Completion Fluild

Completion Fluid Systems &
Products, Reservoir Drill-In

Fluids, Breakers, Filtration
& Specialized Tools
version 5
Completion Fluid Systems & Products, Reservoir Drill-In Fluids, Breakers, Filtration & Specialized Tools
“ Our Company is committed to continuous

improvement of its global health, safety and
environmental processes while supplying
high-quality, environmentally responsible
products and services to our customers.
”
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Table of contents
Versa-Out/Nova-Out 49
Solutions 4
Versa-Way/Nova-Way 50
Engineering/Simulation Software 6 Wellzyme 51
OptiBridge 6
Production Screen Tester (PST) 8 Spacers and Displacement Chemicals 53
TPro ST 10 DeepClean 53
Virtual CF (VCF) 11 PowerVis 54
Virtual RDF (VRDF) 12 Safe-Solv 148 54
Well Assurance Solutions Provider (WASP) 13 Safe-Solv E 55

Safe-Solv OM 56
Reservoir Drill-In Fluids 15 Safe-Surf E 57
DiPro 15 Safe-Surf NS 58
FazePro 17 Safe-Surf O 59
FloPro NT 19 Safe-Surf W 60
FloPro NT with Kla-Stop 20 Safe-Surf WN 61
FloPro SF 21 Safe-Surf Y 62
FloThru 23 Safe-T-Pickle 63
Formix Technology 25
NovaPro/VersaPro/ParaPro 27 Specialized Tools 64
VersaPro LS /SF 28 Liner Top Test Tools
WARP Fluids Technology 30 Well Commissioner (WC) 64

Casing Cleaning Tools
Intervention Fluids 31 BristleBack Redressable 66
Flodense AP 31 Heavy-Duty Razor Back CCT (HDRB) 67
FloPro CT 33 MultiBack (MBACK) 69
Razor Back CCT (RB) 70
Breakers 35 Razor Back CCT with Integral Top Dress Mill (RBTDM) 72
Breaker Systems, Products and Additives Ridge Back Burr Mill (RBBM) 73
BreakDown 35 SwitchBack (SWB) 75
BreakFree 36 Circulating Tools
BreakLoose 37 Clutch-Type, Heavy-Duty MFCT (MFCT-HD) 76
D-Solver 38 Dual-Action Bypass Sub (DABS) 78
D-Solver D 39 Multi-Function Circulating Tool, Clutch Type (MFCT) 79
D-Solver HD 40 Ported Bypass Sub (PBS) 80
D-Solver Plus 41 Single-Action Bypass Sub (SABS) 81
D-Sperse 42 Well Commander 82
D-Stroyer 43 Well Isolation Tool (wit) 85
D-Structor 44 Debris Recovery Tools
Faze-Away 45 Junk Muncher (JM) 86
FazeBreak 46 MagnoShoe (MSHOE) 87
Faze-Out 47 Magnostar (MSTAR) 88
Safe-Break MP 48 Magnostar HeavyDuty (MSTAR HD) 89
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MagnoSweep II (MSWEEP II) 90 Safe-Vis 123

SwitchBack Magnet (SWBM) 91 Safe-Vis E 123
Well Patroller (WP) 92 Safe-Vis HDE 123
Well Patroller 500 Series 94 Safe-Vis OGS 123
Well Protector (WPR) 95 Seal-N-Peel 124
Well Scavenger (WS) 96 Packer Fluid Systems and Products
Riser Cleaning Tools IsoTherm 126
Pup Riser Brush (PRB) 97 Safe-Cor C 128
Riser Cleaning Tool (RCT) 98 Safe-Cor EN 129
Riser Displacement Cleaning Tool (RDCT) 99 Safe-Cor HT 130
BOP Cleaning Tools Safe-Scav CA 131
Dual-Action Bypass Sub Jetting Tool (DABS-JT) 100 Safe-Scav NA 132
Single-Action Bypass Sub Jetting Tool (SABS-JT) 101 SafeTherm 133
Short Trip Jetting Sub (STJS) 102
Wellhead Cleaning Tools Filtration 134
Wellhead Brushing/Jetting Tool 103 Completion Fluids Filtration 134
Ancillary Tools DE Filtration Units plate and frame skid 138
Bypass Ball Catcher (BBC) 104 Equipment 142
Landing Sub (LS) 105 Filter Press Package (Unit) 143
Posi-Drift Sub (PDS) 106 Filter Floc 143
Customized Tools Safe-Floc I 144
Bearing Sub (BS) 107 Safe-Floc II 145
Disengageable Mill Assembly (DMA) 108

Completion Products 146
Disposable Bristle Back CCT (DBB) 109
Product Listing 146
Pressure Shear Sub (PSS) 110
Completion Fluids 111

Additives
Safe-Break 611 111
Safe-Break CBF 112
Safe-Break Zinc 113
Safe-Dfoam 114
Safe-Lube 115
Safe-Lube CW 116
Safe-Scav HS/Safe-Scav HSW 117
Safe-Scavite II 118
Fluid-Loss-Control Systems and Products
CleanPerf 119
Form-A-Plug II 120
Perf-N-Peel 121
Safe-Link 110-/Safe-Link 140 122
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Solutions for you and your well
Completion Fluid Systems Drilling Fluid Systems Production Technologies

& Products, Reservoir Drill-In & Products ■■ Specialty production chemicals
Fluids, Breakers, Filtration & ■■ Wellsite and project engineering ■■ Chemical management
Specialized Tools Simulation software ■■ Drag reduction
■■ Engineering/simulation software ■■ Drilling-fluid systems and additives ■■ H2S treatment
■■ Reservoir drill-in fluids ■■ Alpine Specialty Chemicals* ■■ Descaling, decontamination
Federal* Wholesale and decommissioning
■■ Intervention fluids
■■ HDD Mining & Waterwell Commodity and utility chemicals
■■ Breakers ■■
■■ Technical support Produced water treatment

■■ Spacers and Displacement Chemicals ■■
■■ Specialized Tools ■■ Production Waste Management

■■ Completion Fluids
■■ Filtration
■■ Fluid-loss control systems
■■ Packer fluids
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Solids Controls, Pressure

Control & Waste Management
■■ Rig-equipment engineering ■■ Pressure control
–– Solids control –– D-Gassers
–– Solids-control systems –– Disc-type chokes
–– Mud mixing –– Shuttle chokes
–– Shakers –– Choke consoles
–– Mud cleaners –– Pressure & Fluid
–– Centrifuges Management System (PFMS)
–– Fluids Processing System (FPS) ■■ Rig instrumentation
■■ Cuttings handling ■■ Enhanced fluids treatment
and transportation ■■ Vessel cleaning
■■ Oilfield screens ■■ Produced water treatment
■■ Waste injection ■■ Production waste management
■■ Cuttings treatment
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OptiBridge
Engineering/Simulation Software
Versatile software that takes

the guesswork out of designing
non-damaging reservoir fluids
Any fluid entering your reservoir affects
production. Whether it’s a kill pill, a
reservoir drill-in fluid or one designed for
lost circulation or perforation sealing,
it must be formulated precisely to
block invasion and, ultimately, prevent
formation damage. The first step in
designing a non-damaging fluid is
to determine the ideal particle-size
distribution for the bridging material.
Our proprietary OptiBridge* software
gives the M-I SWACO r epresentative a
tool for precisely and quickly selecting
correctly sized bridging agents.
With the OptiBridge program, the
M‑I SWACO representative inputs
formation data as well as information the full range of particle-size distribution Features
about locally available products. The that will be required to seal them ■■ Accurately matches local
software then calculates the “best-fit” effectively. bridging agents with formation
mixture of locally produced bridging
OptiBridge software takes that characteristics
particles for effectively sealing the
theory a major step further. It uses ■■ Applicable for reservoir drill‑in
formation face.
a mathematical model based on the fluids, lost-circulation treatments,
The OptiBridge software tool is another largest pore size, also known as the kill pills, fracture sealing and
example of our commitment to ensure D½ rule. perforation sealing
the integrity and long-time productivity
Using the software, the M‑I SWACO ■■ Prevents fluid invasion
of your reservoir.
representative examines data from the ■■ ses actual formation and
U
OptiBridge software makes sure targeted formation, including maximum
bridging-agent information that
no void is left unsealed pore-size opening, permeability and/or
will provide an optimum filter cake
screen sizes, and combines that input
The OptiBridge program improves on
the popular Ideal Packing Theory, which
with the b ridging-particle information. Advantages
From that model, the program Reduces formation damage
takes a graphical approach to determine ■■
automatically generates a target line
the optimum sizing of bridging material ■■ Takes the guesswork out of
of the optimum blend of particles that
for specific formation characteristics. selecting bridging material
will effectively minimize solids and
Basically, this theory examines all the ■■ Lowers material costs
filtrate invasion.
voids in a given formation and considers ■■ Optimizes production
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Engineering/Simulation Software: OptiBridge

Once the optimum blend is known,
the ratio of bridging materials can
be perfectly matched to the f ormation
characteristics.
Because the OptiBridge program
considers characteristics of your
specific formation and matches them
with bridging particles available in
your area, there is no concern about
having to wait or bear the burden of
extraordinary delivery costs. What’s
more, this powerful software package
ensures the desired solids are
maintained in the fluid system, allowing
you to maximize your solids-control
program while still maintaining the
precise particle-size distribution of the
bridging agent.
OptiBridge software:
One more weapon in the battle
OptiBridge software generates a target line that defines the ideal blend of locally produced
against reservoir damage bridging materials that would best fit the t argeted formation characteristics. Available anywhere in
The OptiBridge program clearly the world, the OptiBridge service is an ideal tool for formulating a non-damaging reservoir drill-in
illustrates the ingenuity and lengths fluid. It also can be used to design fracture-sealing and lost-circulation t reatments, and to formulate
kill and perforation-sealingpills for workover and c ompletion operations.
that M-I SWACO will undertake to
develop systems and tools to minimize
formation damage and maximize your
production. To find out more about how
the OptiBridge program is p erforming
for our customers worldwide, contact
your local M‑I SWACO representative.
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Production Screen Tester (PST)

The wellsite tool that helps freely through the production screen.
avoid screen plugging and The proprietary unit is compatible
with all types of screens and can test
maximizes production both invert-emulsion and water-base
A wellsite scenario: Using one of the reservoir drill-in fluids.
M-I SWACO new-generation reservoir
Reduced downtime. Reduced costs.
drill-in fluids, you’ve reached the target
Maximized production.
zone much sooner than expected,
The Production Screen Tester is just
saving both time and money in the
one more example of how M-I SWACO
process. Now you face a situation that
takes every opportunity to increase the
could cost you those savings and then
productivity of your well.
some, if not handled properly.
Your plan is to complete the well M-I SWACO takes quality control
openhole, and that requires one of from the lab to your rig
a variety of production screens for sand Over the years, laboratory-scale
control. Of course, the drill-in fluid must devices have been designed to
remain in the hole while the completion study the phenomenon of how drilling-
assembly is being positioned. Afterward, fluid solids affect the plugging of Production Screen Tester (PST).
at the initiation of production, the fluid production screens. First, there was the The correct design and maintenance
must flow freely back through the development of full-scale flow loops of a reservoir drill-in fluid is critical
screen. At that point, it is critical that containing a section of screen. This where openhole completions are
the particle-size distribution of the was followed by a laboratory apparatus planned. The particle-size distribution
bridging agent, the solids concentration that simulated the flow of drilling fluid of solids in the openhole must be
of the fluid and the production screen through the screen at a constant carefully chosen, primarily to bridge
be matched perfectly. If not, the screen production flow rate. While the flow across the exposed formation, but it
will probably plug, not only impeding loop and simulator provided valuable may also permit flowback through the
production, but raising the real risk of information, neither was practical for openings in the completion assembly.
screen erosion, leading to unplanned- field use. Initial fluid design and testing must
for remediation costs and possible M-I SWACO has worked in conjunction be done in the laboratory, but once
reduction in the long-term productivity with a major Norwegian operator to drilling has started in the reservoir,
of the well. develop the Production Screen Tester, any flowback testing on field samples
Until now, you had to put everything an easy-to-use unit that allows a quick normally requires urgent shipping
on hold while you sent a fluid sample quality-control check at the wellsite to shore, resulting in delays of
to a lab and waited for an analysis. and fluid plant to ensure the drilling days between sampling and test
The wait is over. M‑I SWACO fluid is in optimum condition prior to results. M‑I SWACO has designed the
can now provide the wellsite completion. In wells worldwide, it has Production Screen Tester to perform
Production Screen Tester* (PST*) given operators confidence in preparing onsite testing of fluid flowback at
that tells you in real time if the fluid for the completion process without the rigsite. The unit allows field fluid
remaining in the annulus will flowback worrying about screen plugging. to be tested in real-time on samples
of identical completion screen. This
test also assists in determining the
optimum cleanup chemistry such as
the M-I SWACO BreakFree* or
BreakDown* treatments.
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Engineering/Simulation Software: Production Screen Tester (PST)

With this rigsite instrument, the operator Prior to running the screen in the Features
can save the cost of additional reservoir, the M-I SWACO onsite ■■ Accommodates all screen types
completion fluid or freshly built fluid drilling-fluid specialist loads the
■■ Tests both invert-emulsion and
because the well can be completed Production Screen Tester with a
water-base fluids
with a properly conditioned reservoir representative sample of the screen to
drill-in fluid. Additional savings can be be used. A fluid sample from the well
■■ Simple design
achieved in optimizing the performance is then run through the screen. In short ■■ Similar to API Filtration Unit
of solids-control equipment and rig time. order, the fluid specialist determines ■■ Samples tested onsite
By testing the samples on the rig, you whether the fluid in the wellbore will
avoid the costs and downtime of waiting flow freely through the screen or if Advantages
for laboratory results. additional conditioning or displacement ■■ Reduces risks
is needed before the initiation of ■■ Real-time data on
Regardless of screen type, the PST
the completion process. There is fluid condition
delivers data you can trust nothing overly complicated about the ■■ Produces accurate results
Whether you’re completing the reservoir Production Screen Tester. in minimum time
in a standalone or openhole gravel-pack It is very similar to the API Filtration Unit, ■■ Optimizes solids-control
mode with a simple single-wire wrap so that every M-I SWACO drilling-fluid
equipment and rig time
screen or one of the more sophisticated, specialist is familiar with how it works.
premium types, you can feel secure with While it may be a relatively simple unit,
■■ Eliminates wait for lab results
the information you receive from the the results it delivers have been proven ■■ Saves training time
M-I SWACO Production Screen Tester. accurate on wells around the world.
Early in the design phase, one of the Used in the North Sea, the U.S.,
primary criteria for the apparatus was its China, West Africa and elsewhere,
ability to test all of the different screens the Production Screen Tester has
now on the market. exhibited a remarkable success rate
The PST accommodates a sample of approaching 100%. In none of the
any type of screen. Special holders wells where it has been used to test
have been constructed for prepacked the quality of the fluid, has a screen
screens, while wire-wrapped, become blocked at the initiation of
expandable, multi-layered and production. In fact, the PST helped one
sintered-metal screen samples can be operator avoid a major problem when
manufactured from sections cut from it was discovered that the fluid used to
the actual screen to be used rather drill the first lateral could not be used
than relying on ideal apertures. for completion because it plugged the
screen sample.
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TPro ST
The TPro ST computer model

provides added assurance
M-I SWACO has developed laboratory
testing equipment and computer
models to accurately test and predict
the performance of insulating packer
fluids like IsoTherm* or SafeTherm*
fluid in any wellbore environment. The
models are unique in the industry in
that they address specific rheological
properties of fluids and, most
importantly, their capability to resist
the onset of convective heat loss.
Complementing insulating
packer fluid and our in‑house
thermal‑conductivity‑testing apparatus
is a unique computer model capable and rate, thermal properties of the With the TPro ST model, we can
of simulating Newtonian and non- production and casing string(s), determine with a high degree of
Newtonian fluid behavior in an annulus the external environment, and the certainty just how long you can keep
to calculate t emperature regression insulating packer fluid itself. This your well off‑line before it must be
during production and shut-in. The sophisticated software calculates the returned to productionor before other
proprietary TPro ST* computer temperature profile throughout the remedial action must be initiated.
model, which includes algorithms wellbore during start-up, steady-state
for rheologically engineered fluids, production and during the duration
considers production temperature of a shut-in.
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Virtual CF (VCF)
Engineering/Simulation Software: Virtual CF (VCF)

Powerful software for
designing and optimizing
wellbore displacements
When displacing drilling fluid with a
completion or reservoir drill-in fluid,
neglecting critical variables can lead to
a world of headaches down the road.
Excessive rig time. Damaged reservoirs.
Added cleanup and filtration costs.
Lower production.
Our proprietary Virtual CF* software
package considers all the parameters,
taking the uncertainty out of wellbore
displacements. This sophisticated,
integrated suite of computer programs
targets the hydraulics modeling and
displacement profiles of high-density
brines and other completion fluids
Armed with this powerful software ■■ Provide flexible operating parameters
to enhance wellbore cleanup and
package, the M-I SWACO representative for critical wells by simulating
ultimately the productivity of your well.
can, with an unequaled degree of displacement in either direction,
Engineered Displacement*
accuracy: tracking all fluids in the displacement
■■ Minimize rig time for displacements by as a function of volume or pump
calculating all critical variables in the strokes, and displaying position,
wellbore, including rheologies, flow pressure, rate and other data at any
regime, velocity, contact time, pump point in the wellbore
strokes, pump pressure and ■■ Optimize completion fluid economics
differential pressures by predicting equivalent static and
■■ Design a displacement that meets local brine density at any point in the
equipment limitations by inputting wellbore, accounting for varying
exact wellbore geometry, including temperatures from surface to bottom,
angle, and calculating such which is especially beneficial in the
parameters as hydraulic horsepower, cold, deepwater environments
flow rate, choke pressures and back
pressures – all based on actual
wellbore geometry
■■ Ensure safety and well control by
providing back-pressure schedules
for those cases where differential
or bottomhole pressures must
be maintained
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Virtual RDF (VRDF)

Specialized tools ensure

formation integrity
Virtual RDF
Virtual RDF* (Reservoir Drill-In Fluids)
software package is available to
M-I SWACO operational p ersonnel.
Virtual RDF consists of a suite of
programs used in the selection, design,
and optimization of reservoir drilling
fluids. The suite includes OptiBridge,
FINV*, RDFx*, Breaker Advisor*,
RDF Formulator* and HD Brine Solids
Calculator*. In addition the standard
M‑I SWACO reference modules, CONV
and Tables are included.
■■ OptiBridge optimizes bridging
particle-size distribution based
on reservoir characteristics
such as pore size (preferred)
or permeability
■■ FINV indicates potential filtrate
invasion depth based on exposure
time and filtration properties
■■ HD Brine Solids Caculator allows a
more accurate determination of solids
in RDFs built with high-densitybrines
like potassium/cesium formate or
calcium/zinc bromide than
conventional retort analysis
■■ RDFx is a reservoir drilling fluid
selector program that assists
the project manager in choosing an
appropriate RDF for a specific project
■■ RDF Formulator is a reservoir
drilling-fluid formulation program.
It is capable of formulating water
and invert-emulsion based reservoir
drilling fluids and can formulate
all M‑I SWACO RDF systems
■■ Breaker Advisor is a program
to assist the completion/project
manager in selecting an appropriate
breaker for a given project. The
program uses reservoir, drilling,
completion and production
information to assist in the
selection process
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Well Assurance Solutions Provider (WASP)

Engineering/Simulation Software: Well Assurance Solutions Provider (WASP)

Software for planning,
designing and reporting on
debris management operations
for wellbore preparation
Getting optimum results from your
cleanout tool strings is the result of
clear, concise and accurate preparation.
The first step in this process is thorough
pre-job planning and data capture
of the wellbore geometry as well as
the selection of specific cleanout be used to generate tool-specific run ■■ This information is transferred into a
tools. The proprietary M-I SWACO histories which can be easily accessed template that creates the rigsite and
WASP* software package gives our to provide you with valuable information post-job reports. The WASP post-job
specialists a powerful tool for designing for future planning. report includes all wellbore geometry,
the most effective BHAs. With WASP fluid types and volumes, job highlights,
software they can select and place The WASP-TMA system stores and
future recommendations, the as-run
the desired wellbore cleanup tools retrieves your valuable data seamlessly schematic, a detailed job log and
for your application. Specialists can The WASP-TMA (Tool Maintenance charts that reflect the time spent on
even access a worldwide database of Application) software is integrated with, each part of the operation. The report
previous runs with the same tools under and stores all the files generated by, can then be augmented with rig and
similar conditions, to reinforce design the WASP system. It facilitates data shop photos of the tools as well as
recommendations. Your M-I SWACO transfer to the One-Trax* Central (OTC) any hydraulics or torque-and-drag
Account Manager will discuss the database that houses the information modeling that may have been required
resulting tool schematic with you to collected for run, tool and job histories in the pre-planning stage
ensure that your objectives are met as well as drilling and completion fluid ■■ All tools utilized will be added to the
in delivering a debris-free well and an data. This provides a central location global M-I SWACO database, which
incident-free completion. However this for all of the tools technical information, will be available to assist you in
is just the beginning of the benefits that graphics and master lists. When planning your next project
the WASP & WASP-TMA* software can combined with data gathered from other
provide for your next project. M-I SWACO software, it is possible to Cleaner, faster completions begin with
deliver a full case history on any project your call to M-I SWACO
A valuable recording and reporting tool
handled by M-I SWACO. WASP and WASP-TMA software are
During the wellbore preparation
two more examples of the M-I SWACO
operation, your M-I SWACO specialist How it works commitment to provide current and
utilizes WASP software in the Onsite The M-I SWACO specialist enters into
■■
future clients with fully engineered
mode. With data gathered at the the WASP software all of the pertinent solutions that meet or exceed your
rigsite, the specialist can update the operator and well information as well expectations for wellbore preparation
pre-planned schematic to reflect the as the specific specialized tools to be and debris management.
actual tools run, their depths and other utilized and their placement
pertinent information associated with Discover for yourself how we are
■■ The WASP system generates a helping our customers succeed
any tool in the string. In the Onsite
wellbore tool schematic which is then in completing their wells. Contact
mode, the WASP system can generate
reviewed to ensure accuracy in string your M-I SWACO representative for
Microsoft® Excel-based BHA tally
design and tool application case histories that demonstrate our
sheets and non-conformance reports.
After the job is completed, the software
■■ As the project progresses, the performance.
is used to generate a rigsite and post- M-I SWACO specialist uses the
job report to provide you with timely WASP software to generate BHA
information. The captured data can also tally sheets, “as-run” schematics
and a detailed job log
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Features
■■ Pre-job planning and data capture
are integrated with the technical
data of the Specialized Tools
product line
■■ Concise, accurate and up-to-date
wellbore schematics and
technical data
■■ Onsite data capture
■■ Contributes to, and can draw
from, a global database of run
histories accessible from
anywhere, anytime
■■ Rigsite and post job report
generation
■■ Capable of breaking down
time spent on specific phases of
the operation
■■ QHSE quality-event recording and
reporting into the M-I SWACO
quality systems
Advantages
■■ Easy to read and review
schematics that capture wellbore
geometry, specific tool models,
parameters and placement
■■ Quickly revise project
schematics as job requirements
or contingencies change
■■ Reduced data-entry time
and improved data accuracy
■■ Tool-specific run histories
shorten and add assurance to
decision-making
■■ The global database provides
the widest range of valuable
information
■■ Report generation saves time
■■ Identify time-saving
procedural changes
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DiPro
Reservoir Drill-In Fluids
Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: DiPro

The system that transforms The system’s low ECDs help prevent
high-density divalent brines excessive invasion of whole mud,
especially in formations having low
into premium, biopolymer-free fracture gradients, such as those
reservoir drill-in fluids found in deepwater.
The DiPro system gives you Because we can engineer the system
high density, low solids, minimal so precisely, and because of its flexible
formation damage and easy chemistry, DiPro can be formulated in
cleanup in divalent brines densities ranging from 11.5 to 17.5 lb/gal
(1.4 to 2.1 kg/L) for any of several
For its base fluids, the DiPro system
completion methods:
uses the divalent-cation brines and
brine blends – CaCl2, CaBr2, CaCl2/CaBr2,
■■ Openhole gravel packs
CaBr2/ZnBr2 and CaCl2/CaBr2/ZnBr2 – ■■ Standalone screens
in the 11.5 to 17.5 lb/gal (1.4 to ■■ Slotted/perforated liners
2.1 kg/L) density range. With any of ■■ Barefoot
these base brines, the system uses ■■ Expandable screen
a unique viscosifier/filtration-control
additive in conjunction with properly
sized calcium carbonate bridging agents
to build a fluid that generates low
filtration rates and produces a thin filter
cake to protect the reservoir.
M-I SWACO uses the petrographic microscope to analyze thin sections of reservoir rock
materials. Through analysis of pore size and other mineralogical characteristics, we can
tailor fluid formulations to specific reservoirs.
15
Features The DiPro System has the characteristics

■■ Biopolymer-free you’ve come to expect from M-I SWACO
■■ Divalent-brine base
Completion Drilling
■■ Precisely controlled p article‑size
distribution of bridging agent Formation damage. The system’s Density requirements. The DiPro
unique viscosifier/filtration-control s ystem functions optimally in the 11.5 to
■■ Customized formulations
additive results in low filtration rates 17.5 lb/gal (1.4 to 2.1 kg/L) range and
■■ Low ECDs and protects the reservoir with a tough, its density can be adjusted within this
■■ Excellent shale stability thin filter cake. range without increasing the solids in
■■ Compatible with complex Completion compatibility. The the system.
completions, including openhole system forms a durable filter cake Rheological properties. Typically,
gravel packs that remains intact during completion the DiPro system has a shear-thinning
operations, such as high-rate water rheological profile, low plastic viscosity,
Advantages packing, but may also be flowed back high yield point and relatively high LSRV.
■■ Maximizes production through virtually any completion during Contaminant tolerance. The system
■■ High production rates sooner production. tolerates the contaminants commonly
■■ Filter cake is easily removed Displacement. Because of the base- found in drilling: cement, drilled solids,
■■ Cost-effective, brine composition, the DiPro system reactive shales and oil.
high-density fluids is compatible with completion fluids and Torque and drag. While the DiPro
■■ Minimal formation damage displaces easily. s ystem produces torque and drag that is
■■ Minimal fluid loss with durable Cleanup. The DiPro system filter cake slightly higher than synthetic- or oil-base
filter cake can be produced through a completion, systems, its lubricity is good for water-
■■ Reduces remediation and or be easily destroyed with a variety of base reservoir drill-in fluid systems. If
disposal costs chemical breakers. needed, the system’s lubricity can be
Long-term stability. The DiPro system’s enhanced with a compatible lubricant.
■■ High performance in
deepwater applications divalent-brine base fluid allows the fluid Wellbore stability. The base brines used
to remain in the well for long periods of to formulate the system produce an
time without significant degradation. excellent level of shale inhibition.
Recoverability. The base brine from the Engineering ease. Because the
DiPro system can be easily reclaimed DiPro system consists of only a few
for use as a completion fluid or for components, it is easy to mix on the rig
formulating another DiPro system. and maintain.
The M-I SWACO Safe-Carb* bridging agent is high-purity ground marble which is selected using
our OptiBridge software to obtain the optimal blend. In these photos, the disc to the left is coated
with a typical f ilter cake as it would be deposited by the DiPro system. The middle photo shows the
even “pinholing” effect obtained by back-producing the well, when this is possible. The right hand
photo represents instances where back-producing is not a viable option; the filter cake is almost
completely dissolved after only a three‑hour soak with 5% HCl acid.
16
FazePro
Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: FazePro

Drill fast while oil-wet. Filter-cake cleanup with 40/60 gravel pack Features
Complete clean while 100 Rate of fluid loss (gm/min) ■■ Oil-base drilling performance
water-wet. Do both with the 90 ■■ Water-base filter-cake removal
reversible, invert-emulsion 80
■■ Oil-wetting easily reversed with
70
FazePro* system. pH change
60
Dual objectives – ease of completion
■■ Stable chemical package
50
and efficient drilling – in challenging 40
■■ Water-wet surfaces after
well designs and reservoirs demand 30
pH change
a Reservoir Drill-In Fluid (RDF) that 20
■■ Good shale inhibition
actually can satisfy two diverse 10
requirements. 0
Advantages
Operators today are faced with a
10 15 20 25 30 35 ■■ Faster drilling, stable wellbore
Time (min)
two-sided problem in certain types ■■ Easier to destroy filter cake
2.54-in. (65-mm) Sand Depth, CaCO3
of reservoirs: 1.69-in. (43-mm) Sand Depth, CaCO3
0.85-in. (22-mm) Sand Depth, CaCO3
■■ Better production/injection rates
2.54-in. (65-mm) Sand Depth with Barite
■■ rilling requirements demand an oil- or
D ■■ Reduced waste generation
synthetic-base reservoir drill-in fluid. ■■ Simplified cleanup through
Once the pH is modified, filtration rises
While this approach might meet dramatically, even when traces of barite are on openhole gravel packs and other
technical, geological and economic the now water-wet filter cake. complex completions
objectives, completing a reservoir with ■■ No remedial treatments
a conventional invert-emulsion system Operators demand both drilling
has drawbacks in providing full efficiency and unimpaired completions.
reservoir connectivity during The industry’s only reversible, invert-
production or injection. Not only does emulsion reservoir drill-in fluid system
it make sand-control completions more delivers performance plus non-
difficult, but thorough, even destruction damaging, single-stage destruction
of oil-wet filter cakes can be time- of oil-base filter cake with an overall
consuming and extremely costly completion simplicity greater than that
■■ ompletion requirements call
C of water-base fluid.
for a water-base system that makes Filter-cake removal is a
it much easier to destroy the filter matter of good chemistry
cake, but the system may be unable
While drilling the reservoir, the FazePro
to inhibit water-reactive shale and
system generates the high performance
its inherent clays, compromising
you expect from an invert-emulsion
drilling efficiency. In such cases,
system. With the oil- or synthetic-base
a troublesome, costly and often
fluid serving as the continuous phase, the
inadequate c ompletion negates a
FazePro system delivers the excellent
fast and efficient drilling phase
inhibition and lubricity inherent in these
fluids, resulting in a high-quality wellbore
and a cost-effective rate of penetration.
17
The FazePro system generates and can be incorporated into a variety of

maintains its strong invert emulsion invert-emulsion base fluids including
during drilling operations. synthetics, diesel, mineral oils, paraffins
Once you reach the completion phase, and olefins – any base fluid you would
the uniqueness of the FazePro system use in a conventional invert system.
really becomes apparent. By simply The organophilic clays are also
adjusting the pH of the breaker solution, used to create viscosity in reduced
the wettability of the filter cake is concentrations when compared
transformed from an oil-wet state to conventional invert‑emulsionfluids.
to water-wet. Once the filter cake is
Two approaches to remove filter cake
water-wet, it can be removed easily
Easy, efficient destruction of the filter
and entirely with water-base breaker
Filter cakes deposited by traditional invert- cake is crucial to smooth completion
treatments. Even challenging gravel
emulsionreservoir drill-in fluids (top) can be operations. There are two approaches
packs that are known to restrict lift-off/ costly and time-consuming to clean up, unlike to destroy the integrity of filter cake:
flowback performance and uniform those from a FazePro system (bottom).
dispersion or dissolution.
accessibility of a breaker system to the
The Faze-Mul product is the industry’s Dissolution is the act of destroying
filter cake (particularly with aggressive
only emulsifier capable of being the filter-cake components to reduce
treatments) are not a problem for a
reversed from an invert emulsifier into the likelihood of solids impairing the
FazePro invert emulsion. The result
a water-wet surfactant. M-I SWACO formation or completion. Dissolution is
is mitigation of formation damage and
designed the emulsifier package so the method of choice for injector wells
completion impairment.
that alkalinity conditions slightly below using any type of openhole completion
As an added bonus, FazePro chemistry neutral (pH 7) will change the oil-wet and production wells that are
has been shown to be exceptionally filter cake to a water-wet state. This gravel‑packed or that use fine-gauge
effective for water-injection wells, reversible mechanism can permit total premium and/or expandable‑screen
especially when immediate post- destruction of the filter cake, removing completions.
completion injectivity is desired without the barrier that was created between
preproducing the well to “clean up” Dispersion involves destroying
the formation face and the wellbore,
the reservoir. the integrity of the filter cake to allow
thus regaining reservoir connectivity.
the residual solid particles (bridging
Reversal from water-in-oil to oil-in-water This reversal process has contributed
solids and drilled solids) to flow back
to increasing reservoir productivity/
In the past, powerful surfactants and through the completion or fall out of the
injectivity.
solvents were commonly used prior way. Dispersion is generally applicable
to well production/injection in an attempt The emulsifier package is coupled to gas or oil producers that are barefoot
to remove or break down conventional with an application-specific, brine- or predrilled-liner completions. It can
invert-emulsion filter cakes, but they met base internal phase and uses also be useful in some gravel‑pack
with only limited success. The FazePro organophilic clay for viscosity and completions.
invert-emulsion system changed all that. lime as the alkalinity agent. The brine
The FazePro system’s chemistry
requires no special makeup, and it
When the pH of the environment simplifies both of these processes.
around the filter cake is lowered In fact, it is easier to destroy the integrity
during completion, the FazePro filter of the FazePro filter cake than that of
Oil Water
cake is converted from a water-in- many water-base reservoir drill-in fluid
Acid
oil emulsion to a direct oil-in-water filter cakes that require finding and
emulsion, resulting in easy and complete Water Base
Oil breaking down polymers of various
filter-cake destruction. The uniquely molecular weights. The integrity of a
engineered FazePro system, consisting FazePro filter cake is generated by the
of Faze‑Mul* emulsifier and Faze-Wet* invert emulsion. Separating the two
wetting agent, allows for an easy, single- Adjusting alkalinity to reverse emulsion. phases (oil and water) compromises
stage efficient cleanup using “gentler” Changing the pH around in the FazePro the filter cake.
dissolution chemicals to achieve a system chemistry converts a water-in-
oil emulsion into a direct oil-in-water
better and more uniform result.
emulsion for easy and complete cleanup.
18
FloPro NT
Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: FloPro NT

The reservoir drill-in fluid that For production and Features
takes you to the new level reservoir engineers: wells ■■ Customized formulations
that are productive sooner
of technology for minimizing ■■ Non-damaging
Because the design of a FloPro NT
formation damage and ■■ Low lift-off
system is based upon the way you’ll
optimizing production complete your well, the completion
■■ Engineered for easy cleanup
process itself is greatly simplified.
■■ High return permeability
Start preparing your reservoir for higher
Every system component is soluble with ■■ Ultra-low-permeability filter cake
production rates right from the start
some type of chemical treatment to ■■ Precisely controlled particle-size
In response to the industry’s demands
make chemical breaking and cleanup distribution of bridging agent
for greater drilling efficiencies and
relatively simple and straightforward. Extremely low friction factor
higher production rates, M-I SWACO
■■
Because the filter cakes are designed

developed this new-generation reservoir ■■ Promotes low skin values
to produce back with the minimum
drill-in fluid – FloPro NT. The system ■■ Environmentally acceptable
possible drawdown, FloPro NT wells
begins with your production-rate target Rheologically engineered for
can, in many cases, begin production ■■
and completion design then works back elevated LSRV

without chemical cleanup treatments.
to the drill-in operation, optimizing all
the factors that will affect your success. Because of the system’s flexibility, your Advantages
You get a system which provides strong M-I SWACO fluid specialist can build ■■ Maximizes production
benefits as a high-performance, non- a FloPro NT system from a number
■■ Reduces remediation costs
damaging drill-in fluid that optimizes of base fluids, including freshwater,
seawater, potassium chloride, sodium ■■ Higher production rates sooner
production rates across a wide range
of completion methods. chloride, calcium chloride, sodium ■■ Minimal lift-off required,
bromide and Formix* Technology, faster cleanup
As the well is being drilled and
which includes sodium formate, ■■ Minimizes solids and fluid invasion
completed, your M-I SWACO fluid
potassium f ormate and cesium formate. to the formation
specialist ensures that the system is
capable of delivering what it promises ■■ Reduces pump pressures
– maximum reservoir productivity, ■■ Maximizes ROP, saves drilling time
lower total well costs and minimal ■■ Excellent hole-cleaning profile
environmental risk. ■■ Reduces cleanup and
disposal costs
■■ Compatible with any
completion assembly
19
Lift-off pressure Return-permeability profile Return-permeability tests

