gas is converted to liquid state, the energy of the particles ....... (increases/decreases)
b. When a substance is cooled down, mobility of the particles ........ (increases/decreases)
c. The form of energy responsible for change of state is ........
d. When a substance absorbs heat, mobility of the particles ...... ………… (increases/decreases)
e. The process of changing a substance into solid state is ......... (condensation/ solidification/ sublimation)
f. Conversion of gas into liquid is called ...... ( condensation/liquefaction/vapourisation)
g. When substances undergo vapourisation, the energy and mobility of particles ... ....
(increases/decreases)
h. Due to sublimation, the distance between the particles ........... (increases/decreases)
I. ......... and ........ are examples for substances having the property of sublimation.
Ans.a. When a gas is converted to liquid state, the energy of the particles decreases
b. When a substance is cooled down, mobility of the particles decreases
c. The form of energy responsible for change of state is heat.
d. When a substance absorbs heat, mobility of the particles increases
e. The process of changing a substance into solid state is solidification.
f. Conversion of gas into liquid is called condensation.
g. When substances undergo vapourisation, the energy and mobility of particles increases
h. Due to sublimation, the distance between the particles increases
I. Camphor and Iodine are examples for substances having the property of sublimation.
3. Classify the following substances into pure substances and mixtures.
Ornament gold, water, common salt, sugar, soda water, tea, air, soil.
Ans. Pure substances: water, common salt, sugar. Mixtures: Ornament gold,soda water, tea, air, soil.
4. The method of separation of components from a mixture is selected on the basis of the features of the
components.
a. In what kind of mixtures distillation can be adopted?
b. Give an example for a mixture that can be separated through fractional distillation.
c. Name the device that can be used to separate kerosene and water from their mixture.

35
d. Name the method suitable for the separation of water and acetone from their mixture.
e. Suggest a suitable method for separating ammonium chloride from sand.
Ans.a. Having difference in volatility of the components. Or large difference in boiling point.
b. Mixture of Ethanol and Methanol.
c. Separating funnel.
d. Distillation.
e. Sublimation.
5. It is by centrifugation ghee is separated from curd.
a.What feature of the components is utilised in centrifugation?
b. Give one more example where centrifugation is made in use of.
Ans.a. Difference in weight.
b. For separating blood cells from blood.
5. Condenser is one of the parts of distillation system. What happens to the vapour while it passing through
condenser.
Ans. It condenses to form liquid.
6. It is given the picture of an arrangement of separation of various solute present in the same
solvent.
a. What is known as this process?
b. Give two situations where this method is used.
Ans.a. Chromatography.
b. i.To separate the poisonous substance mixed with blood. ii. For separating components
from dyes.
7. It is given the names of a few mixtures. Suggest suitable methods for separating the components from
each one. Also specify the reason for selecting the method.
a. Petrol and diesel b. Iron powder and sand. c. Saline water. d. Camphor and sand.
e. Common salt and ammonium chloride.
Ans.a. Petrol and diesel – Fractional distillation – Small difference in boiling point.
b. Iron powder and sand. - Magnetic separation – Ion is a magnetic substance but sand is non magnetic.
c. Saline water – Distillation – Water is volatile substance but sand is non volatile.
d. Camphor and sand – Sublimation – Camphor has the property of sublimation.
e. Common salt and ammonium chloride – Sublimation – Ammonium chloride has the property of
sublimation.
8. Identify the phenomenon in the following situations.
a. When ice pieces are put into a steal glass, water droplets are formed on the outer surface of glass.
b. Petrol is disappeared from an open bottle. c. Water kept in the freezer becomes ice.
Ans.a. Condensation. b. Vapourisation. c. Solidification.
9. Water which is purified by removing minerals is used for injection.
a. What is known as this water? b. Identify the method used for this purification?
Ans.a. Distilled water. b. Distillation.
10. Rate of diffusion is different in solids , liquids and gases.
a. Of them which is the state in which diffusion rate is maximum? Why?
b. What is the relation between temperature and diffusion rate?
Ans.a. As the freedom of movement of the particles in gas is very high, rate of diffusion is maximum in
gases.
b. When temperature increases, the rate of diffusion also increases.
11. The picture of a device used to separate the components from a mixtures is given.
a. Identify the device.
b. What must be the features of the components which can be separated by this device.
c. Give an example for such a mixture.
Ans.a. Separating funnel.
b. The components must be immiscible and should have difference in density.
c. Mixture of water and kerosene.
12. Complete the second pair according to the relation of the first pair.

36
a. Solid to liquid: liquefaction; gas to liquid : .........

b. Soda water: mixture; water: .......
c. Separate chaff from paddy: difference in weight; Tea dredge from tea: ........
d. Distillation: difference in boiling point; Centrifugation: ..........
Ans.a. Solid to liquid: liquefaction; gas to liquid : Condensation
b. Soda water: mixture; water: Pure substance.
c. Separate chaff from paddy: difference in weight; Tea dredge from tea: difference in size.
d. Distillation: difference in boiling point; Centrifugation: difference in weight.
BASIC CONSTITUENTS OF MATTER
Substances are classified into pure substances and mixtures. Water, sugar, carbon etc. are examples for pure
substances and saline water, air, lemon juice etc. are examples for mixtures.
Substances can also be classified into compounds and elements.
Compounds:Pure substances that can be decomposed to other substances through chemical process are
called compounds.
Example.1.Water: It can be decomposed to hydrogen and oxygen by passing electric current through it.
2. Sugar: Sugar can be decomposed to carbon and water by heating it.
Elements:Pure substances that cannot be split into other substance are called elements.
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Aluminium, Iron etc. are examples for elements.
Compounds are formed by the combination of two or more elements through chemical reaction.
Origin of the names of Elements.
More than 100 stable elements are discovered so far. Elements are known in the names of continents,
countries, planets, satellites, scientists etc. A few examples are given in the table.
Name of the Element Basis of naming.
Polonium Poland - Country
Americium America - Country
Francium France - Country
Curium Marie Curie - Scientist
Mendelevium Mendeliev – Scientist.
Rutherfordium Rutherford - Scientist.
Europium Europe - Continent
Neptunium Neptune – Planet.
Titanium Titan – Satellite
Chlorine (chloro) colour – Physical property
Chromium (chrome) colour - Physical property
Indium (Indigo) colour - Physical property
Symbols:For convenience symbols of elements are used instead of writing full name of them. The
symbols are assigned in different ways.
Method.1: The first letter of the English name of the elements is used as symbols.
Examples. Carbon – C, Hydrogen – H, Oxygen – O
Method.2: Along with first letter, second letter or any prominent letter is also used as symbol.
Examples. Calcium – Ca, Chlorine – Cl, Bromine – Br, Chromium – Cr
Method.3: Letter or letters of Latin name of the elements are used as symbol.
Examples: Sodium – Natrium – Na. Potassium – Kalium – K
Copper – Cuprum – Cu Iron – Ferrum – Fe
Atoms and molecules:Atom is the smallest particle that shows all the characteristic properties of an
element. All elements are made of their own atoms.
Atoms of all elements cannot exist as single atoms. So they combine with two or more atoms and form

