Dissertation (MSF-19-05)

12/08/2021
BASED ANALYSIS (PUSHOVER ANALYSIS) FOR

PERFORMANCE-BASED
MULTISTORY BUILDING WITH RAFT ON PILE FOUNDATION
SYSTEM AND A PARALLEL STUDY OF PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE
ON SAME BUILDING
A DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment to award the Degree of Master of
Technology in Civil Engineering (Structural & Foundation Engineering)
BY
Kunwer Fahmed Alam Ariyana

Roll No. : MSF-19-05
Under the Supervision of
Er. Mirza Aamir Baig (Assistant Professor)
Department of Civil Engineering

Al-Falah
Falah University, Faridabad (Haryana)
Kunwer Fahmed Alam Ariyana Page 1 of 51

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CANDIDATE DECLARATION
I ‘Kunwer Fahmed Alam Ariyana’, a student of ‘Master of Technology in Civil
Engineering’,2019-2021, Al-Falah University, Faridabad, Haryana, hereby declare
that the work presented in this dissertation entitled ‘Performance-based Analysis
(Pushover Analysis) for Multistory Building with Raft on Pilefoundation System
and a Parallel Study of Progressive Collapse on Same Building’ is the outcome of
my own bonafide work and is correct to the best of my knowledge and this work
has been undertaken taking care of Engineering Ethics. It contains no material
previously published or written by another person nor material which has been
accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other
institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in
the text.
(Kunwer Fahmed Alam Ariyana)

Enrollment No.:19AFM-0257

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to

‘Er. Mirza Aamir Baig (Assistant Professor)’ department of civil engineering,
AL-Falah University, Haryana, for their guidance and consistent encouragement
throughout the course of this work. This work is simply the reflection of their
thoughts, ideas, and the concepts and above all their efforts. I am highly indebted to
their kind and valuable suggestions and of course their valuable time during the
period of work. I have been fortunate for worked under his supervision.

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ABSTRACT
In India multistoried buildings are widely designed with the method suggested by Indian
Standard IS1893: Part-1:2016, Criteria for the Earthquake resistance design of the structures:
General Provision and Buildings for the calculation of equivalent horizontal load generated
during earthquake. Response Spectrum method is widely used for the multistoried buildings
with base shear scaled to get the equal value as calculated with the time period obtained by the
empirical formula of time period of the buildings. The approach of the dynamic analysis is
basically a linear approach. In this scenario we are totally relying on ductility of the structure.
The concept for performing the Pushover Analysis is to analyze a structure with non linear
approach and to find the behavior of structure beyond its ductile limit. Pushover analysis can
help to demonstrate how progressive failure in building really occurs and to identify the mode
of final failure of the buildings. Pushover analysis is commonly used to evaluate the seismic
capacity of existing structures and appears in several recent guidelines for retrofit seismic
design. It can also be useful for performance-based design of new buildings that rely on ductility
or redundancies to resist earthquake forces. So basically Pushover analysis is non linear
approach to estimate the strength capacity of the structure beyond Limit State. In this analysis
we can predicts the weak areas in the building and keeping track of the sequence of damages of
each and every member in the building/structure, thus can be performed for existing structure
and also for performance base design, similarly for progressive collapse analysis.
The approach is easy to understand, when we designed or analyze a moment resisting frame as
per IS 1893:2016 by Response Spectrum method with response spectrum method with the
response reduction factor 5 i.e. R=5, we are basically designing the structure with 1/5th
horizontal load (calculated with the empirical formula given in IS 1893:2016), the rest 4/5th load
is basically taken care by the ductile behavior of the building. The ductile detailing suggested by
the 13920:2016 will resist the full impact of seismic load without collapse. The distribution and
impact of the full horizontal load can be analyzed with the non linear approach, and pushover
analysis is one of them.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 BASIC CONCEPT 9
1.2 GENERAL CONCEPT 10
2. LITERATURER EVIEW 12
2.1 IS 1893: PART 1 : 2016, CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES - PART 1 :
GENERAL PROVISIONS AND BUILDINGS, BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW DELHI. 12
2.2 FEMA 356 (2000) “PRESTANDARD AND COMMENTARY FOR THE SEISMIC REHABILITATION OF
BUILDINGS”, FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, WASHINGTON, DC, USA. 12
2.3 THE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS, EXPLAINED IN ITS SIMPLICITY BY RAHUL LESLIE1, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR,
BUILDINGS DESIGN, DRIQ BOARD, KERALA PWD, TRIVANDRUM. 12
2.4 THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODAL PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS SUBJECTED TO TWO COMPONENTS OF
GROUND MOTION, INCLUDING ITS EVALUATION FOR TALL BUILDINGS BY JUAN C. REYES (1) AND ANIL K. CHOPRA (2),(1:
CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES, BOGOTA, COLOMBIA, 2: CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, CA 94720-1710, U.S.A.). 12
2.5 EVALUATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODAL PUSHOVER ANALYSIS FOR UN SYMMETRIC-PLAN BUILDINGS
SUBJECTED TO TWO COMPONENTS OF GROUND MOTION JUAN C. REYES (1) AND ANIL K. CHOPRA (2), (1: CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES, BOGOTA D.C., COLOMBIA, 2: CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, CA 94720-1710, U.S.A.) 12
2.6 GENERALIZED FORCE VECTORS FOR MULTI-MODE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS HALUK SUCUOGLU AND M. SELIM
GUNAY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, 06531 ANKARA, TURKEY. 13
2.7 ATC-40 (1996) “SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND RETROFIT OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS”, VOL. I, APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL, REDWOOD CITY, CA, USA 13
2.8 FEMA-440 (2205) “IMPROVEMENT OF NONLINEAR STATIC SEISMIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURES”, FEDERAL
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, WASHINGTON, DC, U.S.A. 13
2.9 EN 1998-1 (2004) (ENGLISH): EUROCODE 8: DESIGN OF STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE –
PART 1: GENERAL RULES, SEISMIC ACTIONS AND RULES FOR BUILDINGS [AUTHORITY: THE EUROPEAN UNION PER
REGULATION 305/2011, DIRECTIVE 98/34/EC, DIRECTIVE 2004/18/EC] 13
2.10 SIMPLIFIED PUSH-OVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDING STRUCTURES, VOJKO KILAR AND PETER FAJFAR,
UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLIJANA, FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND GEODESY, INSTITUTE OF STRUCTURE AND EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING, JAMOVA 2, 61000 LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA 13
3. PERFORMANCE BASE ANALYSIS 14