40 Pressure (psi) 350 Permeability (md) Return (%) 100 100 Return permeability (%)
90
300 90
35 80
250 70 80
30
200 60 70
50
25 60
150
40
20 100 30 50
20
50 40
15 10
0 0 30
10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 20
5 Time, min
10
Initial
0 Return 0
FLOPRO NT Single-sack product FLOPRO NT Single-sack product
Because the FloPro NT system can be The High-Temperature, High-Pressure (HTHP) return permeameter measures the permeability
c ustom-tailoredto the well conditions at of formations to oil, brine, and gas under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. The
hand, it consistently outperforms single-sack apparatus can also be used to measure formation damage on core samples, test fluids containing
reservoir drill-in-fluid products in both return lost-circulationmaterials and large bridging particles, and run acid cleanup tests in high
permeability and cleanup – two major factors temperatures and pressures.
in increasing production and reducing costs.
FloPro NT with Kla-Stop

Reservoir Drill-in Fluids: Systems
Flopro* NT reservoir drill-in fluid (RDF) Advantages

incorporating the Kla-Stop* shale ■■ Minimizes incorporation of active ■■ Tolerant to common contaminants
inhibitor is ideal in applications where drilled solids into reservoir drill-in such as: cement, hard water, CO2,
superb inhibition is required, such as fluids drill solids, and crude oil
when the production interval intersects
■■ Controls acid insoluble portion of ■■ Environmentally acceptable for both
numerous sand/shale stringers. The
reservoir drill-in fluid filter cake offshore and onshore applications.
combination of the RDF and shale
inhibitor has been shown to reduce
■■ Provides excellent shale inhibition ■■ Can be added to the active system
swelling and dispersion of the shale and limits cuttings dispersion without adverse effects on viscosity
significantly. ■■ Reduces accretion potential and and filtration properties
consequently bit and BHA balling
The Kla-Stop additive is a liquid
polyamine shale inhibitor that can be ■■ Proper concentration of the
used in reservoir drill-in fluids. Shale Kla-Stop additive will provide a
inhibition is achieved by preventing buffered pH in the 9.0 – 10.0 range,
water uptake by clays and results in eliminating any need for additions
superior cuttings integrity. The of caustic soda or potassium
Kla-Stop additive effectively inhibits hydroxide
shale or gumbo clays from hydrating and
minimizes the potential for bit balling.
20
FloPro SF
Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: FloPro SF

The solids-free system Reducing fluid invasion without solids
for wells that require FloPro SF systems can be used where
special handling bridging agents are not required or an
oxidizer is the desired breaker. Heavy-oil
The FloPro SF (Solids-Free) system is
formations, where formation viscosity
a water-base Reservoir Drill-In Fluid (RDF)
confronts drilling-fluid viscosity to
which has proven itself as a s uccessful
further reduce leak-off invasion depth,
“rheologically engineered” system that
are also excellent candidates for
relies on viscosity to control fluid invasion
the system. And FloPro SF fluids work
into the formation. It is formulated with a
well where overbalance pressure is
higher Low-Shear-Rate Viscosity (LSRV)
kept to a minimum to reduce invasion
than a conventional FloPro NT system.
depth into dolomite, limestone, and
The reservoir and your production consolidated or unconsolidated sands.
come first when we design The applications for FloPro SF
a FloPro SF system can include:
M-I SWACO fluid specialists design ■■ Coiled-tubing applications
FloPro SF systems with respect ■■ Ultra-low-permeability formations
to the reservoir properties and ■■ Formations that contain
the completion method to be used. high‑viscosity oil
Factors taken into c onsideration include: ■■ As pills for running completion
■■ Formation permeability or pore size assemblies after having drilled
■■ Formation temperature with FloPro NT
■■ Presence of reservoir gases ■■ Barefoot, slotted-liner, openhole-
■■ Formation sensitivity to p articular ions gravel-pack or non-gravel-pack
■■ Clay content completions
■■ Type of hydrocarbon(s) ■■ Cased-hole completions where
to be produced hole cleaning or minimizing
fluid invasion is critical
21
Flexible formulation makes the system Features Advantages

a practical solution virtually anywhere ■■ Does not rely on starch or ■■ Reduces and prevents
FloPro SF systems can be designed sized bridging agents formation damage
with a number of base fluids, including: ■■ Circulates at low pump pressures ■■ Increases production
■■ Freshwater ■■ Low friction factor ■■ Simplifies cleanup
■■ Seawater ■■ Breaks easily with oxidizer ■■ Ideal for coiled-tubing drilling
■■ Potassium, calcium or sodium chloride ■■ Temperature-stable to ■■ ell-suited for high-temperature
W
■■ Sodium bromide 300°F (176°C) applications
■■ Sodium, potassium or cesium formate
22
FloThru
Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: FloThru

During an openhole completion How the FloThru system works Features
where the filter cake is confined, The FloThru system is a water-base ■■ Higher return permeability through
as in openhole gravel packs or reservoir drill-in fluid designed with Openhole Gravel Packs (OHGP)
expandable-screen completions, the enhanced flowback capabilities that ■■ Lower flow-initiation pressures for
cake must remain intact to prevent eliminate the need for a chemical ■■ OHGP and other open
losses and premature screenout. cleanup treatment, while providing hole completions
Once the completion operation has higher return permeability and lower ■■ Higher tolerance to drilled
finished, however, the filter cake is flow-initiation pressures. The primary
solids contamination
usually removed with a chemical application for a FloThru system is
breaker to aid well productivity and in openhole completions where the
■■ Channels for steady
filter cake is trapped between the hydrocarbon flow
avoid residual cake plugging the
screen during production. formation and the completion assembly. ■■ No chemical breakers needed
In many instances it is difficult to access In openhole completions where the
filter cake is not confined, the FloThru
Advantages
the confined filter cake with a chemical
system still provides a major benefit: ■■ Uniform cleanup across the entire
breaker. Difficult access or incomplete
lower flow initiation pressures at filter cake
contact could be caused by premature
breakthrough, causing the breaker to comparable return-permeability values. ■■ Increases production rates, from
bypass parts of the filter cake; failure of In the FloThru system, a proprietary heel to toe
a circulating tool to open or dilution of hydrophobic-carbonate component ■■ Removes cleanup risk/cost
the chemical breaker while attempting combines with a hydrophobic starch to ■■ Cuts completion time and costs
to place the breaker through the gravel control fluid loss. These materials create ■■ Allows hydrocarbons to
pack. Incomplete contact with the entire organophilic (oil-preferential) channels preferentially produce
filter cake can lead to a ‘hot spot’ limited through the FloThru filter cake. Their ■■ Eliminates remedial
flow area that can eventually lead to filter-cake-building characteristics completion operations
completion failure. provide a low-permeability barrier to
The FloThru system offers a simple water and prevent high infiltration.
solution that eliminates the need for a These same organophilic channels avoid
chemical breaker. the cohesive nature of conventional
water-base RDF filter cakes and
provide increased transmissibility of
hydrocarbons, eliminating the need for
chemical breakers.
23
The FloThru system is one of the ThruCarb* hydrophobic carbonate. The Maintaining the downhole environment
Smart RDF* Technologies from conventional bridging agents provide Freshwater and monovalent salts,
M-I SWACO and utilizes a combination protection for a wide range of formation such as NaCl, KCl, NaBr and sodium
of conventional and advanced pore sizes. The ThruCarb product is a or potassium formate provide a wide
RDF design concepts to minimize very fine, treated calcium carbonate that density range as the base fluids for the
formation damage: maximizes the number of organophilic FloThru system.
Custom particle-size distribution channels while avoiding fine gravel-
In addition, calcium chloride brine up to
■■
to bridge formation pores pack and completion-screen plugging.

10.8 lb/gal (1.3 SG) can also be used as
■■ Appropriate salts for density The ThruCarb additive is supplemented the base fluid for the system.
or inhibition with conventional calcium carbonate
■■ Effective and appropriate that has been selected with M-I SWACO Description
shale inhibitors OptiBridge* software. This program ■■ Water-base monovalent salts
determines the optimum particle-size Organophilic cake components
■■ Effective solids engineering ■■
distribution of the bridging agent which
■■ Minimal solids –– Carbonate: very fine
helps to create an external filter cake
■■ Low-Shear-Rate Viscosity (LSRV) and avoid deep invasion of potentially –– Starch
for hole cleaning and suspension damaging solids. ■■ Biopolymer viscosifier
■■ Hydrophobic components that Formation-damage testing, performed ■■ Properly sized bridging agents
enhance productivity on FloThru samples, has consistently
■■ An organophilic filter cake that shown higher return permeabilities and
promotes low flow-initiation pressures lower flow-initiation pressures in
gravel-pack completions than
Building a more productive filter cake
conventional RDFs. The organophilic
Like other Smart RDF systems, the components aid the oil in flowing
FloThru system contains the smallest through the filter cake. For stand-alone
possible amount and the correct size of completions, comparable return values
bridging solids that will still protect the have been seen with substantially
reservoir and minimize the impairment lower flow-initiation pressures using
of openhole completions. the FloThru system.
The system relies on a combination
of conventional bridging agents and Inside wellbore
Hydrocarbons
Return Permeability and ydrocarbons flowing through
H
Flow-Initiation Pressure Return Permeability and the filter cake
All 40/60 Gravel Packs with Flow-Initiation Pressure FloThru filter cake
No Chemical Cleanup Clean Fluids, No Chemical Cleanup Thrucarb*
100% Return permeability Flow-initiation 25 100% Return permeability Flow-initiation 30 Associations of Thrutrol* starch
pressure (psi) pressure (psi)
90 90 Thrutrol starch
25
80 20 80 F ormation sand where filtrate has
70 70 displaced back the hydrocarbons
20
60 15 60 Hydrocarbons
50 50 15
The FloThru filter cake resists water invasion
40 10 40
10 of the formation while allowing hydrocarbons
30 30 to flow at low flow-initiation pressures.
20 5 20
5
10 10
0 0 0 0
Clean fluids Contaminated fluids Standalone tests Gravel-packed
FLOTHRU formulations FLOTHRU completions
A B formulations
A B
Conventional RDF FLOTHRU psi
Conventional RDF FLOTHRU psi
24
Formix Technology
Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: Formix Technology

The ideal foundation for building Economics and Reclamation Features
high-performing, low-solids 250 Daily treatment cost (U.S. $)
■■ High densities with minimal solids
drilling and reservoir drill-in ■■ Minimal formation damage
fluid systems 200 ■■ Excellent QHSE profiles
■■ Compatible with reservoir fluids
Formix Technology starts with a new 150
and polymers
look at some familiar compounds
■■ Completion compatible
Formates are relatively new to the 100
■■ High shale and gas
petroleum industry. They are salts, not
hydrate inhibition
unlike the halide family of chlorides and 50
bromides used in the oilfield for years.

■■ Thermally stable to >350°F (177°C)
Monovalent formate salts are extremely 0 ■■ Low corrosion rates
XY XY XY XY XY XY XY XY XY XY XY
soluble in water and form high-density, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
solids-free brines, reducing the need for CaCO3 polymer mud Formates
Advantages
weighting agents. ■■ Increases production
M-I SWACO has a long history of ■■ Reduces project costs
those achievable with a conventional
engineering formate-base brine systems halide brine internal phase.
■■ Environmentally acceptable
for various global applications. Today, ■■ Enhances solids-control efficiency
three monovalent organic formate salts Formates bring versatility and ■■ Fewer completion problems
– sodium formate, potassium formate environmental strengths to both invert
■■ Increases ROP
and cesium formate – provide the basis and water-base fluids
■■ Ideal for HTHP drilling
for our latest breakthrough in fluids Using Formix Technology in water-base
engineering. RDFs results in increased productivity
■■ Reduces weight-material sag
Formix Technology has been due to lower solids concentration; a
successfully incorporated into the thin, impermeable filter cake and
M-I SWACO FloPro NT reservoir drill-in compatible base-fluid chemistry.
fluid system to drill and complete wells Being monovalent, they reduce scaling
in particularly challenging environments: potential and are compatible with most
high temperatures, damage-prone reservoir minerals and fluids. Formates
reservoirs, wells with narrow ECD are also highly compatible with RDF
windows and wells in environmentally polymers, viscosifiers and fluid-loss-
sensitive areas. Formix Technology has control agents.
also been utilized with our VersaPro* In conventional drilling applications,
LS low-solids invert-emulsion system to Formix Technology provides fluid
produce fluids with densities higher than stability for drilling through sensitive
25
shale sections, or when drilling in ■■ Using natural polymers, they are Progress vs Drilling Days
environmentally sensitive areas. For inherently thermally stable, keeping
2,500 Depth drilled (ft)
either RDF or conventional drilling, the rheological and fluid-loss control
formates provide stability at high properties stable in the face of
2,700
temperatures. Like other salts, downhole temperatures in excess of
formates can be blended together to 350°F (177°C)
2,900
create an assortment of densities and ■■ They have the capacity to eliminate
crystallization points. the problems associated with 3,100
For high-density, invert-emulsion‑fluid weight-material sag, as well as the
applications, Formix Technology compressibility and ensuing high 3,300
provides d ensity with minimal solids. ECDs of invert-emulsion fluids,
The high-density, monovalent-brine making Formix Technology systems 3,500
internal phase is highly compatible with well suited for both HTHP and 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
VersaPro LS emulsifiers, providing deepwater drilling Section days

Planned Actual
excellent emulsion stability at oil/brine ■■ All of the above tendencies also open
ratios down to 50:50. the door for the systems’ use as
thermal stabilizers in conventional Our FloPro NT reservoir drill-in fluid
The systems that bring wide-ranging
water-base fluid formulations system, based on Formix Technology,
benefits to a wide range of applications is an excellent candidate for high-
■■ Since these Formix Technology-base
The more we utilize Formix Technology, density, slim-hole drilling applications.
systems are engineered to deliver
the wider the range of applications The shear-thinning and drag-reducing
minimal circulating-pressurelosses
grows for the systems based on it. Here properties are extremely compatible
and maximize power transmission to
are just some of the advantages being with the small-diameter tubulars and
both the bit and mud motor, they are
discovered and proven: narrow annuli in both slim-hole and
viable choices for extended-reach
■■ The inhibitive water-base nature of and horizontal wells coiled-tubing wells.
these formate systems makes them
ideal for drilling highly reactive shales
Formate densities
Chemical Maximum Density Maximum Salt
Properties of Formate-Base Formate
Symbol @ 68°F (20°C) Concentration
FLOPRO NT vs. OBM
Sodium formate NaCOOH 11.2 lb/gal (1.34 SG) 45%
40
Potassium formate KCOOH 13.3 lb/gal (1.60 SG) 76%
Cesium formate CsCOOH 19.7 lb/gal (2.37 SG) 83%
30
20
10
0
Solids PV Gel Gel Gel
(0%) (cP) 10 sec 10 min 30 min
lb/100 ft2 lb/100 ft2 lb/100 ft2
FORMIX OBM
26
NovaPro/VersaPro/ParaPro
Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: NovaPro/VersaPro/ParaPro

NovaPro (synthetic), VersaPro (diesel Applications Features
or mineral oil) and ParaPro (paraffin) Flexible formulation
NovaPro/VersaPro/ParaPro invert- ■■
Reservoir Drill-In Fluid (RDF) systems
emulsion reservoir drill-in fluids ■■ Non-damaging characteristics
are non-damaging, invert-emulsion
are designed with flexibility in the ■■ Invert-emulsion drilling-
fluids used for drilling developmental
formulation that makes them suitable for fluid properties
wells designed for both cased- and
a variety of applications:
openhole completions. These systems ■■ Employs proprietary software and
■■ Openhole gravel packs or standalone Production Screen Tester (PST)
are designed to minimize formation
screens
damage problems such as oil wetting,
emulsion blocking, and solids plugging, ■■ Cased-hole completions Advantages
yet retain the performance advantages ■■ High-temperature applications ■■ Ideal for a variety of applications
of invert-emulsion fluids, including high ■■ Barefoot or slotted liner completions ■■ Maximizes production
ROP, lubricity and wellbore stability. ■■ High ROP, lubricity and
Owing to the higher priority of minimizing
System components wellbore stability
formation damage and compatibility The NovaPro system is built using ■■ Assures proper bridging,
with completion assemblies, these fluids synthetic-base fluid; the VersaPro flowback tendencies
differ from conventional invert-emulsion system uses either diesel or mineral-
fluids in their design and application. base fluid while the ParaPro system
The emulsifier/wetting agent package, uses paraffin-base oil. All systems
the type and size of bridging material exhibit all of the drilling advantages of
and, indeed, all components required conventional invert-emulsion fluids. In
are reviewed for the best combination of some cases, a conventional Novaplus*,
drilling and completion characteristics. Versaclean*, Versadril* or Paradril*
The NovaPro/VersaPro systems drilling-fluid system can be converted
are versatile, providing tremendous to a NovaPro, VersaPro or ParaPro
flexibility for numerous applications. system. This may involve adjusting
The key concepts to keep in mind the size and/or concentration of the
when planning and using a NovaPro/ bridging/weighting agent and/or
VersaPro/ParaPro system are: modifying the emulsion package.
■■ Minimizing formation damage
■■ Providing completion compatibility
■■ Maximizing productivity
27
VersaPro LS/SF
Features
■■ Low to no solids loading
■■ High-density-brine
internal phase
■■ Oil continuous phase
■■ Thermally stable
■■ Bridging agents optimized for
specific formations
Advantages
■■ Maximized production
■■ Reduced screen plugging
■■ High return-flow efficiency
■■ Greatly reduced sag or settling
■■ Low fluid loss
■■ Reduced gelation
■■ Reduced production-facility upsets
The versatile, low-solids, ■■ In openhole completions, it is ideal as

oil-base-fluid system that a low-solids fluid-loss-controlpill to
be left in the productive section prior
helps maximize your field’s to running the completion assembly.
productivity Bridging agents can be eliminated in
The system that lets you place VersaPro SF pills used where
there is a preexisting solids-laden
formation protection where you
filter cake. The pill can be used
need it
as a screen-running pill or
As a reservoir drill-in or completion preproduction pill
fluid, or as a displacement or
■■ As a temporary-abandonment fluid to
perforating pill, the VersaPro* LS
minimize the risk of solids settling
system has proven to be one of the
prior to the initiation of production
most versatile on the market:
■■ In both cased-hole and openhole
completions where oil-base fluid
is required for drilling
■■ As a cased-hole perforation
pill, it minimizes the threat of solids
plugging the perforation tunnels,
while preventing losses
to the reservoir
28
Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: VersaPro LS/SF

Gel Strength Comparison
Over 12-day Period Filter-Cake Lift-Off Pressure
120 lb/100 ft2 250 Millibars
(58.59 kg/10 m2)
100
(48.83) 200
80
(39.06) 150
60
(29.30)
100
40
(19.53)
50
20
(9.77)
0 0
VERSAPRO LS Field Mud VERSAPRO LS OBM
The high-density internal phase of the system reduces the potential for solids plugging and settling.
In addition, long-term gelation potential is significantly reduced due to the low-solids nature of
VersaPro LS, resulting in better flowback with minimal flow-initiation pressure.
Here’s an idea of what this low- VersaPro SF pills have displaced

solids, oil-base system can do for VersaPro drilling fluids in multilateral
your bottom line wells during completion and prior to
■■ A 400% increase in one well’s production. This has allowed flowback
productivity index as compared to through production facilities without
previous perforated, horizontally facility upset.
completed wells in the same field These are only a few examples of why
■■ A VersaPro LS pill remained very operators the world over are turning to
stable under downhole conditions the VersaPro LS system to get the most
and, unlike previous wells in the area, their reservoirs have to offer.
did not plug the completion assembly,
so the operator could reach expected
production levels
■■ As a workover fluid, the system
enabled another operator to
complete workover operations
and return a group of wells to
production rates at or above
expectations while eliminating scale
problems experienced with
water‑base workover fluids
29
WARP Fluids Technology

Features WARP* micronized barite fluid WARP technology is ideally suited for
■■ WARP particles are 10 times technology represents a milestone in completion and workover fluids. Fluids
smaller than drilling-grade barite water- and oil-base reservoir drill-in can be formulated from moderate
and completion fluids. The WARP fluid 10.0 lb/gal (1.2 SG) to above 18 lb/gal
■■ Lower friction factors: up to 10% in
is the first system to employ micronized (2.16 SG). The technology promotes
cased hole and 25% in open hole
weighting material to address a number complete flowback through gravel-
■■ WARP micron-sized weighting of downhole concerns, including pack and sand-screen completions.
agents pass more efficiently barite sag. When evaluated against Supplementing the system with properly
through shaker screens and open conventionally weighted fluids, sized bridging agents minimizes
hole production screens both water-base and invert systems reservoir damage.
■■ When supplemented with formulated with WARP fluids technology
properly sized bridging material deliver more value-added benefits.
it is nondamaging to producing
formations and completion
hardware
■■ Lower dynamic and static fluid
loss with thinner filter cakes and
lower breakthrough pressures
Advantages
■■ Reduces risk of static and
dynamic sag
■■ Lower ECD values
■■ Lower swab and surge pressures
■■ Lower pump pressures
■■ Faster pipe-running and
tripping speeds
■■ Lowers rotary torque and
friction factors
■■ Increases solids-removal
efficiency and lower dilution/
maintenance
■■ Reduces risk of completion-
screen plugging
■■ Lower downhole fluid losses
30
Flodense AP
Intervention Fluids
Top-down casing-pressure
Intervention Fluids: Flodense AP

remediation: the methodical
approach to managing
sustained casing pressure
The uncontrolled release of pressure
from a sealed casing string presents a
serious safety and environmental hazard
that reportedly affects nearly half of the
wells in the Gulf of Mexico. The U.S.
Minerals Management Service (MMS)
estimates that the problem, known
as Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP),
affects some 11,000 casing strings in
approximately 8,000 wells in the Gulf.
According to the MMS, some 30% of the Gas bubble
affected wells require special departure
waivers to maintain production, while all Mud or fluid
of them require continuous investment in
either remediation or monitoring. While
half of these incidents are reported to
occur in the production casing, SCP may
arise in any of the annuli within a well.
This problem is not unique to the Gulf
and is prevalent in a number of fields
worldwide. Cement
Gas formation
31
Basically, SCP refers to any amount of well survey, production data and the
recurring pressure in casing strings types and densities of the fluids in all
that will not bleed to zero psi after the annuli. We evaluate the bottomhole,
well reaches a steady state of flow. flowing and shut-in pressures; the
Any number of failures, including leaks flowing temperatures; and the sustained
in tubing, casing, packers, wellhead pressures on the various annuli. We then
packoffs and poor or failed cement jobs, review drilling records to track the
can initiate sustained casing pressure. mud weights used and compare those
Recognizing the critical safety, densities to the trip and background
environmental and economic gases. We identify the drilling breaks
consequences of SCP, M-I SWACO and track the cementing records.
has taken the lead in developing Armed with this mountain of data, we
a systematic line of attack to reduce attempt to diagnose the cause of SCP
or control these annular pressures. on your well by first determining if the
While the nucleus of our approach pressure is being released from the
is to increase hydrostatic pressure producing formation or another farther
by pumping our specially formulated up the hole. Pulling all these pieces
Flodense AP well-intervention fluid into together is critical to designing the ideal
the annulus, our all-inclusiveTop‑Down solution for your individual situation. Flodense AP fluid falling through CaCl2.
Casing-Pressure-Remediation Process
Flodense* AP helps put the brakes on
entails so much more. We study narrow apertures. Densities as high as
the circumstances and parameters of uncontrolled casing pressure 20.5 lb/gal (2.46 kg/L) of the neat slurry
each well to determine the best method Complementing our Top-Down Casing- permit it to fall through most existing
for inserting a fluid-delivery system Pressure-Remediation Process is annular fluids.
through an existing wellhead and into our high-density Flodense AP well- Owing to its micron-sized particles, the
a constricted, pressurized annulus. intervention fluid. The Flodense AP Flodense AP system exhibits reduced
Our specialists carefully examine system contains a range of fluids sag and settlement compared to
corresponding data to establish how that can be formulated for different competing systems. In fact, the settling
best to deliver the fluid downhole to applications with average densities rate of the fluid is 1,000 times less
achieve the n ecessary hydrostatic ranging between 17.5 to 18 lb/gal (2.1 than that of API barite, while smaller
column for hydrostatic enhancement. to 2.16 kg/L). If an application specifies, Flodense AP particles have a settling
The end result is the delivery of a fluid Flodense AP fluids can be formulated at rate 10,000 times less than barite.
that will establish hydraulic control. densities up to 20.5 lb/gal (2.46 kg/L).
Both of these systems are designed to
The Flodense AP system can be used as provide hydrostatic control.
Designing a remediation project begins
a viscous, lubricious and solids-free fluid
with giving your well the third degree
that is engineered to fall through the
Before we ever attempt to design annulus with minimal dispersion.
a pressure-remediation plan for your
The Flodense AP well-intervention fluid
particular situation, we look at every
also can be engineered with micron-
facet of your well. We examine all the
sized particles that allow the fluid to
casing strings in the well geometry, the
pass in snakelike fashion through very
32
FloPro CT
Intervention Fluids
Features
Intervention Fluids: FloPro CT

■■ Low coefficient of friction
■■ Shear-thinning rheological
profile with high LSRV
■■ Zero or minimal solids
■■ Inhibitive fluid
■■ Provides drag reduction
■■ Wide density range
Advantages
■■ Reduces mechanical friction
and coil wear
■■ Promotes hole cleaning
and solids suspension
■■ Minimizes pressure loss
and coil wear
■■ Minimal reservoir damage
■■ Enables entering higher-angle
deeper wells not previously
attainable
■■ Simplifies cleanup
The rheologically engineered easier or more efficient. As an added

fluid that puts the squeeze bonus, the hole typically can be cleaned
thoroughly in one trip.
on pressure losses while
delivering a clean wellbore The system that gives operators
The FloPro* CT system is a water-base, a wider range of possibilities for
solids-free intervention fluid that meets difficult applications
the requirements of coiled-tubing drilling The versatility of the FloPro CT system
with specialized features: has dramatically extended the range
■■ Promotes extended coil life of applications for coiled-tubing
interventions:
■■ Optimizes hydraulics
■■ High-strength and tapered coil
■■ Lower pump pressures and Equivalent
Circulating Densities (ECD) ■■ Well depths of more than 27,000 ft
(8,230 m) reached with nearly 29,000 ft
■■ Reduces mechanical drag,
(8,839 m) spools
helixing and buckling
■■ Underbalanced environments of up to
■■ Higher flow rates
4,500 psi (31,050 kPa)
■■ Applicable for all coil diameters
■■ Wellbores with bottomhole
and lengths
temperatures of more than
With the FloPro CT system at work, 300°F (149°C)
removing debris from the wellbore
■■ Extended-reach wells exceeding
and clearing the way for the insertion
30,000 ft (9,144 m)
of production tools has never been
33
The FloPro CT system is ideal for a wide Compared to conventional fluids in

range of workover operations, including similar situations, the FloPro CT system
removing sand and debris from a well. has exhibited vastly improved sliding
The rheologically engineered system with reduced coil helixing and buckling.
poses minimal risk of formation damage Its combination of rheology modifiers
in p erforated intervals, with a solids and interfacial tension and drag
content that is routinely less than 1% by reducers has allowed for high flow rates
volume and elevated Low-Shear-Rate at minimum pressure.
Viscosity (LSRV) that controls invasion. Flo-Vis L premium-grade, clarified
xanthan gum gives the system its
Engineered to optimize your
elevated LSRV. This high-yielding
drilling efficiency and maximize
biopolymer is also dispersible and
your production
imparts the LSRV without adversely
For flexibility, the FloPro CT system affecting the overall gross viscosity
can be built with a wide variety of of the system.
base fluids:
■■ Freshwater
■■ Seawater
■■ Potassium, calcium or sodium chloride
■■ Sodium bromide
■■ Cesium, potassium or sodium formate
The FloPro CT system delivers high LSRVs,

which are m easured using a Brookfield
rheometer. Where extremely high LSRVs
are required, a vane s pindle is used.
34
BreakDown
Breakers: Systems
The components of BreakDown How it works

fluid are designed to attack specific
BreakDown chemistry is slow acting closure of the fluid-loss-control device
components in the FloPro NT filter
Breakers: Breaker Systems, Products and Additives: BreakDown

so it permits complete placement before compromising the filter cake.
cake. The BreakDown system uses an
in the horizontal section. Filter-cake The Wellzyme component denatures at
enzyme (Wellzyme*)/chelant (D‑Solver*
breakthrough in the field usually temperatures greater than 212°F (100°C),
or D-Solver Plus) combination
requires 5 to 6 hrs and total filter-cake but the D-Solver component is effective
to destroy the starch and calcium
dissolution occurs within 72 hrs. This to temperatures up to 350°F (175°C).
carbonate components, respectively.
slow process allows the system to be The D‑Solver component is used in
By destroying these major RDF
spotted in the openhole interval without potassium chloride and sodium bromide
components, formation or completion
losses, permitting the breaker fluid to brines, while D-Solver Plus chelant is
impairment is minimized.
remain in contact with the filter cake compatible with sodium chloride and
instead of bypassing it and reacting with
Applications potassium chloride brines.
formation fluids and solids. It also allows
■■ il or gas producer wells that are
O
removal of any wash-pipe assembly and
completed via openhole gravel pack
or standalone screen/liner
■■ Water injector wells completed
openhole
Features
■■ Slowly and uniformly destroys filter ■■ Can be incorporated into a portion of
cake over a 72 hr period the gravel-pack fluid for faster contact
■■ Provides a minimum of 5 to 6 hrs of with filter cake
delay in filter-cake breakthrough ■■ Requires conventional drilling
under most conditions rig equipment for mixing
■■ Can be viscosified to increase filter- and placement
cake breakthrough time to more than ■■ Is less aggressive to personnel and
24 hrs downhole completion equipment as a
■■ Exhibits low corrosivity result of a moderate pH
■■ Demonstrates effectiveness over a
wide range of temperature conditions
from 40°F (4°C) to more than 200°F
(93°C)
35
BreakFree
Breakers: Systems
The BreakFree* system is an enzyme How it works

treatment used to disperse FloPro NT
The BreakFree system works slowly BreakFree fluid is mixed in monovalent
filter cakes. It is used in openhole
and uniformly across the filter cake. brine solutions of near neutral pH.
completions, including barefoot, slotted
A Wellzyme component destroys The Wellzyme component denatures
liners, and some standalone screen
the starch component. Wellzyme at temperatures greater than 212°F
applications. The only filter-cake
enzymes break the starches into (100°C). BreakFree fluid may be used
component destroyed by the BreakFree
inert mono- and disaccharides. They at temperatures above 212°F (100°C) if
system is the starch fluid-loss-control
continue this process until all starch only initiation of filter-cake destruction
additive. By destroying the “filter-cake
is destroyed (usually within about is desired.
glue”, solids (bridging agents and drilled
72 hrs) or the enzyme is denatured. The delay in filter-cake breakthrough
solids) are released and allowed to
Unlike conventional acid and oxidative can be increased by viscosifying the
disperse in the annular space. From
breakers that can spend on tubulars BreakFree system with Safe-Vis*
there, the solids may be produced back
and formation fluids/solids, BreakFree viscosifier.
or fall out of the way.
breaker only reacts with the filter cake.
The BreakFree system can be mixed
Applications Denaturing occurs when a change in the in the rig pit system and placed with
■■ Openhole completions where total environment surrounding the enzyme existing rig equipment. The near-neutral
dissolution of the FloPro NT filter occurs. Denaturing changes include pH fluid is non-corrosive to completion
cake is not required pH, salinity or temperature. To avoid equipment and not harmful to personnel.
denaturing the Wellzyme component,
■■ Gas or oil producer wells
■■ Water injector wells that use sized
salt as the bridging agent in a
FloPro NT system
Features
■■ Delays filter-cake breakthrough for ■■ Is non-corrosive and non‑emulsifying
a minimum of 6 to 8 hrs under most ■■ Specifically attacks the starch
conditions component of FloPro NT system
■■ Works slowly and uniformly across filter cake
the filter cake ■■ Requires only existing rig equipment
■■ Can be incorporated into a portion for mixing and placement
of gravel-pack fluid
36
BreakLoose
Breakers: Systems
BreakLoose* oxidizer-base treatment Limitations How it works

is used as an external breaker for Reacts quickly with filter-cake
■■ The oxidizer is blended in brine and
water-base polymer RDF filter cakes components, promoting rapid
Breakers: Breaker Systems, Products and Additives: BreakLoose

pumped into the openhole. The oxidizer
such as those produced by the FloPro breakthrough that can result in destroys only the polymeric portion
NT and DiPro systems. The oxidizer breaker-treatment bypass of the (starch and biopolymer) of the filter
may be lithium hypochlorite, sodium remaining filter cake cake. The remaining components will
hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite.
■■ Reacts with formation fluids disperse. The hypochlorite will also
and tubulars try to oxidize other organic materials
Applications
Can promote emulsions such as lubricants or crude oil. It is
■■ arefoot or slotted-liner
B ■■
non-specific and quite aggressive in its

completions of wells drilled with ■■ Is highly corrosive
reactions and will attack metal tubulars
the FloPro SF system ■■ Is not compatible with acids and contribute to corrosion.
■■ Fluid-loss-control-pill destruction As it aggressively attacks filter cakes,
hypochlorite may contribute to rapid
Advantages losses and filter-cake bypass of the
■■ Provides quick destruction remaining breaker treatment. This
of biopolymer and starch will lead to incomplete filter-cake
RDF components destruction. Washing the interval with
■■ Provides instant gratification a coiled-tubing-placed treatment may
that there is communication with be more effective than trying to spot
the formation the placement across the openhole
■■ Functions at temperatures from section. Lithium hypochlorite treatments
~80° to 180°F (~27° to 82°C) are usually mixed at 2 to 4 lb/bbl in
the appropriate completion fluid.
Hypochlorites should not be combined
with solvents such as Safe-Solv*.
37
D-Solver
Breakers: Products
D-Solver brine-soluble chelating agent common metal ions present in the

Typical physical properties
can complex many metal ions present wellbore during completion operations.
in reservoir drill-in fluid filter cakes Breaker systems built with D-Solver Physical appearance Liquid
and completion fluids, specifically chelating agent should be stored
Specific gravity 1.1 to 1.2
calcium, iron and magnesium. D-Solver in plastic-lined containers to avoid
chelating agent is used in FazeBreak “spending” before the product is used. pH 4.5 to 5
and BreakDown systems to assist in D-Solver chelating agent is used in
cleanup of FazePro and FloPro NT filter breaker systems up to a concentration ■■ Can be used at temperatures to
cakes, respectively. D-Solver chelating of 75% by volume. Concentration 350°F (177°C)
agent is slower reacting and more will depend on completion method, ■■ Performance is effective in relatively
effective at lower temperatures than completion fluid and the amount of low-temperature (~75°F [24°C])
conventional organic and m ineral acid calcium carbonate present in the filter reservoirs
treatments. cake, as well as the desired effect. ■■ Will not emulsify in the presence of
Applications D-Solver chelating agent is not crudes as acids and oxidizers do,
compatible with seawater or calcium avoiding facility system upsets
D-Solver chelant is a potassium-base
chloride or other divalent brines. ■■ Compatible with sodium bromide
chelant/calcium carbonate d issolver of
D-Solver chelating agent has limited and potassium chloride brines and
moderate pH. It is a component of the
compatibility with sodium chloride. most additives
FazeBreak and BreakDown cleanup
D-Solver product is not recommended Shelf life is indefinite when product
systems. FazeBreak systems are used ■■
for use with sodium chloride completion is stored in the proper plastic-lined
to disperse FazePro filter cakes. The
fluid. D-Solver chelating agent is tanks
BreakDown system is used to destroy
fully compatible with potassium
FloPro NT filter cakes. The BreakDown
system also uses Wellzyme enzymes to
chloride brine to saturation and is also Limitations
compatible with sodium bromide brine to Storage tanks should be lined and
remove the starch component of FloPro
■■
11 lb/gal (1.3 SG). utilize a vinyl ester resin or equivalent.