37
molecules. Molecules are the smallest particle that can exist independently.
Representation of Atoms and molecules:Symbols of elements are used to represent atoms.
For example: H – means one hydrogen atom. 4 Na – means four sodium atoms.
Molecules are represented by symbols of the element with the subscription of number of atoms present in
that molecule.
Example: H2 – One Hydrogen molecule. (A hydrogen molecule consists two hydrogen atoms)
O3 – One Ozone molecule . (There are three oxygen atoms present in one ozone molecule)
P4 - Phosphorous molecule (One phosphorous molecule consists four phosphorous atoms.
Mono atomic molecules: Molecules with only one atom are called mono atomic molecules.
Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar) etc. are examples for mono atomic molecules.
Diatomic molecules: Molecules having two atoms in it are called diatomic molecules.
Examples: H2, O2,N2 .
Polyatomic molecules: Molecules with more than two atoms are polyatomic molecules.
Examples: P4, S8 , O3
For representing more than one molecules, the number of molecules is written to the left of the molecule.
Example: 3H2 – means three hydrogen molecules. It is noted that there are six hydrogen atoms in 3H2.
5O3 - means five ozone molecules.
2He – two helium molecules.
Compounds:Compound molecules are formed by the combination of different elements.
Millions of various substances are formed by combining two or more various atoms of limited number of
elements.
Examples:1. Carbon dioxide – carbon + Oxygen. 2. Water – Hydrogen + Oxygen.
3. Sugar – Carbon + Hydrogen + Oxygen. 4. Hydrogen chloride – Hydrogen + Chlorine.
A compound is obtained from different sources. Whichever be the source, the ratio of various atoms of an
element present in a molecule of compound is same.
For example one carbon atom and two oxygen
atoms are present in every carbon dioxide
molecule. Hence it is represented CO2. This
representation is known as chemical formula.
Similarly chemical formula of water is H2O.
The structure of water, carbon dioxide and
methane molecules are shown in the figure.
From chemical formula of a compound we get
the information of which of the elements and how many atoms are present in one molecule.
Example:1. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) – It consists two hydrogen atoms, one sulphur atom and four oxygen
atoms.
2. Ammonia (NH3) – One nitrogen and three hydrogen atoms.
Reactants and products.
It is by combining two or more substances through chemical reaction, new substances are formed.
The substance taking part in chemical reaction is called reactants and substances so produced
are called products.
When Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, hydrogen and zinc chlorides are formed.
Here Zinc and Hydrochloric acids are reactants and hydrogen and Zinc chloride are products.
The chemical reaction is expressed as an equation given below.
Zn + HCl →H2 + ZnCl2 It is known as chemical equation.
In this equation number of atoms on both sides are not equal. (There are two hydrogen atoms and two
chlorine atoms on the right side, but there are only one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom on the left).
So the equation is to be balanced.
The chemical equation in which number of the atoms of each element on both sides are equal is called
balanced chemical equation.
The balanced equation of the above mentioned reaction is Zn + 2HCl →H2 + ZnCl2

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1. What are elements? Give two examples for the same and their symbols.
Ans. Pure substances that cannot be decomposed through chemical process are called elements.
Examples. Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C).
2. What are compounds? Give two examples for compounds and write down their constituent elements.
Ans. Substance formed by the combination of more than one element through chemical reaction is
compound. Compounds can be decomposed to other substance through chemical process.
Example:.1.Water – Hydrogen and oxygen are the constituent elements of water.
2. Sugar: It is a compound formed by combining Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.
3. Elements were named after countries,continents,planets and satellites. Cite this with a few examples.
Ans.
Name of the Element Basis for the naming.
Americium Name of country
Europium Name of continent.
Neptunium Name of planet
Titanium Name of satellite.
4. Give two examples for elements whose symbols were derived from their Latin names.
Ans. Iron - Ferrum - Fe, Potassium - Kalium - K
5. Molecules are the smallest particles that can exist independently.
Write down one example each for mono atomic, diatomic and poly atomic molecules.
Ans. Mono atomic molecule: Helium (He)
Diatomic molecule: Oxygen (O2), Poly atomic molecule: Phosphorous(P4)
6. Symbols of a few elements are given below. Identify the elements.
Ca, S, Be,Fe,Cr,Cu,H,Cl
Ans. Ca: Calcium, S: Sulphur, Be: Beryllium, Fe: Iron, Cr:Chromium,
Cu: Copper, H:Hydrogen, Cl: Chlorine.
7. Write down the symbols of Sodium, Sulphur,Nitrogen, Potassium, Carbon and Zinc.
Ans. Sodium:Na, Sulphur:S, Nitrogen:N, Potassium:K, Carbon:C, Zinc:Zn
8. Elements are existed in solid, liquid and gaseous state. Give one example for each.
Ans.Solid: Carbon, Liquid: Mercury, Gas:Hydrogen.
9. Identify the relation of the first pair and fill the second accordingly.
a. Na: Natrium; K: ....... b. Chlorine: Colour; Titanium: ........ c. H2:Diatomic molecule;P4: ........
d. Water:Compound; Carbon: ..... e. Plutonium:Name of planet; Francium: .......
Ans.a. Kalium b. Satellite c. Polyatomic molecule. d. Element. e. Name of country.
10.Complete the following statements properly.
a. .... and .... are the constituent elements of water.
b. .... was the scientist who discovered that water can be split into Hydrogen and Oxygen by passing
electric current through it.
c. ...... are the substances formed by combining different elements through chemical process.
d. Substances that cannot be decomposed through chemical process are called .....
Ans.a.Hydrogen & Oxygen. b.Sir Humphrey Davy. c. Compounds d. Elements.
11. Hydrogen burns in oxygen to give water. Identify the reactants and products in this process.

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Ans. Reactants: Hydrogen and Oxygen. Product: Water.
12. Find out the number of molecules and total number of atoms in the following.
O2, 3N2, 4Na, CO2, NaCl, 3H2O, 4NH3, C6H12O6.
Substance Number of molecules Total number of atoms.

O2 1 2
3N2 3 6
4Na 4 4
CO2 1 3
NaCl 1 2
3H2O 3 9
4NH3 4 16
C6H12O6 1 24
13. Write down the chemical formula for Water, Carbon dioxide and Sulphuric acid and identify the
constituent elements and find out the total number of atoms present in each molecule.
Ans. Water:H2O:- Hydrogen & Oxygen. Total number of atoms = 3
Carbon dioxide: CO2:- Carbon & Oxygen. Total number of atoms = 3
Sulphuric acid.: H2SO4:- Hydrogen, Sulphur & Oxygen. Total number of atoms = 7
14. Briefly explain what is reactants and products with example.
Ans. New substances are produced through chemical reactions. The substances taking part in a chemical
reaction are called reactants and that formed as the result of a chemical reaction are called products.
Example: Zinc chloride and hydrogen are formed by the chemical reaction between Zinc and hydrochloric
acid. Here Zinc & Hydrochloric acid are reactants and Zinc chloride and Hydrogen are products.
15. ‘H’ is the symbol of Hydrogen. What do 4H2, 3H, H2 indicate?
Ans.4H2: It indicates four hydrogen molecules. 3H: Three hydrogen atoms.
H2: One hydrogen molecule.
16. Classify the following into elements and compounds.
Sugar,Iron, Carbon,Water, Sodium chloride, Copper sulphate and Sodium.
Ans. Elements:Iron, Carbon, Sodium.
Compounds: Sugar,Water, Sodium chloride, Copper sulphate.
17. Find whether the following statements are 'true' or 'false'.
a. All molecules are formed by the combination of atoms of different elements.
b. Molecules of a compound are formed by combining atoms of different elements.
c. All molecules contain more than one atom.
d. The number of atoms of each element on both sides of a balanced chemical equation should be equal.
e. The number of molecules on both sides of a balanced chemical equation may not be equal.
Ans.a. All molecules are formed by the combination of atoms of different elements – False.
b. Molecules of a compound are formed by combining atoms of different elements. - True.
c. All molecules contain more than one atom. - False.
d. The number of atoms of each element on both sides of a balanced chemical equation should be equal-