3.1 ЅЕІЅМІС АNАLYЅІЅ 14
3.1.1 ЕQUІVАLЕNT ЅTАTІС АNАLУЅІЅ 14
3.1.2 LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS 15
3.1.3 NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS 15
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3.2 NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS 15
3.3 THE ROLE AND USE OF NONLINEAR ANALYSIS IN SEISMIC DESIGN 15
3.4 PUSHOVER ANALYSIS FOR BUILDINGS 18
3.5 ADVANTAGES OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS 20
3.6 LIMITATIONS OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS 21
3.7 THE HINGES 22
3.7.1 VARIOUS HINGE MODELS OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS 23
3.8 BUILDING PERFORMANCE LEVELS AND RANGES (ATC, 1997A) 27
3.8.1 PERFORMANCE LEVEL : 27
3.8.2 PERFORMANCE RANGE: 27
3.8.3 DESIGNATIONS OF PERFORMANCE LEVELS AND RANGES: 27
3.8.4 BUILDING PERFORMANCE LEVEL: 27
3.9 STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE LEVELS (ATC, 1997A) 30
3.10 STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE RANGES (ATC, 1997A) 31
3.10.1 DAMAGE CONTROL PERFORMANCE RANGE (S-2) 31
3.11 NONSTRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE LEVELS (ATC, 1997A) 31
4. STRUCTURAL MODELLING 33
4.1 GENERAL 33
4.2 BUILDING DISCRIPTION 33
4.2.1 BUILDING PARAMETER 34
4.3 LOADING PARAMETER 34
BASIC CHECK FOR MODEL 38
4.4 ETABS NONLINEAR ANALYSIS STEPS: 40
4.5 RESULTS 42
PUSHOVERCURVEIN X-DIRECTION 45
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 49
6. REFERENCES 50

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. General concept of piled raft 11

Figure 2. Force Deformation for Pushover Hinge 17
Figure 3. Performance-Based Design Flow Diagram (ATC, 1997a) 18
Figure 4. A Typical FlexuralHingeProperty,showing IO 23
(ImmediateOccupancy),LS(LifeSafety)andCP 23
(CollapsePrevention) 23
Figure 5. Typical Location of Hinges in a structural Model 23
Figure 6. Building Performance Levels (ATC, 1997a) 28
Nonstructural Performance Level D, Hazards Reduced, represents a post-earthquake damage state level in
which extensive damage has occurred to nonstructural components, but large or heavy items that pose a
falling hazard to a number of people such as parapets, cladding panels, heavy plaster ceilings, or storage
racks are prevented from falling. While isolated serious injury could occur from falling debris, failures
that could injure large numbers of persons either inside or outside the structure should be avoided. Exits,
fire suppression systems, and similar life-safety issues are not addressed in this performance level. 32
Figure 7. 3D model View 36
Figure 8. Plan View 37

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Building Dimensions 34

Table 2. Dead Loads 34
Table 3. Live Loads 35
Table 4. Earthquake Parameters 35
Table 5. Concrete Grade 35
Table 6. Reinforcement 35
Table 7. Member sizes 36