NT filter cakes. For applications greater
than 250°F (121°C), Wellzyme enzymes Aluminum, copper, copper alloys and/
Advantages
are not required. or galvanized iron must be avoided
■■ The relatively slow chelation
D-Solver chelating agent chelates
■■ Strong oxidizing agents such as
process allows breaker placement
divalent and trivalent ions. The sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen
without losses
carbonate-dissolving capacity of peroxide, etc., will degrade a
■■ Reacts or “spends” only on the target chelating agent
D‑Solver chelating agent is compared chemistry, i.e., CaCO3
to several acids in the table below. ■■ Soluble calcium or iron will limit the
■■ Near-neutral pH, approximately calcium-carbonate-dissolving
D‑Solver chelating agent reacts
4.5 to 5 capacity
specifically with calcium carbonate
and is non-corrosive compared to acid
■■ Preferentially chelates iron ■■ Encapsulating polymers, lubricants
or oxidizer treatments. In addition, versus calcium, thus helping and non-aqueous shale inhibitors can
D-Solver chelating agent has the ability to mitigate emulsions limit the ability of D-Solver chelating
to complex iron and magnesium, both ■■ Non-corrosive agent to attack calcium carbonate
■■ D-Solver chelating agent is
incompatible with seawater, calcium
Amount of calcium carbonate dissolved by 1 gal (3.785 L) of reagent chloride and divalent brines
Reagent lb (kg) CaCO3 ■■ D-Solver chelating agent is not
D-Solver* 0.84 (0.38) recommended for use with sodium
15% hydrochloric acid 1.83 (0.83) chloride brine
9% formic acid 0.726 (0.33)
10% acetic acid 0.422 (0.19)
38
D-Solver D
Breakers: Additives
D-Solver* D additive is a chelating It is used in various open hole Advantages

agent that complexes calcium, iron, completions, such as barefoot, ■■ Compatible with all types of
magnesium and other metals in filter standalone screens, expandable monovalent halide brines
Breakers: Breaker Systems, Products and Additives: D-Solver D

cakes formed by reservoir drill-in fluids screens, and open hole gravel packs
■■ Final pH of the BreakDown and
and workover fluids. The D-Solver D where filter-cake degradation is desired.
BreakOut breakers is flexible and
additive is a dry material, formulated It can also dissolve and degrade fluid
no HCl is required
with caustic potash, sodium hydroxide loss control systems used in perforating
or citric acid to adjust the pH to a applications.
■■ Effective at lower temperatures.
desired target. Ascorbic acid can also ■■ Can be placed during the
The D-Solver D additive is one of
be used as a catalyst to enhance the completion operation
several chelants available in the
effectiveness of the D-Solver D additive. BreakDown* and BreakOut* breaker ■■ Can be mixed at the rig site with
systems; the choice of chelant depends rig equipment
Applications on the type of base brine available, the ■■ Reduces the risk of post
The primary function of the D-Solver D type of completion, type of well, density, intervention
additive is to complex the calcium metallurgy, delay desired, and cost. ■■ Helps in the overall clean-up
carbonate portion of a reservoir drill-in process of aqueous filter cakes
fluid filter cake in a uniform manner.
■■ pH can be adjusted from 4.5 to 8.5
39
D-Solver HD
Breakers: Additives
D-Solver* HD chelant can be used as a The D-Solver HD chelant can be used Advantages
main component in the BreakDown* HD in all type of brines, including seawater, ■■ Can be used in wells where higher
breaker system or as a supplementary calcium chloride, calcium bromide and densities are required with an
component in the Faze-Out*, zinc bromide where other types upper limit of 14.8 lb/gal (1.77 SG)
Versa/Nova-Out* breaker systems. of chelants are incompatible.
■■ Used with the D-Structor*
When used with BreakDown HD additive in “Out” and “Away”
system, D-Solver HD dissolves the
Applications
breaker systems to mitigate
calcium carbonate components in a D-Solver HD additive can be mixed
precipitation
water-base filter cake. In the Faze-Out at the wellsite for use in open hole
completions such as barefoot,
■■ Mitigates the precipitation of
and Versa/Nova-Out breaker systems,
standalone screens, expandable calcium and other divalent ion
it not only aids in calcium carbonate
screens, and open hole gravel packs, bearing scale
dissolution, but also mitigates scaling
where filter cake cleanup is desired. ■■ Slow acting to allow the
and precipitation of divalent compounds.
It also can be used to clean up BreakDown HD breaker system to
As a primary component in the
perforating pill filter cakes. be placed without contributing to
BreakDown HD breaker system, the
immediate losses
main function of D-Solver HD chelant
■■ Can be used over a wide range of
is to dissolve the calcium carbonate
temperatures. Tested up to 300°F
portion of a water-base filter cake.
(146°C)
The secondary role of D-Solver HD
chelant is to complex divalent cations. ■■ Eliminates intervention trip as
The BreakDown HD breaker system breaker systems using
is recommended when higher density D-Solver HD can be placed
breaker systems are needed. during completion operations
■■ Helps in the overall clean-up
process of non-aqueous filter
cake in the various “Out” breaker
systems
40
D-Solver Plus
Breakers: Products
D-Solver Plus is a low-pH, brine-soluble containers to avoid “spending” the

chelating agent that can complex many product before it is used. D-Solver Plus
metal ions present in reservoir drill-in agent has a limited shelf life and should Physical appearance Liquid
Breakers: Breaker Systems, Products and Additives: D-Solver Plus

fluid filter cakes and completion fluids: be prepared as close as possible to the
specifically calcium, iron and magnesium. time it will be applied. Depending on
D‑Solver Plus chelating agent is used environmental conditions, D-Solver Plus pH 3.5 to 4
in FazeBreak and BreakDown systems chelating agent can be stored up to 30
to assist in the cleanup of FazePro and days before being applied. ■■ Effective in relatively low-temperature
FloPro NT filter cakes, respectively. D-Solver Plus chelating agent can (~75°F [24°C]) reservoirs
D-Solver Plus chelating agent reacts be used in breaker systems up to ■■ D-Solver Plus chelating agent does
slowly and is more effective at lower a concentration of 85% by volume. not promote the development of
temperatures than conventional organic However, the concentration will depend emulsions with crude
and mineral acid treatments. on the completion method, the completion ■■ Compatible with sodium and
fluid, the desired density, and the amount potassium chloride brines and
Applications of calcium carbonate present in the filter most additives
D-Solver Plus calcium carbonate cake, as well as the desired effect.
dissolver can be a component of Limitations
D-Solver Plus chelating agent is not
FazeBreak and BreakDown clean-up Storage tanks should be non‑reactive.
compatible with seawater, calcium ■■
systems. FazeBreak systems are used Do not utilize valves or hardware
chloride or other divalent brines. While
to disperse FazePro filter cakes. The composed of aluminum, copper,
D-Solver Plus agent is compatible with
BreakDown system is used to destroy copper alloys or galvanized steel
sodium chloride and sodium bromide
FloPro NT filter cakes.
completion fluids, there is some limited ■■ D-Solver Plus agent has a limited
D-Solver Plus chelating agent chelates compatibility with sodium chloride as shelf life (< 30 days) and should be
divalent and trivalent metal ions. it approaches saturation. D-Solver Plus prepared as close as possible to the
The carbonate-dissolving capacity chelating agent is fully compatible time it will be applied
of D-Solver Plus chelating agent with potassium chloride brine to ■■ Do not mix with strong oxidizers
is compared to several acids in the saturation. Formulations should be
table below. D‑Solver Plus chelating
■■ Soluble calcium or iron will limit the
evaluated in the lab.
agent reacts specifically with calcium calcium-carbonate-dissolving
carbonate and has a low order of Advantages capacity
corrosivity when compared to acid ■■ T he reaction rate of D-Solver Plus
■■ Encapsulating polymers, lubricants
or oxidizer treatments. In addition, chelating agent is significantly slower and non-aqueous shale inhibitors can
D-Solver Plus agent can complex iron than conventional acid treatments, limit the ability of D-Solver Plus
and magnesium, both common metal reducing the risk of losses chelating agent to attack calcium
ions present in the wellbore during carbonate
■■ Functional across a broad pH range
completion operations. Breaker systems ■■ D-Solver Plus chelating agent should
■■ Can be used at temperatures to 350°F
built with D‑Solver Plus chelating not be blended with brines containing
(177°C)
agent should be stored in plastic-lined divalent ions
Amount of calcium carbonate dissolved by 1 gal (3.785 L) of reagent

Reagent lb (kg) CaCO3
D-Solver* Plus 1.36 (0.38)
15% hydrochloric acid 1.83 (0.83)
9% formic acid 0.726 (0.33)
10% acetic acid 0.422 (0.19)
41
D-Sperse
Breakers: Products
D-Sperse* surfactant is a mixed

s urfactant solution with excellent
dispersion and surface-tension-reducing Physical appearance Clear, nearly colorless
properties. D-Sperse solution is used in
Specific gravity 0.94
the BreakFree and BreakDown systems
to aid in the cleanup of FloPro NT filter pH (1% solution) 5
cakes. D‑Sperse surfactant disperses Solubility (water) Soluble
active clays in the filter cake and acts
as a fluid recovery aid by lowering the Flash point 90°F (32°C) (PMCC)
resistance to flow through reduced Surfactant type Non-ionic
surface tension.
Applications for use of D-Sperse surfactant as a Limitations

dispersant or fluid-recovery aid is 0.25 to Produces stable foam at high
D-Sperse surfactant can be used ■■
1% volume, or 1 drum per 120 bbl. concentrations
at relatively low concentrations in
BreakFree and BreakDown breaker D-Sperse additive will generate foam ■■ Not recommended to use with
systems to act as a dispersant and in aqueous solutions, which may non-emulsifiers as higher surface
reduce the surface tension of water or may not be a desirable property, tensions may result
and brine solutions. Surface tension depending on its application. As a
is especially important in tight, powerful surfactant, D-Sperse additive
low-permeability and low-pressure will produce stable foams in aqueous
formations where high capillary forces media, including brines and mineral
impede fluid recovery. Unlike many acids. To reduce the foaming tendency,
conventional, hydrocarbon-base minimal agitation and a defoamer are
surfactants, D-Sperse surfactant in brine recommended.
has a relatively high interfacial tension
Advantages
with oil, resulting in reduced tendency
■■ Effective in lowering surface tension
toward oil emulsification. D-Sperse
in relatively low c oncentrations
additive leaves the surface of sandstone
water-wet. By reducing interfacial ■■ Aids in fluid recovery
tension, D‑Sperse surfactant promotes ■■ Disperses active clays in FloPro NT
water-wetting and dispersion of residual filter cakes
solids, especially active solids. This ■■ Will not alter wettability
promotes flowback of the residual filter ■■ Effective in many different brines
cake as individual particles instead of as ■■ Does not typically induce oil
a large mass. The typical concentration
emulsification
42
D-Stroyer
Breakers: Products
D-Stroyer* breaker is a polymer- Features How it works

coated oxidizer that is incorporated into Enhances performance of
■■ D-Stroyer breaker is activated by a pH
a FloPro NT system. It is used at 0.5 to BreakDown breaker by destroying
Breakers: Breaker Systems, Products and Additives: D-Stroyer

of 6 or less, so chelants (D‑Solver or
2 lb/bbl (1.43 to 5.7 kg/m3) concentration xanthan gum and ester-based D-Solver Plus), weak acids or even
in the RDF and becomes part of the lubricants, especially at temperatures acidic produced fluids will perform
filter cake. It is activated during the lower than 180°F (82°C) this function. It also helps to improve the
completion operation. This breaker
■■ Is internal to the FloPro NT filter cake performance of acid breakers in low-
assists in the destruction of x anthan and
■■ Is activated at moderate pH (<6) by temperature(<130°F [54°C]) applications.
some lubricants that are not destroyed
acid, chelant or low‑pH produced fluid The coating on the D‑Stroyer breaker
solely with a BreakDown treatment.
protects the oxidizer from early initiation
The D‑Stroyer breaker also assists in ■■ Maintains peroxide activity for longer
during the drilling phase, ensuring that
low-temperature (<180°F [82°C]) periods of time than Safe-Break MP
there is material available for activation
filter-cake destruction. breaker
during the completion phase. At
■■ Can also be used in DiPro systems bottomhole temperatures above 180° to
Applications as well 200°F (82° to 93°C), significant depletion
■■ All openhole-completed
of the breaker will require two to three
water-injector wells drilled with
days. For temperatures below 180°F
FloPro NT fluid
(82°C), it will take five to seven days
■■ Low-temperature wells where before D‑Stroyer depletion occurs.
removing xanthan or ester-based
lubricants is beneficial
43
D-Structor
Breakers: Products
The D-Structor additive is an organic- It is slow-acting, taking 6 to 8 hrs to

acid precursor used in Faze‑Away initiate breakthrough under moderate
or Faze-Out breaker systems. These temperature conditions <200°F (<93°C). Physical appearance Liquid
systems are designed to remove Full filter-cake dissolution can occur
FazePro filter cakes. In addition, within 16 hrs.
D-Structor additive can be used to Due to its slow-acting nature, the Flash point 200°F (93°C)
formulate Versa‑Way, Versa-Out, breaker system can be spotted and
Nova-Way, or Nova-Out breakers the workstring extracted from the Advantages
to destroy conventional VersaPro/ openhole section without fluid losses ■■ Slow-acting breaker that spends as it
NovaPro filter cakes. D-Structor to the formation. If a fluid-loss-control is generated
additive converts to organic acid device is present, the breaker system ■■ Lower corrosivity than conventional
downhole with time, temperature can soak for an extended period of acids
and free water. time without significant bypass of the
■■ Thorough, uniform destruction
breaker, for thorough, uniform filter-cake
Applications destruction. The breaker system can be
of FazePro, VersaPro or NovaPro
D-Structor precursor is the active filter cakes
incorporated into the openhole gravel-
ingredient in Faze-Out, Faze-Away, pack treatment, eliminating the need for
■■ Placed during the completion
Versa-Out, Versa-Way, Nova-Out an intervention cleanup trip. operation
and Nova-Way breaker systems. ■■ Eliminates an intervention trip
D-Structor precursor is compatible
These systems are designed to destroy
with a variety of brines, including KCl, Limitations
residual filter cakes from FazePro,
NaCl, NaBr, CaCl2, and CaBr2. It is a part
VersaPro or NovaPro systems, ■■ Temperature limit <330°F (165°C)
of the internal phase in the Faze-Away,
respectively, in openhole completions Difficult to get high density (>12.5 lb/gal
Versa-Way and Nova-Way breaker
■■
such as standalone screens, expandable [1.5 SG]) breaker treatments

systems. It is used at a concentration
screens, or openhole gravel packs.
of at least 30% by volume in all breaker
D-Structor acid precursor converts
systems. At temperatures above 200°F
to organic acid, destroys the emulsion
(93°C), an organic-acid corrosion
and dissolves acid-soluble bridging
inhibitor should be included in the
agents under downhole conditions.
breaker-system formulation.
44
Faze-Away
Breakers: Systems
Faze-Away* fluid is an invert-emulsion Applications Features

breaker system specifically formulated ■■ Producer wells only ■■ More than 20 hrs of delay in f ilter-cake
to dissolve the f ilter cakes created by Openhole completions that use breakthrough
Breakers: Breaker Systems, Products and Additives: Faze-Away

■■
FazePro reversible invert-emulsion standalone/expandable screens ■■ Effective destruction of FazePro filter

drilling fluid. Once placed downhole, ■■ Post openhole gravel pack cakes through slow and uniform
the invert emulsion disintegrates, ■■ High-temperature wells with dissolution
releasing an internal phase. The internal temperatures greater than 210°
phase contains the active component,
■■ Invert-emulsion delay mechanism –
to 300°F (99° to 149°C)
D-Structor*, and a brine for density diesel, mineral oil or olefin synthetic
■■ Where delay in filter-cake
and formation compatibility. The brine breakthrough of more than 8 to 10 hrs
■■ Sufficient rheological properties to act
can be sodium chloride, potassium is desired as a displacement pill
chloride, calcium chloride, sodium ■■ Formations that are water sensitive ■■ Limited amount of aqueous fluid
bromide or calcium bromide. exposed to the formation
■■ Low corrosion rate and relatively
controlled release of D‑Structor acid
How it works precursor
The Faze-Away breaker fluid can from being used during an openhole ■■ Maximum density limited to less than
dissolve the filter cakes created by the gravel-pack operation. These elevated 11.5 lb/gal (1.38 SG)
FazePro RDF system. Faze‑Away rheological properties permit the ■■ Capable of being mixed at the rigsite
breaker is most a pplicable where Faze-Away system to act as a spacer/ in rig pits and pumped as a part of the
significant delay in breakthrough is pill during displacement in openhole, completion process
desired; Faze‑Away breaker can delay standalone applications. ■■ No extra equipment or rig time
breakthrough for more than 20 hrs. The Corrosion is not usually an issue with required for placement
Faze-Away breaker is also applicable for Faze-Away fluid at temperatures
formations that are sensitive to water- below 200°F (93°C) because the acid is
base treatments. It is recommended spending on the filter cake as it is being
for high-temperature (>210°F [99°C]) generated. At higher temperatures,
producer wells, for openhole an organic-acid corrosion inhibitor is
completions that use standalone or recommended because the D‑Structor
expandable screens, and can be precursor will be converting faster than
used after gravel-pack operations are it spends.
performed in the openhole. The elevated
viscosity of the systems precludes it
45
FazeBreak
Breakers: Systems
The FazeBreak* fluid is a water-base How it works

system that uses chelant technology
Chemical elements of the FazeBreak unisolated for a longer period of time
to delay the reversal and dispersion
system promote: a delay of the during other completion operations.
of the FazePro filter cake. It is designed
reversal process, reversal of residual The FazeBreak system is very efficient
to provide sufficient delay to complete
FazePro solids from an oil-wet to a at low reservoir temperature of less
the gravel pack and allow the operator
water-wet state, water-wetting of the than 155°F (68°C) at which corrosion is
to pull the workstring from the
residual solids and, finally, initiation not a concern. At temperatures above
gravel-pack assembly while
of the chelation process. Taking 200°F (93°C) an organic-acid corrosion
mitigating losses to the formation.
advantage of the comprehensive inhibitor may be desired. At these higher
M‑I SWACO knowledge of surfactants
Applications temperatures, D‑Solver carbonate
and chelants, each formulation is remover complexes the divalent ions
■■ Openhole gravel-packed
designed for specific well conditions, more rapidly and a viscosifier, such as
producer wells
using clear completion brine, Faze-Mul Safe-Vis E, may be required to increase
■■ Where only dispersion of the surfactant and D‑Solver carbonate the delay in FazePro system reversal
FazePro* filter cake is desired remover. and ultimately filter-cake breakthrough.
■■ For use only in monovalent halide Depending on bottomhole conditions, FazeBreak fluid should be allowed to
carrier solutions a breakthrough delay of 36 to 72 hrs is soak on the filter cake in an isolated
possible. Such a long delay allows the openhole section for at least 3 days for
breaker to be placed in intimate contact maximum destruction of the FazePro
with the filter cake while gravel packing, filter cake.
without the concern of prematurely
Reservoirs requiring a density greater
compromising the filter cake, resulting
than 11.9 lb/gal (1.43 SG) are not
in an incomplete gravel pack. It also
candidates.
permits the openhole section to remain
Features
■■ Provides more than 48 hrs of delay in ■■ Near-neutral pH, approximately 5 to 7
filter-cake breakthrough ■■ Low corrosion rate
■■ Slow and uniform dispersion ■■ Formulated for preblending and
of FazePro filter cake storage for later transport to a wellsite
■■ Slow chelation process for placement or for onsite blending
without losses
■■ Placement can be incorporated into
the gravel pack and does not require
coiled-tubing intervention
46
Faze-Out
Breakers: Systems
The Faze-Out* fluid is a water-base How it works

breaker system designed for use
The Faze-Out system uses D‑Structor Faze-Out breaker with Safe-Vis additive.
on FazePro filter cakes. For use in either
Breakers: Breaker Systems, Products and Additives: Faze-Out

precursor as its active component. Unviscosified systems will provide about
injector or producer wells, the
The Faze-Out breaker system slowly 6 hrs of delay under mild conditions.
Faze-Out fluid can totally dissolve
penetrates the filter cake and with Viscosifying the system can almost
invert-emulsion filter cakes, permitting
time, t emperature, and free water, double the delay time under the same
ready injection or flowback through
the D-Structor precursor converts conditions. Viscosifying the system
restrictive completions such as premium
to acid, which then destroys the invert will also increase the time required for
screens and openhole gravel packs.
emulsion, and water wets and dissolves thorough filter-cake destruction.
the calcium carbonate bridging solids.
Applications Corrosion is not usually an issue with
The FazePro emulsifiers enhance this Faze-Out breaker at temperatures
■■ Injector and producer wells
process as they convert from emulsifiers below 200°F (93°C) because the acid is
completed openhole using
to water-wetting surfactants. The filter spending on the filter cake as it is being
standalone/expandable screens
cake is taken apart from the inside out. generated. At higher temperatures
or are openhole gravel-packed
Total destruction of FazePro filter cakes an organic-acid corrosion inhibitor is
■■ As a remediation treatment normally takes less than 16 hrs. recommended because the D‑Structor
with proper engineering of
The delay in breakthrough can be component will be converting faster
the remediation operation
increased by viscosifying the than it spends.
Features
■■ rovides more than 6 hrs of delay in
P ■■ Can be placed during standard
filter-cake breakthrough completion operations and does not
■■ Effective destruction of FazePro filter require coiled-tubing intervention
cakes through slow and uniform ■■ Onsite mixing in rig pits with
dissolution rig equipment
■■ Possesses a low corrosion rate as a
result of the relatively controlled
release of D‑Structor acid precursor
47
Safe-Break MP
Breakers: Products
Safe-Break MP additive is an internal

filter-cake breaker used in polymer-
base reservoir drill-in and completion Physical appearance Yellow-to-white powder
fluids and lost-circulation pills during a
Solubility (water) Insoluble
workover or completion operation.
Safe-Break MP breaker is initially Bulk density 37.5 to 50 lb/ft2
deposited as an inert particle within the
filter cake. When a ctivated by lower pH, Advantages
it greatly increases the degradation rate ■■ When compared to a plain acid soak,
of the filter cake. Safe-Break MP breaker reduces the
time required for filter-cake removal
Applications
by as much as 60%
Safe-Break MP breaker aids in
■■ Can be used in any polymer-base
filter-cake destruction when used
drilling fluid with pH>9
in polymer-base reservoir drill-in
and completion fluids and in ■■ Most effective at temperatures
lost-circulation pills during workover <180°F (82°C)
and completion operations. ■■ eak acid, such as 1% HCl,
W
Safe‑Break MP breaker is deposited can activate the decomposition
as an inert particle in the filter cake. process
During the completion/breaker phase,
a mild acidic solution activates the Limitations
Safe-Break MP breaker, resulting in a ■■ Exposure of dry material to the
more improved digestion of the filter atmosphere reduces the activity level
cake. This process increases overall of the product
filter-cake destruction efficiency. ■■ Do not apply in base brines with a pH
Treatment levels are normally 0.5 to below neutral
1 lb/bbl (1.4 to 2.9 kg/m3) for reservoir
drill‑in fluid applications and 3 to 4 lb/bbl
(8.6 to 11.4 kg/m3) for lost‑circulation-
pill applications.
No claim of personal safety is intended nor implied by the use of the name Safe in this product. Personnel handling this
material should read and follow all safety and handling procedures set forth in the Material Safety Data Sheet.
48
Versa-Out/Nova-Out
Breakers: Systems
The Versa-Out* and Nova-Out* fluids How they work

are water-base breaker systems
The Versa-Out and Nova-Out systems provide about 6 hrs of delay under mild
designed for use on VersaPro and
Breakers: Breaker Systems, Products and Additives: Versa-Out/Nova-Out

use D-Structor acid precursor as conditions. Viscosifying the system can
NovaPro filter cakes. For use in either
the active component. The Versa-Out almost double the delay time under the
injector or producer wells, Versa-Out
and Nova-Out breaker systems slowly same conditions and will also increase
and Nova-Out fluids can totally dissolve
penetrate the filter cake and with the time required for t horough filter-cake
invert-emulsion filter cakes, permitting
time, temperature, and free water, the destruction.
ready injection or flowback through
D-Structor precursor converts to acid, Corrosion is not usually an issue with
restrictive completions such as premium
which then destroys the invert emulsion Versa-Out and Nova-Out breakers
screens and openhole gravel packs.
while it water wets and dissolves the at temperatures below 200°F (93°C)
calcium carbonate bridging solids.
Applications because the acid is spending on the
Total destruction of VersaPro or filter cake as it is being generated.
■■ Versa-Out breaker is used to destroy
NovaPro filter cake normally takes At higher temperature conditions,
VersaPro filter cake, and Nova-Out
less than 24 hrs. an organic acid corrosion inhibitor is
breaker is used to destroy NovaPro
filter cake The delay in breakthrough can be recommended because the D-Structor
increased by viscosifying Versa-Out component will be converting to acid
■■ Injector and producer wells that are
and Nova-Out breakers with Safe-Vis faster than it spends.
openhole-completed using
additive. Unviscosified systems will
standalone/expandable screens
or that are openhole-gravel-packed
■■ As a remediation treatment,
with proper engineering, for Features
well operations ■■ Provides more than 6 hrs of delay in ■■ Can be placed during standard
filter-cake breakthrough completion operations and does not
■■ Effective destruction of VersaPro or require coiled-tubing intervention
NovaPro filter cakes through slow ■■ Onsite mixing in rig pits with
and uniform dissolution rig equipment
■■ Possesses a low corrosion rate as a
result of the relatively controlled
release of D‑Structor acid precursor
49
Versa-Way/Nova-Way
Breakers: Systems
Versa-Way* and Nova-Way* fluids How they work

are invert-emulsion breaker systems
Once either of the breakers is placed standalone or expandable screens,
specifically formulated to dissolve the
downhole, the invert emulsion and for use after openhole-gravel-
filter cakes created by VersaPro and
disintegrates, releasing an internal pack operations are performed in the
NovaPro conventional invert-emulsion
phase. The internal phase contains the openhole. The elevated viscosity of
drilling fluids.
active component, D‑Structor acid the systems precludes these breakers
precursor, and a brine for density and from being used during an openhole-
Applications
formation compatibility. The brine can gravel-pack operation. These elevated
■■ Producer wells only
be sodium chloride, potassium chloride, rheological properties permit the
■■ Openhole completions that use calcium chloride, sodium bromide or Versa-Way and Nova‑Way systems to
standalone/expandable screens calcium bromide. act as a spacer/pill during displacement
■■ Post-openhole gravel-pack Versa-Way and Nova-Way breaker in openhole standalone applications.
■■ High-temperature wells with fluids are most applicable where Corrosion is not usually an issue with
temperatures greater than significant delay in breakthrough is Versa-Way and Nova-Way fluid at
230° to 300°F (110° to 150°C) desired, possessing the ability to delay temperatures below 200°F (93°C)
■■ Where delay in filter-cake breakthrough for more than 20 hrs. They because the acid is spending on the
breakthrough of more than 8 to 10 hrs are also applicable for formations that filter cake as it is being generated.
is desired are sensitive to water-base treatments. At higher temperature conditions, an
■■ Formations that are water‑sensitive Versa-Way and Nova-Way breakers organic-acid corrosion inhibitor is
are recommended for high-temperature recommended because the D-Structor
(>230°F [110°C]) producer wells, for fluid will be converting acid faster than
openhole completions that use it spends.
Features
■■ More than 20 hrs of delay in f ilter-cake ■■ Low corrosion rate and relatively
breakthrough controlled release of D‑Structor
■■ Effective destruction of diesel‑ acid precursor
or mineral oil-base VersaPro ■■ Maximum density limited to less than
and synthetic NovaPro filter cakes 11.5 lb/gal (1.38 SG)
through slow and uniform dissolution ■■ Capable of being mixed at the rigsite
■■ Invert-emulsion delay mechanism – in rig pits and pumped as a part of the
diesel, mineral oil or olefin synthetic completion process
■■ Sufficient rheological properties to act ■■ No extra equipment or rig time
as a displacement pill required for placement
■■ Limited amount of aqueous fluid
exposed to the formation
50
Wellzyme
Breakers: Products
There is little benefit in engineering Wellzyme breakers enhance

a drilling or non-damaging reservoir the M‑I SWACO spud-
drill-in fluid system for a reservoir if the to‑production approach
Breakers: Breaker Systems, Products and Additives: Wellzyme

chemicals used in the preproduction to fluids engineering
cleanup will damage the lifetime and represent a significant
productivity of the well. All too often, milestone in our commitment
conventional acids and oxidizers break to e ngineer and provide a total
down the filter cake unevenly, opening fluids‑solution package.
only a fraction of the reservoir and The Wellzyme enzyme (red) works its way
Breakers that open the door
leaving behind a considerable amount across the surface of the starch (yellow) until
of production – and profits. Add to that to unobstructed production a fold in the enzyme, called the active site,
A typical reservoir drill-in fluid is fits itself onto a specific linkage in the starch
the risk of downhole corrosion and
chain, where cleavage takes place. Once the
formation damage, and the long-term composed of a base brine along with two sites are aligned, the enzyme breaks the
economics of your well can be seriously starch, biopolymer, and sized calcium link, then repairs the broken ends with water.
compromised. carbonate or salt. These fluids deposit Not consumed by this reaction, the Wellzyme
an impermeable filter cake on the breaker continues to randomly cleave links
To overcome these problems, until the starch is destroyed.
M‑I SWACO developed the Wellzyme* borehole wall. While necessary to
product specifically for breaking down protect the formation during drilling, this
barrier must be completely broken in enzymes, is a large, highly specialized
the filter cake deposited by water- protein produced by living cells. It
base reservoir drill-in fluids. A starch- order to maximize production rates.
degrades starch into simple sugars,
specific enzyme designed specially In low-temperature reservoirs, acids and
breaking down the integrity of the filter
for openhole-completed reservoirs, oxidizers often fail to remove the filter-
cake evenly, allowing the bridging agent
the Wellzyme breaker eliminates the cake barrier completely, leaving residue
to disperse efficiently and cleanly.
corrosion, wormholing, and health and to d ramatically restrict production.
safety hazards associated with strong Returning to the reservoir for remedial Faster isn’t always better
acids and oxidizing breakers. Depending washes only increases operational costs There will always be applications for
on local standards, Wellzyme A, B, ME and can further reduce productivity. conventional acid/oxidative breakers.
or NS, each with a different activity level The Wellzyme breaker is an amylase, They perform reasonably well in
and type of biocide, will be called for. a starch-specific enzyme which, like all short- to medium-length, openhole
completions, but there is a trade-off.
These chemicals, by their very nature,
can react quickly and indiscriminately
Features Advantages with the tubulars, screens and other
■■ Designed to react selectively, ■■ Even drainage of entire reservoir, for downhole components, often before
resulting in even distribution sustained production over the life of reaching the reservoir. In such fast
of breaker action the well reactions, the chemicals also eat
■■ Will not react with tubulars, ■■ Does not promote corrosion wormholes through the filter cake
hydrocarbons and most f ormation of screens and other and escape into the formation before
components downhole components the openhole section is completely
contacted with breaker.
■■ The product of bacterial ■■ Does not react with tubulars,
microorganisms, the Wellzyme eliminating elevated iron The resulting leak-off puts active
breaker is biodegradable concentrations which promote breakers into the reservoir, where
sludging and iron-precipitation they can adversely affect formation
■■ Integral component of a total f luids
problems mineralogy and serve as a continuing
package
“bleed” of corrosives back through
■■ Reduces system upsets because the
the production hardware. A more
completed well can be placed online
significant problem is that the irregular
in less time than conventional cleanup
removal of the filter cake leaves parts
■■ Lowers costs, increases return
of the reservoir with slow or low
on investment
communication with the wellbore.
51
Acid breakers also require s upplemental

inhibitors, which can damage the Conventional breaker Conventional breaker
formation. completion stage 1 obstructed production 2
Wellzyme breakers work steadily to

increase your production
In contrast to simple acids and o xidizers,
a Wellzyme breaker is a complex, three-
dimensional molecule that works only on
the starch component of the filter cake.
Specifically, it catalyzes the digestion of WELLZYME WELLZYME
the starch via hydrolysis. completion stage 3 unobstructed production 4
In your well, it works its way across the
surface of the starch until a fold in the
enzyme, called the active site, fits itself
onto a specific linkage in the starch
chain, where cleavage takes place.
Once the two sites are aligned, the
enzyme breaks the link, then repairs the
broken ends with water.
These illustrations demonstrate the difference between the way a conventional breaker and
Because the enzyme is not c onsumed a Wellzyme breaker works during the completion operation, and their effects on production.
during this reaction, a Wellzyme 1. The conventional breaker causes wormholing in the filter cake, usually near the heel of
breaker continues to randomly cleave the production assembly. 2. The uneven wormholing forces production to occur in a confined area,
links until the starch is destroyed. This not only excluding much of the interval but also concentrating production flows that can erode the
production screen prematurely. 3. In contrast to conventional breakers, a Wellzyme breaker works
slow, specific reactivity gives you a more consistently over the length of the interval, unlocking the bonds of the filter cake, without the
breaker that can be pumped evenly use of aggressive chemicals. 4. The superior results include more even and complete production as
down the length of the wellbore. There well as less wear and tear on the production assembly.
it attacks the outermost starch particles
in the f ilter cake first and continues Another key component in the the field to ensure top performance.
to break until the starch is gone. The M-I SWACO total-solutions approach Reservoir drill-in fluids optimized for
result is a consistently distributed to fluids engineering Wellzyme breakers are run in the
breaker that causes u niform filter-cake A Wellzyme breaker is not an off‑the- field using the specifications needed
breakdown. This, in turn, p romotes even, shelf additive that can be incorporated for a clean break, as established by
unrestricted drainage of the reservoir into just any completion plan. It is one our laboratory testing. Similarly, the
throughout its intended lifetime. element in the M‑I SWACO customized, Wellzyme breaker application is
Wellzyme breakers can be applied in systematic approach to fluids engineered to break the M-I SWACO
most brines, and break down most filter engineering. reservoir drill-in fluid system.
cakes within 16 hrs, and as quickly as If M-I SWACO is managing your
one hour, depending on the temperature completion, our specialists examine
of the reservoir and the reservoir your well’s formation characteristics
drill-in fluid. For thorough filter-cake and completion plan, and then design
destruction, a Wellzyme breaker can be the fluid system and breaker formulation
combined with a chelant. that will ideally match those features.
We supply and engineer the fluid in
52
DeepClean
Spacers and Displacement Chemicals
Advantages
■■ Leaves casing and pipe surfaces
in a water-wet state, ready for
completion operations
Enhanced wellbore cleanliness by
Spacers and Displacement Chemicals: DeepClean