40
True
e. The number of molecules on both sides of a balanced chemical equation may not be equal. - True.
18. In a balanced chemical equation, number of atoms of each elemen on either side is equal. Check
whether the following equations are balanced or not.
a. H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl b. Mg + O2 → MgO c. C + O2 →CO2. d. N2 + H2 →NH3.
e. H2 +O2 → H2O + O2. f. NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
g. H2 +I2 → 2HI h. N2 + O2 →NO. i.CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Ans. a,c,g&i are balanced equations.
19. It is given the models of the molecules of
Methane, Carbon dioxide and Water. Identify the
elements in each molecule and write down their
chemical formula.
Ans.i.Methane: Carbon and Hydrogen - CH4
ii.Carbon dioxide:Carbon and Oxygen - CO2
iii. Water: Hydrogen and Oxygen. - H2O
20. Match the contents in the columns of A&B.

A B
Chlorine Planet
Curium Colour
Plutonium Continent
Europium Scientist
Ans.
A B
Chlorine Colour
Curium Scientist
Plutonium Planet
Europium Continent
21. Models of the molecules of a few elements are given.

a. Which are the elements seen in the figure?
b. Classify them into mono atomic, diatomic and polyatomic molecules.
Ans.a. Ne – Neon, O2 – Oxygen. S8 - Sulphur. P4 – Phosphorous
He – Helium.
b. Ne, He: Mono atomic molecules,
O2 – Diatomic molecule,
S8,P4 – Poly atomic molecule.

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CHEMICAL CHANGES
Chemical changes and physical changes.
If a new substance (molecules) is formed in a change, it is called chemical change.
Example: Burning of magnesium ribbon, burning of paper, reaction between acid and metal.
But in a physical change, only a change in the arrangement of molecules are occurs. Physical change is a
temporary change.
Example: Melting of ice, vapourisation of water.
Thermochemical reaction.
Chemical reaction which liberates or absorbs heat energy is called thermochemical reaction.
If heat is liberated it is known as exothermic reaction.
Example: Burning of fire wood, reaction between acid and metal.
The reaction which absorbs heat energy is called endothermic reaction.
Example: The decomposition of potassium permanganate.
Potassium permanganate + heat →Potassium manganate + manganese dioxide + oxygen.
Photo chemical reaction.
The reaction which absorbs or releases light is called photo chemical reaction.
Example.1. Photo synthesis.
Water + Carbon dioxide + light →Glucose + Oxygen. (6H2O + 6CO2 + light →C6H12O6 +6O2)
It is our experience that most of the medicines are stored in brown bottles. It is for preventing light from
entering into the bottle that contain photosensitive medicine.
Electrolysis
The process of decomposition of a substance by absorbing electric energy is
known as Electrolysis.
The arrangement of the electrolysis of copper sulphate solution is given here.
Two carbon rods A & C are dipped in copper sulphate solution. When current is
passed through the solution, copper deposits on the carbon rod C which is
connected to the negative of the battery and disappears the blue colour of the
liquid.
Electrochemical cell.
The arrangement where electricity is produced due to chemical reaction
is called Electrochemical cell. The figure of an electrochemical cell is
shown.
Here the current is produced due to the reaction of metal immersed in the
acid.
Electrochemical Reaction.
A reaction where electricity is generated or absorbed is called
electrochemical reaction.
Electrolysis and Electrochemical cells are examples for electrochemical reaction.

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For making an Electrochemical cell, we need an acid. Since lemon,vegetables and most of the
fruits contain acids, electrochemical cells can be made using any of these. An electrochemical cell
using lemon, copper and zinc is shown here.
Electroplating.
Electroplating is the process of coating a thin
layer of one metal on the surface of another
conducting object using electric current. It is through this process, gold
covering ornaments are made.
The arrangement of plating silver on an iron ring is shown.
For coating copper , we have to use copper sulphate solution and
copper rod instead of silver cyanide and silver rod.
Endoergic reaction and exoergic reaction.

Reaction which energy absorbs is called Endoergic reaction.
Reaction which liberates energy is called Exoergic reaction.
All chemical reactions are either exoergic or endoergic reaction.
Reaction Major energy transaction Nature of transaction

Decomposition of potassium permanganate Heat Heat is absorbed(endo thermic)
Burning of magnesium ribbon Heat and light Heat and light are liberated
(Exoergic reaction)
Photosynthesis Light Light is absorbed (Endoergic)
Electrochemical cell Electricity Electricity is produced
(Exoergic)
Electroplating Electricity Electricity is utilised
(Endoergic)
Reaction between acid and metal Heat Heat is liberated (Exothermic)
Various types of cells.
Cells are widely used as source of electric current. Various types of cells are used according to our
needs. A list of cells we use generally are given below.
i.Dry cell (used in radio, torch,..)
ii.Mercury cell (calculator, watch),
iii.Nickel cadmium cell (rechargeable torch;lamps)
iv.Lithium Iron cell (mobile phone and laptop)

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1. Classify the following changes into chemical changes and physical changes.
Rusting of iron, melting of wax, burning of candle, crushing a granite, cutting of wood.
Ans.Physical changes:Melting of wax, crushing a granite, cutting of wood.
Chemical changes: Rusting of iron, burning of candle.
2. What are the differences between physical change and chemical change?
Physical Change Chemical change
Temporary change Permanent change
Only change in the arrangement of molecules occurs New molecules are formed.
3. When a small piece of sodium is added in to the water taken in a beaker, they react each other.
a. What kind of change is this?
b. Identify the reactants and products.
c. Write down the balanced chemical equation of this reaction.
d. If a few drops of phenolphthalein is added into the beaker,
i. What do you observe?
ii. Identify the substance responsible for this?
Ans. a. Chemical change.
b. Reactants: Sodium and water.
Products: Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen.
c. 2Na + 2H2O →H2 + 2NaOH
d.i. The liquid becomes pink.
ii. Sodium hydroxide.
4. a. The reaction of hydrochloric acid with magnesium is an example for ........
(Exothermic/ Endo thermic).
b. Give the balanced equation of this reaction.
Ans.a. Exothermic. b. Mg + 2HCl →H2 + MgCl2
5. The decomposition of potassium permanganate is an example for endothermic reaction.
a. Name the gas releases during this reaction.
b. When the reaction is competed, what substances be remained in the test tube?
Ans.a. Oxygen. b. Potassium manganate and manganese dioxide.
6. Photosynthesis is an example for photochemical reaction. Give the balanced equation of this
reaction.
Ans. 6H2O + 6CO2 →C6H12O6 +6O2
7. Medicines are usually kept in brown coloured bottles. Can you explain the reason?
Ans. Many of the medicines are photo sensitive. That is, it may undergo
chemical change by receiving light. When it is kept in brown bottles, light
cannot enter into the bottle and hence the reaction will be prevented.
8. What is electrolysis?
Ans. It is the process of the decomposition of a substance by passing electric
current through it.
9. An example for electrochemical reaction is seen in the figure.