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Basic Concept
In India multistoried buildings are widely designed with the method suggested by Indian Standard
IS1893: Part-1:2016, Criteria for the Earthquake resistance design of the structures: General Provision
and Buildings for the calculation of equivalent horizontal load generated during earthquake. Response
Spectrum method is widely used for the multistoried buildings with base shear scaled to get the equal
value as calculated with the time period obtained by the empirical formula of time period of the buildings.
The approach of the dynamic analysis is basically a linear approach. In this scenario we are totally relying
on ductility of the structure. The concept for performing the Pushover Analysis is to analyze a structure
with non linear approach and to find the behavior of structure beyond its ductile limit. Pushover analysis
can help to demonstrate how progressive failure in building really occurs and to identify the mode of final
failure of the buildings. Pushover analysis is commonly used to evaluate the seismic capacity of existing
structures and appears in several recent guidelines for retrofit seismic design.
It can also be useful for performance-based design of new buildings that rely on ductility or redundancies
to resist earthquake forces. So basically Pushover analysis is non linear approach to estimate the strength
capacity of the structure beyond Limit State. In this analysis we can predicts the weak areas in the
building and keeping track of the sequence of damages of each and every member in the
building/structure, thus can be performed for existing structure and also for performance base design,
similarly for progressive collapse analysis.
A The approach is easy to understand, when we designed or analyze a moment resisting frame as per IS
1893:2016 by Response Spectrum method with response spectrum method with the response reduction
factor 5 i.e. R=5, we are basically designing the structure with 1/5th horizontal load (calculated with the
empirical formula given in IS 1893:2016), the rest 4/5th load is basically taken care by the ductile
behavior of the building. The ductile detailing suggested by the 13920:2016 will resist the full impact of
seismic load without collapse. The distribution and impact of the full horizontal load can be analyzed with
the non linear approach, and pushover analysis is one of them.
The concept of foundation design has always been firmly rooted in tradition. A raft foundation or a pile
foundation is used to support tall and overloaded constructions such as office towers, shopping malls,
residential apartment buildings, big storage tanks, and other similar structures. Whenever the supporting
soil mass is close to the ground and can meet both bearing capacity and settling criteria, the raft
foundation system is the obvious choice; otherwise, the pile foundation system is the only option
available. When pile foundations are used, their primary purpose becomes twofold: one is to offer
sufficient protection against failure, and the other is to prevent the structure from moving around, which is
referred to as "settlement of the structure." Even when sufficient bearing resource is limited, piling is
typically used to stabilise a structure if settlement becomes an issue.
Piles are traditionally designed using empirical or semi-empirical methodologies, which are common in
the industry today. Whenever the piles travel over extremely sandy strata, the pile design is fully
dependent on the observed N value as well as the parameters derived from the observed N value. When
using a dynamic formula, the piles are eventually ended in the hard strata, which is what happens in some
circumstances. When the pile is finally loaded, it is believed to be entirely due to the bearing, and in many
circumstances, even the shaft resistance is not taken into consideration, leaving it as a secondary safety
aspect to consider.

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When piles pass through clayey layers, the ambiguities that arise in the calculation of the adhesion factor
and the computation for negative friction force the designer to use a highly conservative design approach
to account for the ambiguities. This is mostly owing to the complex interactions between the parts as well
as the three-dimensional structure of the situation. Because of the challenges encountered during sampling
on site, the evaluation of the in situ attributes of the strata is a contentious issue. As a result of the
foregoing restrictions, the permitted stress and deformation have been limited to within the elastic limits.
By default, the pile design and pile group are created in such a way in which the piles take up the entirety
of the structural load and the load is transmitted to the hard stratum. The presence of a pile cap, or the raft,
depending on the situation, as well as its contribution, are utterly overlooked. Even when the cap or raft is
placed on a surface with an acceptable bearing capacity, the contribution of the cap or raft to the load
distribution is neglected. Despite the fact that this provides a very relatively high safety factor, the number
of heaps offered is almost always greater than what is required in the situation. In such circumstances,
estimating the settlement amount becomes routine because it is almost always significantly less than the
authorized value. Despite the fact that the design is uneconomical, the foundation designers gain
confidence as a result of this.
The geotechnical design of foundation has following three steps:
1. Estimation of bearing capacity of the soil.
2. Computation of settlement.
3. Evaluation of stress in the various components of the foundation element.
The typical method to foundation design dictates that the bearing capacity of the foundation be
considered, and settling is completely omitted from consideration. When both the requirements of bearing
capacity & settlement are met in the most efficient manner, the foundation design becomes cost-effective.
It will always be more cost-effective to control the settlement and get it to a manageable level than to
completely eliminate it altogether. There is a higher level of accuracy in the computation of settlement or
differential settlement, and a higher level of dependability in the evaluation of required parameters such as
the soil's elasticity (E).
Authors such as Poulos have done a significant amount of work on pile / heap group settling over the last
three decades, while the majority of the earlier work was done with pile groups where the cap was not in
contact with the ground, as was the case for the most of the earlier work. Whitaker (1961), Butterfield and
Banerjee (1971), and others had proven that the contribution of a pile cap or a raft to the distribution of the
load was considerable at the same time. Following attempts by Zeavert (1957) and Burland et al (1977) to
demonstrate the use of piles as settlement-reducing features in conjunction with a raft, the idea of piled
raft was developed as a result of this work. This situation necessitates the development of an optimal
foundation design consisting of a simple raft and piles put below the raft to minimize raft settlement.
1.2 General concept

Due to the fundamental design concept of the piled raft, the piles act more as settlement-reducing features
than as load-bearing structural members. In certain instances, the spacing between the piles can be
increased, resulting in the utilisation of a fewer number of heaps overall. It is envisaged that the piles will
settle to a level sufficient to allow friction to generate its full capacity at the piles' full capacity.

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A schematic representation of the new design concept is depicted in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1a depicts the
contact pressure beneath a rigid raft, which was calculated using the elastic solution as a basis. Figure 1.1
b depicts a flexible raft with uniform contact pressure, although it is susceptible to non-uniform settling
due to non-uniform contact pressure (i.e. differential settlement). A small number of piles spread across
the entire raft, or over a specific area of the raft, where the intensity of load is greater, so if the pact can be
converted to a uniform contact pressure, with the overall settlement remaining within the permissible
limit, the foundation design becomes more cost-effective.
Figure 1. General concept of piled raft
In this context, it should be highlighted that the problem of settlement is not limited to clay alone, and is
applicable to sand. The allowable settlement in the case of sand is smaller than that in the case of clay The
regulation of sand settlement thus becomes extremely important, particularly in the case of storage tanks
and other slender structures that must bear a significant amount of weight. Even when a raft is placed on
sandy stratum and experiences significant settlement, the notion of using pile pieces as a settlement
reducer can be used to lessen settlement. One significant point to mention here is that the placement of
piles, particularly driven piles, compacts the sand, highlighting the need for more research into the
interaction of piles, soil, and rafts in sandy strata.