■■
removing and dispersing the oil

based film on the first circulation
■■ Reduced costs
■■ Minimal environmental footprint
■■ Acts quickly, saving time
■■ Fewer chemicals are required
■■ Fewer pills are required and less
waste is produced
■■ Better waste separation at
the surface
■■ Potential reduction in spacer
sizes required
■■ Simplifies storage and logistics
A smaller, powerful spacer that cleans your well to water-wet in less time,
even under extreme conditions
DeepClean* additive is a powerful, Applications

single-stage spacer pill that satisfies
The DeepClean additive can be used
all the requirements of a multiple-stage
in water, seawater and high-density
displacement wash train with one
brines as a one-stage displacement
product. This efficient combination
chemical. It is temperature stable up
of powerful solvents, surfactants and
to 300°F (149°C). Its effectiveness over
water-wetting agents not only provides
a wide temperature range makes the
highly effective surface cleaning, but
Deepclean additive ideal for deepwater
does so with an excellent HSE profile.
applications.
The DeepClean additive resolves a major
The double emulsion of the DeepClean
obstacle to displacing a synthetic- or oil-
additive thins, dissolves and disperses
base drilling fluid with completion brine.
oil - or synthetic-base fluid residue. It
Conventional chemistry dictated the use
also leaves downhole tubular and metal
of several clean-up pills, comprising a
surfaces in a water-wet state.
wash train that cleans the wellbore of
the invert fluids and produces a water-
wet state. In addition, the temperature
stability of these pills usually was ill-
suited to high pressure/high temperature
(HPHT) wells. Before the DeepClean
additive was introduced, no single
product worked in water, seawater and
high density brines.
53
PowerVis
The PowerVis* linear biopolymer Applications Advantages

rheology modifier is used in coiled Higher thermal stability - > 300°F
The multi-functional PowerVis ■■
tubing fluids and solids free reservoir (149°C) in freshwater
biopolymer is used to provide viscosity
drill-in fluid systems. A viable
and solids suspension in solids free ■■ Tolerant of cement
alternative to xanthan gum biopolymer,
systems. Compared to xanthan gum, ■■ Provides the LSRV equivalent
it produces similar elevated low shear-
the PowerVis biopolymer is capable of to xanthan gum, but at a lower
rate viscosities (LSRV) but at lower
lowering system pressure by more than polymer concentration
concentration levels. In coil tubing
20%. It can be used as a viscosifier in
operations, the PowerVis biopolymer ■■ Lower PV and YP than
freshwater or low-salinity FloPro* NT
provides rheological properties that xanthan gum
systems where enhanced hole cleaning
lower ECDs, pressure loss, and free ■■ Lower ECD
is desired. The unique rheology profile
spin pressures. Lower pump pressure
of the PowerVis biopolymer delivers ■■
lower pump pressures and ECD, making ■■ Lower free spin pressures in coil
it an ideal alternative for coil tubing tubing operations
and extended reach drilling or any ■■ Extends the life of coil tubing fluids
applications where a solids-free system due to higher solids tolerance
is used. As a spacer, the flat velocity
profile of the PowerVis biopolymer
improves displacement efficiency.
Safe-Solv 148
Safe-Solv* 148 additive is a Applications Advantages

nonflammable, environmentally Designed to soften, dissolve,
Safe-Solv 148 additive is designed ■■
acceptable blend of solvents used to and suspend hydrocarbon
specifically for cleanup during the
displace or remove oil- or synthetic- deposits that could interfere
displacement of oil- or synthetic-base
base drilling fluid and solids. It is with production
drilling fluids prior to the start
designed to soften, dissolve, and
of production. ■■ Contains no aromatic or
suspend any pipe dope, paraffin wax,
It is intended to be used as a chlorinated hydrocarbons
asphaltenes, and heavy crude oil
solution in freshwater or seawater, ■■ Contains no alkylphenol
deposits on tubular surfaces or on the
and applied as a spacer. Solutions ethoxylates
wellbore surface that could restrict
may be made between 3 and 10% by Useful in dealing with the same
production. The Safe-Solv 148 additive ■■
volume through the rig hopper. Higher type of hydrocarbon deposits in

contributes to reduced filtration costs
concentrations should be used where tanks, pipes, and related
and formation damage, as well as
increased levels of hydrocarbons exist equipment
increased well productivity and lower
in the fluid to be displaced, or when
overall well costs. The Safe-Solv 148
displacing unconditioned or high-density
additive is biodegradable.
drilling fluids.
54
Safe-Solv E
Safe-Solv* E additive is a blend of

non-aromatic hydrocarbon and natural
terpene solvents designed to give Physical appearance Clear liquid
optimum grease solvency properties
Odor Pleasant, citrus-like
without using hazardous chemicals.
Spacers and Displacement Chemicals: Safe-Solv E

Safe-Solv E additive is particularly Specific gravity 0.81 @ 68°F (20°C)
effective at removing pipe dope and Flash point 144°F (62°C)
oil- or synthetic-base mud residues
from downhole surfaces, either as
part of a full wash train or separately Advantages Limitations
as part of a pipe pickling procedure ■■ Safe-Solv E additive is designed ■■ Although combustible, Safe-Solv E
prior to gravel packing. Safe-Solv E to soften, dissolve and suspend additive is not considered hazardous
additive is also effective in dissolving hydrocarbon deposits that could for U.S. ground transport when
waxes and asphaltenes and contains no interfere with production shipped in non-bulk (<119 gal [450 L])
aromatic compounds, such as benzene, ■■ Contains no aromatic or chlorinated containers. When shipped in bulk
ethylbenzene, toluene or xylene. Unlike hydrocarbons containers in the U.S., the appropriate
many commercial solvents, Safe-Solv E ■■ Does not contain warning labels are required
additive has a pleasant, citrus-like odor. alkyl-phenol ethoxylates (see Section 14 of the MSDS)
Immiscible with brine;
■■ May interact with elastomer materials
Applications
■■
distinct interface on prolonged exposure. Avoid storing

Safe-Solv E additive is designed or shipping in rubber-lined tanks
■■ Readily biodegradable in the marine
specifically for downhole use during
environment
well cleanup or pipe-pickling operations.
It may also be used to remove waxes
■■ Can be used to remove waxes
and asphaltenes from production and asphaltenes from production
tubulars. tubulars
Safe-Solv E additive is commonly used

■■ Has pleasant, citrus-like odor
as a concentrated pill or slug, but may ■■ Small volumes normally required;
also be used as a dispersion in water or can be pumped from cement unit or
brine as part of a wash train. slug pit
For mud-displacement applications,
Safe-Solv E additive should be used
in conjunction with a wash containing
a surfactant, such as Safe-Surf* E, in
order to ensure water-wet tubulars.
Safe-Solv E additive may also be used
with a surfactant in a transition pill
for SBM displacements. Contact
the Technical Services Group for
more information.
55
Safe-Solv OM
Safe-Solv OM solvent is a c ombination

of powerful, non-aromatic hydrocarbon
and natural terpene solvents and Physical appearance Clear, light yellow liquid
surfactants with exceptional oil- and
Odor Pleasant, citric
grease-solvent properties. It is fast-
acting and requires less contact time Specific gravity 0.82 (68°F) (20°C)
than “solvent only” pickling agents. Solubility (water) Very slight
Safe‑Solv OM solvent is especially
effective in removing pipe dope and Flash point 124°F (51°C) (PMCC)
oil- or synthetic-base mud residue
from casing and pipe prior to gravel Advantages
packing and other operations that may ■■ Excellent solvent spacer for pipe‑dope
carry greasy residue into the producing removal or oil-mud displacements
formation. It contains no aromatic ■■ Pleasant odor
compounds, including benzene,
ethylbenzene, toluene, or xylene (BETX).
■■ Immiscible with brine to give distinct
It does not contain alkyl-phenols such as interface
nonyl-phenol or other such surfactants. ■■ Does not contain BETX components
■■ Spent product can usually be
Applications processed with produced crude
Safe-Solv OM solvent can be used ■■ Can be used without mixing or dilution
without dilution or as a dispersion in ■■ Can be handled with the same ease
freshwater or seawater. A dispersed as diesel fuel
solution should be continuously mixed
while pumping. Sufficient volume should
be used to give a minimum of 5 min
contact time. Pump rates should be
designed to give turbulent flow.
To ensure water-wet pipe, the
Safe-Solv OM spacer should be
followed by Safe-Surf W detergent,
Safe-Surf O cleaner, or another water-
wetting surfactant package formulated
to remove oily films.
56
Safe-Surf E
Safe-Surf* E well wash is a blend

of non-ionic surfactants and powerful
water-wetting agents designed to clean Physical appearance Light, pale tan liquid
up and displace oil- and synthetic-base
Specific gravity 1 @ 68°F (20°C)
mud and solids. It disperses filter cakes
Spacers and Displacement Chemicals: Safe-Surf E

efficiently, while leaving downhole pH (conc.) 8.0
tubular and casing in a water-wet Boiling point 212°F (100°C)
condition. This contributes to reduced
filtration costs, reduced formation
damage, increased well productivity and Advantages
lower overall well costs. ■■ Safe-Surf E is a near-neutral
non‑ionic blend of surfactants
Applications and water-wetting agents that
Safe-Surf E well wash is designed will effectively emulsify and suspend
specifically for downhole use in oil and the residues of drilling mud and other
gas wells for cleanup prior to the start deposits which could otherwise
of production. damage the formation
It is intended to be used as a solution ■■ Solutions generally have a pH in the
in freshwater or seawater, and applied region of 7.5 to 9.5, which not only
as a “spacer”. Solutions may be prevents any attack of cement or
made between 5 and 10% by volume acid-sensitive formations, but also
through the rig hopper. Use higher assists in controlling possible
concentrations where higher levels of corrosion of steel
hydrocarbons exist in the mud to be ■■ The non-ionic solution is not affected
displaced. by normal levels of calcium,
magnesium or barium ions found in
most solution makeup waters
■■ It does not contain alkyl-phenol
ethoxylates
57
Safe-Surf NS
Safe-Surf NS additive is a highly

effective, environmentally friendly,
single-stage well displacement Physical appearance Clear yellow liquid
chemical, designed to perform all
the requirements of a multiple wash
displacement train with one additive. Specific gravity 0.85 to 0.95
Safe-Surf NS additive is a blend of non- Solubility (water) Very slight
ionic surfactants, incorporated into a
solvent system. When used in wellbore Flash point 158°F (70°C) (Sh CC)
cleaning operations, it performs the task
of thinning, dissolving, and dispersing in Safe‑Surf NS additive provides Advantages
oil-base mud residues as well as efficient cleanup of solids and drilling- ■■ Environmentally friendly product
ultimately leaving all downhole tubulars fluid residue during displacement with no recognized carcinogens
and metal surfaces in a water-wet state. operations and leaves all downhole
■■ Effective surfactant/solvent blend
Safe-Surf NS additive is a non-aromatic tubulars in a water-wet state without the
for removing oil- or synthetic-base
blend of solvents and surfactants with need for a subsequent surfactant wash.
drilling-fluid residue from wellbore
a high flash point and contains no Safe-Surf NS additive can be mixed in surfaces
recognized carcinogens. It is effective freshwater or seawater. It can also be
over a wide temperature range and is
■■ Surfactant content leaves metal
incorporated into a high viscosity pill
ideal for deepwater applications. surfaces in a water-wet state
to aid in r emoving heavy solids prior to
without the need for a subsequent
pumping the main cleanup pill or as a
Applications subsequent high-viscosity displacement
surfactant wash
Safe-Surf NS additive is designed ■■ Suitable for wellbore cleanup
aid following the main cleanup pill.
primarily for downhole use in oil and operations following water-base
The exact product concentration and
gas wells for cleanup during the drilling-fluid operations
spacer/wash volumes vary depending
displacement of oil- or synthetic-base on mud type and wellbore conditions. ■■ High flash point
drilling fluids prior to the start Recommendations for a specific ■■ Requires minimal contact time
of completion operations. application should be made after ■■ Although combustible, Safe‑Surf NS
Safe-Surf NS additive is recommended consulting an M‑I SWACO additive is not considered hazardous
at concentrations of 5 to 20% (v/v), in representative. for shipping because of its high
the main cleanup pill. The combined flash point
action of the solvents and surfactants
58
Safe-Surf O
Safe-Surf O well cleaner is a

concentrated blend of surfactants,
solvents, and powerful water-wetting Physical appearance Clear amber liquid
agents designed to clean up and
displace oil- and synthetic-base mud
Spacers and Displacement Chemicals: Safe-Surf O

and solids. It disperses filter cakes pH (1% in water) 3
efficiently with low environmental Solubility (water) Soluble
impact, while leaving downhole tubulars
and casing in a water-wet condition. Solubility (oil) Soluble
Flash point 153°F (67.2°C) (PMCC)
Applications
Safe-Surf O cleaner is designed
specifically for downhole use in oil and
Advantages
gas wells for cleanup prior to the start of ■■ Facilitates suspension of drilling mud
production. It is intended to be used as a residue and other deposits which
solution in freshwater or seawater, and could d amage the formation
applied as a “spacer”. Safe-Surf O well ■■ Can be dispersed in heavy brines
cleaner emulsifies oil- and s ynthetic- to provide the means for a
mud components into the water phase weighted spacer
and prevents redeposition of oil-wet ■■ Is unaffected by normal levels of
solids onto pipe surfaces. Safe-Surf O calcium, magnesium, or barium ions
cleaner contains neither aromatic found in many solution makeup waters
hydrocarbons nor alkyl-phenol ■■ Does not contain alkyl phenol
surfactants. ethoxylates
Solutions may be made between 3 and
10% by volume in the rig pits. Use Limitations
higher concentrations where higher ■■ Do not heat product
levels of hydrocarbons exist in the mud
to be displaced, or when displacing
unconditioned or high-density muds.
59
Safe-Surf W
Safe-Surf W fluid is a surfactant-based

detergent, formulated to remove water-
base drilling mud and residue from Physical appearance Colorless liquid
casing, pipe and surface equipment.
This high-pH, strong, water-wetting
cleaner helps displace mud and solids pH (10% solution) 10 to 12
from tubulars to ensure a clean wellbore Freezing point 32°F (0°C)
is obtained for placement of the
completion fluid.
Advantages
Applications ■■ Effective at low concentrations
The Safe-Surf W displacement ■■ Can be used in combination with
chemical is used as a cleaning caustic spacers
spacer between water-base mud and ■■ Contains no alkyl phenol ethoxylates
completion fluid. It disperses mud solids and is e nvironmentally friendly
into the water spacer and helps prevent ■■ Prevents mud solids from settling
subsequent “hard settling” of the solids “hard” on the bottom of containers or
as the spacer remains stagnant in a the wellbore
holding vessel. Safe-Surf W fluid is also
■■ Has no odor
used to clean surface equipment and as
a rig wash.
■■ Functions in seawater or freshwater
Added directly to freshwater or Limitations

seawater, Safe-Surf W fluid is ■■ Freezes at temperatures below
typically applied at 1 to 10% by volume,
32°F (0°C)
depending on the amount of turbulence
■■ May cause detergent builders
and degree of communication.
to precipitate during extended periods
Typical application during a wellbore
of storage temperatures significantly
displacement is 2 to 5% by volume.
greater than normal. These solids are
Surface cleaning is typically
easily dispersed and are resolubilized
accomplished with a concentration
at cooler temperatures
of 2 to 3% by volume.
As with any surfactant-base cleaner,
efficient cleaning is best achieved at
high flow rates.
60
Safe-Surf WN
Safe-Surf WN fluid is a displacement

wash chemical used as a cleaning
spacer between water-base mud and Physical appearance Viscous, yellow liquid
completion fluid. A blend of anionic and
Specific gravity 1.03 kg/L
non-ionic glucose-base surfactants
Spacers and Displacement Chemicals: Safe-Surf WN

classified for discharge in the UK, pH about 5
Safe-Surf WN cleaner helps displace Cloud point 32°F (0°C)
mud and solids from tubulars to ensure
a clean wellbore. Flash point Not flammable
Applications Advantages
Safe-Surf WN fluid is formulated ■■ Biodegradable, nonflammable, and
to remove water-base drilling mud classified for discharge (OCNS
residue and oil-mud film from casing, Category E) in the UK
pipe and surface equipment. It is used ■■ Effectively removes water, mud and oil
as a cleaning spacer between water-
film from equipment
base mud and completion fluid, as a
cleaner for surface equipment and
■■ Exhibits reduced aquatic toxicity
as a rig wash. Safe-Surf WN fluid is ■■ Efficient at low concentrations
typically applied at 1 to 10% by volume, ■■ Requires no special handling under
depending on the flow rate and degree conditions of normal use
of contamination. Typical application
during a wellbore displacement is 5 Limitations
to 10% by volume. Surface cleaning ■■ Pour point is about 32°F (0°C)
is typically accomplished with a
concentration of 2 to 3% by volume.
Safe-Surf WN fluid is added directly
to freshwater or seawater and can
be added to high-viscosity spacers
as a water-wetting agent. As with
any surfactant-base cleaner, efficient
cleaning is best achieved at high
flow rate.
61
Safe-Surf Y
Safe-Surf* Y surfactant is a blend of

non-ionic surfactants and powerful
water-wetting agents designed to Physical appearance Clear liquid
clean up and displace water-, oil-
Odor Alcohol
and synthetic-base drilling fluids
and solids. Safe-Surf Y additive will Specific gravity 0.95 to 1.05
remove drilling fluid residue from pH (concentrate) 7
casing, pipe and surface equipment.
It will emulsify oil- and synthetic-base Melting point <32°F (0°C)
drilling fluid components into the Flash point >212°F (100°C)
water phase and prevent redeposition
of oil-wet solids onto pipe s urfaces. Solubility Miscible with water
Safe-Surf Y surfactant disperses filter
cake efficiently with low environmental Advantages
impact. This strong water-wetting ■■ Safe-Surf Y surfactant is a near-
cleaner helps displace drilling fluid neutral, non-ionic blend of surfactants
and solids from downhole tubulars and water-wetting agents that will
and casing to help ensure that a clean effectively emulsify and suspend the
wellbore is obtained for the completion- residues of drilling mud and other
fluid displacement. This contributes deposits which could otherwise
to reduced filtration costs, reduced damage the formation
formation damage, increased well ■■ Solutions generally have a pH in the
productivity and lowered overall region of 7 to 9, which assists in
well costs. controlling potential steel corrosion
Applications ■■ The non-ionic solution is not affected
by normal levels of calcium,
Safe-Surf Y surfactant is designed
magnesium or barium ions found in
specifically for downhole use in oil and
most solution makeup waters
gas wells for cleanup prior to completion
operations or the start of production.
■■ It does not contain alkyl
phenol ethoxylates
Safe-Surf Y surfactant is used
as a cleaning spacer between
■■ Safe-Surf Y surfactant has a
the drilling fluid and completion fluid category “yellow” environmental
and can be mixed using freshwater, rating in Norway
seawater or brines. Solutions may
be made between 6 and 12% by volume,
depending on the flow rate, contact time
and degree of contamination.
62
Safe-T-Pickle
Safe-T-Pickle* additive is a highly

effective, non-aromatic, high flash point
pipe dope solvent that contains no Physical appearance Clear liquid
recognized carcinogens. It is effective
in cleaning commonly used copper- and
Spacers and Displacement Chemicals: Safe-T-Pickle

zinc-base compounds. A fast-acting Specific gravity 0.82
solvent that requires minimum contact Solubility (water) Very slight
time, Safe-T-Pickle additive is effective
over a wide temperature range and is Flash point 144°F (62°C) (CCCFP)
ideal for deepwater applications.
15% HCl). At least two drillstring volumes Advantages
Applications should be reverse circulated following ■■ Excellent solvent for pipe
Safe-T-Pickle solvent removes excess the pickle to ensure the drillstring is free dope removal
pipe dope that is used to lubricate pipe of debris.
■■ Effective solvent for difficult
threads during tripping operations. Example: Volume/Pump Rate required copper-base pipe dopes
Removal efficiency is a function of flow for five minutes’ contact time in 5.5 in.
rate and contact time. A minimum of
■■ High flash point
(139.7 mm) 24.7# drillstring:
five minutes’ contact at a flow rate of ■■ No recognized carcinogens
120 ft/min (36.6 m/min) is recommended. ■■ No hazardous components (BETX)
Pumping should proceed down Pump rate Volume ■■ Requires minimal (~ 5 min)
the drillstring until the solvent is several (BPM) (gal) contact time
barrels from the end of the string. The 2.0 420
solvent should then be reversed out at 2.5 525
Limitations
the maximum allowable rate to aid the ■■ Not recommended to mix directly
3.0 630
removal of debris cleaned from the pipe. with acid. Acid returns should be
3.5 735
If the pipe dope solvent circulation is neutralized with soda ash at a rate of
4.0 840
followed by a pickling acid to remove 2 lb (0.9 kg) Na2CO3/gal of 15% HCl
pipe scale, solvent and spent acid, 4.5 945
returns should not be co-mingled until 5.0 1,050
the acid is fully neutralized with soda
ash (2 lb [0.9 kg] Na2CO3 per gal of
63
Well Commissioner (WC)

Specialized Tools: Liner Top Test Tools
The Well Commissioner* Wellbore How it works

Productivity* tool from M‑I SWACO is
The Well Commissioner tool is run on
unique in that it is designed to allow
the drillstring, spaced out to land on
inflow and negative tests to be carried
the liner-top Polished-Bore Receptacle
out on a liner overlap and the liner shoe
(PBR) when the cleanout string is at final
track on the same trip as the wellbore
depth. The integral Razor Back lantern
cleanup. It can also be used to perform
cleans ahead of the packoff element
an inflow or negative test on the liner top
and prepares the area in which the tool
and liner shoe track at any time during
itself is to be set. The bypass under the
the life of the well. Regardless of when
element is open while running in hole
the tool is run, it results in significant
and allows high-rate circulation without
savings in rig time compared to other
the need for fluids to go around the
methods of performing an inflow test.
outside of the element (Figure 1).
Significant reduction in oil-contaminated
seawater or brine volumes generated is
also possible where OBM is in use.
Advantages
Weight
The Well Commissioner tool eliminates gauge
the need for a controlled displacement
of the entire well to lower density fluid Safety trip
through the choke with the blowout button
preventers closed. It also eliminates
a dedicated run with a retrievable Figure 1. Pick up off the liner and begin
packer to perform the test, saving circulating and conditioning the mud.
significant rig time. Positive tests on the
casing or liner can also be carried out.
Significant reduction in waste v olumes
of contaminated fluids is also made.
Features Advantages
■■ One-piece mandrel ■■ Saves rig time and improves
■■ Integral Razor Back* effectiveness of cleanup
(scraper) lantern ■■ Simple to operate
■■ Integral liner-top dress mill ■■ Allows inflow/negative test on same
■■ Internal bypass under packoff element trip as cleanup
■■ Standard tool rated to 5,000 psi ■■ Allows drilling and milling with tool
(345 bar) differential up to in string
302°F (150°C) ■■ Reduces waste volumes
■■ High-pressure tool rated to
7,000 psi (483 bar) differential up
to 302°F (150°C)
64
Operation When a Well Commissioner tool is run

in conjunction with an MFCT unit,
When the integral liner-top dress mill
at least 10,000 lb (4,536 kg) effective
lands on the PBR, it can be used to dress
string weight (tension) should be
off the PBR top if required. A tieback mill
available below the tool when it is
can be run below the tool to clean inside
at operating depth. If this is not the
the PBR.
case, consideration should be given to
A low-density water- or oil-base fluid is
Specialized Tools: Liner Top Test Tools: Well Commissioner (WC)

increasing the shear rating on the
then pumped into the upper portion of
MFCT unit or running a Clutch-Type,
the drill pipe to reduce the hydrostatic Figure 2. Slowly bleed down the work-string Heavy-Duty MFCT unit or adding
pressure on the liner overlap and liner pressure to begin the inflow test.
drill‑collarweight to the string below.
shoe track. While back pressure on the
The MFCT* (Multi-Function Circulating It is recommended that a tieback mill
drill pipe is held, the tool is set down on
Tool) can be run above the liner top to is run below the Well Commissioner
the liner top, the packoff element is set
boost circulation rates. tool to polish the inside of the tieback
and the bypass closed. Back pressure
receptacle of the PBR. This reduces the
bleed-off is the inflow test performed by
monitoring for an increased pressure in
Operating Parameters risk of a cement sheath, or other debris
If an MFCT unit is proposed in the same buildup, preventing the tool from seating
the drill pipe, indicating inflow (Figure 2).
string as the Well Commissioner tool, on top of the tieback receptacle or PBR.
When the test is complete, r epressurize
M-I SWACO will perform a torque and Maximum running-in‑hole/pulling-out-
to the previous back pressure, pick up
drag analysis to verify the effective of-hole speed is 150 ft/min (46 m/min).
to release the packoff element and open
tension in the string at the liner top The required inflow test pressure can
the bypass. The normal cleanup and
while tripping in hole at 150 ft/min only be achieved, if the resulting loading
displacement to completion fluid can
(46 m/min) without rotation. on the liner hanger system is within
now be conducted.
operating guidelines.
Operating parameters
Maximum Maximum
Tool (casing) Maximum rotating
rotating speed in compression at tool
size, in. speed in tension, rpm
compression, rpm when rotating, lb (kg)
7 – 85⁄8 100 60 5,000 (2,268)
95⁄8 – 10¾ 120 90 10,000 (4,536)
These are general guidelines only and are subject to review, if required,
for individual circumstances.
65
BristleBack Redressable
Specialized Tools: Casing Cleaning Tools
The BristleBack Redressable* brush Applications

tool utilizes a unique lantern design
The BristleBack Redressable brush is
that provides greater bristle life. This
run as an integral part of the drillstring to
lantern design also allows easy, remote
brush the casing ID clean as the pipe is
location redressing when required,
run in hole. It can be run as part of most
saving time and delivering a higher level
drilling/milling/ polishing assemblies and
of service. The tool’s effective, robust,
can be rotated and reciprocated without
and flexible design allows for complex,
damage to either the casing or the tool.
precompletion/Drill-Stem Test (DST) and
workover cleanup operations.
Features Advantages
■■ Brush cleaning life prolonged during ■■ Scouring action ensures a
rotation clean pipe wall
■■ Self-centralizing, flexible-brush ■■ Non-rotating stabilizer sleeves and
lantern lantern avoid wear or damage to the
■■ Available in all common casing/liner casing and the tool bristles during
sizes pipe rotation
■■ Supplied with drill-pipe box-up/pin- ■■ Self-centralizing lantern distributes
down connections cleaning force equally for all hole
■■ Brush pads can easily be inclinations
replaced on location ■■ Removes mud solids, cement sheath
and pipe scale
■■ Saves time and inventory
requirements
66
Heavy-Duty Razor Back CCT (HDRB)

The Heavy-Duty Razor Back CCT angles of well inclination. The mandrel
(Casing Cleanup Tool) from M‑I SWACO rotates through the stabilizer sleeves
Wellbore Productivity consists of and lantern to avoid wear or damage
a high-strength, one-piece m andrel and to the casing during pipe rotation.
is designed to meet the demands of The tool is HTHP-compatible and is not
complex wellbore cleanups. By allowing vulnerable to chemical or acid attack.
a higher RPM and weight-on-bit rating
Operation
Specialized Tools: Casing Cleaning Tools: Heavy-Duty Razor Back CCT (HDRB)
than the standard Razor Back CCT
device, the Heavy-Duty Razor Back CCT The Heavy-Duty Razor Back CCT device
unit is well suited for drilling up cement is run with a maximum running-in-hole/
accessories commonly found inside the pulling-out-of-hole speed of 150 ft/min
liner or casing. (46 m/min) and should be positioned
at least 30 ft (9 m) above the drill bit/
Advantages mill. The string should be picked up off-
The Heavy-Duty Razor Back CCT device bottom and circulated regularly to clear
is more effective, robust and safer to any accumulation of debris.
use in all wellbore-cleanup or casing- Where possible, the bit or mill OD should
scrapingoperations than other designs. be greater than the stabilizer sleeve
It has a higher RPM and weight‑on-bit OD of the tool. If this is not possible,
rating than the standard it is recommended that a full-gauge
Razor Back CCT unit. mill be run below the first Heavy-Duty
The lantern is self-centralizing inside the Razor Back CCT unit in the bottomhole
pipe to ensure equal cleaning force at all assembly.
Features Advantages
■■ Self-centralizing flexible- ■■ Fixed-mill rings enhance efficiency
bladed lantern when drilling cement accessories
■■ Increased strength, one-piece main ■■ Lower mill ring ensures larger cuttings
mandrel are ground down to a size that is
■■ Carbide-compound-covered, fixed- manageable for other cleanup tools in
mill rings the string
■■ Available in all common casing and ■■ Mandrel rotates through stabilizer
liner sizes sleeves and lantern to avoid damage
■■ Supplied with drill-pipe box-up/pin- to casing during pipe rotation
down connections ■■ Lantern is self-centralizing
inside casing and ensures an
equal cleaning force for all hole
inclinations
67
How it works
This tool has all the unique features of to a size that makes it easier for
the standard Razor Back CCT device, them to circulate past any other tools
plus a carbide-compound coated in the string.
fixed upper and lower mill ring and an The one-piece, main mandrel is
increased-strength, one-piece mandrel. complete with non-rotating, right-hand
This ensures the tool can cope with spiral stabilizer sleeves and a metal-
the demands of drilling up cement bladed lantern covering 360°. The main
accessories commonly found inside tool body rotates through the stabilizer
the liner or casing. When a drill bit or sleeves and lantern, avoiding wear
mill is used, cuttings generated are not or damage to the casing during pipe
always small enough to easily pass rotation. The metal-bladed lantern is
inside or around wellbore-cleanup tools. strong, flexible and self‑centralizing,
The lower mill ring of the Heavy-Duty providing the force to contact and
Razor Back CCT unit ensures that larger scrape the pipe ID equally and
cuttings and debris are ground down effectively.
Maximum Maximum
4½ – 5½ 90 60 30,000 (13,608)
7 – 75⁄8 100 60 35,000 (15,876)
95⁄8 – 11¾ 120 90 50,000 (22,680)
133⁄8 120 100 55,000 (24,948)
68
MultiBack (MBACK)
The MultiBack* combination casing How it works

cleaning tool merges the latest proven
The MultiBack tool is run in the well
magnet, scraper, and brush technologies
as a conventional wellbore preparation
into a simplified and rugged tool that
tool on the workstring. The lanterns for
can be used on wellbore preparation
the scraper and brush unit are flexible,
trips. The flexibility of the component
non-rotating, and provide the force to
arrangement provides numerous options
contact and clean 360° of the casing’s
Specialized Tools: Casing Cleaning Tools: MultiBack (MBACK)

to customize the tool for a specific
internal diameter. Its self-centralizing
application.
design ensures equal cleaning force
at all angles of inclination. The magnet
Applications
section comprises a mandrel with
The modular design of the MultiBack
fins that allow for large flow channels
tool allows it to be configured for
between them. The magnets are
specific applications or requirements.
installed on the inside faces of the
The MultiBack tool has an integral
fins using a method for retaining the
magnet section to capture ferrous
individual magnets so that the debris is
debris, scrapers to dislodge difficult-
collected in the high volume channels.
to-remove debris, and brushes to
The magnet section is integral in the tool
disturb the sheath and any other fluid
while the scraper and brush sections
build-up on the inner wall of the casing
are interchangeable.
or liner. The tool can be run in the inner
production riser, casing, and liner to
remove a combination of scale, rust,
mud film, drilling debris, ferrous debris,
and pipe dope.
Features Advantages
■■ One tool carries scrapers, brushes, or ■■ MultiBack combination tool provides
magnets on the same mandrel brushing, scraping and magnetic
■■ Large flow area between magnets to debris recovery
capture large debris ■■ Scouring action of brush and scraping
■■ BristleBack Redressable brush action of scraper removes cement
component can be readily redressed sheath, burrs, and pipe scale to
at remote locations ensure a clean pipe wall
■■ Self-centralizing lanterns distribute
cleaning force equally for all hole
inclinations
■■ No risk of casing wear or damage
from rotating stabilizers or lanterns
■■ Large capacity for up to 67 lb (41 kg)
of ferrous material retrieval
■■ Recovered debris from magnets
removed easily on location
69
Razor Back CCT (RB)

This new-generation improvement in it does not pass through any drilled-out

metal-bladed scraper design brings accessories such as landing or float
even the most complex wellbore collars. The string should regularly be
cleanups under control. The Razor Back picked up off-bottom and circulated to
CCT (Casing Cleanup Tool) has critically clear any accumulated debris.
important features not found on any Where possible, the bit or mill OD should
other metal-bladed casing scraper that be greater than the stabilizer sleeve OD
render it more effective, more robust of the Razor Back CCT device. If this
and safer to use in wellbore cleanup is not possible, it is recommended that
and casing scraping operations. a full-gauge mill be run below the first
Razor Back CCT unit in the bottomhole
Advantages assembly. It is not recommended to drill
The lantern is self-centralizing inside the cement with a small Razor Back CCT
tubular to ensure equal cleaning force (3½ to 5½ in.) device. Alternatively, it is
at all angles of well inclination. The suggested that a dedicated slick-drilling
mandrel rotates through the stabilizer run be made first to drill out the excess
sleeves and lantern to avoid wear cement and establish Plug Back Total
or damage to the casing during pipe Depth (PBTD) prior to the cleanup run.
rotation. The tool is HTHP-compatible Should a slick run not be possible,
and is not vulnerable to chemical or a Heavy-Duty Razor Back CCT unit is
acid attack. recommended.
Operation
The Razor Back CCT unit is run with
maximum running-in‑hole/pulling-out-of-
hole speed of 150 ft/min (46 m/min), and
should be positioned at least 30 ft (9 m)
above the drill bit/mill and placed so that
Features Advantages
■■ Non-rotating, 360° coverage, self- ■■ Removes cement sheath, burrs,
centralizing metal‑bladed lantern pipe scale
■■ Right-hand spiral stabilizer sleeves ■■ Eliminates risk of casing
with flutes for fluid and debris bypass wear/damage from stabilizers
■■ Available in all common casing and or blades during rotation
liner sizes ■■ Enhances chemical cleaning action
■■ Supplied with drill-pipe box-up/pin-
down connections
70
How it works
The Razor Back CCT Wellbore cleanup system. It can be rotated and and provides the force to contact and
Productivity tool from M‑I SWACO reciprocated without fear of damage to scrape the pipe ID effectively. While
is run as an integral part of the casing or the tool itself. running in hole, it is good practice to
drillstring to scrape the casing as the The Razor Back CCT device consists break circulation and reciprocate the
pipe is run in hole. It can be run as of a one-piece main mandrel complete pipe regularly (every 5,000 ft [1,524 m])
part of most drilling/milling/polishing with non-rotating, right-hand spiral to disperse and enhance the cleanup of
Specialized Tools: Casing Cleaning Tools: Razor Back CCT (RB)

assemblies, as a standalone device or, stabilizer sleeves and a metal-bladed any debris buildup.
more often, with circulating tools and lantern covering 360°. The metal-bladed
the Well Patroller* tool as part of the lantern is both strong and flexible,
Maximum Maximum
Maximum rotating
Tool size rotating speed in compression at tool
speed in tension, rpm
3½ 60 60 3,000 (1,361)
3½ – 5½ 90 60 5,000 (2,268)
65⁄8 – 85⁄8 100 60 10,000 (4,536)
95⁄8 – 133⁄8 120 90 15,000 (6,804)
16 120 90 50,000 (22,680)
71
Razor Back CCT with Integral Top Dress Mill

(RBTDM)
The Razor Back CCT (Casing Cleanup Features
Tool) with Integral Top Dress Mill from ■■ Secure components
M-I SWACO Wellbore Productivity
■■ Self-centralizing,
ensures that the casing is scraped to a
flexible-blade lantern
point very close to the top of the liner
so that subsequently installed liner-
■■ Available in all common
top tieback packers will be set and casing‑liner sizes; complete
sealed in a clean, properly prepared with top dress mill for all common
section of casing. PBR sizes
■■ Supplied with drill-pipe box-
Applications up/pin-down connections
This tool is designed as a mechanical
aid for cleaning wellbore casings
Advantages
and dressing liner-top Polished-Bore ■■ Removes cement and mud
Receptacles (PBRs). The tool is HTHP- solids, burrs, pipe scale
compatible and not vulnerable to ■■ Enhances chemical
chemical or acid attack. It can be run as cleaning action
a standalone device or in conjunction ■■ Scrapes casing very close
with circulating tools, Bristle Back CCT to the liner top
units and chemical cleaning agents.
The Razor Back CCT unit is very robust
and effective in removing mud solids,
heavy cement sheath, heavy pipe scale
and perforation burrs from the casing
ID, in addition to dressing off the
liner-top PBR.
How it works
The Razor Back CCT device c onsists
of a one-piece body, a non‑rotating
stabilizer sleeve, a non-rotating scraping
bladed lantern, and an integral liner-
top dress mill. The body rotates through
the upper stabilizer sleeve to avoid
wear/damage to the casing during pipe
rotation. The bladed lantern is strong
and flexible and provides the force to
contact and clean 360° of the pipe ID.
The lantern is self-centralizing inside
the pipe to ensure equal cleaning
force at all angles of inclination. No
clamps, bolts, threaded rings, springs or
multiple scraper blocks that may be lost
downhole are used in tool construction.
72
Ridge Back Burr Mill (RBBM)