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a. Name this arrangement.

b. It is an example for ..... (Exoergic reaction/Endoergic reaction)
c. Give one practical application of this kind of electrochemical reaction.
Ans.a. Electrochemical cell.
b. Exoergic reaction. c. For making batteries (Current sources)
10. Anila wishes to make an electrochemical cell using lemon.
a. List out the materials needed for this?
b. Name a fruit or vegetable she can use instead of lemon.
Ans. a. Some pieces magnesium and copper, connecting wire, LED.
b. Apple, potato or tomato.
11. Electroplating is an example for electrochemical reaction.
a. What is electroplating?
b. List out the materials needed for electroplating copper on an iron
bangle.
c. Draw a neat diagram of this arrangement.
Ans.a. It is the process of coating a thin layer of a metal on the surface
of another metal using electric current.
b. A piece of copper plate, copper sulphate solution, Iron bangle,
battery, beaker, connecting wire.
c.
12. Pictures of three cell are given.
a. Identify the cells.
b. Give one use of each.
Ans.a. A – Mercury cell. B – Lithium Iron cell
C- Dry cell
b. Mercury cell – used in calculator.
Lithium Iron cell – Laptop.
Dry cell – Torch.
13. Judicious use of cells are to be encouraged. Why?

Ans. Many of the chemicals used in the cells are harmful to the nature. So defunct cells are to be
handled properly.
14. Match the contents of the columns A & B.
A B
Melting of Ice Photo chemical reaction
Glowing of fire fly Physical change
Electrolysis Endothermic reaction
Decomposition of potassium permanganate Electrochemical reaction
Exothermic reaction.
Ans.
A B
Melting of Ice Physical change
Glowing of fire fly Photo chemical reaction
Electrolysis Electrochemical reaction
Decomposition of potassium permanganate Endothermic reaction

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15. Two chemical reactions are given.

i. Calcium oxide + water →Calcium hydroxide + heat
ii. Calcium carbonate + heat →Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
a. Write down the reactants and products of the first reaction.
b. Of the two reactions which is endothermic reaction? Which is exothermic reaction?
Ans.a. Reactants‍: Calcium oxide and water Product: Calcium hydroxide.
b. Calcium carbonate + heat →Calcium oxide + Carbondioxide: Endothermic reaction.
Calcium oxide + water →Calcium hydroxide + heat: Exothermic reaction.
METALS
PROPERTIES OF METALS
1. Malleability
Metals can be beaten into thin sheets by hammering. This property of metals is called malleability. Gold is
the most malleable metal.
2. Ductility
Metals can be drawn into thin wires. This property is known as ductility. Platinum is the most ductile
metal.
3. Hardness
Most of the metals are hard substance. It is due to their hardness, metals like iron are used for making
tools, engine parts, rails etc.
But there are a few metals which are soft. Lithium, sodium and potassium are examples for soft metals.
4. Metallic lustre:The surface of metals has a shining appearance. It is called lustre.
The lustre of gold is one of the reasons for using it for making ornaments.
5. Thermal and electrical conductivity:All metals are conductors of heat and electricity. Copper,
Aluminium and silver are good conductors. Silver is the best electric and thermal conductor. It is due to
good electrical conductivity, we commonly use aluminium and copper for making electrical wires.
Similarly aluminium is widely used for making cooking vessels because of its good thermal conductivity.
6. Sonority:Metals have the ability to produce sound when it is tapped with hard materials. It is due to the
sonority of metals, we use metals for making cymbals and bells.
7. High density:Density of most metals are very high. But Lithium, sodium and potassium are metals
having low density.
Melting point.
Melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes into liquid.
For example, melting point of Iron is 1538°C.
Boiling point.
It is the temperature at which a liquid boils and changes into gas.
8. High melting point.
Melting point of most metals are very high . But Gallium and caesium are metals of low melting point.
Mercury is a metal that exist in liquid state at room temperature.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS.
1.Reaction with atmosphere.
When metals come into contact with atmosphere, they react with gases present in the atmosphere like
oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. This is the reason for losing lustre on the metallic surface and
gets tarnished.
2. Reaction with water.
Certain metals like sodium, potassium, calcium etc react with water to form hydrogen.
The equation of the reaction of sodium with water is given.
Sodium + water →Sodium hydroxide + hydrogen (2Na + 2H2O →2NaOH + H2)
3. Reaction with Acids.
Most of the metals can react with acids to form hydrogen gas.
The equations of reaction between a few metals with dilute hydrochloric acid are given below.
i. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
ii. Mg+ 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

46
iii. Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2

iv. 2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2
Lemon and most of the fruits contain acids. That is why we prefer steel knife to iron knife for cutting
these. For the same reason it is not wise to keep butter milk in aluminium vessels.
Corrosion of Iron:Iron gets rusted due to the reaction with oxygen and moisture present in the
atmosphere. Presence of salts and acids increase the rate of corrosion. That is why the window bars in
houses close to the sea shore corrode faster. There are metals other than iron undergo corrosion.
Corrosive metals can be protected by painting, electro plating etc.
Gold and platinum are non corrosive metals.
METALS:PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS.
1. List out the common features of metals.
Ans. Ductility, malleability, sonority, good thermal conductivity, good electrical conductivity, high density,
high melting point, hardness.
2. Which is the most ductile metal?
Ans. Platinum.
3. Name the substance used for making filament?
Ans. Tungsten.
4. Why do we prefer copper and aluminium for making electrical wires?
Ans. Because they are good conductors of electricity.
5. Which metal is the best electric and thermal conductor?
Ans. Silver.
6. Name the property of metals made use of when it is used to make bell and cymbals?
Ans. Sonority.
7. Find the odd one from the following sets using the hint given.
a. Iron, platinum, copper, sodium. (Hint: hardness)
Ans. Sodium.
b. Lithium, silver, copper, gold. (Hint: density)
Ans. Lithium.
c. Gallium,platinum, aluminium, iron (Hint: Melting point)
Ans. Gallium.
8. When we use metallic articles, we make use of particular property/properties of metals. In this respect,
fill the table given below.
Metal Use/Purpose Property
Copper Cooking vessels .....A......
Iron Making tools .....B......
Gold .....C...... Lustre
Aluminium Thin foils to wrap sweets. .....D......
Ans. A – Good thermal conductivity. B – Hardness. C – Ornaments. D – Malleability.
9. Bells are made of metals. What feature of metals is mainly made use of here?
Ans. Sonority.
10. Name a metal that is seen in liquid state at room temperature.
Ans. Mercury.
11. Most of the metals are denser substances. Give a few examples for less denser metals.
Ans. Lithium, Sodium, Potassium.
12. When Gold is heated up to 1062°C, it is liquefied. This temperature is called ......
Ans. Melting point.
13. Gold is usually used for making ornaments. Give two features of gold in favour of this.
Ans. Attractive lustre, Non corrosive.
14. Why it is said that it is not good to keep butter milk in aluminium vessel.
Ans. The vessel gets damaged due the reaction with the acid present in the butter milk.
15. Give two favourable situations for corrosin of iron.