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2. LITERATURER EVIEW
2.1 IS 1893: Part 1 : 2016, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures -
Part 1 : General Provisions and Buildings, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
For the calculation of horizontal load either by equivalent static method or by Response spectrum
method.For the parameters used in analysis of building under seismic conditions.
2.2 FEMA 356 (2000) “Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation
of Buildings”, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
Explanation of various analysis on seismic rehabilitation of the structures. Explanation of both linear and
nonlinear analysis.Explanation of structural performance of the building. Explanation of soil-structure
interaction.
2.3 The Pushover Analysis, explained in its Simplicity By Rahul Leslie1, Assistant
Director, Buildings Design, DRIQ Board, Kerala PWD, Trivandrum.
Explanation of pushover analysis and its need in modern time. Explanation of hinges, types of hinges and
there properties. Explanation of design approach for pushover analysis. Step by step analysis procedure.
Explanation of the results obtained by pushover analysis.
2.4 Three-dimensional modal pushover analysis of buildings subjected to two

components of ground motion, including its evaluation for tall buildings By Juan
C. Reyes (1) and Anil K. Chopra (2),(1: Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia, 2: Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, U.S.A.).
Explanation of pushover analysis for regular building w.r.t. the ground motion. Explanation of Modal
pushover curves for the first four modes of lateral vibration of building. Explanation of higher mode
contributions in seismic demands.
2.5 Evaluation of three-dimensional modal pushover analysis for un symmetric-plan

buildings subjected to two components of ground motion Juan C. Reyes (1) and
Anil K. Chopra (2), (1: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los
Andes, Bogota D.C., Colombia, 2: Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, U.S.A.)
MadeExplanation of pushover analysis for regular building w.r.t. the ground motion. Explanation of
Modal pushover curves for the first four modes of lateral vibration of building. Explanation of higher
mode contributions in seismic demands.

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2.6 Generalized force vectors for multi-mode pushover analysis Haluk Sucuoglu and
M. Selim Gunay Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical
University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey.
Explanation of generalized force vector. Target inter story drift demand. Generalized pushover
algorithm. Results explanation of 12 story building. Results explanation of 16 story building. Shear force
distribution along the shear wall.
2.7 ATC-40 (1996) “Seismic Analysis and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings”, vol. I,
Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, CA, USA
Complete procedure and explanation for rehabilitation of structure. Explanation of pushover analysis.
2.8 FEMA-440 (2205) “Improvement of Nonlinear static seismic analysis

procedures”, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
The publication FEMA 440: The Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures will be the
product of the project. This document will provide a review and discussion of simplified inelastic seismic
analysis of new and existing buildings. It will contain guidelines for applications of selected procedures
including their individual strengths, weaknesses and limitations. The document will also contain
illustrative examples and expert commentary on key issues.
2.9 EN 1998-1 (2004) (English): Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake

resistance – Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings
[Authority: The European Union Per Regulation 305/2011, Directive 98/34/EC,
Directive 2004/18/EC]
The European code for design of structures for earthquake resistance structures. Explanation of
pushover analysis.
2.10 Simplified Push-Over Analysis of Building Structures, Vojko Kilar and Peter
Fajfar, University of Ljublijana, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Institute of Structure and Earthquake Engineering, jamova 2, 61000 Ljubljana,
Slovenia
Explanation of pushover analysis with examples.