The Ridge Back* Burr Mill is an ID-restricting materials (e.g., heavy pipe
M‑I SWACO Wellbore Productivity scale) from the inside of casing/liner to
casing cleanup tool developed for use regain full pipe ID.
in perforated casing or liner to remove
perforation burrs and to ensure the safe Operation
passage of c ompletion equipment. At least one Magno Back* tool should
be run above the Ridge Back Burr Mill
Advantages
Specialized Tools: Casing Cleaning Tools: Ridge Back Burr Mill (RBBM)
to collect the milled material. In addition,
A unique feature of the Ridge Back Burr consideration should be given to running
Mill is the ability to turn it off once the a Razor Back tool and a Well Patroller
milling/cleaning operation is complete unit above the top Magno Back tool.
if other extensive rotation is anticipated It should be run at a maximum run-in-
before pulling out of the hole. This is hole/pull-out‑of‑hole speed of 150 ft/min
achieved by circulating a ball down, (46 m/min). If the string is to be rotated
and shifting an internal support sleeve, at the same depth for more than 30 min,
to remove the expanding force on the it is recommended that the Ridge Back
milling ribs. These ribs are then held Burr Mill be deactivated. This is
recessed into the tool and away from achieved by dropping and circulating
the pipe ID. a ball to the tool and applying pressure
Full circulation through the ID of the tool to shift the internal support sleeve.
is possible before and after the support It should be noted that when the tool is
sleeve is moved. The tool can also deactivated, it cannot be reactivated.
be used to clear off equally stubborn
Features Advantages
■■ One-piece mandrel ■■ Provides advanced wellbore cleanup
■■ Cleans by rotation and up/down in the post-perforating well phase,
pipe movement where a high degree of casing or liner
■■ Supplied with drill-pipe box- ID smoothness through the perforated
up/pin‑down connections interval is required
■■ Available in all common casing/
■■ Completely removes perforation burrs,
liner sizes preventing damage to completion
equipment, including expandable
■■ Milling ribs can be deactivated by ball
screens/expandable pipe used in
drop to minimize casing wear d uring
complex/smart completions
periods of prolonged rotation
■■ Capability to turn off tool once the
milling/cleaning operation is complete
to avoid casing wear
73
How it works
The Ridge Back Burr Mill is built on a has a fixed stabilizer sleeve to provide (10 ft/min [3 m/min]), while rotating at
one-piece drill-pipe mandrel and is balanced support to the mill ribs. the recommended 60 rpm. This ensures
equipped with three expandable milling Removal of perforation burrs is sufficient contact time between the mill
ribs that make contact with the full ID of achieved by running in hole and pulling ribs and each perforation to effectively
the casing/liner. The right-hand face of out of hole through the perforated remove all burrs and leave the pipe ID
the milling rib is dressed with a carbide interval at a predetermined speed smooth and free of restrictions.
compound so that the expanding force,
coupled with right-hand rotation,
ensures perforation burrs are removed
from the ID of the pipe.
The lower end of the tool has a fixed-
mill sleeve (Figure 1), also dressed
with a carbide compound to remove
a proportion of the p erforation burrs
before the expandable mill ribs remove
the remainder of the burrs to reinstate Figure 1. Lower fixed mill sleeve. Figure 2. Burrs on tubular ID prior to cleaning
with Ridge Back* Burr Mill.
the full pipe ID. The upper end of the tool
Maximum Maximum rotating Maximum rotating
Deactivation
Tool size, in. rotating speed in speed in tension speed in tension
pressure, psi (bar)
compression, rpm (activated), rpm (deactivated), rpm
7 – 81⁄16 60 60 100 1,800 (124)
95⁄8 – 10¾ 60 60 120 830 (57)
74
SwitchBack (SWB)
The SwitchBack* casing cleaning tool Applications

is versatile and can be configured as
The SwitchBack can be utilized in
a scraper, brush or mill. It can be run
situations where sand screens are
as an integral part of the BHA while
being used, a packer setting area
drilling the final hole section multiple
needs to be cleaned or while milling
tools can be run in a single string that
a perforation interval. By having the
allows scraping, brushing, milling, or
tool properly located in the drilling
Specialized Tools: Casing Cleaning Tools: SwitchBack (SWB)

a combination of all three operations.
BHA, the targeted casing section can
While RIH and during drilling operations
then be cleaned and prepared for the
the component pads are recessed. Once
subsequent operation without making
drilling operations have reached TD the
a dedicated cleanup trip.
SwitchBack tool can be functioned by
dropping a ball and applying pressure. As
the ball shears through the tool the pads
extend to begin the clean up operation.
Features Advantages
■■ Modular design allows flexibility ■■ Saves a trip by allowing scraping,
among scraping, brushing and milling milling or brushing of lower
modes completion packer setting areas
■■ High torque, rugged design for use in during final hole section drilling
demanding applications ■■ The dormancy feature (pads recessed
■■ Recessed blades that are RIH in until activated) greatly reduces risk of
dormant position pack-off around tool blades during
■■ Activated by ball-drop using patented drilling
ball seat technology ■■ Patented ball seat technology enables
■■ Cleaning action in rotation, force multiple tools, all activated by the
exerted on casing ID by magnetic same ball, to
repulsion of pads be run in the same string saving rig
time
■■ Integral stabilizer to provide
standoff – fluted design for maximized
■■ Disperses accumulated cuttings beds
bypass through a combination of hydraulic
and mechanical actions, particularly
■■ Innovative pad retention mechanism
when used with the Well
■■ Pads locked in dormant or engaged Commander* drilling valve
positions
■■ Generous bypass flow area minimizes
ECD increases
75
Clutch-Type, Heavy-Duty MFCT (MFCT-HD)

Specialized Tools: Circulating Tools
The Clutch-Type, Heavy-Duty Multi- to displace debris or fluid out of the hole.
Function Circulating Tool (MFCT-HD)* It also allows flow rates to be boosted
unit from M‑I SWACO Wellbore at a liner top to increase the annular
Productivity is a valuable option velocity of the wellbore fluid, thereby
when well cleanout is required in increasing the cleaning action. The tool
deeper, deviated wells and/or when is particularly suited to wells with small
it is necessary to start and stop the liner diameters in which well-cleanup
cleanout operation at several places operations are performed prior to
in the wellbore. running completions or test strings. The
tool can be run when drilling cement
Applications and milling/polishing liner-top PBRs.
This tool is an enhanced version of the The use of this tool also allows the
original MFCT device and is suited for spotting of chemical pills and the
use in deeper, deviated wells where efficient displacement of wellbore
there is a requirement for higher fluids. In addition, it offers the benefit
tensile and torsional ratings. It is also of pipe rotation and circulation above
applicable when it is desirable to lock a liner, with the jetting ports open,
this type of circulating tool in the open/ while protecting the lower string from
closed position, such as performing potentially damaging torque. When the
an inflow test on a liner lap. tool is open, only the drillstring above
The Clutch-Type, Heavy-Duty MFCT unit the tool can be rotated. When the tool
has the same basic functionality as the is closed, the complete string can be
original version. It allows higher rotated with circulation directed through
circulation rates to be achieved at the bit or mill.
various times during a wellbore cleanup
Features Advantages
■■ Does not require darts or balls to be ■■ Allows flow rates to be boosted at
pumped down the drill pipe a liner top to increase the annular
■■ Can be cycled open and closed in velocity of the wellbore fluid, thereby
the hole as many times as required increasing cleaning action
by simply slacking off/picking up the ■■ Allows spotting of chemical pills and
drill pipe efficient displacement of wellbore
■■ Allows drilling/milling to take place fluids
with the tool in the string ■■ Gives the benefit of pipe rotation and
■■ Internal clutch for drillstring rotation circulation above a liner with the ports
above the tool with the circulating open, while protecting the lower
ports open string from potentially damaging
■■ Can be locked closed in compression torque
to avoid premature opening while RIH;
can be locked open in tension to allow
the tool to be picked up off the liner
top while continuing to circulate
at high rates
76
How it works
The Clutch-Type, Heavy-Duty MFCT
device is run with a suitable no-go
device (liner-top dressing mill, b earing
sub or stabilizer) below it, allowing it to
be operated without putting the lower
string in compression. No darts or balls
Specialized Tools: Circulating Tools: Clutch-Type, Heavy-Duty MFCT (MFCT-HD)

need to be pumped down the drill pipe,
and the tool can be operated in the hole
Pressure Pump rate
as many times as required by simply
slacking off/picking up the string. When
Running In Hole (RIH), the tool is fully
stroked out, with all circulation passing
through the end of the drillstring. In
this initial position, rotating torque is
transmitted to the whole drillstring.
Figure 1. Slack off onto the liner top without circulation with sufficient weight to shear the shear
The tool has shear screws installed to
ring and open the circulation ports. Check circulation rates to establish that the tool is open.
ensure that it will not open prematurely
while RIH. If the shear screws are
inadvertently sheared by high drag
forces, the tool will remain closed and
RIH can continue without any further
action being taken.
To operate the Clutch-Type, Heavy-
Duty MFCT device, the driller sets the
tool down and applies the required
weight to shear the screws. When the
screws are sheared, the outer body of
the tool moves down a short distance,
putting the tool into the “locked-closed”
position. The string is then picked up and
slacked off again to move the outer body
down the full stroke length, putting the
tool in the open position. High circulating
rates can now be achieved through the Figure 2. Slack off onto the liner top without circulation to open the tool. Displace the drill-
circulating ports. If required, the tool pipe/casingannulus and rotate the string. Note that the clutch is now d isengaged and only the
can be picked up off the liner top into upper string is rotated in this position.
the “locked-open” position. Rotation
is still not transmitted below the tool
in this position. To close the tool, the
string is slacked off and picked up once
again, returning it to the original closed
position. The tool can be opened and
closed as many times as required by
manipulating the string.
77
Dual-Action Bypass Sub (DABS)

The DABS* (Dual-Action Bypass Sub) Advantages

Completions Wellbore Productivity tool
The DABS tool permits jetting
from M‑I SWACO is designed to run in
operations while running in hole and/or
the cleanup string when it is desirable
when pulling out of hole.
to jet the riser and Blowout Preventer
(BOP) while Running In Hole (RIH) and/or Operating Parameters
when Pulling Out Of Hole (POOH). It can
Note that the balls do not need to
also be used nearer the bottom of the
be circulated down at this reduced rate.
string as a bypass valve above a drilling
It is only when the ball nears the ball
motor or small‑diameter tail pipe.
seat that these rates should be applied
(see table below).
Maximum circulating Maximum circulating
Tool size, in. Rotating speed rate when landing balls, rate in the open position,
gpm (bbl/min) bbl/min
3½ IF No limit 63 (1.5) 15
4½ IF No limit 105 (2.5) 30
XTM50 No limit 105 (2.5) 30
Features How it works

■■ One-piece, full-strength mandrel The tool is run in the open position to jet
■■ Two sets of ports and two internal ball and clean as it moves through the riser
seats that can be moved to open/ and BOPs. The external jetting ports on
close ports the sub are then closed to circulate
■■ Available in 4¾ and 6½ in. OD once again, and reopened when POOH,
allowing jetting to occur.
■■ Also available as 11 and 16 in. (279
and 406 mm) jetting tools
Circulating position POOH and jetting position
Advantages
■■ Used to jet BOPs and risers
■■ Can be used to bypass drilling motors
■■ Can be run above small, non‑ Closed Open
draining pipe
Ports Ports
Operation
The DABS unit is RIH with the cleanup Closed Closed
string, self-filling through the open ports
and circulating/jetting as required. A
ball is dropped to close the ports, then
drilling or circulating occurs as required
(Figure 1). Dropping another ball opens
the ports to trip out which allows self-
Figure 1. The lower ports are closed by Figure 2. The upper ports can be
draining and circulation/jettingto take dropping a ball and applying pressure. opened by dropping a second ball
place as required (Figure 2). and applying pressure.
78
Multi-Function Circulating Tool,

Clutch-Type (MFCT)
Efficient drilling is dependent on keeping is particularly suited to wells with small
the hole free of debris. The clutch-type liner diameters where well cleanups are
MFCT (Multi-Function Circulating Tool) performed prior to running completions
unit, developed for use when well or test strings. This tool can be run when
cleanout is required prior to running drilling cement and milling/polishing
completions or test strings, is a liner-top Polished-Bore Receptacles
valuable option. (PBRs), providing pipe rotation above
Specialized Tools: Circulating Tools: Multi-Function Circulating Tool, Clutch-Type (MFCT)

the liner with the ports open while
Applications protecting the string below from
The MFCT Completions Wellbore potentially damaging torque.
Productivity tool from M‑I SWACO
Features Advantages
■■ Does not require darts or balls to be ■■ Offers the option of performing the
pumped down the drill pipe open/closed cycle as many times as
■■ Can be operated in the hole as many required without having to pull out of
times as required by slacking off or hole, allowing immediate control of
picking up the drill pipe the circulation route
■■ Allows drilling or milling to take place ■■ More accurate fluid placement than
with the tool in the string can be obtained with a conventional
■■ Internal clutch allows drillstring ball drop circulation sub
rotation above the tool with the ■■ Only transmits rotating torque above
circulating ports open the circulating ports, protecting the
■■ Available to run in all common casing lower string from potentially damaging
and liner sizes torque
■■ Increases flow rate in the
annular sections
How it works
The MFCT unit is operated in a similar The tool is now open and high
fashion to a bumper sub used during circulation rates can be attained
drilling. The tool, made up with a shear through the tool ports. Rotating torque
ring in place (7,000 to 60,000 lb [3,175 is only transmitted above the circulating
to 27,216 kg] shear), is fully stroked out ports (clutch disengaged). Circulation
when running in hole, and circulation is restored through the end of the
passes through the end of the drillstring. drillstring by simply picking up the drill
Rotating torque is transmitted to the pipe, moving the outer sleeve up and
whole string (clutch engaged). Upon re-engaging the clutch. The open-
first a ctivation, the required weight closed cycle can be performed as many
is slacked off onto a device, such as times as required without the need for
a stabilizer or top-dress mill, at the expensive trips out of the hole, giving
point of interest (usually above a the driller immediate, positive control of
small-diameterliner) and the outer the circulation route.
sleeve moves down, allowing the fluid
bypass to be activated.
79
Ported Bypass Sub (PBS)

The Ported Bypass Sub helps to

establish communication between the
fluids in the drill-pipe pressure and fluid
flow around a tool in the drillstring.
Applications
The Ported Bypass Sub from
M‑I SWACO Wellbore Productivity is
normally run above the Well Patroller Port
tool to provide an additional means
of equalizing pressure and fluid
flow around the tool, should it fill
with debris while pulling out of hole.
The Well Patroller unit is run as a
contingency device, and is only
opened if required.
The Ported Bypass Sub can also
function as a drill-pipe drain sub.
RIH closed position
Figure 1. The Ported Bypass Sub is run

How it works in the hole in the closed position.
The tool is run in the closed position,
and when required, a ball is dropped
to open the ports. Fluid can then be
pumped both through the ports and
down through the tool.
The Ported Bypass Sub is open
communication between the drill pipe
and the annulus.
Port
Features
■■ One-piece, full-strength drill‑pipe
mandrel
■■ Ball retained on seat in tool
Advantages
■■ To open up communication between
the internal diameter of the drill pipe
and the annulus Open in bypass position
Figure 2. When pulled out of the hole, the tool is

in the open position.
80
Single-Action Bypass Sub (SABS)

This tool makes it possible to boost the How it works

flow velocity in a casing string above
Initially, the tool is run in hole with its
a liner or casing crossover where a
ports in the closed position. To open the
smaller liner exists.
ports, a ball is dropped, and the pump
rate is increased to circulate at higher
Applications
annular velocity through the ports in the
The SABS unit from M-I SWACO
tool. To close the ports, a second ball is
Specialized Tools: Circulating Tools: Single-Action Bypass Sub (SABS)

Wellbore Productivity is used: to boost
dropped, and pumping can be resumed
the flow velocity in a casing string
through the string below the sub. Once
above a liner or casing crossover
dropped, both balls remain on seat at
where a smaller liner exists; to spot
all times.
lost-circulation material or other pills,
To have the option of reopening and then
bypassing the motor or measurement-
re-closing ports after the initial cycle,
while-drilling tool; to boost flow in the
two SABS units can be run in tandem.
annulus to remove cuttings beds; or
to jet wellhead, blowout preventers The SABS tool is used to boost flow
or risers. velocity in a casing string above a liner
or casing crossover.
RIH position Open and circulating position
Port (closed) Port (open)

Features
■■ One-piece, full-strength mandrel
■■ Balls retained on seats in tool
Advantages
■■ When using the SABS (Single-
Action Bypass Sub) tool to jet the
riser, wellhead and/or BOP stack,
the large, 11 to 16 in. (279 to
Figure 1. When desirable during the wellbore Figure 2. The pump rate can then be increased 406 mm) OD sleeves allow the jets
cleanup, a ball is dropped to a ball seat and to circulate at increased annular velocity to clean closer to the profile
pressure applied to open up the ports. through the ports in the tool. ■■ To reopen and close ports after
the initial cycle, two SABS units
can be run in tandem
81
Well Commander
Applications
The innovative Well Commander
tool is used in the I-BOSS* wellbore
strengthening technology to provide
an alternate path for placing the
WSM in troublesome zones. The tool
allows placement without having to
pass the material through size- and
concentration-restricted BHAs.
Placing the Well Commander tool
above an under-reamer or similar ball-
drop tool can be highly advantageous.
The Well Commander tool permits
increasing annular velocities during
drilling operations by bypassing BHA
components. In addition it can be used
to enhance annular velocities during
displacements. Typically, this capability
The Well Commander tool is a ball
prevents or removes cuttings-bed
activated circulating valve that can
buildup, enhances fluid displacement
be placed above sensitive bottomhole
and simplifies reverse circulation.
equipment such as MWD and LWD
tools, core barrels and mud motors. It The tool can be used as a fill or drain
provides an alternate circulation path for valve while tripping the drill string to
performing numerous critical functions control surge and swab pressures.
and mitigating drilling hazards. The The Well Commander valve can also
Well Commander tool mitigates the be used to place kill weight fluid in
problems encountered with a restrictive underbalanced or managed pressure
BHA that limits the flow rate and drilling operations.
annular velocity. These BHA restrictions
also limit the size and concentration
of the loss circulation or wellbore
strengthening material needed for lost-
circulation zones. The Well Commander
tool provides a large, flow-area bypass
on demand through as many as nine
open-and-close cycles in one trip.
82
Features Advantages
■■ The tool has a generous flow through ■■ Due to the large flow area, pump
area via multiple ports rates can be boosted significantly
■■ The Bypass Ball Catcher has an increasing annular velocities to
18 ball capacity which allows up to aid in cuttings-beds removal
9 complete open/close cycles ■■ Coarse lost-circulation or wellbore-
The same size ball opens and closes strengthening materials can bypass
Specialized Tools: Circulating Tools: Well Commander

■■
the ports sensitive downhole drilling tools and

■■ The tool is available in 5 in., 7 in., be easily placed in the loss zone
8¼ in. and 9½ in. OD, for all drillstring ■■ Kill-weight fluid can be pumped
configurations in underbalanced or managed-
■■ There are no internal tool connections pressure drilling applications before
initiating a trip The Well Commander tool uses the
■■ The tool activation mechanism locks same size operating ball to open and
into the open or closed position and is
■■ The tool is excellent for hole cleaning close the ports
isolated from the circulating fluids enhancement during underreaming,
hole-opening, or coring operations
■■ The Well Commander and Bypass
Ball Catcher permits smaller ball
■■ The tool can condition fluid at high
and/or limited wireline access below flow rates in any drilling or
the Well Commander even after it displacement workstring
has been activated ■■ The Well Commander helps fill or
■■ The Well Commander saves drain the drillstring during trips to
valuable rig time by reducing trips/ control surge and swab pressures
circulating time and to enhance tripping operations
by minimizing fluid discharge
■■ When the tool is in the locked open
position a small percentage of fluid Open circulating ports provide generous
will still flow through the bit, keeping it flow area
lubricated. If the optional shut-off ball
is utilized, 100% of the flow is through
the ports
How it works
The Well Commander tool is run BHA shut-off ball can be dropped which
in or pulled out of the hole with the will seat on the lower ball seat and
ports locked open or closed. The direct 100% flow out of the ports. This
Well Commander valve remains in ball is then expelled with the subsequent
the same position until activated by activation ball, which also cycles the
dropping a ball and pressuring up to tool to the closed position. Both balls are
shift the the tool open or closed. The then captured by the ball catcher.
activation ball is then captured in the The bypass ball catcher captures the
side pocket of the ball catcher. The balls to one side of the inside diameter
tool uses the same size activation ball to facilitate positioning other ball-drop
to open and close the ports, with the tools below it, as smaller activation balls
capacity of the ball catcher (18 balls/ can pass through the Well Commander
9 cycles) the only limit. With the tool in tool and ball catcher.
the open position a smaller optional
83
1. Ball landing 2. Valve activation 3. Open circulation
Drop ball on connection and pump down to When pressure exceeds activation pressure, Majority of flow passes through the ports with
tool. Ball lands on seat. Pressure is applied ports open and ball proceeds to ball catcher lower pressure to allow increased pump rates,
below tool while some flow is maintained through the bit
for lubrication
4. BHA shut off 5. Valve closing 6. BHA shut off

removal
Optional shut-off ball can be landed on lower The BHA shut-off ball is removed when After pressuring up on the activation ball, the
ball seat to prevent LCM or WSM from entering subsequent activation ball closes the ports BHA shut-off and activation balls move to the
the BHA while treating the formation ball catcher
7. Bypass 8. Other activation 9. Ball bypassing

ball catcher balls
Bypass ball catcher captures activation and Other ball activation tools that use smaller The activation balls for these other tools will
BHA shut-off balls to the side permitting high diameter balls can be positioned below the pass through the bypass ball catcher
flow rate with minimal pressure loss and Well Commander tool as the ball will not
allowing smaller balls to pass through it activate it
84
Well Isolation Tool (WIT)

The Well Isolation Tool* is a How it works

circulating tool with annular-isolation
The tool is run in the hole in the open
capabilities, allowing the operator to
position, with full flow to the bit. In this
isolate the wellbore from hydrostatic
configuration the internal bypass is
and induced pressures and still circulate
open so the annular fluid can bypass
at increased rates. This is often
the annular diverter cup. In operation,
necessary to control fluid loss to open
the activation ball is dropped to a ball
Specialized Tools: Circulating Tools: Well Isolation Tool (WIT)

perforations or an open hole interval
seat, and applied pressure shears the
below the tool.
shear screws, moving the activation
sleeve. This closes the diverter-cup
Applications
bypass. In this position, all flow through
The Well Isolation Tool can
the string is directed out through the
accommodate high circulation rates
WIT ports above the diverter cup to
to displace the upper part of a well
the upper annulus. The tool isolates
without applying pressure to the lower
the open perforations or open-hole
part. It is most effective where there
section below the full gauge diverter
is no set-down point, such as a liner
cup from the circulating fluid. To reverse
top for conventional weight-activated
the procedure, the deactivation ball
circulating tools. It is ideal where
is dropped and pressure is applied to
fluid loss to perforations or open hole
shear another set of screws and move
sections would be expected below the
the activation sleeve to reopen the
tool, and it can be run above pressure-
bypass and reestablish circulation to the
sensitive equipment, such as fluid-
bit. The WIT then can be tripped out of
isolation valves.
the hole without swabbing the well.
Features Advantages
■■ Ball-drop activation and deactivation ■■ Boosts annular velocity while
■■ Two internal ball seats move to protecting the formation or open
activate and deactivate the tool perforations from excessive surge/
■■ Balls retained on seats in tool ECD pressures
■■ Stabilizer and stabilizer-mill profiles
■■ Built-in bypass channel around the
ensure there are no casing annular-isolation diverter cup
restrictions and protect the diverter prevents surging or swabbing the well
cup from possible damage during trips
■■ Available in 7 in., 9 5⁄8 in. or
■■ Prevents losses under static as well
10 ¾ in. sizes as dynamic conditions
■■ No limit on rotation speed while
circulating
85
Junk Muncher (JM)

Specialized Tools: Debris Recovery Tools
The Junk Muncher Wellbore Operation

Productivity tool from M‑I SWACO
The Junk Muncher can be run in
is used to validate wellbore cleanup
a combination drillstring to collect junk
operations. It collects larger pieces of
in larger casing above a liner, or directly
milling debris generated during casing
above a mill or bit to collect large pieces
milling or window-cutting operations. It
of junk off the bottom. The bit or mill
can also clean up perforation debris that
acts to jet and circulate the junk up into
restricts the ID of perforated pipe.
the catcher.
Advantages When the integral liner-top dress mill
lands out on the PBR it can be used
The Junk Muncher tool is suitable to run
to dress off the PBR top. If required, a
after casing-milling or window-cutting
tieback mill can be run below the tool
operations to collect larger pieces of
to clean the PBR ID. The Junk Muncher
milling debris sometimes produced
is run with a maximum running-in-hole/
during these operations and which
pulling-out-of-hole speed of 150 ft/min
cannot otherwise be removed. It is also
(46 m/min), which means that there are
suitable for use in already perforated
no restrictions compared to others in
pipe to clean up or remove perforation
the string.
debris that restricts the ID while
retrieving junk that cannot be How it works
circulated out.
The collection vessel is a large-OD tube
The milling profile can be supplied ported to allow debris, cuttings, cement
suitable to dress off liner‑top Polished- particles and smaller pieces of junk to
Bore Receptacle (PBR) profiles. The pass through and be circulated out of
bypass and swallowing capacity have the hole. The large pieces of junk that
been maximized by using a smaller, high- enter the collector are retained and
torque, rotary-shouldered connection on prevented from falling out the bottom
the bottom of the tool. by flapper valves that are flow‑assisted
to open and spring‑assisted to close.
A significant volume of large junk pieces
Features can be collected in the tool. In the
■■ One-piece mandrel with box‑up/pin- case of extremely large pieces of junk,
The Junk Muncher can be run on the
down connections same trip as a precompletion mechanical
drilling/milling services can be provided wellbore cleanup run or during a dedicated
■■ Integral liner-top dress-mill profile or to assist in reducing the size of the junk. junk cleanout run.
junk-mill profile available
■■ Pilot mill available
Advantages
■■ Designed to remove large pieces of
debris from the wellbore through large
entry throats
■■ Run as part of the cleanup
operation or as part of a d edicated Operating parameters
junk cleanout run Maximum Maximum
Box connection Maximum rotating
When run below the Well Patroller rotating speed in compression at tool
■■
device, the tool allows smaller debris
3½ IF 100 60 5,000 (2,268)
to pass through to be collected by
the Well Patroller tool 4½ IF 120 90 10,000 (4,536)
5½ NK DSTJ 120 90 10,000 (4,536)
86
MagnoShoe (MSHOE)
The MagnoShoe* magnet is designed How it works

to retrieve irregular shaped debris that
The MagnoShoe tool is run in the well
has fallen to the bottom of the wellbore
on the end of the workstring. The tool
and cannot be circulated back into the
employs a protective coating of gel to
annular path of a traditional drillstring
prevent the accumulation of debris on
magnet. Designed with the best
the way into the hole. The target debris
technology available in magnets, the tool
will yield the gel on contact so that the
Specialized Tools: Debris Recovery Tools: MagnoShoe (MSHOE)

simplifies and enhances any wellbore
target comes into direct contact with
preparation operation.
the magnetic forces. The target debris
is then held connected to the magnet
Applications
until it is physically removed on surface.
The MagnoShoe tool can be used
When the tool and the debris are
in any situation where large metallic
brought out of the hole, the MagnoShoe
debris is sitting on the bottom of the
tool can be quickly removed from the
wellbore or on top of another element
string and set aside to prepare for the
in the wellbore. Since large debris can
next operation.
be difficult to mill and circulate back
into the fluid stream, the debris must be
retrieved mechanically. The tool is used
in any wellbore preparation activity such
as displacement or dedicated fishing or
cleanout trip. It is deployed quickly on
the end of the workstring.
Features Advantages
■■ Fully encased rare earth magnet ■■ High strength magnet array can carry
■■ Magnet components rated to and retain oddly shaped debris
480°F (250°C) ■■ Magnet components rated to
■■ Forward facing circulation ports 480°F (250°C)
■■ Simple three piece construction ■■ Captured debris is not disturbed by
■■ Modular protective shroud fluid draining from drill string
■■ Protective shroud can be changed out
on the rig to increase capture space
for the varying amount, size and shape
of debris
■■ Easily cleaned on rig for
subsequent runs
87
Magnostar (MSTAR)
The Magnostar* magnet was designed How it works

specifically for large-volume cleanup
The Magnostar magnet is run in the
applications in high torque strings.
well on the workstring in combination
The Magnostar magnet provides
with other wellbore clean-up tools. The
superior magnetic surface area for high
magnet can be rotated and reciprocated
volume ferrous debris extraction when
without fear of damage to the casing
circulation alone is insufficient.
or the tool itself. The blades on the
housing provide generous flow area for
Applications
fluid bypass around the tool. The fixed
The Magnostar tool is well-suited
stabilizer sleeve on the box end provides
for a variety of applications, including
stand-off and a secure area away from
displacements, post-perforating,
the casing wall to collect debris while
pre-fracturing, multi-zone completions,
pulling out of the hole. It is available in
milling, burning, fishing and smart
common casing/liner sizes and weights.
completions. The tool should be run
whenever the potential exists for
significant ferrous debris in the wellbore.
Features Advantages
■■ Single Piece Mandrel, no internal ■■ Potential capacity for up to 200 lb
connections (91 kgs) of ferrous material retrieval
■■ Optional Dedicated Flow Path to ■■ High strength, rare earth magnets
prevent flow path restrictions when rated to 350˚F (177˚C)
packed full of debris ■■ Removable magnets for body
■■ Fixed Stabilizer Sleeve on box end to inspection
provide standoff when POOH ■■ Designed with premium high
■■ Casing compatible facing material to torque connections
minimize casing wear ■■ No flow restriction below the tool
■■ Unique, patent pending mechanical permitting large debris-free access
method of retaining magnets to magnets
■■ Available in common casing/liner ■■ Recovered debris easily removed
sizes and weights (133⁄8 in. to 7 in.) on location
88
Magnostar HeavyDuty (MSTAR HD)

The Magnostar HD* magnet was How it works

designed specifically for large-volume
The Magnostar HD magnet is run
cleanup applications in high torque
in the well on the workstring in
strings. The Magnostar magnet
combination with other wellbore
provides superior magnetic surface area
clean-up tools. The magnet can be
for high volume ferrous debris extraction
rotated and reciprocated without fear
when circulation alone is insufficient.
of damage to the casing or the tool
Specialized Tools: Debris Recovery Tools: Magnostar HeavyDuty (MSTAR HD)

The Magnostar HD version is fitted with
itself. The blades on the housing provide
mill rings on the box and pin connections
generous flow area for fluid bypass
for more aggressive applications.
around the tool. The fixed stabilizer
sleeve on the box end provides stand-off
Applications
and a secure area away from the casing
The Magnostar HD tool is well-suited
wall to collect debris while pulling out
for a variety of applications, including
of the hole. The mill rings allow the tool
displacements, post-perforating,
to grind down larger pieces of debris
pre-fracturing, multi-zone completions,
either below or above the magnet. It is
milling, burning, fishing and smart
available in common casing/liner sizes
completions. The tool should be
and weights.
run whenever the potential exists
for significant ferrous debris in
the wellbore.
Features Advantages
■■ Single Piece Mandrel, no internal ■■ Potential capacity for up to 200 lb
connections (91 kg) of ferrous material retrieval
■■ Optional Dedicated Flow Path to ■■ High strength, rare earth magnets
prevent flow path restrictions when rated to 350˚F (177˚C)
packed full of debris ■■ Removable magnets for body
■■ Fixed Stabilizer Sleeve on box end to inspection
provide standoff when POOH ■■ Designed with premium high torque
■■ Casing compatible facing material to connections
minimize casing wear ■■ No flow restriction below the tool
■■ Unique mechanical method of permitting large debris-free access to
retaining magnets magnets
■■ Upper and lower mill rings ■■ Recovered debris easily removed on
■■ Available in common casing/liner location
sizes and weights (133⁄8 in. to 7 in.) ■■ Larger pieces of debris can be ground
down with the mill rings
89
MagnoSweep II (MSWEEP II)

The MagnoSweep* II magnet is be run in any operation with the

designed to recover large volumes of potential of generating or encountering
ferrous debris to ensure the integrity ferrous debris. This could include
of the wellbore cleanup. The magnet displacements, perforating,
features a large magnetic surface area pre-fracturing, milling, burning, fishing,
along with discrete flow channels to and multizone or smart completions.
combine higher magnet strength with The tool can be rotated and
greater volume to optimize recovery. The reciprocated without fear of
tool can be run as a component of most damaging the casing or other tools.
drilling/milling/polishing assemblies
or as an integral part of the drillstring How it works
during wellbore preparation operations. The MagnoSweep II magnet is made
up in the workstring as a conventional
Applications tool. It has no limiting trip-speed factor
The MagnoSweep II magnet is run and can be rotated at common drilling
as an integral part of the work string speeds. The blades on the housing
during cleanup to collect and remove provide generous flow area for fluid
ferrous debris. It also can be run as a bypass around the tool while at the
part of a cased hole drilling assembly, same time the stabilizers provide stand-
including milling or polishing assemblies. off for a secure area away from the
The MagnoSweep II magnet should casing wall to collect debris.
Features Advantages
■■ Compact design ■■ Removable magnets for body
■■ Single piece mandrel inspection
■■ High strength rare earth magnets ■■ Recovered material is easily removed
■■ Fixed stabilizer sleeve to provide on location
stand off when POOH ■■ High temperature rating on magnets
■■ Optional dedicated flow channel to up to 350°F (177°C)
prevent flow path restrictions when ■■ Debris channels allow for larger
packed full of debris volume of ferrous material to
accumulate
90
SwitchBack Magnet (SWBM)

The SwitchBack* Magnet tool can with the magnets inactive (turned
be run in the hole in the dormant off). When drilling/milling operations
position as an integral part of a drilling cease at interval total depth, a ball is
or milling BHA. The tool’s magnets are dropped to the tool. If more than one
activated when desired via a ball drop SwitchBack Magnet tool is run in the
mechanism, at which time they will workstring, this ball will activate all
collect ferrous debris from the wellbore. the tools simultaneously. Once the ball
Specialized Tools: Debris Recovery Tools: SwitchBack Magnet (SWBM)

As such, the magnet only collects lands on seat, pressure is applied to the
metallic debris at the zone of interest, recommended amount to function the
such as in a milled window and above. tool and allow the magnet to activate.
Material is not collected while tripping in If more than one SwitchBack Magnet
or during the milling or drilling operation tool is run on the same workstring, the
as a conventional magnet would. process of pressuring up is repeated
Applications until all of the tools are activated.
At that point, the ball is caught in a
The SwitchBack Magnet tool can be
Bypass Ball Catcher tool below the
used during any operation where
lowest SwitchBack Magnet tool. Once
ferrous debris is expected in the
functioned, the SwitchBack Magnet
wellbore. This can include milling
tool is tripped out of the well collecting
casing exits, downhole equipment such
ferrous debris along the way. On
as packers, tubing, or other debris left
surface, the tool is moved away from
in a well, sidetracks or conventional
the rotary table to remove the debris
drilling operations.
and clean the tool. The reset button
How it works is pressed to deactivate the magnet
and release captured debris. The
The SwitchBack Magnet is included
SwitchBack Magnet is then ready to
in the drilling or milling workstring. The
rerun into the well when desired.
tool is run in the well in dormant mode,
Features Advantages
■■ Tool is activated downhole by ■■ Ferrous debris collected from the
dropping a ball, through patented ball bottom to top of the well and not while
seat technology running in the hole
■■ One-piece body; no internal ■■ Stabilizer sleeves will not rotate when
connections drill string is rotating, minimizing
■■ Free rotating stabilizer sleeves casing wear
independent of drill string rotation ■■ Several SwitchBack Magnet tools can
■■ Reset button functionality to switch be run in series or with a SwitchBack
tool off once on surface Scraper or Switchback Mill, with the
■■ Bypass Ball Catcher run below the same ball activating all tools
tool to capture expelled ball(s) ■■ Mill rings break up large pieces of
■■ Bypass Ball Catcher retains debris to circulate past the tool
operating balls yet allows smaller ■■ SwitchBack Magnet tools generate
balls to pass enabling numerous ball a very low magnetic field and will not
activated tools to be utilised in the interfere with the MWD system signal
same string
91
Well Patroller (WP)