47
Ans. Presence of moisture and acid.

16. Usually only a newly formed metallic surfaces show metallic lustre. Why?
Ans. Because the compounds formed by the reaction of the metal with the atmosphere tarnishes the
surface of the metals.
17. Give a few examples for metals that can react even with cold water.
Ans. Sodium, Potassium.
18. Metals like Sodium, potassium react with cold water. Identify the gas formed due to this reaction.
Ans. Hydrogen.
19. Write down the balanced equation of the reaction between sodium and water.
Ans. 2Na + 2H2O →2NaOH + H2
20. What are the products obtained when Zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Ans. Zinc chloride and hydrogen.
21. Name two metals that do not have reaction with dilute acid.
Ans. Gold and platinum.
22. When zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, hydrogen gas releases. How will you confirm the
presence of hydrogen?
Ans. Hold a glowing stick in the gas. If it burns with an explosion, the presence of hydrogen can be
confirmed.
23. Balance the following equations.
i. Mg+ HCl → MgCl2 + H2 ii. Fe + HCl → FeCl2 + H2
iii. Al + HCl → AlCl3 + H2 iv. Na + H2O →NaOH + H2
Ans.i. Mg+ 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 ii. Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
iii. 2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2 iv. 2Na + 2H2O →2NaOH + H2
23. Why stainless steel knife is preferred to iron knife for cutting lemon?
Ans. Iron knife reacts with the acid present in the lemon. But stainless steel doesn’t react with acid.
24. Rahul is conducting an experiment to find out favourable situations for rusting of iron.
i. List out the materials he has to collect for this. ii. What might be the conclusion of his project?
Ans.i. Iron nail, cotton soaked in water, dilute hydrochloric acid, saline water, quick lime, test tubes and
cork.
ii. The presence of moisture, salt and acid are the favourable situations for the corrosion of iron.
25. In a project for finding out the situations that influence corrosion of iron, quick lime is used. What
feature of quick lime is made use of here?
Ans. Quick lime can absorb moisture.
26. The arrangement in respect of a project conducted in the class room is
pictured here.
a. What is the aim of this project?
b. What is seen in the first test tube in addition to iron nail.
c. What is added in the closed test tube? What is its purpose?
d. What might be the result of the project?
Ans.a.To find out the factors which influences corrosion of iron.
b. Cotton soaked in water.
c. Quick lime. It can absorb moisture.
d. The presence of moisture, salt and acid are the favourable situations for corrosion of iron.
27. Sodium and potassium are stored in kerosene. Why?
Ans. Sodium and potassium are highly reactive metals. So it is to be kept away from the atmosphere.
28. Give reasons for the following.
a. Painted window bars do not undergo corrosion.
b. In coastal region, copper nails are preferred to iron nail.
c. Copper wires are widely used for making electrical wires.
d. Aluminium is used for cooking vessel.
e. Tamarind is not kept in aluminium vessel.
f. Apply oils on iron tools when it is kept for long time.

48
Ans.a. It blocks the contact between iron bar and atmosphere.

b. The presence of moist and salty air increases rusting of iron.
c. Because copper is a good electrical conductor.
d. Because Aluminium is a good thermal conductor.
e. The acid present in the tamarind reacts with aluminium.
f. The oil layer on the surface of the metal blocks the contact between metal and atmosphere.
SOLUTIONS
Solution
Solution is a mixture of substances in which the components are dissolved each other. Salt solution, soda
water, Brass etc are the examples for solutions.
Solute And Solvent.
The constituent that present in smaller amount in a solution is considered as solute and that present in
larger amount is Solvent. But in the case of aqueous solution, water is considered as solvent irrespective of
its amount.
Concentration of Solution.
Concentration of a solution refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solvent. A solution
containing small amount of solute is known as dilute solution. A solution which contains large amount of
solute is known as concentrated solution.
Saturated Solution.
The solution obtained by dissolving maximum amount of solute at a given temperature is known as
saturated solution.
Solubility.
It is the ability of a substance (solute) to dissolve in a solvent. The mass of solute required to convert 100g
solvent into a saturated solution at a given temperature is considered as the solubility of a solute. Solubility
depends on the nature of the solute, nature of the solvent and temperature. Generally solubility increases
with temperature. But a few substances behaves against it. For example, Calcium sulphate is a solute
whose solubility in water decreases with the increase in temperature.
Supersaturated Solution.
Solution which contains more amount of solute than that is required to saturate it is known as
supersaturated solution.
Preparation of Supersaturated solution.
Take some saturated solution at room temperature. Add a little more solute to it and heat it. Now the
newly added solute dissolves in the solution. Then the solution is allowed to cool down to the room
temperature. This solution is a saturated solution.
Classification of Mixtures.
1.Homogeneous mixtures.
The mixtures in which the composition of the constituents is same throughout, is called homogeneous
mixtures. All solutions are homogeneous mixtures.
2. Heterogeneous mixtures.
If the components are not distributed uniformly, it is called Heterogeneous mixture.
Examples:- Muddy water, mixture of salt and sugar.
True Solution, Colloid, Suspension.
On the basis of the size of the particles and some other features,mixtures are classified into true solution,
Colloid and Suspension. Their features are tabled below.
True Solution Colloid Suspension
Example: Salt Solution Example: fog Example: Muddy water
Components cannot be Components cannot be Components can be separated
separated by filtration separated by filtration by filtration.

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Path of light beam cannot be Path of light beam can be Path of light beam can be
observed. observed. observed.
Doesn’t settle down the Doesn’t settle down the Settle down the particles of
particles of the components. particles of the components. the components.
Homogeneous mixture. Homogeneous mixture. Heterogeneous mixture.
Particles cannot be observed. Particles cannot be observed. Particles can be observed.
Soft drinks.
Most of the juices that we drink are colloidal liquids. As they are colloids, they do not settle down even
after a prolonged storage. The substances that are added to soft drinks (mixtures) for preventing from
getting settled is called stabilisers.
We add chemicals in soft drinks and food materials as colouring agent, taste enhancer, providing sour taste,
preservative etc. A few example and their purpose are listed below.
Chemical Substance Use
Tartrazine For getting yellow colour
Erythrosine For getting red colour
Vanilin Taste enhancer
Phosphoric acid Provide sour taste
Allyle Hexanoate For getting fragrance of pineapple.
1. Explain solute and Solvent with example.