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3. PERFORMANCE BASE ANALYSIS
3.1 ЅЕІЅМІС АNАLYЅІЅ
Іt іѕ nесеѕѕаrу to саrrу out ѕеіѕmіс аnаlуѕіѕ of thе ѕtruсturе for thе dеtеrmіnаtіon of ѕеіѕmіс rеѕрonѕеѕ of
thе ѕtruсturе uѕіng dіffеrеnt аvаіlаblе mеthodѕ.
Тhе аnаlуѕіѕ саn bе реrformеd on thе bаѕіѕ of ехtеrnаl асtіon, thе bеhаvіor of ѕtruсturе or ѕtruсturаl
mаtеrіаlѕ, аnd thе tуре of ѕtruсturаl modеl ѕеlесtеd. Тhе аnаlуѕіѕ саn bе furthеr сlаѕѕіfіеd аѕ:
а) Lіnеаr Ѕtаtіс Аnаlуѕіѕ
b) Nonlіnеаr Ѕtаtіс Аnаlуѕіѕ
с) Lіnеаr Dуnаmіс Аnаlуѕіѕ
d) Nonlіnеаr Dуnаmіс Аnаlуѕіѕ
For rеgulаr ѕtruсturе wіth lіmіtеd hеіght, lіnеаr ѕtаtіс аnаlуѕіѕ or еquіvаlеnt ѕtаtіс mеthod саn bе uѕеd.
Lіnеаr dуnаmіс аnаlуѕіѕ саn bе реrformеd bу rеѕрonѕе ѕресtrum mеthod.
Тhе ѕіgnіfісаnt dіffеrеnсе bеtwееn lіnеаr ѕtаtіс аnd lіnеаr dуnаmіс аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ thе,
а) lеvеl of thе forсеѕ аnd
b) Dіѕtrіbutіon аlong thе hеіght of ѕtruсturе
Nonlіnеаr ѕtаtіс аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ аn еnhаnсеmеnt ovеr lіnеаr ѕtаtіс or dуnаmіс аnаlуѕіѕ іn thе mаnnеr thаt іt
аllowѕ іnеlаѕtіс bеhаvіor of ѕtruсturе.
А nonlіnеаr dуnаmіс аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ thе onlу mеthod to dеfіnе thе асtuаl bеhаvіor of а ѕtruсturе durіng аn
еаrthquаkе. Тhіѕ mеthod іѕ bаѕеd on thе dіrесt numеrісаl іntеgrаtіon of thе dіffеrеntіаl еquаtіonѕ of
motіon, сonѕіdеrіng thе еlаѕto-рlаѕtіс dеformаtіon of thе ѕtruсturаl еlеmеnt
3.1.1 Еquіvаlеnt Ѕtаtіс Аnаlуѕіѕ
Тhіѕ mеthod doеѕ not rеquіrе dуnаmіс аnаlуѕіѕ, but іt ассount for thе dуnаmісѕ of buіldіng іn аn
аррroхіmаtе mаnnеr. Тhе ѕtаtіс mеthod іѕ thе ѕіmрlе mеthod whісh rеquіrеѕ lеѕѕ сomрutаtіonаl
еffortѕ. Іt іѕ bаѕеd on formulаtе gіvеn іn thе сodе of рrасtісе. Іnіtіаllу, thе dеѕіgn bаѕе ѕhеаr іѕ
сomрutеd for thе wholе buіldіng, аnd thеn іt іѕ dіѕtrіbutеd аlong thе hеіght of thе buіldіng. Тhе
lаtеrаl forсеѕ аt еасh floor lеvеl obtаіnеd аrе thеn dіѕtrіbutеd to іndіvіduаl’ѕ lаtеrаl loаd rеѕіѕtіng
еlеmеntѕ.Nonlinear Static Analysis
Іn thіѕ аррroасh, аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ саrrіеd out undеr реrmаnеnt vеrtісаl loаdѕ аnd grаduаllу іnсrеаѕіng
lаtеrаl loаdѕ whісh dеtеrmіnеѕ thе dеformаtіon аnd dаmаgе раttеrn of thе ѕtruсturе. Іt іѕ thе
mеthod of ѕеіѕmіс аnаlуѕіѕ іn whісh bеhаvіor of thе ѕtruсturе іѕ сhаrасtеrіzеd bу сарасіtу сurvе

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whісh rерrеѕеntѕ thе rеlаtіon bеtwееn bаѕе ѕhеаr forсе аnd thе dіѕрlасеmеnt of thе roof. Тhіѕ
mеthod іѕ аlѕo known аѕ Рuѕhovеr.
3.1.2 Linear Dynamic Analysis

Lіnеаr dуnаmіс аnаlуѕіѕ mеthod іѕ thе Rеѕрonѕе ѕресtrum mеthod. Іn thіѕ mеthod thе реаk
rеѕрonѕе of ѕtruсturе durіng аn еаrthquаkе іѕ dеtеrmіnеd dіrесtlу from thе еаrthquаkе rеѕрonѕе.
Тhіѕ mеthod іѕ quіtе ассurаtе for ѕtruсturаl dеѕіgn аррlісаtіonѕ.
3.1.3 NonLinear Dynamic Analysis

Іt іѕ аlѕo known аѕ Тіmе hіѕtorу аnаlуѕіѕ. Іt іѕ аn іmрortаnt рroсеdurе for ѕtruсturаl ѕеіѕmіс
аnаlуѕіѕ еѕресіаllу whеn thе еvаluаtеd ѕtruсturаl rеѕрonѕе іѕ nonlіnеаr. Тo реrform ѕuсh аn
аnаlуѕіѕ, а rерrеѕеntаtіvе еаrthquаkе tіmе hіѕtorу іѕ rеquіrеd for а ѕtruсturе bеіng еvаluаtеd.
Тіmе hіѕtorу аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ а ѕtер-bу ѕtер аnаlуѕіѕ of thе dуnаmіс rеѕрonѕе of а ѕtruсturе to а
ѕресіfіеd loаdіng thаt mау vаrу wіth tіmе. Тіmе hіѕtorу аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ uѕеd to dеtеrmіnе thе ѕеіѕmіс
rеѕрonѕе of а ѕtruсturе undеr dуnаmіс loаdіng of rерrеѕеntаtіvе.
3.2 NonLinear Dynamic Analysis