The Well Patroller* downhole filter Applications

is an advanced M-I SWACO Wellbore
The Well Patroller tool is designed to
Productivity wellbore preparation tool
be run in the displacement workstring.
developed for use in precompletion /
It completes the displacement
displacement operations, where a high
operation by filtering the completion
degree of cleanliness and validation
fluid in the wellbore while pulling out
thereof is required.
of the hole and as a result validates
well cleanliness. It should be run in the
well with other wellbore preparation
tools like the BristleBack brush,
RazorBack scraper and MagnoStar,
as well as circulating tools like the
Well Commander or Multi-Function
Circulating Tool (MFCT).
The Well Patroller can also be used
in the blow out preventer jetting string.
When used in the wellhead cleaning
string, the Well Patroller is placed
in the casing below the wellhead to
capture debris jetted from the blow out
preventer cavities.
Maximum Maximum
4½ – 5½ 90 60 5,000 (2,268)
65⁄8 – 85⁄8 100 60 10,000 (4,536)
95⁄8 – 133⁄8 120 90 15,000 (6,804)
UK Patent 2,335,687; U.S. Patent 6,250,387
92
How it works
As the workstring is run in the whole,
the diverter/wiper cup cleans the inside
diameter of the casing and forces all the
Standoff sleeve
wellbore fluid to pass through the
Well Patroller from the bottom.
(Fig. 1) After running in the hole, the
Specialized Tools: Debris Recovery Tools: Well Patroller (WP)

displacement is carried out in the usual Screen
manner with the fluid in the annulus
passing between the mandrel and filter
screen. When circulation is complete and
the workstring is pulled out of the well,
the diverter/wiper cup cleans the inside
The arrows indicate the
diameter of the casing and directs all path of fluid circulation
fluid into the filter screen section. As the
kidney valves are now closed, all the fluid Figure 1. Running in hole, wiping the ID of the casing.
is filtered through the screen and any
debris remaining in the wellbore is now
captured inside the filter screen.
(Fig. 2) If the well was displaced properly,
there should be very little material
captured in the Well Patroller
tool, thereby validating the casing is
thoroughly cleaned and ready for the
next completion operation.
Debris
The Well Patroller should not be placed
where it passes through drilled out casing
accessories like landing or float collars.
It should be placed at least 30 ft (9 m)
The arrows indicate the
above the bit or mill. It can be run in or path of fluid circulation
pulled out at speeds up to 150 ft/m
(46m/min). It is possible to reverse
Figure 2. Pulling out of the hole, collecting residual debris.
circulate through the Well Patroller,
but it is recommended to circulate at least
one hole volume conventionally before Features Advantages
reverse circulating. ■■ Available in all common casing ■■ No balls or darts pumped down
and liner sizes the workstring
■■ No balls or darts required ■■ Tool operated during basic tripping
for activation operations in and out of the well
■■ 600 micron screen to effectively ■■ Can drill or mill with Well Patroller
filter debris in the workstring
■■ Kidney shaped valves allow large ■■ Tool cleans wellbore and then
debris pieces to be captured in validates cleanliness of the wellbore
the tool ■■ Multiple tools can be used in a
■■ Large flow area through tool single string
■■ Field redressable
■■ Rupture disc relieves pressure if filter
is plugged or filled
93
Well Patroller 500 Series

The Well Patroller* downhole filter blowout preventer wellhead jetting to

tool is an advanced M-I SWACO collect any dislodged debris that falls
Wellbore Productivity wellbore into the well.
cleanup tool developed for use in the
precompletion/ drill-stem test phase of a How it works
well, where a high degree of cleanliness As the string is run in the hole, the
and validation of such is required. The diverter cup/wiper cleans the ID of
500 Series tool uses a secure flapper the casing, removing the film of gunk
valve assembly and a more robust filter (oil-base mud, barite, cement and
assembly than previous models of the magnetized steel particles) clinging to it.
Well Patroller validation tools. The displacement operation is carried
out in the normal way, pumping down
Applications through the Well Patroller 500 Series
The tool is designed to be run in the drill-pipe mandrel and back up between
cleanup string and completes the the mandrel and the filter jacket. When
cleanup by filtering the remaining debris circulation is complete, the string is
from the annulus through a wire screen pulled and the diverter cup/wiper cleans
filter. It is usually run in conjunction the ID of the casing and diverts the
with the MFCT* (Multi-Function annular fluid through the tool. The fluid
Circulating Tool), RazorBack* and passes through the wire screen filter
BristleBack* tools, or other wellbore with debris being retained inside the
preparation tools. In this application the tool screen body. Performing a dual
Well Patroller 500 Series tool validates function, the Well Patroller 500 Series
that the well is clean post displacement. tool first performs a cleaning action and
One other application is that the tool then validates the effectiveness of the
is often positioned in the casing below cleanup operation.
the wellhead during riser cleaning and
Features Advantages
■■ Available in all common casing ■■ The tool is operated simply by running
and liner sizes in hole and pulling out of hole
■■ No balls/darts for activation ■■ Allows milling or drilling to take place
■■ Increased mandrel strength with tool in the string
■■ 0.025 in. (0.6 mm) screen to filter out ■■ Avoids surge and swab pressures
small particles ■■ Dual functionality tool, first performs a
■■ Flapper valves allow larger pieces of cleaning action, then validates the
debris to pass into tool effectiveness of the cleanup operation
■■ All fasteners are internal ■■ Tandem and triple runs possible
■■ 12.72 gallon debris capacity
■■ Large flow areas through the tool
even though diverter cup is in contact
with casing ID
■■ Field redressable
■■ Rupture discs relieve pressure in the
unlikely event that the tool becomes
completely full of impermeable
material
94
Well Protector (WPR)

Thorough cleaning of the wellhead and Features

Blowout Preventer (BOP) areas of any ■■ Large debris/junk
surface well must include catching collection capacity
the harmful debris loosened by the
■■ 0.025 in. (0.635 mm) screen filters
operation.
out small particles
Applications ■■ Diverter cup prevents bypass
of debris
Specialized Tools: Debris Recovery Tools: Well Protector (WPR)

The Well Protector* tool from
M‑I SWACO Wellbore Productivity ■■ Integral drill-pipe handling sub
captures material loosened during ■■ Can be redressed in the field
cleaning of the BOP and wellhead and/
or operational testing of the BOP rams. Advantages
It acts as a backup to catch debris ■■ Available for all common casing
that is not circulated out or that falls sizes located directly below the
downward into the well. wellhead
■■ Simple to run and redress and can
How it works be used multiple times without the
The tool is run below the wellhead need for onshore service and
inside the casing during BOP and inspection
wellhead jetting or functioning of the
BOP rams. It can be positioned in the
casing during riser cleaning operations
or when retrieving wear bushings/bore
protectors.
The tool features a large-capacity, 6 ft
(2 m) wire-wrap screen to filter out
small and large debris that falls into it.
A rounded bullnose on the bottom acts
as a guide and is equipped with a large
valve for easy removal of collected
material. Above the filter screen is a
diverter cup and ported standoff guide
to ensure that all the debris is collected
rather than falling around the o utside of
the tool.
The Well Protector tool is equipped
with an integral drill-pipe-handling sub
for slips and elevators and a 4½ in.
(114 mm) IF (NC 50) box connection.
95
Well Scavenger (WS)

The Well Scavenger* vacuum debris The tool also can be run during milling
removal tool is designed specifically operations to capture debris as it is
to capture and remove debris from the generated, or during fishing operations
wellbore. The tool can be combined to remove unknown debris. The tool
with magnets or junk baskets to can be used effectively in clear brine
enhance removal of ferrous or larger completion fluids with no carrying
debris, respectively. The tool engine capacity or suspension characteristics.
module generates a high velocity The Well Scavenger tool can also
reverse circulation path at the end of be used where low circulation rates
the workstring to pick up heavier are desired, such as near sensitive
debris and capture it in-situ. The downhole hardware or where
modular designed Well Scavenger tool perforations are open.
comprises a single nozzle jet pump; a
screen filter with an internal magnet How it works
assembly; debris chambers with a The Well Scavenger tool pumps the
suction tube and flow deflector. “driving” fluid through the fluid jet pump,
thus generating a reverse circulation
Applications flow from the bottom of the tool through
The Well Scavenger tool is used during the suction tube. Once the debris is
intervention applications requiring picked up, it settles in the debris basket
in-place debris removal. It can be run as the fluid velocity decreases after
to remove debris from top of isolation passing through the flow diverter. The
valves, blanking plug removal, and fluid then passes through the filter
cleaning out after perforating. screen to capture suspended material.
Features Advantages
■■ Circulation rate of the driving fluid ■■ Generates a reversing flow path that
is 200-350 gpm (750-1,325 L/min) promotes in-situ debris collection
■■ Suction fluid is usually 25-30% of ■■ Operates with 125 ft (38 m) of tail pipe
the driving fluid flow to allow removing debris on top of
■■ The Well Scavenger tool packers and formation isolation
incorporates an internal magnet assemblies
assembly ■■ Creates various “reverse” flow rates
■■ Debris chamber capacity is 0.5 bbls ■■ Removes heavy/difficult debris from
■■ Designed for small amounts of debris wellbore with minimal circulation
recovery on or near sensitive ■■ Efficiently collects magnetic debris
equipment such as plugs and ■■ Safe and well-organized debris
Formation Isolation Valves (FIVs) collection that is 100% contained and
allows all fluid to be drained in a safe
controlled manner
■■ Minimize risk of debris plugging filter
screen with internal magnet assembly
96
Pup Riser Brush (PRB)

Specialized Tools: Riser Cleaning Tools
Applications Features and Advantages

The Pup Riser Brush utilizes three ■■ Safety feature: The tool design
aggressive stainless steel brush rings to incorporates an integral pup joint
remove debris from the marine riser or to facilitate tool pickup with
outer production riser ID. The design of standard drill-pipe elevators
the tool provides a flow path through the and slips
brush-ring carrier, with the majority of ■■ Aggressive, non-rotating stainless
Specialized Tools: Riser Cleaning Tools: Pup Riser Brush (PRB)

the flow passing through 65 in.2 steel brushes (synthetic brushes
(41,935 mm2) of flow area in the brush available)
carrier, minimizing pressure drops ■■ Workstring can be rotated
above and below the tool. and reciprocated with the
Pup Riser Brush in the workstring
Tool Use
■■ Debris can be effectively
The Pup Riser Brush mechanically
circulated through and around
cleans marine risers and outer
the tool
production risers.
■■ The large mandrel ID enhances
circulation
–– Available in 133⁄8 through
24 in. OD
–– Large flow-through area
reduces the probability
of swabbing/surging in the hole
or pulling out of the hole
–– Eliminates the need for a junk
basket tool above the
Riser Brush
–– Can be run as a standalone tool,
and it is typically run
in conjunction with the
Pup Quick-Trip Boot Basket or
Pup Finger Basket to protect the
well from debris re‑entering the
wellbore while jetting the BOP
97
Riser Cleaning Tool (RCT)

The Riser Cleaning Tool* is designed How it works

to simultaneously brush, wipe and
The Riser Cleaning Tool is designed
collect any debris that may be present
to pass through ID restrictions, yet
in the riser, with the added capability of
still provide aggressive mechanical
passing through a constrictive wellhead
scratching and wiping to remove
ID. The tool is also equipped with an
even the most stubborn fluid sheaths.
integral junk bucket to enable any
The debris is extracted from the
loosened debris to be captured.
riser with the associated integral
Junk Bucket.
Applications
The Riser Cleaning Tool is used prior
to any completion operation requiring a
clean riser or when displacing drilling
fluid from the riser. The tool ensures
removal of the sheath of debris-
laden fluids from the riser wall and
prevents the remaining fluid sheath
from depositing solids on sensitive
completion string components, thus
helping eliminate expensive and time
consuming non-productive time (NPT).
Features Advantages
■■ Mandrel designed to support full ■■ Stops accumulated debris from
casing string interfering with completion operations
■■ Long, stiff brush bristles to pass ■■ Full 360° cleaning coverage
through smaller BOP restrictions, yet ■■ Can be short-tripped during a
permit aggressive riser contact pre- or post-clean up job
■■ Integral junk bucket to capture debris ■■ Fits into any string where the riser
is to be cleaned
■■ Designed for safe handling on
the rig floor
■■ Permits running liner/casing during
cleanup trip
98
Riser Displacement Cleaning Tool (RDCT)

The Riser Displacement Cleaning Tool* pumping time to over-displace the

(RDCT) is a cost-effective solution riser to insure that the fluid interface
for displacing invert emulsion drilling is completely out of the riser before
fluids with seawater before quickly disconnecting. It also simplifies pit
disconnecting the riser. The RDCT is set management concerns as fluids and
in the riser at the top of the BOP and interfaces will not need to be separated
pumped back to surface. It wipes the on surface. In addition, it is used when
Specialized Tools: Riser Cleaning Tools: Riser Displacement Cleaning Tool (RDCT)
riser while pushing all debris to surface. the riser is left open-ended during
It helps eliminate the environmental disconnect operations. It allows for
risks associated with disconnecting easy displacement without risking the
the riser while improving safety and contamination of expensive drilling or
simplifying the cleaning process by completion fluids and any subsequent
avoiding laying down an unclean riser. reconditioning of the fluids.
Applications How it works

The RDCT is used prior to any The RDCT is deployed on a running tool
completion operation requiring a clean and staged at the top of the BOP. It is
riser or when displacing fluid from the released from the BOP and pumped to
riser prior to a disconnect operation. surface through choke and kill lines. It
The tool protects expensive fluids from acts as a wiper to clean the riser wall.
contamination or dilution with seawater. With different sized wipers to account
It provides assurance that not only is for varying diameters in the riser system,
debris removed from the riser, but also the tool forms a positive seal that
the residual film of solids-laden invert assures all surfaces are cleaned. It also
fluid is cleaned from the riser wall. acts as a mechanical barrier between
This tool is especially beneficial during fluids during displacement. It can be
emergency disconnects when time run by itself or in conjunction with a
is critical. The RDCT eliminates extra storm packer.
Features Advantages
■■ Provides a mechanical barrier ■■ Less fluid loss to interface
between two different fluids ■■ Cleaner riser and displacement
■■ Uses specialized, simple running and ■■ No special pumping restrictions
retrieving tools ■■ Does not increase disconnect time
■■ The buoyant material provides a ■■ Eliminates mud residue on deck
lightweight tool that quickly and
■■ Eliminates riser cleaning on deck
efficiently arrives at surface
■■ Minimizes fluid contamination
■■ Multiple size wipers clean varying ID
of riser wall
99
Dual-Action Bypass Sub Jetting Tool (DABS-JT)

Specialized Tools: BOP Cleaning Tools
During drilling operations, debris such How it works

as drill cuttings and mud cake attach
The DABS Jetting Tool is run in the open
to riser, Blowout Preventer (BOP)
position for jetting and cleaning while
and wellhead walls. Removing these
traveling through the BOPs, wellhead
contaminants is crucial to ensuring clean
and riser. The external jetting nozzles
cementing and c ompletion operations.
on the sub are then closed, by dropping
an actuator ball, to allow flow through
Applications
the sub and to circulate the string. By
The DABS Jetting Tool from M‑I SWACO
dropping another ball, they are reopened
Wellbore Productivity is designed to run
when pulling out, allowing jetting of the
in a cleanup string for jetting the riser,
riser and BOPs. The balls remain on seat
BOPs and wellhead areas.
at all times.
Features Advantages
■■ One-piece, full strength mandrel ■■ When using the DABS (Dual-Action
■■ Balls retained on seats in tool Bypass Sub) unit to jet the riser,
■■ Available with 11 or 16 in. (279 or wellhead or BOP stack, the large 11 or
406 mm) OD sleeve 16 in. (279 or 406 mm) OD sleeves allow
the jets to clean closer to the profile
■■ Sixteen 0.437 in. jet nozzles at
22° phasing
100
Single-Action Bypass Sub Jetting Tool (SABS-JT)

During drilling operations, debris such How it works

as drill cuttings and mud cake attach
The sub is run with the nozzles in the
to riser, Blowout Preventer (BOP)
closed position. Dropping an actuator
and wellhead walls. Removing these
ball opens them so the pump rate can be
contaminants is crucial to ensuring clean
increased to jet through the nozzles for
cementing and completion operations.
cleaning. Dropping a second ball closes
Applications the nozzles to allow flow through the
Specialized Tools: BOP Cleaning Tools: Single-Action Bypass Sub Jetting Tool (SABS-JT)
sub and to circulate the string. The balls
The SABS (Single-Action Bypass
remain on seat at all times but, when
Sub) Jetting Tool from M‑I SWACO
the nozzles are closed, pumping can be
Completions group Wellbore Productivity
resumed through the string below.
is designed to run in a cleanup string for
jetting the riser, BOPs and wellhead areas.
Features Advantages
■■ One-piece, full-strength mandrel ■■ When using the SABS Jetting Tool to
■■ Balls retained on seats in tool clean the riser, wellhead or BOP stack,
■■ Designed to boost annular velocity the large 11 or 16 in. (279 or 406 mm) OD
sleeves allow the jets to clean closer to
■■ Available with 11 or 16 in.
the profile
(279 or 406 mm) OD sleeve
■■ Where it is necessary to reopen and
■■ Sixteen 0.437 in. jet nozzles at
close ports after the initial cycle, two
22° phasing
SABS units can be run in tandem
101
Short Trip Jetting Sub (STJS)

The Short Trip Jetting Sub (STJS) achieved by pumping through the tool
from M‑I SWACO Completions group alone or by a combination of pumping
Wellbore Productivity is designed through the tool and through the choke/
for mechanical wellbore cleanup in kill/booster lines.
risers, Blowout Preventers (BOPs) The STJS is normally run in conjunction
and wellheads, and is well suited with, and above, the Well Patroller
for operation from platforms, jackups or Well Protector tools. Any pieces
Specialized Tools: Wellhead Cleaning Tools
and land locations. of debris that are dislodged, but not

circulated out during the cleaning
Advantages operation, are collected in the
The STJS is suitable for operation from Well Patroller or Well Protector
platforms, jackups and land rigs tools as they fall or are pulled out
of hole.
Operation
When the STJS is in the BOP stack, a How it works
maximum of 10 bbl/min should be pumped The Short Trip Jetting Sub (STJS) is
through the tool. When in the riser, an equipped with standard drill-pipe box-
optimum rate of 25 to 30 bbl/min should up/pin‑down connections for insertion
be pumped (dependent upon riser ID in a cleanup or drillstring when it is
and drill-pipe OD) to achieve a minimum necessary to jet. The tool is generally
annular velocity of 80 ft/min (24 m/min) short-tripped and run in hole and pulled
to efficiently carry debris from the well. out of hole with the jets open at all times.
As much as 25 to 30 bbl/min can be
Features Advantages
■■ One-piece mandrel, full drill‑pipe ■■ Ball drop is not required to open
strength the tool
■■ Simple, robust design
■■ Six replaceable jet nozzles
■■ Standard drill-pipe box-up/pin‑down
connections
■■ Can be used to jet BOP and risers with
11 and 16 in. (279 and 406 mm)
sleeves available
102
Wellhead Brushing/Jetting Tool

Specialized Tools: Wellhead Cleaning Tools
The Wellhead Brushing/Jetting Tool is Features

designed to ensure the multiple profiles ■■ One piece, full strength mandrel
of wellheads are clean and free of debris
■■ Brass bristle impregnated sleeve
prior to the completion or re-entry. The
wellhead area has been widely identified
■■ Integral jetting slots on tool
as requiring special attention during ■■ Jetting activated by bearing/
wellbore clean up operations. The tool diverter ring
Specialized Tools: Ancillary Tools: Wellhead Brushing/Jetting Tool

can be used to ensure all profiles are ■■ Simple and easy to operate
clean, which can reduce the incidence
of non-productive time. Advantages
■■ Ensures surfaces are cleaned and
Applications free of debris before running the
The Wellhead Brushing/Jetting Tool completion
simultaneously performs brushing and ■■ Reduces NPT
jetting functions on wellheads.
How it works
The Wellhead Brushing / Jetting Tool
is constructed on a one-piece, full-
strength mandrel with box-up/pin-down
drill-pipe connections. A brass bristle-
impregnated sleeve with jetting slots
is mounted on the mandrel and sized
for the various ID changes within the
hanger area. The sleeve is rotationally
locked to the mandrel and provides an
annular space for circulation between
the ID of the sleeve and the OD of the
mandrel. A bearing/diverter ring is
mounted at the bottom of the bristle
sleeve to act as a “no-go” ring when
running in hole.
103
Bypass Ball Catcher (BBC)

Specialized Tools: Ancillary Tools
The Bypass Ball Catcher * tool is How it works

a key reason for the operational
As the basis for the flexibility of the
flexibility of the Well Commander*
Well Commander and SwitchBack
tool and SwitchBack* line of tools. It
tools, the Bypass Ball Catcher is
has the capacity to hold multiple balls
designed with a unique rail system that
for numerous cycles as well as allow
guides all balls through and captures
smaller balls to pass through to other
only those too large to pass through the
tools located below.
rail. All other balls pass freely through
and exit the bottom of the Bypass
Applications
Ball Catcher tool. When returned to
The Bypass Ball Catcher tool is run
surface, the captured balls can be easily
below a Well Commander valve or
emptied from the Bypass Ball Catcher,
SwitchBack tool to hold the activation
which can be retorqued onto the tool or
and/or shut-off balls after they have
workstring and used for another run.
activated or deactivated the tool(s)
above it. Additional ball-drop tools can
be run below the Bypass Ball Catcher
as long as the OD of the corresponding
balls is small enough to pass through the
Bypass Ball Catcher tool.
Features Advantages
■■ Fits directly on to pin end of Well ■■ Bypass feature allows flexibility in
Commander or SwitchBack tool string design
■■ Captures all balls for retrieval on ■■ Wireline access (depending on size
surface and configuration of the tool string)
■■ Stores captured balls off to one side is possible through the Bypass Ball
to allow smaller balls to pass through Catcher
■■ 14 or 18 ball capacities available ■■ Large capacity allows multiple cycles
■■ Easily emptied on surface for multiple on a single tool run
runs ■■ Any other ball-drop tools with smaller
■■ Available in 5 in., 7 in., 8¼ in., and activation balls can be run below the
9½ in. OD for all drillstring Bypass Ball Catcher
configurations ■■ Large flow area does not contribute to
increased internal pressure loss.
■■ No internal connections
104
Landing Sub (LS)

Compatible with other tools from How it works

M-I SWACO Wellbore Productivity,
The unit is manufactured from one
the Landing Sub acts as a “no-go” for
piece with box-up/pin‑down drill-pipe
landing and activating other tools.
connections and has a central set of
large, tapered, fluted outer lugs.
Applications
The Landing Sub can be used to a ctivate
Specialized Tools: Ancillary Tools: Landing Sub (LS)

an MFCT device or act as a “no‑go”
for other tools. This is usually done on
a liner-top p olished-bore receptacle
or other similar internal-diameter
restriction.
Features Advantages
■■ Lands on liner top, polished- ■■ Designed to be run below an MFCT
bore receptacle or other (Multi-Function Circulating Tool) unit
suitable shoulder and act as a “no‑go” device for
■■ One-piece, rugged construction activating the tool
■■ No restriction in internal diameter ■■ Fluted body for generous fluid bypass
105
Posi-Drift Sub (PDS)

It is important to check the drift ID How it works

of casing while running drill pipe in
The machined OD of the gauge sleeve
the well. The Posi-Drift Sub has been
matches the API or a custom drift size
designed as the ideal tool to meet
of the casing. The tool is built on a one-
this need while not interfering with
piece main mandrel with box-up/pin-
normal drilling operations or harming
down drill-pipe connections. The gauge
the casing.
sleeve is free to rotate on the mandrel
and remain static when the drill pipe is
Applications
rotated, preventing wear and/or damage
The Posi-Drift Sub from M-I SWACO
to the casing ID. There are no bolts,
Wellbore Productivity is specifically
threaded-on rings, clamps or welding
designed to drift the casing not only
used in the construction of the tool, so
during drilling but wellbore cleanup
there are no components to loosen and
operations as well, prior to running the
fall off downhole. The tool should be
completion equipment. Customized
run above other casing-cleaning tools
outside diameters can be supplied.
to ensure the casing has been cleaned
prior to drifting with the sub.
Features Advantages
■■ One-piece main mandrel ■■ The tool has been designed to check
■■ Free-rotating gauge sleeve the drift of the casing while running
■■ Standard drill-pipe connections drill pipe in the well and during
wellbore cleanup operations, prior to
■■ Generous fluid/debris bypass
running the completion equipment
■■ o square shoulders to hang up
N
■■ Two or more units can be run
in well
consecutively to “mimic” a packer or
■■ Simple, robust design other long completion assembly
■■ Available for most casing sizes/IDs
106
Bearing Sub (BS)

Specialized Tools: Customized Tools
The Bearing Sub allows the entire Features

drillstring to be rotated while circulating ■■ Lands on liner-top polished-
with the Standard-Type MFCT (Multi- bore receptacle or other
Function Circulating Tool) device in suitable shoulder
either the open or closed position.
■■ No internal connections
Applications ■■ No restriction on internal diameter
Simple, rugged construction
Specialized Tools: Customized Tools: Bearing Sub (BS)

In addition to allowing the drillstring ■■
to be rotated while circulating with ■■ Fluted mandrel with

the Standard-Type MFCT device, the bronze bearings
Bearing Sub from M-I SWACO Wellbore ■■ Utilizes AISI steel for body and
Productivity p revents debris from parts; SAE 660 bronze bearings
entering the liner when the Bearing
Sub is located on the liner top. Advantages
■■ Allows the whole drillstring to
be rotated while circulating with
How it works
the Standard-Type MFCT device
The sub lands on the liner-top polished-
■■ When the Bearing Sub is located
bore receptacle or other suitable
on the liner top, prevents debris
shoulder and allows the MFCT tool
from entering the liner
to be sheared open and remain open
while circulating. When resting on the
sub’s shoulder, the whole string can
be rotated as fluid circulated through
the MFCT ports. When the string is lifted,
the MFCT ports close and the Bearing
Sub leaves the shoulder and opens the
flow path, allowing circulation down
the string and up the liner and casing
annulus over the liner top. The whole
string can still be rotated with the
Bearing Sub off the liner top.
107
Disengageable Mill Assembly (DMA)

The Disengageable Mill Assembly has Features

been designed to allow liner-hanger- ■■ Allows two different PBR/TBR
top Polished-Bore Receptacles (PBRs)/ combinations to be dressed in
Tieback-Bore Receptacles (TBRs) one run
to be cleaned and dressed off with
■■ Has a set of “trip buttons” which
no need for complicated space-out
prevents premature release of the
considerations, especially when drilling
mills from the mandrel
inside the liner below.
■■ Enables liner-hanger
Applications PBRs/TBRs to be cleaned and
The Disengageable Mill Assembly from dressed without the need for
M-I SWACO Wellbore Productivity complicated space-out
allows conventional liner-top PBRs/ considerations
TBRs to be dressed off or cleaned ■■ Permits drilling in the liner below
in the normal manner. This unique without “no-going” on PBR/TBR
tool allows two different PBR/TBR as a restriction
combinations to be dressed off on the
same run, eliminating a separate trip for
Advantages
each receptacle. ■■ Saves valuable rig time by
eliminating trips
■■ Drilling is enabled in the liner
below without “no-going” on PBR/
TBR as a restriction
How it works
After dressing off and cleaning the The Disengageable Mill Assembly left
PBRs/TBRs, additional weight is applied behind in the PBR/TBR is then collected
and the inner mandrel of the mill set by the inner mandrel as the drill pipe is
shears through the mills, allowing the retrieved from the well. A unique feature
drill pipe above to be tripped in the of the unit is a set of “trip buttons” that
hole further. The mill set remains in the prevents the separation of the mills from
PBR/TBR to protect the already cleaned the mandrel until the mill set is correctly
receptacles while other drill pipe positioned inside the relevant PBR, thus
is tripped in the hole and/or rotated. preventing unwanted, unplanned
The ability to disengage through premature release.
the upper PBR/TBR means that a When the unit has been located and
conventional set of mills can land on left inside the PBR, additional “no-go”/
another PBR/TBR below the first, and landing subs can be spaced out to land
allow it to be dressed in the conventional and stop. This allows activation of other
manner. The disengageability allows weight-set tools such as the MFCT
drilling-milling to take place in the liner (Multi-Function Circulating Tool).
below without “no-going” or landing
on the existing liner top and preventing
further progress in the hole.
108
Disposable Bristle Back CCT (DBB)

The area in which a plug/packer is to Features

be set often requires t horough cleaning ■■ Removes mud solids, cement
by reciprocation prior to the setting sheath and pipe scale
sequence. Having the option to run a
■■ Available in all common casing/
drillable cleanup tool in conjunction
liner sizes
with drillable and permanent bridge
plugs and cement retainers can
■■ Supplied with customer-requested
connection
Specialized Tools: Customized Tools: Disposable Bristle Back CCT (DBB)

greatly improve the reliability of
the setting operation. ■■ Drillable with polycrystalline
or rock bits
Applications
In addition to running in conjunction
Advantages
with drillable or permanent bridge ■■ Area for setting plug or packer
plugs or cement retainers, the can be thoroughly cleaned by
Disposable Bristle Back CCT (Casing reciprocation immediately prior
Cleanup Tool) unit from M‑I SWACO to setting
Wellbore Productivity can be attached
to cementing plugs to brush-clean
the pipe wall as the plugs are pumped
down the casing/tubing during cement-
displacement operations.
How it works
In the case of bridge plugs or cement
retainers, the tool is attached to the
bottom of the packer. As the device is
run in hole to setting depth, it brushes
and cleans the casing or tubing. The
setting area for the packer or plug can
be thoroughly cleaned by reciprocating
the device prior to the setting sequence.
The Disposable Bristle Back CCT unit
is run in conjunction with drillable or
permanent bridge plugs or cement
retainers.
109
Pressure Shear Sub (PSS)

Sometimes, a reliable source of Features

additional pressure inside the drillstring ■■ One-piece, full-strength body
is required to activate other tools. The
■■ Full pressure integrity – no holes
Pressure Shear Sub is designed to meet
or ports in body
this need.
■■ Ball retained on seat in tool
Applications
Advantages
The Pressure Shear Sub (PSS) from
■■ Enables pressure to be applied
M-I SWACO Wellbore Productivity is
to other tools in the string
specifically designed to be run in a
when required
drillstring to apply temporary pressure
for actuating another tool above the
PSS, such as a near‑bit reamer.
How it works
The tool consists of a one-piece body
with an internal inner- and outer-sleeve
arrangement. The tool is run in the initial
position, which allows flow through
the string. When additional pressure is
needed inside the drillstring, the ball is
dropped and landed on the inner sleeve.
Pressure is then built up behind the ball
to activate the other tool above the PSS.
Once the other tool has been actuated,
the driller increases fluid pressure until
the predetermined shear pressure is
reached. The inner sleeve shears and
moves downward, re-establishing flow
to the bit.
The PSS is used to apply additional
pressure required to a ctivate other tools
in the string.
110
Safe-Break 611
Completion Fluids: Additives
Safe-Break* 611 additive is a

concentrated blend of surfactants
and solvents designed to prevent Physical appearance Straw-colored liquid
emulsions caused by, or improve
Odor Alcohol
the compatibility between, highly
asphaltic crude oils and seawater, pH (5% vol in IPA/water) 5 to 6
low-density completion brines or Density 7.6 to 7.7 lb/gal (0.91 to 0.92 SG)
acidizing treatments. Safe-Break 611
additive prevents or eliminates the Flash point (TCC) 146°F (63°C)
sludge caused by the flocculation of
Completion Fluids: Additives: Safe-Break 611

Freeze point <32°F (0°C)
asphaltenes and produces a clean,
sharp interface between the water/oil
If the opportunity to pilot test
phases. It is also effective in controlling
Safe-Break 611 emulsion preventer
reverse wettability or oil-wetting effects
does not exist, it should be applied at
caused by strongly cationic surfactants.
0.5% by volume. In all applications, fluid
Safe‑Break 611 additive is soluble
returns should be monitored and the
in seawater and low-densitybrines
dosage adjusted accordingly.
such as 2 to 3% KCl and 3% NH4Cl.
Advantages
Applications ■■ Prevents emulsions and improves
The typical application of Safe‑Break compatibility between heavy crude
611 emulsion preventer ranges from 0.1 and low‑density completion fluids
to 2% by volume in a filtered, low-density
completion fluid or seawater. When Limitations
used as an acid additive, concentrations ■■ Limited to low-density, monovalent
up to 5% by volume may be required. completion fluids such as 2 to 3% KCl
If possible, compatibility between and 3% NH4Cl due to solubility
the specific crude oil and completion ■■ Only prevents emulsions
fluid should be established through
laboratory pilot testing prior to applying
■■ This product will not act as a
the product in the field. demulsifier and break an emulsion.
It only works as a preventive additive
The optimum treatment concentration
for Safe-Break 611 is determined by
considering several factors, including:
its solubility in the brine, the rate at
which the oil and brine phases separate,
the condition of the oil-water interface
and observing the crude oil/brine
mixture for the presence or formation
of a sludge and wettability of the brine
phase.1
1SPE 39444 for details on laboratory procedures.
111
Safe-Break CBF
Safe-Break CBF emulsion preventer

is a specialty solvent/surfactant blend
that acts to prevent the f ormation of a Physical appearance Clear, pale yellow-to-amber liquid
stable emulsion between clear-brine
Odor Alcohol
completion fluids and reservoir crude
oil. Safe‑Break CBF is formulated to Specific gravity 0.89
penetrate the formation with m inimal pH (10 vol % in water) 4
adsorption and to provide the intended
benefit to the leading edge of invading Flash point 70°F (21°C) (PMCC)
fluid. Safe‑Break CBF is soluble in
all standard non-zinc-bromide- or The benefits of Safe-Break CBF can Advantages
non‑formate-base completion f luids. sometimes be enhanced by the addition ■■ Soluble in most completion fluids
It will not “gunk out” of solution at of a small amount of mutual solvent and water-base systems
typical bottomhole temperatures. such as Ethylene Glycol MonoButyl
■■ Effective at low concentrations
This combination of properties makes Ether (EGMBE), however, the effect of
Safe-Break CBF effective at the lowest mutual solvent should be considered
■■ Prevents formation damage due
possible concentration and maximizes with respect to reclamation of the to crude-oil emulsions
the possibility for full reclamation of the completion fluid. In most circumstances,
Limitations
completion fluid. addition of EGMBE over about 0.5% by
■■ Flammable liquid
volume will reduce the ability to reclaim
Applications the completion fluid and will usually ■■ Not soluble in zinc-bromide-
The typical application of increase the cost of reclamation. If the or formate-containing
Safe‑Break CBF ranges from 0.1 to 1% opportunity to pilot test Safe-Break CBF completion fluids
by volume in a filtered completion fluid does not exist, it should be applied at
(4 to 40 gal/100 bbl [15 to 151 L/15.9 m3]). 0.5% by volume. In all applications, fluid
If possible, compatibility between returns should be monitored and the
the specific crude oil and completion dosage adjusted accordingly.
fluid should be established through
laboratory pilot testing prior to applying
the product in the field. During a
pilot test, the o ptimum concentration
of Safe‑Break CBF is determined
by considering the rate at which the oil
and brine phases separate, the condition
of the oil-water interface, observing the
crude-oil/brine mixture for the presence
or formation of a sludge, and wettability
of the brine phase.1
1See SPE 39444 for details on laboratory procedures.
112
Safe-Break Zinc
Safe-Break Zinc emulsion preventer

is a blend of surfactants and solvents
designed to prevent the formation of a Physical appearance Clear-to-amber liquid
stable emulsion between clear-brine
Odor Alcohol
completion fluids containing zinc
bromide or a formate salt and reservoir Specific gravity 0.88 to 0.92 @ 68°F (20°C)
crude oil. It is formulated to penetrate Solubility (water) 100%
the formation with minimal adsorption
and to provide the intended benefit to Flash point 70°F (21°C) (PMCC)
the leading edge of invading fluid.