Ans. The substance which is dissolved in the solution is solute. The substance in which the solute dissolves
is solvent. Example: In salt solution, salt is the solute and water is the solvent.
2. Solutions can be seen in solid, liquid and gaseous states. Give an example for each one.
Ans. i.Solid - Brass, ii.Liquid – Sugar solution, iii. Gas - air.
3. Give an example for a solution of liquid solvent and gaseous solute.
Ans. Soda water.
4. What is the basis of deciding solute and solvent of a liquid? What is special about aqueous solution in
this respect?
Ans. The component present in smaller amount is considered as solute and that present in larger amount
is considered as Solvent. In the case of aqueous solution, water is considered as solvent irrespective of its
amount.
5. A solution is prepared by adding three litre of spirit into half litre of water . Identify solute and solvent of
this solution.
Ans. Solute - Spirit, Solvent - Water.
6. Brass is an example for solid solution. What are the constituents of Brass?
Ans. Copper and Zinc.
7. What is meant by concentration of a solution?
Ans. It is the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solvent.
8. What is concentrated solution?
Ans. A solution containing large amount of solute is known as concentrated solution.
9. What is saturated solution?
Ans. The solution obtained by dissolving maximum amount of solute at a given temperature is known as
saturated solution.
10. Define solubility. What are the factors influencing solubility?

50
Ans. It is the ability of a substance (solute) to dissolve in a solvent.

The mass of solute required to convert 100g solvent into a saturated solution at a given temperature is
considered as the solubility of a solute. Solubility depends on nature of the solute, nature of the solvent and
temperature.
11. What is super saturated solution? How it is prepared?
Ans. Solution which contains more amount of solute than that is required to saturate it is known as
supersaturated solution.
Preparation:-Take some saturated solution at room temperature. Add a little more solute to it and heat it.
Now the newly added solute dissolves in the solution. Then the solution is allowed to cool down to the
room temperature. This solution is a saturated solution.
12. See the graph. And answer the following questions.
a. What is the solubility potassium chlorate at 90°C?
b.What change can you see for the solubility of
Potassium nitrate when temperature increases?
c. Assess the solubility of of Calcium sulphate at
40°C& 80°C, and find the relation between its
solubility and temperature.
Ans.a. 50 g
b. Solubility increases.
c. Solubility at 40°C = 8 g
Solubility at 80°C = 5g
Solubility decreases when temperature increases.
13. Explain homogeneous mixture and heterogeneous mixture with example.

Ans. The mixtures in which the composition of the constituents is same throughout, is called homogeneous
mixtures. Example:Sugar solution.
If the components are not distributed uniformly, it is called Heterogeneous solution.
Examples:- Muddy water
14. Mixtures are classified into three namely solution,colloid and suspension. Give an example for each
one.
Ans. Solution: Salt solution. Colloid: Milk. Suspension: Muddy water.
15. The size of particles present in solution, colloid and suspension are different. Write down them in the
descenting order of the size.
Ans. Suspension, Colloid, solution.
16. List out the features of solution, colloid and suspension.
Solution Colloid Suspension

Components cannot be Components cannot be Components can be separated
separated by filtration separated by filtration by filtration.
Path of light beam cannot be Path of light beam can be Path of light beam can be
observed. observed. observed.
Doesn’t settle down the Doesn’t settle down the Settle down the particles of
particles of the components. particles of the components. the components.
Homogeneous mixture. Homogeneous mixture. Heterogeneous mixture.
Particles cannot be observed. Particles cannot be observed. Particles can be observed.
17. Classify the following mixtures as solution, colloid and suspension.

51
Ink, muddy water, dilute rice water, air, milk, sugar solution, fog.
Ans.
Solution Colloid Suspension‍
Ink,air,sugar solution. dilute rice water, milk,fog. Muddy water
18. What is stabiliser?
Ans. The substances that are added to soft drinks (mixtures) for preventing from getting settled is called
stabilisers.
19. It is added various chemical substance in soft drinks and food materials? What are the purposes of
adding these substances?
Ans. For fragrance, colouring,enhancing taste, as preservative.
20. Give the name of two substances that are added in food materials for colour and specify the colour
they provide?
Ans. Tartrazine‍- yellow. Erythrosine‍- Red.
21. Name a substance that is added in food materials for getting fragrance? Identify the fragrance from it.
Ans. Allyle hexanoate – fragrance of pine apple.
22. It is written as " shake well before use" in a medicine bottle.
a. What is the relevance of this instruction? To which class do the substance in them belong to?
Ans. The content in the bottle is a suspension. As it is is a suspension, the components might have been
settled down.
23. Identify the solvent and solute in the given solutions.
Salt solution, Ornamental Gold, soda water, dilute hydrochloric acid.
Solution Solute Solvent
Salt solution Salt Water
Ornamental Gold Copper Gold
Soda water Carbon dioxide Water
Dilute Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Water
25. Solubility of sodium chloride at 30°C is 36.1 g/100g. What is meant by this?
Ans. The maximum amount of sodium chloride that can be dissolved in 100 ml water at 30°C is 36.1 g.
26. Check whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Correct the false ones.
a. The constituent that present in smaller amount in a solution is considered as Solvent.
b. In aqueous solution, water is considered as solvent whatever be the amount of water present in it.
c. Solubility of a substance changes with temperature.
d. All solutions are homogeneous mixtures.
e. Particles present in colloids can be filtered out.
f. The size of particles in the suspension are comparatively larger than that present in solution and
colloid.
g. If an intense beam of light through a mixture can be observed, it is surely a suspension itself.
Ans. a. False. The constituent that present in smaller amount in a solution is considered as Solute.
b. True. c. True. d. True.
e. False. Only the particles present in suspension can be filtered out.
f. True.
g. False. The mixture is either colloid or suspension.
27.Fill in the blanks.
a. The solution in which small amount of solute dissolves is called .......
b. Solution in which the maximum amount of solute dissolved is called .......
Ans.a. Dilute solution. b. Saturated solution.

52
WATER
Boiling point of water:
When water is heated, its temperature increases and begins to boil at a fixed temperature. This steady
temperature is called boiling point of water. At normal atmospheric pressure, boiling point of water is
100°C. After starts boiling, temperature of water doesn’t change because heat received by it is utilised
for change of state (changing water to steam).
The presence of impurity causes change in boiling point of water. That is why boiling point of
saline water is greater than 100°C.
Boiling point of a liquid also changes with respect to pressure. When pressure increases boiling point also
increases. The boiling point of water inside a pressure cooker is about 120°C. Similarly at high altitudes
water boils below 100°C as atmospheric pressure is less there.
Evaporation:It is the process by which a liquid changes to vapour. Evaporation of water takes place at
any temperature from 0°C to 100°C.
Heat capacity:Substances can receive heat and increase their temperature. Water can hold more heat than
any other substance. That is why water is used as coolant (used in radiator). We know that two third of the
surface of earth is water. This helps to regulate temperature of earth.
Similarly more than 65% of the body of plants and animals is water. So animals and plants can survive
winter season and summer season.
Anomalous Expansion of water:Volume/density of all substances change with respect to its
temperature. Most of them undergoes expansion while heating and shrink while cooling. But water shows a
special property in this respect.
If water is cooled from normal temperature, its density increases like any other substance. This increase in
density continues till the temperature reaches 4°C . If it is cooled below 4°C , it begins to expand and
hence begins to decrease its density. That is, it is at 4°C, water gets the maximum density. This property of
water is known as anomalous expansion of water. This property of water is beneficial to Aquatic animals.
This can be explained as follows.
In winter season, water in the reservoirs like pond,lake,sea etc. is cooled and goes down due to increase of
its density. Gradually the whole water in the reservoirs reaches at the temperature of 4°C . When it is
cooled below this temperature it doesn’t go down and remains on the surface itself due to the decrease of
its density. And when it is cooled to 0°C, it gets freezes. As ice is a good thermal insulator, it prevents the
cooling of water beyond 4°C below the surface.
Freezing of Water:
Freezing is the process of changing substance from liquid state to solid state. The temperature at which a
liquid freezes to solid at normal atmospheric pressure is called freezing point of that liquid. The freezing
point of water is 0°C . When water freezes to form ice, its density increases. That is why ice floats on
water.
Surface tension:The free surface of liquids behaves as a stretched elastic membrane. The force
responsible to this is called surface tension. The moving of small insects on the surface of water, blade
floats on water without sinking etc are due to the surface tension of water. Surface tension has a tendency
to reduce the surface area of a liquid. It can be understood by a simple experiment.