Nonlіnеаr dуnаmіс аnаlуѕіѕ mеthodѕ gеnеrаllу рrovіdе morе rеаlіѕtіс modеlѕ of ѕtruсturаl
rеѕрonѕе to ѕtrong ground ѕhаkіng аnd, thеrеbу, рrovіdе morе rеlіаblе аѕѕеѕѕmеnt of еаrthquаkе
реrformаnсе thаn nonlіnеаr ѕtаtіс аnаlуѕіѕ. Nonlіnеаr ѕtаtіс аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ lіmіtеd іn іtѕ аbіlіtу to
сарturе trаnѕіеnt dуnаmіс bеhаvіor wіth сусlіс loаdіng аnd dеgrаdаtіon. Nеvеrthеlеѕѕ, thе
nonlіnеаr ѕtаtіс рroсеdurе рrovіdеѕ а сonvеnіеnt аnd fаіrlу rеlіаblе mеthod for ѕtruсturеѕ whoѕе
dуnаmіс rеѕрonѕе іѕ govеrnеd bу fіrѕt-modе ѕwау motіonѕ. Оnе wау to сhесk thіѕ іѕ bу
сomраrіng thе dеformеd gеomеtrу from а рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ to thе еlаѕtіс fіrѕt-modе vіbrаtіon
ѕhаре. Іn gеnеrаl, thе nonlіnеаr ѕtаtіс рroсеdurе workѕ wеll for low-rіѕе buіldіngѕ (lеѕѕ thаn
аbout fіvе ѕtorіеѕ) wіth ѕуmmеtrісаl rеgulаr сonfіgurаtіonѕ. FЕМА 440, FЕМА 440А, аnd NІЅТ
(2010) рrovіdе furthеr dеtаіlѕ on thе ѕіmрlіfуіng аѕѕumрtіonѕ аnd lіmіtаtіonѕ on nonlіnеаr ѕtаtіс
аnаlуѕіѕ. Нowеvеr, еvеn whеn thе nonlіnеаr ѕtаtіс рroсеdurе іѕ not аррroрrіаtе for а сomрlеtе
реrformаnсе еvаluаtіon, nonlіnеаr ѕtаtіс аnаlуѕіѕ саn bе аn еffесtіvе dеѕіgn tool to іnvеѕtіgаtе
аѕресtѕ of thе аnаlуѕіѕ modеl аnd thе nonlіnеаr rеѕрonѕе thаt аrе dіffісult to do bу nonlіnеаr
dуnаmіс аnаlуѕіѕ. For ехаmрlе, nonlіnеаr ѕtаtіс аnаlуѕіѕ саn bе uѕеful to (1) сhесk аnd dеbug thе
nonlіnеаr аnаlуѕіѕ modеl, (2) аugmеnt undеrѕtаndіng of thе уіеldіng mесhаnіѕmѕ аnd
dеformаtіon dеmаndѕ, аnd (3) іnvеѕtіgаtе аltеrnаtіvе dеѕіgn раrаmеtеrѕ аnd how vаrіаtіonѕ іn thе
сomрonеnt рroреrtіеѕ mау аffесt rеѕрonѕе.
3.3 The Role and use of Nonlinear Analysis in Seismic Design

While buildings are usually designed for seismic resistance using elastic analysis, most will
experience significant inelastic deformations under large earthquakes. Modern performance
based design methods require ways to determine the realistic behaviour of structures under such
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conditions. Enabled by advancements in computing technologies and available test data,
nonlinear analyses provide the means for calculating structural response beyond the elastic range,
including strength and stiffness deterioration associated with inelastic material behaviour and
large displacements. As such, nonlinear analysis can play an important role in the design of new
and existing buildings.
Nonlinear analyses involve significantly more effort to perform and should be approached with
specific objectives in mind. Typical instances where nonlinear analysis is applied in structural
earthquake engineering practice are to:
(1) Assess and design seismic retrofit solutions for existing buildings;
(2) Design new buildings that employ structural materials, systems, or other features that do not
conform to current building code requirements;
(3) Assess the performance of buildings for specific owner/stakeholder requirements. If the intent
of using a nonlinear analysis is to justify a design that would not satisfy the prescriptive building
code requirements, it is essential to develop the basis for acceptance with the building code
authority at the outset of a project. The design basis should be clearly defined and agreed upon,
outlining in specific terms all significant performance levels and how they will be evaluated.
Once the goals of the nonlinear analysis and design basis are defined, the next step is to identify
specific demand parameters and appropriate acceptance criteria to quantitatively evaluate the
performance levels. The demand parameters typically include peak forces and deformations
instructural and nonstructural components, story drifts, and floor accelerations. Other demand
parameters, such as cumulative deformations or dissipated energy, may be checked to help
confirm the accuracy of the analysis and/or to assess cumulative damage effects.
In contrast to linear elastic analysis and design methods that are well established, nonlinear
inelastic analysis techniques and their application to design are still evolving and may require
engineers to develop new skills. Nonlinear analyses require thinking about inelastic behavior and
limit states that depend on deformations as well as forces. They also require definition of
component models that capture the force-deformation response of components and systems based
on expected strength and stiffness properties and large deformations. Depending on the structural
configuration, the results of nonlinear analyses can be sensitive to assumed input parameters and
the types of models used.
Іt іѕ аdvіѕаblе to hаvе сlеаr ехресtаtіonѕ аbout thoѕе рortіonѕ of thе ѕtruсturе thаt аrе ехресtеd to
undеrgo іnеlаѕtіс dеformаtіonѕ аnd to uѕе thе аnаlуѕеѕ to
(1) Сonfіrm thе loсаtіonѕ of іnеlаѕtіс dеformаtіonѕ аnd

(2) Сhаrасtеrіzе thе dеformаtіon dеmаndѕ of уіеldіng еlеmеntѕ аnd forсе dеmаndѕ іn non-
уіеldіng еlеmеntѕ.
Іn Тhіѕ rеgаrd, сарасіtу dеѕіgn сonсерtѕ аrе еnсourаgеd to hеlр еnѕurе rеlіаblе реrformаnсе
whіlе nonlіnеаr аnаlуѕеѕ саn, іn сonсерt, bе uѕеd to trасе ѕtruсturаl bеhаvіor uр to thе onѕеt of
сollарѕе, thіѕ rеquіrеѕ ѕoрhіѕtісаtеd modеlѕ thаt аrе vаlіdаtеd аgаіnѕt рhуѕісаl tеѕtѕ to сарturе thе
hіghlу nonlіnеаr rеѕрonѕе аррroасhіng сollарѕе.