Safe-Break Zinc additive is s oluble in phases separate, the condition of the Advantages
all zinc- and formate-base completion oil-water interface, by observing the ■■ Soluble in zinc bromide- and formate-
fluids. It will not precipitate out crude oil-brine mixture for the presence base completion fluids
of solution at typical bottomhole or formation of a sludge, and the
■■ Effective at low concentrations
temperatures. Safe‑Break Zinc additive wettability of the brine phase1
■■ Prevents formation damage
does not affect the ability to reclaim The benefits of Safe-Break Zinc
due to crude oil emulsions
these high‑densitybrines. emulsion preventer can sometimes
be enhanced through the addition of a Limitations
Applications small amount of mutual solvent such ■■ Flammable liquid
Safe-Break Zinc product is designed as Ethylene Glycol MonoButyl Ether
specifically for downhole use in oil and (EGMBE). However, the effect of mutual
gas wells for cleanup prior to the start solvents should be considered with
of production. It is intended to be used respect to reclamation of the completion
as a solution in filtered zinc-base com fluid. In most instances the addition of
pletion fluids. Solutions can be made EGMBE over about 0.5% by volume will
between 0.1 to 1% by volume through reduce the ability to reclaim completion
the rig hopper. fluid and will usually increase the cost of
If possible, compatibility between reclamation.
the specific crude oil and completion If the opportunity to pilot test
fluid should be established through Safe-Break Zinc additive does not exist,
laboratory pilot testing prior to applying it should be applied at 0.5% by volume.
the product in the field. The optimum In all applications, fluid returns should
concentration of Safe-Break Zinc be monitored and the dosage adjusted
preventer is determined by considering accordingly.
the rate at which the oil and brine
1See SPE 39444 for details on laboratory procedures.
113
Safe-Dfoam
Safe-Dfoam* additive is a blended,

alcohol-base additive designed
to reduce foaming and prevent Physical appearance Opaque liquid
entrained air in all fluids; it is made with
Odor Alcohol
higher alcohols. Safe-Dfoam additive
is very effective in all c ompletion Specific gravity 0.95
fluids as well as water-base drilling Flash point 240°F (120 °C) (COC)
fluids – freshwater, brackish, seawater,
saltwater and saturated saltwater. Pour point <–70°F (–57°C)
Boiling point 491°F (255°C)
Applications
Safe-Dfoam additive can be used in any
water-base drilling fluid or completion
Limitations
fluid. It is used in small concentrations ■■ Safe-Dfoam additive works best when
and is effective in pretreatments to gel strengths are not exceedingly high
prevent foam f ormation and as a foam- ■■ Drilling or completion fluids with
removal treatment. Usually a treatment high gel strengths are very difficult
of 1 to 2 gal/100 bbl (0.24 to 0.48 L/m3) of to defoam
fluid is sufficient to overcome foaming. ■■ Vapors from the mud pits can cause
coughing and nose/throat irritation
Advantages
■■ Eliminates foaming tendency of
completion fluids and water-base
drilling fluids
■■ Compatible with any fluid
■■ Restores pump pressure lost due
to foaming and air incorporated in
the fluid
■■ Conveniently added to the system by
simply allowing a container to drip
into the suction pit
■■ Can also be broadcast over
the surface of the pit as a
shock treatment
114
Safe-Lube
Safe-Lube* additive is a patented1

water-soluble brine lubricant. The
chemistry demonstrates exceptional Physical appearance Clear liquid
reduction in metal-to-metal friction
Specific gravity 1.01 @ 60°F (16°C)
when added to brine-base completion
fluids at extremely low concentrations. pH 6.5
Solubility 100%
Applications
Safe-Lube lubricant is designed to
reduce the coefficient of friction in Advantages Limitations

seawater, sodium-chloride, sodium- ■■ Return permeability testing has shown ■■ Not to be used with zinc‑base fluids
bromide, calcium-chloride and c alcium- that Safe-Lube lubricant does not ■■ Add product directly to mud pit; do not
bromide completion fluids. damage the formation add through a hopper because
Torque and drag in completion fluids in ■■ Stable lubricant does not excessive foaming may occur
high-angle, extended-reach wells have increase fluid oil and grease
become major problems in completion valves when used at concentrations
operations. Safe‑Lube lubricant has to 6% volume
reduced torque and drag up to 50% at ■■ Safe-Lube lubricant does not
extremely low concentrations in field contribute a sheen in a Static
applications. Sheen Test
The optimum concentration of ■■ Soluble in most completion brines
Safe-Lube lubricant is one drum per ■■ Effective at low concentration
218 barrels (0.6% by volume). The product (0.6% by volume)
can be added before the fluid passes ■■ Filtration operations are not adversely
through a DE filter press or cartridge unit. impacted by addition to brine
Safe-Lube lubricant will not be removed
by the filtration process.
Coefficient of Friction (CoF) data derived
from tests using the OFI Digital Lubricity
Tester at 60 RPM and 150 in./lb torque
gave the following results:
Brine CoF CoF with 0.6% Safe-Lube*

Seawater 0.36 0.08
Seawater with 3% KCl 0.37 0.09
9 lb/gal KCl 0.38 0.08
10 lb/gal NaCl 0.37 0.08
10.7 lb/gal CaCl2 0.26 0.13
11.6 lb/gal CaCl2 0.09 0.08
11.2 lb/gal CaCl2/CaBr2 0.11 0.09
12.2 lb/gal CaBr2 (20 TCT) 0.15 0.04
1U.S. Patent number 7,094,738 B2.
115
Safe-Lube Cw
Safe-Lube* CW additive is a water- Applications Advantages

soluble brine lubricant. The novel Return permeability testing shows
Safe-Lube CW lubricant is designed ■■
chemistry demonstrates an exceptional that the Safe-Lube lubricant is
specifically for cold weather climates
reduction in metal-to-metal friction minimally damaging to the
to reduce the coefficient of friction in
when added to brine-base completion formation
completion fluids. It is applicable in
fluids at extremely low concentrations.
seawater, sodium chloride, sodium ■■ Completion fluid oil and grease
Safe-Lube CW additive can withstand
bromide, calcium chloride, and calcium values are not elevated with as
storage temperatures as low as
bromide systems. Safe-Lube CW much as 10 times the
0°F (-18°C).
lubricant provides all the benefits of recommended concentration of
Safe-Lube additive, but at a lower Safe-Lube lubricant
operating temperature. ■■ Safe-Lube lubricant does not
contribute a sheen in a Static
Sheen Test
■■ Soluble in most completion brines.
■■ Effective at low concentration
(0.6% by volume)
■■ Filtration process will not remove
lubricant from system
116
Safe-Scav HS/Safe-Scav HSW

Safe-Scav HS and its winterized

Typical physical properties: HS / HSW
version, Safe-Scav HSW, hydrogen
sulfide scavengers are brine-soluble Physical appearance Liquid / Liquid
and remain soluble after reacting with
Specific gravity 1.08 @ 60°F (16°C) / 1.08 @ 60°F (16°C)
H2S. Based on an organic chemical
rather than the typical zinc- or iron-base pH (5% solution in 75/25 isopropanol/water) 9.4 to 11.4 / 10 to 11.5
compound, each provides a solids-free Solubility (water) Soluble / Soluble
solution to H2S intrusion.
Flash point >212°F (>100°C) (PMCC) / 125°F (51°C) (PMCC)
Applications

Pour point <–4°F (<–20°C) / –35°F (–37°C)
Safe-Scav HS and HSW scavengers
are designed specifically to remove H2S
Another popular treatment for H2S is Furthermore, while hydrogen sulfide is
from brine-base fluid systems.
to rely on high pH to neutralize the no longer being released, the corrosive
Recommended treatment levels are acidic hydrogen sulfide (also known as effects are unabated and in fact can
0.1 lb/bbl (1 gal/100 bbl) (0.29 kg/m3). hydrosulfuric acid) and render it non- even be enhanced at higher pH.
Use higher concentrations where volatile: Safe-Scav HS and HSW scavengers
higher levels of H2S exist in the fluid to
H2S + OH– ➝ H2O + HS– offer a solution to many of these
be treated. Under optimal conditions,
This can be done in a completely scavenging problems in non-zinc
each 1 lb/bbl (2.85 kg/m3) of either
solids-free way, and any base can do brines. While nitrogen-base, the unique
scavenger can consume about 0.1 lb
it, but treatment with base raises the chemistry of both scavengers results in
(0.045 kg) of H2S.
pH of the fluid. Getting enough sodium an irreversible reaction with H2S:
Safe-Scav HS and HSW scavengers
hydroxide in solution to provide a large HS: H2S + Safe-Scav HS ➝
have been used successfully to treat
capacity for scrubbing requires a very Safe-Scav HS-SH
water-base fluids where zinc cannot be
high pH, approximately 12 to 13. Lime is or
used for environmental reasons.
somewhat better in this regard because
Many hydrogen-sulfide scavengers use HSW: H2S + Safe-Scav HSW ➝
it has limited solubility at high pH.
inorganic chemicals to tie up H2S. For Safe-Scav HSW-SH
This allows additional H2S‑scrubbing
example, zinc oxide is a partially soluble capacity to build up in the system in the Unlike the zinc or iron scrubbers, the
product which liberates zinc ions for form of undissolved lime. final product is still brine- and water-
scavenging. Similarly, SV-120*, which soluble, delivering solids-free sulfide
Organic amines, such as ethanolamine,
is essentially completely soluble, yields scrubbing.
can also provide a high-pH sink for H2S,
an active zinc component for sulfide
while buffering the pH around 10. Advantages
removal.
All these pH methods have a significant ■■ Chemically “ties up” the H2S in an
H2S + Zn2+ ➝ 2H+ + ZnS ➝
drawback: the H2S that is “scrubbed” irreversible reaction, preventing
(solid precipitate)
will be released immediately if the pH release if pH drops
In many completion-fluid applications, is lowered. Carbon dioxide influx can ■■ Not zinc-base
however, the resulting solid zinc sulfide lower the pH enough to release H2S.
is undesirable.
■■ Does not form a precipitate
117
Safe-Scavite II
Safe-Scavite* II scale inhibitor is a

concentrated, phosphonate-base
system that inhibits scaling caused by Physical appearance @ 77°F (25°C) Clear, yellow liquid
calcium carbon ate, calcium sulfate
Specific gravity 1.34 to 1.37 @ 77°F (25°C)
and barium sulfate. It is soluble in
most water-base fluids, including pH (1% in water) <1
calcium-chloride and calcium-bromide Solubility (water) Soluble
completion brines. Safe-Scavite II
inhibitor exhibits good thermal stability. Flash point 200°F (93°C) (PMCC)
Applications Advantages
Safe-Scavite II inhibitor is a phosphonic ■■ Effective in calcium-chloride-
acid that inhibits scaling caused by and calcium-bromide-base
calcium sulfate, barium sulfate and completion fluids
calcium carbonate. ■■ Inhibits formation damage caused by
It is intended to be used as a solution precipitation of carbonate scale from
in the entire completion-fluid system. calcium-containing fluids
Solutions can be mixed to contain ■■ Compatible with monovalent brines
between 25 to 1,000 ppm, depending
on solids concentration, the density of
the brine and the severity of scaling
problems.
Typical concentration of Safe‑Scavite II
additive in a calcium-base completion
fluid is 0.05 to 0.1% by volume.
118
CleanPerf
Completion Fluids: Fluid-Loss-Control Systems and Products
Both CleanPerf* OB and CleanPerf WB There are certain variables that must ■■ Chemical compatibility with
fluid-loss- and d amage-control be addressed in designing the fluid perforation charges
systems are designed for use system in which either CleanPerf ■■ Validated fluid characteristics
during Schlumberger^ pure dynamic system will run: in laboratory
underbalance perforating operations. ■■ Adequate density to provide desired ■■ The exact product blend will vary
They provide a low-permeability barrier overbalance/dynamic underbalance depending on fluid requirements.
to limit deep invasion of solids and ■■ Proper bridging of the formation face CleanPerf fluid requirements will
fluids along the perforation tunnel and generally be quite small, in the tens of
■■ A thin/low-permeability filter cake
assist in limiting debris in the tunnel. barrels range. These fluids should be
The CleanPerf system is also designed
■■ Minimal adhesive and cohesive forces

within the filter cake to promote its mixed at a fluid plant and shipped to
to readily flowback without a remedial location as a finished volume. Large
treatment when production commences. dispersion during flowback
bridging agents may be omitted in the
CleanPerf OB is an oil-base system and ■■ Thermal stability to maintain filtration
initial mix and added at the rigsite, just
CleanPerf WB is a water‑base system. and suspension properties
prior to spotting the fluid.
■■ Fluid filtrate chemically compatible
with formation fluids and mineralogy
^Schlumberger is a mark of Schlumberger Limited Corp.
119
Form-A-Plug II
Form-A-Plug* II pumpable lost-

circulationplug is a blend of borate
mineral and polymers designed Physical appearance White to beige powder
for suspension, fluid-loss control
Specific gravity 2
and cross-linking technology. When
activated with time and temperature, pH (1% solution) 7 to 8
Form-A-Plug II plug develops a rigid Solubility (water) Slightly
cross-linked gel structure that
effectively prevents loss of fluid to
the formation. The Form-A-Plug II
product concentrations and mixing Form-A-Plug II RET
conditions in order to ensure that the Form-A-Plug RET retarder is a grade
components are acid-soluble, more than ■■
reaction proceeds as expected. of soluble magnesium chloride which
95% being dissolved on contact with a
solution of 15% HCl. Destroying the plug The formulation can be adjusted for delays the cross-linking reaction in
can be more difficult as access to it may density by adding barite or other the Form-A-Plug II lost-circulation
be limited. appropriate weighting materials up plug to avoid premature setting during
to 18 lb/bbl (2.16 SG). Pilot testing is the mixing stage
Applications recommended before use to estimate ■■ Form-A-Plug RET retarder should be
Form-A-Plug II fluid-loss-control plug the time to create a well-set plug. added to the drill water before adding
is the main additive used to form a lost- Recommended Form‑A-Plug II material Form-A-Plug II material and/or
circulation plug, which can be used in concentrations are 60 to 100 lb/bbl Form-A-Plug ACC accelerator
any application where a squeeze plug (170 to 285 kg/m3) depending on the final ■■ Pilot testing is recommended before
would be beneficial. It is particularly slurry density.
use to estimate the time to create a
advantageous in areas where loss of The plug should be pumped to the well-set plug
whole mud is prevalent. Form-A-Plug II annulus at the depth of loss. The
product can be used to stop losses drillstring is then pulled above the Form-A-Plug II ACC
occurring with any water-base or non- Form-A-Plug II plug. The plug can be ■■ Form-A-Plug ACC accelerator is
aqueous-base fluid system. It is used for squeezed into the loss zone. Be careful a blend of inorganic compounds
suspension, fluid-loss control and cross- not to leave the plug in the pipe even if designed for pH and salinity
linking in the lost‑circulation plug. the losses have stopped or slowed. Do adjustment necessary to control the
Form-A-Plug II material can be used not shut down pumping while the plug cross-linking reaction in the lost-
in combination with Form‑A-Plug ACC is in the drillstring. circulation plug
accelerator and Form-A-Plug RET Form-A-Plug ACC accelerator should
Advantages
■■
retarder. Together they will make a be added to the lost-circulation slurry

chemical reaction to form a rigid cross-
■■ Provides suspension, fluid-loss
immediately before pumping the
linked gel structure. It is therefore control and cross-linking
mixture down the well. The
important to carefully control the ■■ Forms a rigid gel structure accelerator will create a chemical
reaction with the Form-A-Plug II
material to form a rigid cross-linked
gel structure
■■ Pilot testing is recommended before
use to estimate the time to create a
well-set plug
120
Perf-N-Peel
The Perf-N-Peel* fluid-loss-control There are certain variables that must ■■ Thermal stability to maintain filtration
system is designed for use during a be addressed in designing the fluid and suspension properties
perforating operation. It provides a system in which either Perf-N-Peel ■■ Fluid filtrate chemically compatible
low-permeability barrier to limit deep system will run: with formation fluids and mineralogy
invasion of solids and fluids along the ■■ Adequate density to provide desired ■■ Chemical compatibility with
perforation tunnel and assist in limiting overbalance perforation charges
debris in the tunnel. The Perf-N-Peel Proper bridging of the formation face
■■ ■■ Validated fluid characteristics
system is also designed to readily flow
■■ A thin/low-permeability filter cake in laboratory
back without a remedial treatment when
production commences.
■■ Minimal adhesive and cohesive forces T he exact product blend will vary

within the filter cake to promote its depending on fluid requirements.
dispersion during flowback
121
Safe-Link 110/Safe-Link 140

Safe-Link* fluid-loss-control product

comprises a chemically modified, cross-
linked cellulose polymer used primarily Physical appearance Viscous, tan liquid
to control loss of clear brine fluid to
Odor Faint solvent
the formation during completion or
workover operations. Safe-Link additive Specific gravity 1.32
controls fluid loss by applying a very pH ~10
viscous material across the formation
face, virtually stopping the flow of brine Pour point 10°F (–12.2°C)
into the formation. Safe-Link fluid- Viscosity >10,000 cP
loss-control additive functions through
a cross-linked polymer network that
is held in place on the formation face.
Advantages Safe-Link 140
The effectiveness of this product is ■■ Premixed liquid Safe-Link* 140 fluid-loss control product
not dependent on bridging solids or on ■■ No special mixing equipment is designed to work in calcium and
viscous drag within the formation matrix. requirements moderate zinc halide brings up to
■■ Good to 250°F (121°C) 16.0 lb/gal (1.9 SG) to control wholesale
Applications ■■ Can be used at differential pressures
loss of brine to the formation. The
Safe-Link fluid-loss-control additive is 1.4 sg density of Safe-Link 140 minimizes
up to 2,000 psi (137.9 bar)
designed to work in non-zinc, halide divalent base brine dilution. It is stable
■■ Clean up with dilute acid to 250°F (121°C) for at least 48 hours
brines such as CaCl2, CaBr2, NaCl,
seawater, NaBr, and KCl, r anging from of exposure time. A 10 bbl pill is the
Limitations
8.6 to 15.1 lb/gal (1,030 to 1,809 kg/m3) to minimum recommended treatment,
■■ Not designed for temperatures higher
control wholesale loss of brine to the even for shorter intervals. Use a
than 250°F (121°C)
formation. Generally, Safe-Link fluid- treatment of 0.5 pail per perforated
■■ For less severe fluid-loss applications, foot (0.3 m) is recommended. Using the
loss-control additive is stable to 250°F
a Safe-Vis (i.e., un-cross-linked) pill Safe-Link 140 fluid-loss control product,
(121°C) for at least 48 hrs exposure time.
may suffice operators can expect to reduce their
Due to the Safe-Link additive’s cross-
linking mechanism, differential pressure
■■ For more severe fluid-loss fluid loss to moderately permeable
greater than 2,000 psi (137.9 bar) is not applications, even a Safe-Link pill formations (up to 1,000 mD) to
advisable. may not be sufficient, and the user < 2 bbl/day per 30 ft (9.1 m) interval.
may have to resort to a solids-laden
Based on recommended treatment
(sized-carbonate or sized salt) pill
levels and recommended use, the fluid
loss to moderately permeable formations
(100 to 1,000 mD) can be reduced to
<2 bbl/day per 30 ft (9.1 m) interval.
122
Safe-Vis
Safe-Vis* is a high-grade, clarified HEC the surface. This retardation allows 1.8 kg/bbl) for viscous pills and 0.1 to
polymer. It is a glyoxylated form of HEC a more controlled and full hydration. 0.5 lb/bbl (0.05 to 0.23 kg/bbl) for drag
with an average molecular weight of Safe-Vis is used to viscosify freshwater, reduction.
approximately 1,000,000 daltons. This seawater or brine fluids used in Safe-Vis is packaged in 50 lb (22.7 kg)
glyoxyl coating retards hydration until workover and completion operations. multi‑wall, w
aterproof sacks.
either time, temperature or solution pH Safe-Vis is normally added at
(above about 7) strips the coating from concentrations of 2 to 4 lb/bbl (0.9 to

Safe-Vis E
Safe-Vis E liquid viscosifier is a all monovalent-salt halide brines. Safe-Vis E is packaged in 5 gal (18.9 L)
suspension of high-quality HEC Treatments usually range between plastic cans. Safe-Vis E contains 16.5
polymer in a highly purified mineral 0.5 to 1.5 gal/bbl (1.9 to 5.7 L/bbl) of to 17 lb (1.9 to 5.7 L/bbl) HEC per 5 gal
oil carrier. Safe-Vis E is designed to completion fluids. (18.9 L) can.
viscosify single-salt CaCl2 brines and
Safe-Vis HDE
Safe-Vis HDE liquid viscosifier is divalent brines. Treatments usually Safe-Vis HDE is packaged in 5 gal
a suspension of high-quality HEC range between 2 to 5 gal/bbl (7.6 to (18.9 L) plastic cans. Safe-Vis HDE
polymer in water-soluble carrier. It is 18.9 L/bbl) of completion fluid. Special contains 4.5 lb (2.04 kg) HEC per 5 gal
specially formulated for high density mixing procedures are required for (18.9 L) can.
CaCl2, CaCl2/CaBr2, CaBr2, CaBr2, ZnBr2 fluids in the 15 to 16.5 lb/gal
CaCl2/CaBr2/ZnBr2 and most other (1.8 to 1.98 SG) density range.
Safe-Vis OGS
Safe-Vis OGS liquid viscosifier is requirements for offshore GoM use. Safe-Vis OGS is packaged in 5 gal
a suspension of high-quality HEC The product viscosifies single salt CaCl2 (18.9 L) plastic cans. Safe-Vis OGS
polymer in a water dispersible, synthetic and CaBr2 brines and all monovalent- contains 16.5 to 17 lb (7.5 to 7.7 kg)
carrier. Safe-Vis OGS liquid viscosifier salt brines. Treatments usually range HEC per 5 gal (18.9 L) can.
is specially formulated to pass Oil between 0.5 to 1.5 gal/bbl (1.9 to
and Grease, LC50 and Static Sheen Test 5.7 L/bbl) of completion fluid.
123
Seal-N-Peel
Maximum fluid-loss protection The Seal-N-Peel pill is a uniquely There’s no invasion into the formation or
with easy cleanup in sand- engineered fluid-loss control system, gravel pack. No damage from remedial
designed specifically as a contingency cleanup measures. No impediment
control completions for frac-pack, gravel-pack or standalone to downhole completion hardware. And
Fluid losses during and after sand- completions. It provides superb no resistance to production initiation.
control completions can severely supplemental fluid-loss control when
jeopardize a well’s productivity. Once A safety net for your
mechanical fluid-loss-control devices
fluid invades the formation, remedial either fail or are unavailable. The gravel-pack completions
treatments cannot only inflate costs Seal-N-Peel pill deposits an Until now, there weren’t many options
dramatically, but lead to a host of impenetrable, thin, filter cake against for controlling fluid loss in sand-control
additional problems, not the least the inside surface of the screen completions, and quite often, they
of which is the risk of formation d amage. assembly. When the well is ready to go had negative consequences. Popular
Even with the additional costs and risks, on production, the cake simply peels mechanical controls, such as spring-
it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, away, using production pressure and loaded flapper valves, have been known
to completely rid a formation of the ill flow as the lift-off mechanism. to fail and are sometimes unavailable
effects of invading fluid. or incompatible with the completion
scheme.
The only other option was to pump
minimal-solids or solids-free fluid-loss-
control pills. Sized-salt pills and those
containing some solids are usually of
the “all-in-one-sack” variety, which
eliminates the ability to customize
particle-size distribution. Such a non-
specific approach to bridging raises the
risks of particles invading the gravel-
pack medium or the formation.
On the other hand, solids-free pills
cannot be fully effective without some
invasion into the gravel-pack and
formation matrix. They also have to be
pumped in large volumes to control
losses effectively.
Regardless of the pill type used, once
its job is done, it must be removed
with acid, oxidizers or enzymes. All too
often, pumping an external breaker
is corrosive to screens and other
downhole components. There is also
the threat of leak-off and serious
formation damage.
124
With a Seal-N-Peel pill, the calcium Features

carbonate particles are specially sized ■■ Supplements or replaces
for each application. This promotes the mechanical fluid-loss-
immediate deposition of a thin, tough control devices
filter cake on the inside surface of the
■■ Particles sized specifically
gravel-pack screen. Once in place, the
for each screen
cake becomes an impenetrable shield
that effectively reduces fluid invasion
■■ Specially engineered
into the formation. additive reduces adhesive
and cohesive tendencies
Completion Fluids: Fluid-Loss-Control Systems and Products: Seal-N-Peel

When it’s time to produce the well, the
■■ Contains minimal solids
releasing agent within Seal‑N-Peel
fluid will have reduced the cohesive Advantages
and adhesive forces that bind the filter
■■ Minimally invasive pill
cake together and to the screen surface,
respectively, allowing it to be completely
■■ Easily peels from the screen
removed with very little differential ■■ Requires no remedial washes
pressure. In fact, production from the These guidelines have been ■■ Non-damaging to the formation
well removes the filter cake entirely. incorporated into the M‑I SWACO
OptiBridge software program. The
The evolution of the new standard in sealing capability is evaluated under
fluid-loss control downhole conditions on the expected
To understand why Seal-N-Peel filter media. Additional laboratory
technology works so well, it’s helpful to testing is undertaken to confirm the
see how it evolved in the laboratory and laboratory formulation effectiveness.
how it has succeeded in the field. Each We look at the rheological stability of
component is the result of a painstaking the pill to make certain it will remain
development and testing program that intact during sometimes lengthy stays
has resulted in a superior product. in the wellbore environment. We look
M-I SWACO has developed b ridging at its damage potential and how it
agent guidelines for all types of should be placed inside the screen to
completion screens from premium to optimize sealing capacity and facilitate
expandables to wire wrapped. easy removal.
125
IsoTherm
Completion Fluids: Packer Fluid Systems and Products
Features IsoTherm* is a non aqueous-

■■ Uniquely engineered to minimize based insulating packer
both conductive and convective fluid that delivers thermal
heat loss
protection for produced fluids
Thermal stability
in deepwater and permafrost
■■
Suitability for zero-discharge

environments.
■■
systems
In deepwater, IsoTherm protects against
■■ Low corrosion profile typical of
cold subsea temperatures that can alter
most oil-base fluids
the properties of produced fluids and
■■ Compatibility with various base the temperature cycling can loosen
oils, including diesel, mineral oil, threaded connections and compromise
synthetic oils, etc. the integrity of cement and elastomer
■■ Easy placement and displacement seals. In the Arctic environment, the thermal conductivity and arrests thermal
■■ Pumpable after long-term aging packer fluid controls heat transfer on convection to avoid annular pressure
producer and injector wells that can buildup. In addition, it can be used
Advantages thaw the permafrost, leading to loss of to enhance vacuum-insulated tubing
■■ Prevents production-line blockage well seal integrity or well stability. performance. IsoTherm is available
and casing-string collapse IsoTherm packer fluid, used in with a density of 7.0 lb/gal (0.84 SG)
■■ Formulated for compatibility with a conjunction with our proprietary and is formulated to provide a thermal
wide range of elastomers, fluids, TPro- ST computer modeling software, conductivity value up to one fourth that
and surface processing offers maximum protection against of a conventional brine packer fluid.
equipment low-temperature-related production
■■ TPro ST enables modeling of fluid problems, such as hydrates, paraffins
thermal behavior for production and wax. The IsoTherm system lowers
and shut-in scenarios
■■ Reduces operating costs
■■ Helps maximize production
Traditional IsoTherm
■■ Prevents annular pressure buildup packer fluid insulating
packer fluid
■■ Increases flowing surface
temperature
■■ Lowers thermal conductivity for
concentrated effectiveness below
the mudline
■■ Easily removed during intervention
Production Production
zone zone
IsoTherm fluid creates an insulating barrier that eliminates temperature loss in the p roduction
fluids during shut-in conditions
126
Traditional IsoTherm
packer fluid insulating
packer fluid
Completion Fluids: Packer Fluid Systems and Products: IsoTherm

zone zone
IsoTherm fluid creates an insulating barrier that eliminates temperature loss in the p roduction
fluids during steady-state production
Convective Conductive
Conduction is the transmission of heat across

matter and is always directed from a higher
to a lower temperature. Thermal conductivity
is defined as the heat transferred through
a medium as a result of temperature difference
Convection is the internal movement of

currents within fluids. It can be described as
the density- and heat-driven cycling, transfer
or circulation of energy through which material
initially warms up and becomes relatively
less dense, rising, then cooling and becoming
relatively more dense, and finally sinking
127
Safe-Cor C
Safe-Cor C corrosion inhibitor is

a modified, amine-type additive
designed to protect all oilfield tubular Physical appearance Dark brown liquid
goods. It helps prevent general
corrosion attack on casing, tubing and
downhole tools in contact with clear
completion brines. Safe-Cor C inhibitor Advantages Limitations
is a highly concentrated product ■■ Protects metal surfaces in both ■■ When applied to zinc bromide fluids,
designed and packaged for use in clear the shallow part of the well and in recommendations should be obtained
workover and completion brine. the deeper, hotter areas. At the from the Completion Fluids Technology
recommended concentration, Group
Applications Safe-Cor C corrosion inhibitor ■■ Designed for application in clear brine
Safe-Cor C additive controls corrosion provides protection at bottomhole fluids. If used in a viscosified
of tubing and casing strings when used temperatures up to 350°F (177°C) completion or drilling fluid, pilot
in workover or packer brines. It has ■■ Highly concentrated product in testing for compatibility
application in all brine systems. easy-to-handle 5 gal (18.9 L) cans is recommended
Safe-Cor C corrosion inhibitor is ■■ Protects both tubular goods
designed for use in clear brines but and completion tools exposed
may be used in viscosified completion to workover or clear completion
or drilling fluids. Pilot testing for brines
compatibility is recommended for this ■■ Compatible with sodium chloride,
application.
potassium chloride, calcium chloride,
For treatment of clear brine fluids, sodium bromide, calcium bromide
Safe-Cor C inhibitor should be used and moderate-density zinc bromide
at 0.22 gal/bbl (4.8 L/m3) of completion brine fluids
brine. This is equal to 2 lb/bbl (5.7 kg/m3)
or roughly four 5 gal (18.9 L) cans per 100
barrels of completion brine. Safe-Cor C
corrosion inhibitor can be added directly
to the brine without special mixing
equipment or agitation.
128
Safe-Cor EN
Safe-Cor* EN corrosion inhibitor is a Applications Advantages

modified, amine-type product formulated Protects both tubular goods
Safe-Cor EN inhibitor is a highly ■■
for use in clear brine packer fluids. and completion tools exposed
concentrated product designed
The additive is designed to protect all to workover or clear completion
and packaged for use in solids-free
oilfield tubular goods, is soluble in clear brines
workover and completion brines.
brine completion fluids and minimizes
Safe-Cor EN inhibitor controls the ■■ Protects metal surfaces in both
environmental impact. It helps prevent
corrosion of tubing and casing strings the shallow, upper part of the well
general corrosion attacks on casing,
when used in workover and packer and in deeper, hotter intervals
tubing, and downhole tools in contact
brines. It has applications in all brine ■■ Compatible with most brines
with completion brines.
Completion Fluids: Packer Fluid Systems and Products: Safe-Cor EN

systems except zinc bromide.
Safe-Cor en inhibitor can be added
directly to brine without special mixing
equipment or agitation.
129
Safe-Cor HT
Safe-Cor HT high-temperature
c orrosion inhibitor is an inorganic
thiocyanate-base additive designed Physical appearance Clear liquid
to protect carbon steel tubular goods.
It helps prevent general c orrosion
attack on casing, tubing and downhole pH 6.5 to 7
tools in contact with zinc-bromide- Flash point >212°F (100°C) (PMCC)
base workover or completion brines.
Safe-Cor HT inhibitor was developed Boiling point >252°F (122°C)
for use in zinc bromide fluids within a Crystallization point <15°F (–9°C)
temperature range of ambient to
400°F (204°C).
Advantages
Applications ■■ Effective in high-density, zinc
Safe-Cor HT inhibitor controls corrosion bromide brines
of carbon steel tubing and casing ■■ Effective alternative to amine‑
strings when used in zinc-bromide- base products
base workover, packer or completion ■■ Effective from ambient temperature
fluids. It is recommended whenever to 400°F (204°C)
operations require zinc bromide brine ■■ Easy and safe to handle on location
to be in contact with tubulars at high
temperature for more than 24 hrs.
Safe-Cor HT inhibitor should not
be used with chrome steel tubulars.
For treatment of clear brine fluids,
Safe-Cor HT inhibitor is recommended
for use at a concentration of 1.5 lb/bbl
(4.27 kg/m3) or approximately
15 gal/100 bbl (3.57 L/m3). It can be
added directly to the brine without
special mixing equipment or agitation.
130
Safe-Scav CA
Safe-Scav* CA oxygen scavenger is

an organic, sulfur-free additive used in
calcium-base brines and seawater. It is Physical appearance White crystalline powder
a fast-acting material that is effective
even at low temperatures.
pH (10% solution) 5.5 to 8
Applications
Solubility (water) Soluble
Safe-Scav CA additive inhibits corrosion
caused by the presence of dissolved
oxygen in completion and workover Advantages
Completion Fluids: Packer Fluid Systems and Products: Safe-Scav CA

brines. It is primarily intended to be used ■■ Effective sulfur-free oxygen
in calcium- and zinc-containing brines scavenger for calcium-containing
such as calcium chloride, calcium brines
bromide, zinc bromide and seawater. ■■ Fast-acting reaction with O2, even at
The recommended initial treatment of low temperature
Safe-Scav CA additive is 15 lb/100 bbl ■■ Will not precipitate calcium
(0.43 kg/m3) of brine. If the concentration ■■ A natural product with good health,
of oxygen is high, then this level should safety and environmental
be increased to roughly 10 times the characteristics
concentration of dissolved oxygen. ■■ Easy to handle and store powder;
Safe-Scav CA scavenger should effective at low concentrations
be added at the suction and not through
the mixing hopper.
To reduce the amount of air entrained in
the brine and the amount of oxygen that
may be incorporated into the system,
minimize the use of the mixing hopper
and agitation of the completion fluid by
surface equipment.
131
Safe-Scav NA
Safe-Scav NA oxygen scavenger

is a liquid bisulfite-base additive
designed to be used in sodium- Physical appearance Straw-to-yellow colored liquid
and potassium-base brines. It reacts
with, and eliminates, dissolved oxygen
as a possible source of corrosion in pH (1% solution) 4.9 to 5.5
workover and completion fluids and in Solubility (water) Soluble
packer and drilling fluids. In addition to
reducing oxygen corrosion, Safe-Scav
NA additive is essential to extending
minimize the use of the mixing hopper Advantages
and agitation of the completion fluid by Removes dissolved oxygen, thereby
the temperature limit of polymers, such ■■
surface equipment. reducing corrosion
as Flo-Vis Plus (xanthan gum) and
Flo-Trol (modified starch), used in the To assure the complete removal ■■ Concentrated, fast-acting oxygen
FloPro NT reservoir drill-in fluid system. of dissolved oxygen, maintain an scavenger, effective at low levels
excess sulfite (SO32–) content in the ■■ Liquid, easy-to-mix product
Applications fluid of 100 to 300 ppm. For systems
■■ Reduces rig equipment
Safe-Scav NA additive inhibits that contain some hardness, or for
maintenance cost
corrosion caused by the presence of polymer-viscosified brines, increase the
concentration of excess sulfite to the ■■ Extends the life of casing strings and
dissolved oxygen in completion and
300 ppm level. Use a sulfite test kit to production tubing
workover brines. It can be used in all
monovalent-base brines that do not determine excess SO32–. Instructions are
included in the test kit.
Limitations
contain significant amounts of calcium ■■ Not compatible with calcium-
or magnesium. Inject Safe-Scav NA additive directly
containing fluids with total hardness
The recommended initial treatment is into the pump suction if at all possible
>300 mg/L
1 gal/100 bbl of brine (0.24 kg/m3) (0.025% and avoid exposure of the product to
the air. The best method of application
■■ Not compatible with aldehyde‑type
by volume). If the concentration of
is to inject the product using a chemical biocides
oxygen is known to be high, then this
level should be increased. Safe-Scav NA proportioning pump. Injection rate is
additive should be added directly to the dependent upon the oxygen content and
pump suction and not through the fluid circulation rate. Typical injection
mixing hopper. rates can be 1 to 2.5 gal/hr (3.8 to 9.5 L/hr).
The injection rate should be adjusted
To reduce the amount of air entrained in
based on the measured excess sulfite
the brine and the amount of oxygen that
concentration at the flowline.
may be incorporated into the system,
132
SafeTherm
Features SafeTherm* fluid is an densities up to 12.0 lb/gal (1.44 SG)