53
Create a soap film in a metal loop by dipping it in soap water as shown in figure.1. Thereafter, prick the
portion B of of the film using a pin. Then the portion A of the film is to be be remained as shown in the
figure.2. But the shape of the remaining film will be as shown in the fig.3. That is, the film tries to
minimise its area by bending the twine.
If the portion A of the film is pricked, the shape of the remaining film will be as shown in fig.4.
On the basis of this feature of surface tension, the spherical shape of small drops can be explained.
For a definite mass of a substance, its surface area is minimum when it acquires spherical shape.
[For example, an iron piece of mass 50 is melted and supposed to mould to different shapes namely a
cylinder, a rectangular block or a sphere. The least surface surface area will be for the sphere.]
Since the liquid surface has the tendency to reduce surface area, it acquires the spherical shape as it is a
shape having minimum surface area.
Components of
Water.
Water can be
decomposed to
hydrogen and
oxygen by
Electrolysis. Water
Voltameter is used
for the electrolysis
of water. The
arrangement is
shown in the figure.
It is for making
water to an electric
conductor, acid is
added in the water . When current is passed through water, oxygen is collected in
the test tube.A (positive) and hydrogen in the test tube B(negative). The ratio of the
volume of Hydrogen and Oxygen obtained in this process is in the ratio of 2:1.
Electrolysis of water can be conducted conveniently by Hoffmann Water
Voltameter.
Reaction of water with metal.

High reactive metals sodium, potassium and calcium reacts even with cold water to
release hydrogen. Magnesium do not have a considerable reaction with water, but it reacts well with hot
water.
Mg + H2O →MgO + H2
Iron reacts with steam and releases hydrogen.
Metals like cpper,silver, gold and platinum, etc do not have reaction with water.
Water – the Universal Solvent.
As a liquid that can dissolve various substances and is widely used for preparing solutions, water is
considered as a Universal Solvent. As water doesn’t have either acidic or alkaline property, it is a neutral
substance.

54
Soft water and Hard water.

Many salts are present in the water obtained from natural resources. If salts of calcium or magnesium are
dissolved in water, soap does not lather in it.The water in which soap doesn’t lather easily is called
hard water. The water in which soap lather readily is called soft water.
There are two types of hardness namely Temporary Hardness and Permanent Hardness. The hardness
that can be removed by boiling is known as temporary hardness. The presence of the bicarbonates
of Calcium and Magnesium are responsible for temporary hardness. On heating , the bicarbonates are
decomposed and that is why the hardness is removed by boiling.
The hardness that cannot be removed even by boiling is called permanent hardness . The
presence of sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium are responsible for permanent hardness of
water. Permanent hardness can be removed only by adding suitable chemicals.
Water and Gases.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve in water. It is this dissolved oxygen, the aquatic animals use to
breathe.
When bio wastes are dumped into the water resources, they decay using the oxygen dissolved in water.
This depletes the presence of oxygen and results in the destruction of aquatic animals.
Rampant use of fertilisers, Excessive use of detergents and insecticides are the examples for activities that
cause water pollution.
WATER- PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. What is the boiling point of water? What is the relation between boiling point and pressure?
Ans. 100°C. Boiling point increases with increase in pressure.
2. What are the factors influencing boiling point of water?
Ans. Pressure, presence of dissolved substances.
3. The boiling point of water inside the pressure cooker is ...... than normal boiling boiling point.
(higher, lower)
Ans. higher
4. The boiling point ...... when we go up. (increases/decreases)
Ans. decreases.
5. What is evaporation? At which of the temperature water evaporates?
Ans. The process changing a liquid into gas is called evaporation. Water evaporates at all temperatures
from 0°C to 100°C.
6. Once boiling starts , why does the temperature of a liquid not rise accordingly even when heat is
supplied?
Ans. Once a liquid starts boiling all the heat supplied is utilised for change of state (for converting liquid
into gas).
7. Water is used in Radiators to cool down Auto mobile Engine. What speciality of water is made in use of
here?
Ans. High heat capacity of water.
8. Major portion of the body of plants and animal are water. What is the benefit of this?
And. As the heat capacity of water is very high, animals and plants can survive severe cold and hot
seasons.
9. Two third of the Earth surface is water. What is the advantage of this?
Ans. It prevents the large change in temperature of earth.
10. Freezing is the process of changing a liquid into solid. What is the freezing point of water?
Ans. Zero degree Celsius.
11. When water freezes to form ice, its density ....... (increases/decreases)
Ans. decreases.
12. What is surface tension? Give one property of this force.
Ans. The free surface of liquids behaves as a stretched elastic membrane. The force responsible to this is
called surface tension. Surface tension has a tendency to reduce the surface area of a liquid.
13. When soap is dissolved in water, its surface tension ........ (increases/decreases)

55
Ans. decreases.
14. A soap film is created as shown in figure. If the film on the portion A is pricked,
a. the shape of remaining film will be as shown
in the figure .......
b. Justify your answer.
Ans.a. It will be as in fig.2
b. Because it will be remained so as to reduce
the surface area.
15. What is the use of water voltameter?
Ans. Voltmeter is used to decompose water into
hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis.
16. Identify the electrodes where hydrogen and oxygen are obtained when water gets electrolysed.
Ans. Hydrogen releases at negative electrode and oxygen at positive electrode.
17. "When water is electrolysed, the ratio of the masses of Oxygen and Hydrogen is 1:2" Comment to this
statement.
Ans. The statement is wrong. The ratio of their volume is 1:2.
18. Identify the gas releases when metals reacts with acids.
Ans. Hydrogen.
19. Name the metal that does not have reaction with water but reacts with steam.
Ans. Iron.
20. Give a few examples for metals which do not have any reaction with water.
Ans. Gold, Silver, Copper, Platinum.
21. Give the chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and water.
Ans.Mg + H2O →H2 + MgO
22. Name the chemicals responsible for the hardness of water.
Ans. Calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide.
23. Give the names of chemical responsible for temporary hardness of water.
Ans. Calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide.
24. How is the temporary hardness of water removed?
Ans. By boiling, temporary hardness can be removed.
25. What type of hardness is caused by the presence of calcium sulphate?
Ans. Permanent hardness.
26. Suggest the method for removing permanent hardness.
Ans. Permanent hardness can be removed by adding certain chemicals.
27. How does the dumping bio waste into the water resources dangerous to aquatic animals?
Ans. The bio wastes dumped into the water resources decay using the oxygen dissolved in the water. This
depletes the presence of oxygen and results in the destruction of aquatic animals.
28. List out a few causes for water pollution.
Ans. Rampant use of fertilisers, Excessive use of detergents and insecticides are the examples for activities
that cause water pollution.
28. When water is frozen in glass bottle, it is not wise to fill the bottles completely. Why?
Ans. When water freezes, its volume increases. This may lead to break the bottle.
29. If 100 cm3 ice is melted, the volume of water will be .......
(100 cm3 , less then 100 cm3 , more than 100 cm3 ‍)
Ans. less than 100 cm3 .