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Ѕіnсе thе unсеrtаіntіеѕ іn саlсulаtіng thе dеmаnd раrаmеtеrѕ іnсrеаѕе аѕ thе ѕtruсturе bесomеѕ
morе nonlіnеаr, for dеѕіgn рurрoѕеѕ, thе ассерtаnсе сrіtеrіа ѕhould lіmіt dеformаtіonѕ to rеgіonѕ
of рrеdісtаblе bеhаvіor whеrе ѕuddеn ѕtrеngth аnd ѕtіffnеѕѕ dеgrаdаtіon doеѕ not oссur.
Тhе rесеnt аdvеnt of реrformаnсе bаѕеd dеѕіgn hаѕ brought thе nonlіnеаr ѕtаtіс рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ
рroсеdurе to thе forеfront. Рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ а ѕtаtіс, nonlіnеаr рroсеdurе іn whісh thе
mаgnіtudе of thе ѕtruсturаl loаdіng іѕ іnсrеmеntаllу іnсrеаѕеd іn ассordаnсе wіth а сеrtаіn
рrеdеfіnеd раttеrn. Wіth thе іnсrеаѕе іn thе mаgnіtudе of thе loаdіng, wеаk lіnkѕ аnd fаіlurе
modеѕ of thе ѕtruсturе аrе found. Тhе loаdіng іѕ monotonіс wіth thе еffесtѕ of thе сусlіс bеhаvіor
аnd loаd rеvеrѕаlѕ bеіng еѕtіmаtеd bу uѕіng а modіfіеd monotonіс forсе-dеformаtіon сrіtеrіа аnd
wіth dаmріng аррroхіmаtіonѕ. Ѕtаtіс рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ аn аttеmрt bу thеѕtruсturаl еngіnееrіng
рrofеѕѕіon to еvаluаtе thе rеаl ѕtrеngth of thе ѕtruсturе аnd іt рromіѕеѕ to bе а uѕеful аnd еffесtіvе
tool for реrformаnсе bаѕеd dеѕіgn.The ATC-40 and FEMA-273 documents have developed
modeling procedures, acceptance criteria and analysis procedures for pushover analysis. These
documents define force-deformation criteria for hinges used in pushover analysis. As shown in
Figure 1, five points labeled A, B, C, D, and E are used to define the force deflection behavior of
the hinge and three points labeled IO, LS and CP are used to define the acceptance criteria for the
hinge. (IO, LS and CP stand for Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety and Collapse Prevention
respectively.) The values assigned to each of these points vary depending on the type of member
as well as many other parameters defined in the ATC-40 and FEMA-273 documents.
This article presents the steps used in performing a pushover analysis of a simple three-
dimensional building. Etabs, a state-of-the-art, general-purpose, three-dimensional structural
analysis program, is used as a tool for performing the pushover. The Etabs static pushover
analysis capabilities, which are fully integrated into the program, allow quick and easy
implementation of the pushover procedures prescribed in the ATC-40 and FEMA-273 documents
for both two and three-dimensional buildings.
Deformation
Figure 2. Force Deformation for Pushover Hinge

Ѕеіѕmіс hаzаrd іn thе сontехt of еngіnееrіng dеѕіgn іѕ gеnеrаllу dеfіnеd аѕ thе рrеdісtеd lеvеl of
ground ассеlеrаtіon whісh would bе ехсееdеd wіth 10% рrobаbіlіtу аt thе ѕіtе undеr
сonѕіdеrаtіon duе to thе oссurrеnсе of аn еаrthquаkе аnуwhеrе іn thе rеgіon, іn thе nехt 50 уеаrѕ.
А lot of сomрlех ѕсіеntіfіс реrсерtіon аnd аnаlуtісаl modеlіng іѕ іnvolvеd іn ѕеіѕmіс hаzаrd
еѕtіmаtіon. А сomрutаtіonаl ѕсhеmе іnvolvеѕ thе followіng ѕtерѕ: dеlіnеаtіon of ѕеіѕmіс ѕourсе

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zonеѕ аnd thеіr сhаrасtеrіzаtіon, ѕеlесtіon of аn аррroрrіаtе ground motіon аttеnuаtіon rеlаtіon
аnd а рrеdісtіvе modеl of ѕеіѕmіс hаzаrd. Аlthough thеѕе ѕtерѕ аrе rеgіon ѕресіfіс, сеrtаіn
ѕtаndаrdіzаtіon of thе аррroасhеѕ іѕ hіghlу еѕѕеntіаl ѕo thаt rеаѕonаblу сomраrаblе еѕtіmаtеѕ of
ѕеіѕmіс hаzаrd саn bе mаdе worldwіdе, whісh аrе сonѕіѕtеnt асroѕѕ thе rеgіonаl boundаrіеѕ. Тhе
Nаtіonаl Gеoрhуѕісаl Rеѕеаrсh Іnѕtіtutе (NGRІ), Нуdеrаbаd, Іndіа wаѕ іdеntіfіеd аѕ onе ѕuсh
сеntеr, rеѕрonѕіblе for еѕtіmаtіng thе ѕеіѕmіс hаzаrd for thе Іndіаn rеgіon.
Figure 3. Performance-Based Design Flow Diagram (ATC, 1997a)
3.4 Pushover Analysis for Buildings