■■ Uniquely engineered to minimize aqueous-based or water- and can be formulated with thermal
heat conduction and convective conductivity values up to one half
miscible insulating packer that of conventional brine packer
heat loss
fluid engineered specifically fluids. SafeTherm packer fluid, used
Easily mixed and pumped on the rig
to thermally protect produced
■■
in conjunction with our proprietary
Environmentally acceptable
fluids in deepwater and ultra-
■■
TPro* ST computer modeling software,
components offers maximum protection against
deepwater environments. The
■■ pH-buffered and corrosion- low-temperature-related production
inhibitive packer fluid is equally effective problems like hydrate, paraffin and
Completion Fluids: Packer Fluid Systems and Products: SafeTherm

■■ Thermally stable in permafrost applications. wax formation. The insulating annular
SafeTherm fluid is custom-designed fluid is compatible with a wide range
Advantages and blended for specific deepwater of fluids, elastomers, and other
■■ Prevents production-line blocking and permafrost applications. It is components. SafeTherm packer
and casing-string collapse formulated from an inherently low- fluid has a Class E environmental
■■ Formulated for compatibility with thermal-conductivity-base fluid and designation for the North Sea and for
wide range of elastomers and viscosified to suppress convective Gulf of Mexico applications contains no
fluids and with surface-processing heat loss. SafeTherm is available in free oil and produces no sheen.
equipment
■■ TPro ST enables modeling of fluid Traditional SafeTherm
thermal behavior for production packer fluid insulating
and shut-in scenarios packer fluid
■■ Reduces costs
■■ Helps maximize production
■■ Poses minimal environmental
impact
zone zone
SafeTherm creates an insulating barrier that eliminates temperature loss in the

production fluids d uring shut-in or steady-state production
133
Completion Fluids Filtration

Filtration: Filtration Equipment
A complete service for completion process and all the QHSE features

optimizing your production with elements that comprise it, especially
In addition to being newer than most of
the purity of the completion brines.
solids-free completion fluids our competitors’ equipment, our filtration
Operators have come to rely on the units and other components have been
There is hardly any element of drilling a
filtration equipment and services outfitted for worker health and safety as
well today that isn’t considered “critical”
from M-I SWACO to deliver solids- well as environmental protection.
at some point in the well-construction
free brines in a safe, reliable and Pollution pans and curtains
process. This is definitely true of the ■■
cost‑efficient manner.
■■ Certified slings and shackles
■■ Drilled pad eyes that are
certified annually
■■ Anti-fall devices
■■ Spill-containment berms
■■ Can handle zero-discharge fluids such
as ZnBr2
■■ Stainless steel connections
with safety pins
■■ Hoses tested to maximum
working pressure
134
Bulk DE delivery system

Since 1998, M-I SWACO has provided
the industry’s first bulk DE delivery
system for extra convenience, safety
and health protection. The totally
enclosed unit features precise controls
and provides a considerable list of
advantages.
■■ Significantly reduces dust inhalation
■■ No lifting required,
eliminates back injuries
Filtration: Filtration Equipment: Completion Fluids Filtration

■■ No sack or pallet waste
■■ Waterproof DE filtering media
■■ Simple operation and hookup;
equipped with air‑operated vibrators The high-efficiency filtration solutions from M-I SWACO minimize downtime and formation damage
while reducing waste and environmental costs
■■ First in the industry
■■ Fine, medium, coarse DE filtration system equipment
DE grades available The DE units from M-I SWACO utilize
a proven design that is recognized not
only for its effective filtration but also
for reliability, low maintenance and
significant environmental safeguards.
■■ O-ring-gasketed plates
■■ Blow-down valves maximize
fluid recovery
Backup hydraulic power-pack unit
■■ Curtains minimize spill potential
■■ Hose construction
–– Open/close ball valves
–– Stainless steel fittings
–– Designed to eliminate spillage
Bulk tank of trapped fluids
–– Pressure tested and certified
■■ Backup hydraulic systems
135
Oil and grease remediation services Onshore reclamation services guarantees immediate credit after
M-I SWACO can use existing technology After onshore reclamation, M‑I SWACO completion of the wellbore, based upon
to effectively remove organic certifies that the levels of oil and grease agreed-to volume and density losses.
components that cause failure of static will meet NPDES permit (or similar) All charges associated with the disposal
sheen test. This will reduce completion requirements and that reclaimed fluids of oil, sludge, spent DE and other waste
fluid oil and grease values to levels will meet new-fluids specifications. For materials resulting from the reclamation
acceptable for discharge. fluids with densities greater than are absorbed by the operator.
■■ Various grades of DE filter media 11.6 lb/gal (1.4 kg/L), M‑I SWACO
■■ Media additives tailored for oil and
grease removal Typical service parameters
■■ Specially designed, oil-adsorbing Type of Fluid Expected Solids Loading Filtration Package
cartridges; one replaces ten 2.5 in. Fresh seawater Low 2 or 10 micron filters
(64 mm) standard cartridges of s imilar Light brine: NaCl/KCl Low 2 or 10 micron filters
length Medium-weight brine:
Low 2 or 10 micron filters
■■ Plant-reclaimed fluids pass oil CaCl2, NaHCO2
and grease specification Medium-weight brine:
High DE and 2 or 10 micron filters
CaCl2, CaBr2
–– This process has been used
successfully on offshore and land Heavy-weight brine:
Low/high DE and 2 or 10 micron filters
NaBr, CaBr2, KHCO2
locations. M-I SWACO utilizes
it to reclaim oil-contaminated fluid Very heavy-weight brine:
High DE and 2 or 10 micron filters
ZnBr2, CsF, NaHCO2
returned to its completion
fluid plants
Dual pod unit
136
Slurry skid
Bulk tank
Filtration: Filtration Equipment: Completion Fluids Filtration

Filter press frame
Tool box
Diaphragm pump
Pump skid
Hose basket
Features and advantages

■■ New, well-maintained equipment ■■ Bulk DE delivery system ■■ Platinum-grade cartridges –
■■ Customizable DE filtration ■■ Greater filtration efficiency 33% more efficient than
■■ Specially designed ■■ Less waste standard stick-type
cartridge filtration ■■ Environmental compliance
■■ Thiocyanate removal
■■ Flexible equipment configurations ■■ Healthier working environment
■■ DE filtration press and slurry skids are
Well-trained technicians stackable for tight spaces
■■ ■■ Two chemical-injection diaphragm
■■ Oil and grease remediation pumps
■■ Backup hydraulic pump
■■ Filtration solutions for all brines
137
DE Filtration Units plate and frame skid

Safety and operational Operating specifications Filter press frame

considerations ■■ Cake thickness, in. (mm): 1¼ (32) ■■ Oil-rig-style
■■ M-I SWACO provides ladders ■■ Plate size, in. (mm): 47 x 47 ■■ Design pressure: 100 psi (7 bar)
with each unit (1,200 x 1,200) ■■ Full-width, 304 stainless steel
■■ Retractable lanyard ■■ Filter cloths/polypropylene with sidebar caps
fall‑protection devices sewn-in, high-density cord for ■■ 304 stainless steel sluice pan, welded
■■ Slurry skids equipped with handrails caulked-in-place installation in place: 36 in. (914 mm) deep with
■■ Diatomaceous Earth (DE) bulk tanks ■■ Recessed, center-feed, alternating 12 in. (305 mm) slope end to end
reduce back injuries associated with four-corner discharge ■■ Lifting eyes certified tested
handling sacks ■■ Material of construction: ■■ Mounting pad for sluice pump
■■ Safe working and operating polypropylene ■■ Forklift slots in base
conditions require 3 ft (0.9 m) ■■ Gasket sealing area with EPDM
clearance around equipment elastomer O-ring-type gaskets
■■ All DE filtration presses and ■■ Fully ported
slurry skids stackable ■■ aximum operating pressure 100 psi
M
■■ Maximum filtration rates 12 to (7 bar) @ 120°F (49°C) operating
14 bbl/min (1.9 to 2.2 m3/min) (clean temperature
fluid with little or no solids).
Accounting for solids and density, the
average filtration rate is 10 bbl/min
(1.6 m3/min). Factors that affect
filtration rates are density, viscosity
and solids loading. Mechanically,
filtration rates are decreased as the
length of the pump suction increases
■■ Average DE filtration capacity (lb/bbl)
depends upon viscosity, density and
solids loading
■■ Average number of filtration cycles
depends upon viscosity, density
and solids loading
138
Filtration: Filtration Equipment: DE Filtration Units plate and frame skid

Hydraulic closing system Slurry skid Pump skid
■■ Double-acting hydraulic cylinder ■■ Size, L x W x H, ft (m): 14 x 8 x 7.5 ■■ Size, L x W x H, ft (m):
■■ Stainless steel cylinder rod (4 x 2 x 2.29) 10.42 x 3 x 6.42 (3.18 x 0.9 x 1.96)
■■ Dual Haskel^ hydraulic pumps ■■ Weight, lb (kg): 8,000 (3,629) ■■ Weight, lb (kg): 3,500 (1,587)
■■ Equipped with a dual-pod cartridge ■■ Engine manufacturer: Deutz^
Paint system unit containing a total of 10 uniquely –– Displacement, in.3 (cc): 353/371
■■ White sandblast to SSPC-SP10 designed, 6½ in. (165 mm) OD, (5,785/6,080)
material preparation platinum-grade cartridges or 30 –– Output, hp: 85
■■ Special, three-coat Carboline^ standard, 2½ in. (64 mm) OD
■■ Pump manufacturer: Gorman‑Rupp^
paint system cartridges. (Platinum-grade cartridges
UBB60-B
are 33% more efficient than
Feed and discharge manifold standard stick-type) –– Size, in. (mm): 4 x 4 (102 x 102)
Material of construction: schedule 20, Self-Priming Centrifugal
■■ ■■ Each cartridge is 40 in. (1,016 mm) long
304 stainless steel –– Output: 14½ bbl/min @ 75 psi (5 bar)
■■ It takes approximately 10 min to
■■ PVC butterfly valves change a set of 10 cartridges; easy
■■ The 1600, 1500, 1200 and 800 DE
■■ 4 in. (102 mm) inlet and disposal filtration presses and slurry skids
outlet connections are stackable
■■ The slurry skid may be stacked on top
■■ Manual valve actuation of the filter press
■■ Maximum filtration rates are 12 to
14 bbl/min (1.9 to 2.2 m3/min) for clean
■■ Ladder and retractable lanyard device
fluid with little or no solids-loading;
for fall protection included
lower with increased solids-loading
^Haskelis a mark of Haskel International, Inc.

^Carboline is a mark of Carboline Company.
^Deutzis a mark of Deutz AG Corporation.
^Gorman-Rupp is a mark of Gorman-Rupp Company.
139
Miscellaneous and Chemical Injection Hose Basket

safety equipment Diaphragm Pump ■■ Size, L x W x H, ft (m): 22 x 4 x 3
■■ Type: Air (7 x 1 x 0.9)
DE Bulk Tanks Weight, lb (kg): 4,500 (2,041)
■■ Size, in. (mm): 2 (51) and 3 (76) ■■
■■ Size, L x W x H, ft (m): 4 x 5 x 7.42 ose lengths and sizes:
H
■■ Manufacturer: Versa-Matic^ ■■
(1 x 2 x 2.26) Most hoses are available in 20 ft
■■ DE bulk tanks hold 1,800 lb (816 kg) (6.1 m) sections rented by the foot
of DE –– 4 in. (102 mm) suction and discharge
■■ DE bulk tanks weigh 850 lb (386 kg) hose with stainless steel safety lock
empty camlock connections
DE Sack Material –– 3 in. (76 mm) suction and discharge
hose with
■■ DE available in 25 and 50 lb (11 and
stainless steel safety lock camlock
23 kg) sacks
connections
–– 2 in. (51 mm) suction and discharge
hose with
stainless steel safety lock camlock
connections
■■ All hoses are pressure-tested,
certified and have stainless
steel connections
■■ 1 in. (25 mm) air hose with brass safety
crow connection is available in 25 and
50 ft (8 and 15 m) sections
^Versa-Matic is a mark of Versa-Matic Tool, Inc.
140
Specifications
1,600 ft2 1,500 ft2 1,200 ft2 800 ft2
Filtration unit DE Filtration Unit (149 m2) DE Filtration Unit (139 m2) DE Filtration Unit (111 m2) DE Filtration Unit (74 m2)
plate and frame skid plate and frame skid plate and frame skid plate and frame skid
Unit size, ft2 (m2) 1,600 (149) 1,500 (139) 1,200 (111) 800 (74)
Plates 64 60 45 33
Manufacturer JWI^ (Siemens^) JWI (Siemens) JWI (Siemens) JWI (Siemens)
23.25 x 9 x 7.75 23.25 x 9 x 7.75 22 x 4 x 7.17 16.75 x 4.76 x 7.17
Size, L x W x H, ft (m)
(709 x 3 x 2.36) (709 x 3 x 2.36) (7 x 1 x 2.19) (5.11 x 1.5 x 2.19)
Weight, lb (kg) 24,000 (10,886) 24,000 (10,886) 22,000 (9,979) 20,000 (9,072)
Filtration surface area,
1,600 (149) 1,500 (139) 1,200 (111) 800 (74)
Filtration: Filtration Equipment: DE Filtration Units plate and frame skid

ft2 (m2)
Design operating
100 (7) 100 (7) 100 (7) 100 (7)
pressure, psi (bar)
^JWI is a mark of Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp.

^Siemens is a mark of Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Corporation.
141
Equipment
Centrifugal pump
■■ 4 x 4 ft (1 x 1 m) NPT female
M-I SWACO blending tank
connections
■■ Size, L x W x H, ft (m): 9.42 x 8 x 9.5
■■ Open-type, 6-vane impeller 40‑50‑18
(2.87 x 2 x 2.9)
ductile iron
■■ Weight, lb (kg): 6,000 (2,722)
■■ No. 20 gray-iron casing (max.
operating 130 psi [9 bar])
■■ Capacity, bbl (m3): 65 (10.3)
■■ Handles 11⁄8 in. (29 mm)
■■ Jetted chemical hopper
spherical solids Cargo boxes Hydraulic power pack
■■ Oil sight glass Unit size L x W x H, ft (m):
■■
■■ Size, L x W x H, ft (m): 7.5 x 3.42 x 5
■■ Brass pressure-relief valve 6 x 6 x 9.33 (2 x 2 x 2.84) (2.29 x 1.04 x 1.52)
■■ Oil-lubricated silicon carbide vs. ■■ Weight, lb (kg) empty: 8,000 (3,629) ■■ Weight, lb (kg): 4,000 (1,814)
tungsten carbide m echanical seal ■■ Engine manufacturer: Deutz
■■ Maximum temperature of liquid
–– Displacement, in.3 (cc):
pumped: 160°F (71°C)
353/371 (5,785/6,080)
■■ Buna N O-ring
–– Output, hp: 72
■■ Double discharge fitting of s tainless
–– Panel with oil-pressure and
steel material
temperature gauges equipped with
■■ Dodge^ Para-Flex^ coupling safety shutdown
–– Cast-iron manifold
–– Spark-arrestor muffler
–– Manual Chalmatic air
intake shutdown
–– Oil-bath air cleaner
–– V-belt shutdown
Dual pod unit –– Hand throttle, rigid mounts
■■ Skid size L x W x H, ft (m): –– PTO clutch
7 x 3 x 6.5 (2 x 1 x 1.98) ■■ Hoses (hydraulic hoses), ft (m): 80 (24)
■■ Weight, lb (kg): 2,000 (907)
■■ Number of cartridges: 10
■■ Hoses (25 ft [7.6 m] sections): 25 ft
(7.6 m) of suction and 25 ft (7.6 m)
of discharge
^Dodgeand Para-Flex are marks of

Baldor Electric Company.
142
Filter Press Package (Unit)

The Filter Press Unit is used as part of Features

a filter package and is typically the first ■■ Gasketed polypropylene
point of filtration for completion brines. filter plates and cloths for
zero fluid loss
Applications
■■ Hydraulic-ram closure with
Inexpensive Diatomaceous Earth (DE)
pneumatically powered hydraulic
filter media is used in the Filter Press
pump and manual standby pump
Unit from M-I SWACO Wellbore
in case of air‑supply failure
Productivity to remove heavy solids
contamination from high volumes
■■ Compact, rugged carbon steel
of brines. construction with transport/lifting
frame and slings
Filtration: Filtration Equipment: Filter Press Package (Unit)

■■ Integral slurry pan for wash‑down
How it works of filter cake
The Filter Press Unit is always used with ■■ Inlet/outlet manifold in
a guard filter placed downstream to 316 stainless steel complete
catch any possible DE bleed-off. When with blowdown system for fluid
a twin-vessel cartridge unit is used recovery
downstream from the Filter Press Unit, it
provides a polish filter. Advantages
■■ Removal of heavy solids
contamination from high
volumes of fluid
Filter Floc
Filtration: Filtration/Reclamation Chemistry
Filter Floc* polymer is a suspension to the surface and removed through and calcium brine fluids. Filter Floc
designed to flocculate residual the brine filtration process. additive can also be utilized in the
displacement solids in a manner that For completion fluid applications, reclamation of completion fluid brines.
facilitates removal from a brine-base Filter Floc polymer is applied as a For reclamation applications, optimum
completion fluid. By flocculating the spacer in the displacement train. Filter Floc polymer additions are
residual displacement solids, the Filter Floc additive is intended for use determined through pilot testing.
contaminant can be easily transported in freshwater, seawater, monovalent,
143
Safe-Floc I
Filtration: Filtration Equipment/Filtration/Reclamation Chemistry
Advantages Safe-Floc* I flocculant and filtration Applications

Can be separated from the carrier aid is a blend of ionic and nonionic
■■ Safe-Floc I flocculant and filtration aid
fluid by gravity separation, surfactants, flocculants and high flash-
is designed specifically for use in oil
minimizing environmental impact point solvents designed to flocculate
and gas wells for clean-up prior to the
and suspend insoluble iron solids.
■■ Significantly reduces filtration start of production and as a filtration
These iron solids normally come from
and displacement time, saving aid. Applied as a spacer, it is used as a
fluid reaction with the mill scale left on
rig costs solution in fresh or seawater in solutions
the drill pipe, casing or, other tubular
■■ Water dispersible between 1 and 3% by volume. Higher
products in the wellbore. The solids are
concentrations may be used where
made oil-wet, emulsified and carried
higher levels of iron exist in the wellbore.
away from the surfaces of the steel
It can also be used in the reclamation
pipe. This mechanism ensures that the
process of heavy brine systems.
solids remain in suspension and are
carried out of the wellbore or float to
the surface of a tank. The water or brine
below the surface is decontaminated
allowing faster filtration rates and longer
filtration cycles.
144
Safe-Floc II
Filtration: Filtration Equipment/Filtration/Reclamation Chemistry
Safe-Floc*II flocculant and filtration aid a filtration aid. It can also be used to Advantages
is a blend of surfactants and solvents flocculate dispersed mud solids in a ■■ Solids are made oil-wet and
designed to suspend solids from oil-base completion fluid and float the solids to emulsified to ensure they are
drilling fluid and transport them from the the surface of a holding tank. This allows removed from the wellbore
well. Solids from the drilling mud, pipe the fluid below the surface to be filtered
■■ Can be separated from the carrier
dope and mineral scale are made oil-wet at a much faster rate and with longer
fluid by gravity separation,
and emulsified. This mechanism ensures filtration cycles.
minimizing environmental impact
that the solids remain in suspension and The flocculant and filtration aid is
are carried out of the well.
■■ Significantly reduces filtration
applied as a spacer, it is used as a
and displacement time, saving
solution in fresh or seawater in solutions
Applications between 1 and 4% by volume. Higher
rig costs
The Safe-Floc*II flocculant and filtration concentrations may be used where
Filtration: Filtration Equipment/Filtration/Reclamation Chemistry: Safe-Floc II

aid is designed specifically for downhole higher levels of hydrocarbon exist in the
use in oil and gas wells for clean-up mud to be displaced.
prior to the start of production and as
145
Completion Products
Reservoir drill-in fluids

Product System
Trade Name Description Type Primary Function Secondary Function
Defoam-A* Alcohol-base defoamer Water Defoamer –
Defoam-X* All-purpose liquid defoamer Water Defoamer –
Di-Antifoam* Antifoaming agent for the DiPro system DiPro Defoamer –
Di-Balance* Viscosifier for the DiPro system DiPro Viscosifier pH control
Di-Boost* Secondary viscosifier for the DiPro system DiPro Viscosifier –
Di-Inhib* Shale inhibitor for the DiPro system DiPro Shale inhibitor –
DiPro Divalent Brine based biopolymer free RDF system DiPro – –
Di-Trol* Filtration control agent for the DiPro system DiPro Filtration Viscosifier
Dual-Flo* Fluid-loss reducer for the FloPro NT system FloPro NT Filtration Viscosifier
Dual-Flo HT Fluid-loss reducer for high-temperature applications FloPro NT Filtration Viscosifier
Faze-Mul* Emulsifier for FazePro system FazePro Emulsifier –
FazePro Reversible Invert Emuslion RDF system FazePro – –
Faze-Wet* Wetting agent for the FazePro system FazePro Filtration Emulsifier
FloPro NT Water based RDF System FloPro NT – –
FloPro NT
Water based RDF system with enhanced shale inhibition FloPro NT – –
w/Kla-Stop
FloPro SF Solids free water based RDF system FloPro SF – –
FloThru Water based RDF system with organophillic filter cake FloThru – –
Flo-Trol* Starch derivative FloPro NT Filtration Viscosifier
Flo-Vis* L Liquid non-dispersible, clarified xanthan gum FloPro NT Viscosifier –
Flo-Vis Plus Premium-grade, clarified xanthan gum FloPro NT Viscosifier –
Flo-Wate* Sized-salt material FloPro NT Filtration Density
Formix
Formate based RDF systems FloPro NT – –
Technology
Glydril* MC Medium-cloud-point polyglycol for moderate-salinity fluids and Water Shale control Lubricity
high temperatures
HRP* Liquid viscosifier for oil-base fluids Oil Viscosifier Thermal stability
K-52* Potassium supplement FloPro NT Shale control –
Kla-Cure* Hydration suppressant FloPro NT Shale control –
Kla-Cure II Hydration suppressant plus detergent FloPro NT Shale control –
Kla-Gard* Shale stabilizer and inhibitor FloPro NT Shale control –
Kla-Gard B Salt-free Kla-Gard FloPro NT Shale control –
Kla-Stop* Shale inhibitor FloPro NT Shale control –
Lube-100* Low-toxicity lubricant Water Lubricant –
Lube-167* Low-toxicity lubricant blend Water Lubricant –
Lube-776* Lubricant Water Lubricant –
M-I Cide* Biocide – Not available in the U.S.A. Water Biocide –
Novamod* Rheology modifier, LSRV Synthetic Viscosifier –
Novamul* Basic emulsifier package Synthetic Emulsifier Surfactant
Filtration
Viscosifier
NovaPro/ Invert emulsion based RDF systems NovaPro/
VersaPro/ VersaPro/ – –
ParaPro ParaPro
Novawet* Wetting agent Synthetic Surfactant Emulsifier
Thinner
Thermal stability
OS-1L* Sulfite-base oxygen scavenger Water Corrosion inhibitor Thermal stability
PTS-200* Polymeric temperature stabilizer Water Thermal stability –
Safe-Carb* Ground marble (calcium carbonate) Water Filtration Density
Oil
Synthetic
Starglide* Lubricant and ROP enhancer FloPro NT Lubricant –
146
Reservoir drill-in fluids

Product System
Suremod* Viscosifier, gelling agent for invert-emulsion systems Synthetic Viscosifier –
Suremul* Primary emulsifier for invert-emulsion systems Synthetic Emulsifier Surfactant
Oil
Surethik* Rheological modifier Synthetic Viscosifier –
Surethin* Thinner for invert-emulsion systems Synthetic Thinner Surfactant
Oil
Surewet* Wetting agent for invert-emulsion systems Synthetic Surfactant Emulsifier
Oil
SV-120* Organic H2S scavenger Water Corrosion inhibitor –
Thrucarb* Carbonate for the FloThru* system FloThru Filtration –
Thrutrol* Organic starch for the FloThru system FloThru Filtration Viscosifier
Truvis* Viscosifier for the Trudril system Oil Viscosifier Filtration
Completion Products
Versagel* HT Hectorite Oil Viscosifier Filtration
Versalube* Oil-soluble lubricant Oil Lubricant –
Versamod* Rheology modifier, LSRV Oil Viscosifier –
Versamul* Basic emulsifier package Oil Emulsifier Surfactant
Filtration
Thermal stability
Viscosifier
Versapac* Thermally activated, organic thixotrope Oil Viscosifier Lost circulation
Synthetic
VersaPro LS/SF Low Solids and Solids Free invert emuslion based RDF systems VersaPro
– –
LS/SF
VersaPro* P/S Primary emulsifier for VersaPro Oil Emulsifier –
Versathin* Thinner and conditioner for oil-base fluids Oil Thinner –
Versawet* Wetting agent for oil-base fluids Oil Surfactant Emulsifier
Thinner
Thermal stability
VG-69* Organophilic clay Oil Viscosifier Filtration
VG-Plus* Organophilic clay Oil Viscosifier Filtration
Synthetic
VG-Supreme* Organophilic clay Synthetic Viscosifier Filtration
Oil
Warp Micronized barite based RDF systems – –
Synthetic
147
Intervention fluids
Product System
Flodense* AP Water-base system to control annular pressure buildup Water Casing pressure –
control
FloPro* CT Fluid to remove solids from well during coiled-tubing Water Hole cleaning –
intervention
Breakers
Product
Trade Name Description System Type Primary Function Secondary Function
D-Solver* Chelant filter-cake remover FazeBreak Breaker –
BreakDown
D-Solver HD High density chelant filter-cake remover Breaker Scale Inhibitor
BreakDown
HD
Faze-Out/
Versa-Out
D-Solver D Dry chelant filter cake remover BreakDown Breaker –
HD
D-Solver Plus Chelant plus acid filter-cake remover FazeBreak Breaker –
BreakDown
D-Sperse* Surfactant BreakFree Surfactant –
BreakDown
D-Structor* Acid precursor Versa-Out –
Faze-Out
D-Stroyer* Encapsulated oxidizer – internal breaker Water Breaker –
Safe-Break* MP Internal breaker encapsulated Water Breaker –
Wellzyme* A Enzyme breaker for water-base reservoir drill-in fluid BreakFree Starch breaker –
BreakDown
Wellzyme NS Enzyme breaker for water-base reservoir drill-in fluid BreakFree Starch breaker –
BreakDown
Density Range
lb/gal kg/L
BreakDown* Enzyme-chelant-base system – 8.3 – 12 1 – 1.4
BreakFree* Enzyme-base system – 8.3 – 12 1 – 1.4
BreakLoose* Oxidizer-base system – 8.3 – 12 1 – 1.4
Faze-Away* Invert-emulsion-base breaker for FazePro filter cakes – 7.8 – 10.5 0.9 – 1.3
Faze-Out* Water-base breaker for FazePro filter cakes – 8.8 – 10.5 1.1 – 1.3
FazeBreak* Chelant-base breaker for FazePro filter cakes – 8.8 – 9.5 1.1 – 1.1
Versa-Out* Water-base breaker for conventional invert-emulsion – 8.8 – 10.5 1.1– 1.3
filter cakes
Versa-Way* Invert-emulsion-base breaker for conventional invert-emulsion – 7.8 – 10.5 0.9 – 1.3
filter cakes
148
Spacer and displacement chemicals

Product
DeepClean IEM displacement solvent/surfactant Spacer Solvent Surfactant
Duo-Vis* L Liquid xanthan Spacer Viscosifier –
PowerVis Biopolymer viscosifier FloPro SF Viscosifier
Safe-Solv 148 IEM displacement solvent Spacer Solvent
Safe-Solv* E IEM displacement solvent Spacer Solvent –
Safe-Solv OE IEM displacement solvent Spacer Solvent –
Safe-Solv OM IEM displacement solvent Spacer Solvent –
Safe-Surf* E IEM displacement surfactant Spacer Surfactant –
Safe-Surf NS IEM displacement surfactant Spacer Surfactant –
Safe-Surf O IEM displacement surfactant Spacer Surfactant –
Safe-Surf W WBM displacement surfactant Spacer Surfactant –
Safe-Surf WN WBM displacement surfactant Spacer Surfactant –
Completion Products
Safe-T-Pickle Pipe dope pickle solvent Spacer Solvent –
Safe-Vis* E Liquid HEC Spacer Viscosifier –
Safe-Vis OGS Liquid HEC Spacer Viscosifier –
Safe-Vis HDE Liquid HEC Spacer Viscosifier –
Fluid-loss-control systems
Product
Perf-N-Peel* Fluid-loss-control system for perforating applications Water – –
Safe-Vis HEC Water Lost circulation Viscosifier
Safe-Vis E Liquid HEC Water Lost circulation Viscosifier
Safe-Vis HDE Liquid HEC Water Lost circulation Viscosifier
Safe-Vis LE Liquid HEC Water Lost circulation Viscosifier
Safe-Vis OGS Liquid HEC Water Lost circulation Viscosifier
Density Range
lb/gal kg/L
CleanPerf* Fluid-loss-control system for PURE perforating applications Water – –
Safe-Link* 110 Solids-free loss-control fluid pill using 11 lb/gal (1.3 kg/L) CaCl2 – 8.4 – 11 1 – 1.3
Safe-Link* 140 Completion fluid pill using 14 lb/gal (1.7 kg/L) CaBr2 – 8.4 – 14 1 – 1.7
Seal-N-Peel* Fluid-loss-control system designed to seal inside – 8.4 – 17.5 1 – 2.1
sand-control screen
149
Clear brine fluids and additives

Product
Kla-Gard* Shale stabilizer and inhibitor Water Shale control Filtration
Kla-Gard B Salt-free Kla-Gard Water Shale inhibitor –
Kla-Stop* Shale inhibitor Water Shale control –
Safe-Break* 611 Non-emulsifier Monovalent brine Non-emulsifier –
Safe-Break CBF Non-emulsifier Divalent brine Non-emulsifier –
Safe-Break Zinc Non-emulsifier Zinc brine Non-emulsifier –
Water
Safe-Scav* HS H2S scavenger H2S scavenger –
Brine
Water
Safe-Scav HSW H2S scavenger H2S scavenger –
Brine
Safe-Scavite* II Scale inhibitor Water Scale inhibitor –
SI-1000* Scale inhibitor Water Scale inhibitor –
Density Range
lb/gal kg/L
Calcium Bromide Single-salt inorganic brine – 8.4 – 15.1 1 – 1.8
Calcium Bromide/ Two-salt inorganic brine – 11.7 – 15.1 1.4 – 1.8
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Chloride Single-salt inorganic brine – 8.4 – 11.6 1 – 1.4
Potassium Chloride Single-salt inorganic brine – 8.4 – 9.7 1 – 1.2
Potassium Formate Single-salt organic brine – 8.4 – 13 1 – 1.6
Sodium Bromide Single-salt inorganic brine – 8.4 – 12.5 1 – 1.5
Sodium Bromide/ Two-salt inorganic brine – 10 – 12.7 1.2 – 1.5
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chloride Single-salt inorganic brine – 8.4 – 10 1 – 1.2
Sodium Formate Single-salt organic brine – 8.4 – 11 1 – 1.3
Zinc Bromide/ Two-salt inorganic brine – 14.2 – 19.2 1.7 – 2.3
Calcium Bromide
Zinc Bromide/ Three-salt inorganic brine – 15.2 – 19.2 1.8 – 2.3
Calcium Bromide/
Calcium Chloride
150
Packer fluids products and systems

Product
Dowfrost MI* Low-temperature product Water Antifreeze –
IsoTherm* Oil-base insulating packer fluid – 7.5 0.9
M-I Cide* Biocide – Not available in the U.S.A. Water Biocide –
OS-1L Sulfite-base oxygen scavenger Water Oxygen scavenger Thermal stability
Safe-Cor C Corrosion inhibitor Brine Corrosion inhibitor –
Safe-Cor EN Corrosion inhibitor Brine Corrosion inhibitor –
Safe-Cor HT Corrosion inhibitor Brine Corrosion inhibitor –
Safe-Scav* CA Non-sulfur Oxygen Scavenger Calcium brine Oxygen scavenger –
Safe-Scav NA Oxygen scavenger Monovalent brine Oxygen scavenger –
Density Range
lb/gal kg/L
Completion Products
SafeTherm* Water-base or water-miscible insulating – 9 – 12 1.1 – 1.4
packer fluid
Filtration/reclamation chemistry
Product
Filter Floc* Polymeric flocculant Brine Solids flocculant –
Safe-Floc* I Surfacant/polymeric flocculant Brine Iron flocculant –
Safe-Floc II Surfactant flocculant Brine after IEM Solids flocculant –
151
152
Technology Centers
Houston, Texas
Tel: 281-561-1300
Fax: 281-561-1441
Aberdeen, Scotland
Tel: 44-1224-334634
Fax: 44-1224-334650
Stavanger, Norway
Tel: 47-51-577300
Fax: 47-51-576503
P.O. Box 42842

This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
Email: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2010 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.

CMC.2300.1104.R3 (E) 2.5M Litho in U.S.A.

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Completion Fluid Systems &

Products, Reservoir Drill-In

“ Our Company is committed to continuous

Virtual CF (VCF) 11 PowerVis 54

Virtual RDF (VRDF) 12 Safe-Solv 148 54

Well Assurance Solutions Provider (WASP) 13 Safe-Solv E 55

VersaPro LS /SF 28 Liner Top Test Tools

WARP Fluids Technology 30 Well Commissioner (WC) 64

MagnoSweep II (MSWEEP II) 90 Safe-Vis 123

Wellhead Brushing/Jetting Tool 103 Completion Fluids Filtration 134

Ancillary Tools DE Filtration Units plate and frame skid 138

Bypass Ball Catcher (BBC) 104 Equipment 142

Landing Sub (LS) 105 Filter Press Package (Unit) 143

Posi-Drift Sub (PDS) 106 Filter Floc 143

Customized Tools Safe-Floc I 144

Bearing Sub (BS) 107 Safe-Floc II 145

Disengageable Mill Assembly (DMA) 108

Completion Fluids 111

Solutions for you and your well

Completion Fluid Systems Drilling Fluid Systems Production Technologies

■■ Technical support Produced water treatment

■■ Specialized Tools ■■ Production Waste Management

Solids Controls, Pressure

Versatile software that takes

Engineering/Simulation Software: OptiBridge

Production Screen Tester (PST)

Engineering/Simulation Software: Production Screen Tester (PST)

The TPro ST computer model

Engineering/Simulation Software: Virtual CF (VCF)

Virtual RDF (VRDF)

Specialized tools ensure

Well Assurance Solutions Provider (WASP)

Engineering/Simulation Software: Well Assurance Solutions Provider (WASP)

Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: DiPro

Features The DiPro System has the characteristics

Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: FazePro

The FazePro sys­tem generates and can be incorporated into a variety of

Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: FloPro NT

Because the filter cakes are designed

and completion design then works back ­elevated LSRV

Lift-off pressure Return-permeability profile Return-permeability tests

FloPro NT with Kla-Stop

Flopro* NT reservoir drill-in fluid (RDF) Advantages

Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: FloPro SF

Flexible formulation makes the system Features Advantages

Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: FloThru

to bridge formation pores pack and completion-screen plugging.

Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: Formix Technology

bromides used in the oilfield for years.

VersaPro LS emulsifiers, providing deepwater drilling Section days

Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: NovaPro/VersaPro/ParaPro

The versatile, low-solids, ■■ In openhole completions, it is ideal as

Reservoir Drill-In Fluids: VersaPro LS/SF

Here’s an idea of what this low- VersaPro SF pills have displaced

WARP Fluids Technology

Intervention Fluids: Flodense AP

Intervention Fluids: FloPro CT

The rheologically engineered easier or more efficient. As an added

The FloPro CT system is ideal for a wide Compared to conventional fluids in

The FloPro CT system delivers high LSRVs,

The components of BreakDown How it works

Breakers: Breaker Systems, Products and Additives: BreakDown

The BreakFree* system is an enzyme How it works

The FazePro system generates and can be incorporated into a variety of

and completion design then works back elevated LSRV

D-Solver Plus is a low-pH, brine-soluble containers to avoid “spending” the

Acid breakers also require s upplemental

distinct interface on prolonged exposure. Avoid storing

Safe-Solv OM solvent is a c ombination