56
FIBRES & PLASTICS

Polymers
Polymers are macro molecules formed by the combination of a large number of simple molecules. These
simple molecules are called monomers.
Cotton, jute, silk, wool, protein, starch etc are examples for natural polymers. Monomer of starch is
glucose and that of protein is amino acid.
Polymers are classified into three categories on the basis of their physical properties. They are
i. Fibres ii. Plastics and iii. Rubber
Fibres: Fibres are the polymers suitable for making strong thread.
Examples:- Nylon, Polyester, Terylene.‍
Plastics: It is the polymer that can be moulded into different shapes. Plastic is a synthetic polymer
which is very useful to human beings. Using plastic we use household utensils to artificial heart
valves.
Certain features and the related uses of plastics are given.
Characteristics Uses
Doesn’t conduct Electricity Covering of electrical wires.
Doesn’t conduct Heat Makes handles of cooking utensils
Doesn’t react with water Make water tank
Chemically inactive Store chemical substances
Rubber: Rubber is an elastic polymer.

Man made Fibres /Synthetic Fibres.
We traditionally use fibres like cotton and silk for making cloth. But these are not sufficient to meet our
needs. To overcome this shortage we produce various synthetic polymers. Nylon, Terylene etc are
examples synthetic fibres. Cloths made of fibres like polyester have many merits over cotton cloths.
* Cheaper * High durability *Wrinkle free *Can dry easily.
But they also have some demerits.
* Not comfortable especially at summer season due to the lack of aeration.
* Highly inflammable.
Rubber
Rubber is a natural polymer having elastic property. It is separated from latex obtained from rubber tree.
Isoprene is the monomer of rubber.
Neoprene, thiokol, Buna S and Buna N are synthetic rubbers.
Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics
Plastics are classified into thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics on the basis of changes that occur
while heating.

57
PVC, polythene, nylon etc are belonged to thermoplastics. These can be softened on heating and hardened
on cooling. This can be repeated any number of time.
The plastic which remain soft when heated during its manufacture and gets hardened permanently on
cooling is called thermosetting plastic. Bakelite which is used for making switches and switch boards is an
example for thermosetting plastic.
When thermoplastic is heated, it undergoes only physical change . But in the case of thermosetting plastic,
chemical change is taken place. That is why becomes permanently hard.
Practising 4R
It is one of the effective way to minimise pollution from plastics.
R – Reduce plastic
R – Reuse plastics
R – Refuse plastic
R – Recycle plastic

1. What are polymers?
Ans. Polymers are macro molecules formed by the combination of a large number of simple molecules.
2.Polymers are macro molecules formed by the combination of a large number of simple molecules. What
is called these simple molecules?
Ans. Monomers.
3.Give a few examples for natural polymers.
Ans.Cotton, silk,wool, rubber, jute.
4. Polymers are classified into three categories on the basis of their physical properties. Which are they?
Ans.i. Fibres ii. Plastics and iii. Rubber.
5. Plastics and Fibres are two kinds of polymers. What is the major difference between them?
Ans. Plastic is the polymer that can be moulded into different shapes. Fibres are the polymers suitable for
making strong thread.
6. Starch and protein are two polymers. Identify the monomers of each.
Ans. Starch: Glucose. Protein: Amino acid.
7. Synthetic fibres like polyester are widely used for making cloth. What are the merits of these cloths over
cloths made of natural fibres like cotton?
Ans.i.Cheaper ii. High durability iii. Wrinkle free iv. Can dry easily
8. What are demerits of cloths made of synthetic fibres?
Ans. Low aeration, inflammable, Not suitable for hot weather.
9. Fill the second pair according to the first.
a. Starch:Glucose; Rubber‍: ......
b. PVC: Thermoplastic; Bakelite : ……..
c. Nylon:Fibre‍; Thiokol‍: ……
d. Isoprene‍:Monomer‍; Neoprene‍: …….
Ans.a. Starch:Glucose; Rubber‍: Isoprene.
b. PVC: Thermoplastic; Bakelite : Thermosetting plastic.
c. Nylon:Fibre‍; Thiokol‍: Rubber
d. Isoprene‍:Monomer‍; Neoprene‍: Polymer
10. Give a few examples for synthetic rubber.
Ans. Neoprene, thiokol, Buna -S, Buna – N.
11. Plastic is one of the suitable substances for making water tank. Why?
Ans. Plastic do not have reaction with water.
12. Bakelite is a thermosetting plastic. Give a few uses of this.
Ans. It is used for making switches, switch boards and handles of cooking vessels.
13. Find out the odd one from the given sets. Why does it differ from others?
a. Isoprene, Neoprene, thiokol, buna – S.
b. cotton,jute, silk, rubber.
c. PVC, Bakelite, Polythene, Polyester.

58
Ans. a. Isoprene. It is a monomer. Others are polymers.

b. rubber. All others are plastics.
c. Bakelite. All others are thermoplastic.


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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS.

3. Radius or diameter of a ball

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UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS: PRACTICE QUESTIONS& ANSWERS

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c. What are the main features of SI units? (at least three )

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Average speed = total distance travelled/total time.

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MOTION:PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS.

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16. Rate of change in velocity is called ..... Ans. Acceleration.

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FORCE:PRACTICE QUESTIONS‍& ANSWERS

a. Identify the situation at which area of contact is maximum.

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7. It is seen a person is lying safely on a nail bed.

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MAGNETISM: PRACTICE QUESTIONS.

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Magnetic Induction:The phenomenon of a magnetic substance acquiring

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MAGNETISM: PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS.

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11.See the figure. If an iron nail is brought near a magnet, it will be

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REFLECTION OF LIGHT IN SPHERICAL MIRRORS.

Spherical mirrors: It is plane mirror we commonly use in our

Centre of curvature.(C): The centre of the sphere of which the

Principal focus of Convex mirror.(F)

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Image formation by Concave mirrors.

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3. Object between C and F.

4. Object between F and P.

Image formation by Convex mirror

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5.An object of height 3cm is placed in front of a

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c. Where is to be the position of the object so as to form image at its focus?

b. Law of reflection: Angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.

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SOUND. PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

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STATIC ELECTRICITY: PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Capacitor:Capacitor is a device which can store electric charge. When a

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STATIC ELECTRICITY: PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

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15. See the picture.

21. A charged body is brought near a metallic body X as shown.

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24. What is capacitor?