Рuѕhovеr Аnаlуѕіѕ oрtіon wіll аllow еngіnееrѕ to реrform рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ аѕ реr FЕМА -356
аnd АТС-40. Рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ а ѕtаtіс, nonlіnеаr рroсеdurе uѕіng ѕіmрlіfіеd nonlіnеаr
tесhnіquе to еѕtіmаtе ѕеіѕmіс ѕtruсturаl dеformаtіonѕ. Іt іѕ аn іnсrеmеntаl ѕtаtіс аnаlуѕіѕ uѕеd to
dеtеrmіnе thе forсе-dіѕрlасеmеnt rеlаtіonѕhір, or thе сарасіtу сurvе, for а ѕtruсturе or ѕtruсturаl
еlеmеnt. Тhе аnаlуѕіѕ іnvolvеѕ аррlуіng horіzontаl loаdѕ, іn а рrеѕсrіbеd раttеrn, to thе ѕtruсturе
іnсrеmеntаllу, і.е. рuѕhіng thе ѕtruсturе аnd рlottіng thе totаl аррlіеd ѕhеаr forсе аnd аѕѕoсіаtеd
lаtеrаl dіѕрlасеmеnt аt еасh іnсrеmеnt, untіl thе ѕtruсturе or сollарѕе сondіtіon.
Рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ а tесhnіquе bу whісh а сomрutеr modеl of thе buіldіng іѕ ѕubјесtеd to а
lаtеrаl loаd of а сеrtаіn ѕhаре (і.е., іnvеrtеd trіаngulаr or unіform). Тhе іntеnѕіtу of thе lаtеrаl
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loаd іѕ ѕlowlу іnсrеаѕеd аnd thе ѕеquеnсе of сrасkѕ, уіеldіng, рlаѕtіс hіngе formаtіon, аnd fаіlurе
of vаrіouѕ ѕtruсturаl сomрonеntѕ іѕ rесordеd. Рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ саn рrovіdе а ѕіgnіfісаnt іnѕіght
іnto thе wеаk lіnkѕ іn ѕеіѕmіс реrformаnсе of а ѕtruсturе. А ѕеrіеѕ of іtеrаtіonѕ аrе uѕuаllу
rеquіrеd durіng whісh, thе ѕtruсturаl dеfісіеnсіеѕ obѕеrvеd іn onе іtеrаtіon, аrе rесtіfіеd аnd
followеd bу аnothеr. Тhіѕ іtеrаtіvе аnаlуѕіѕ аnd dеѕіgn рroсеѕѕ сontіnuеѕ untіl thе dеѕіgn ѕаtіѕfіеѕ
а рrе-еѕtаblіѕhеd реrformаnсе сrіtеrіа. Тhе реrformаnсе сrіtеrіа for рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ
gеnеrаllу еѕtаblіѕhеd аѕ thе dеѕіrеd ѕtаtе of thе buіldіng gіvеn а roof-toр or ѕресtrаl dіѕрlасеmеnt
аmрlіtudе. Ѕtаtіс Nonlіnеаr Аnаlуѕіѕ tесhnіquе, аlѕo known аѕ ѕеquеntіаl уіеld аnаlуѕіѕ, or
ѕіmрlу “рuѕhovеr” аnаlуѕіѕ hаѕ gаіnеd ѕіgnіfісаnt рoрulаrіtу durіng thе раѕt fеw уеаrѕ. Іt іѕ thе
onе of thе thrее аnаlуѕіѕ tесhnіquеѕ rесommеndеd bу FЕМА-273/274 аnd а mаіn сomрonеnt of
thе Ѕресtrum Сарасіtу Аnаlуѕіѕ mеthod (АТС-40). Рroреr аррlісаtіon саn рrovіdе vаluаblе
іnѕіghtѕ іnto thе ехресtеd реrformаnсе of ѕtruсturаl ѕуѕtеmѕ аnd сomрonеntѕ. Міѕuѕе саn lеаd to
аn еrronеouѕ undеrѕtаndіng of thе реrformаnсе сhаrасtеrіѕtісѕ. Unfortunаtеlу, mаnу еngіnееrѕ
аrе unаwаrе of thе dеtаіlѕ thаt hаvе to obѕеrvе іn ordеr to obtаіn uѕеful rеѕultѕ from ѕuсh
аnаlуѕіѕ.
Рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ а ѕtаtіс, nonlіnеаr рroсеdurе іn whісh thе mаgnіtudе of thе ѕtruсturаl
loаdіng іѕ іnсrеmеntаllу іnсrеаѕеd іn ассordаnсе wіth а сеrtаіn рrеdеfіnеd раttеrn. Wіth thе
іnсrеаѕе іn thе mаgnіtudе of thе loаdіng, wеаk lіnkѕ аnd fаіlurе modеѕ of thе ѕtruсturе аrе found.
Тhе loаdіng іѕ monotonіс wіth thе еffесtѕ of thе сусlіс bеhаvіor аnd loаd rеvеrѕаlѕ bеіng
еѕtіmаtеd bу uѕіng а modіfіеd monotonіс forсе-dеformаtіon сrіtеrіа аnd wіth dаmріng
аррroхіmаtіonѕ. Ѕtаtіс рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ аn аttеmрt bу thе ѕtruсturаl еngіnееrіng рrofеѕѕіon to
еvаluаtе thе rеаl ѕtrеngth of thе ѕtruсturе аnd іt рromіѕеѕ to bе а uѕеful аnd еffесtіvе tool for
реrformаnсе bаѕеd dеѕіgn. Рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ а реrformаnсе bаѕеd аnаlуѕіѕ. Ассordіng to АТС
40, thеrе аrе two kеу еlеmеntѕ of а реrformаnсе-bаѕеd dеѕіgn рroсеdurе - dеmаnd аnd сарасіtу.
Dеmаnd іѕ thе rерrеѕеntаtіon of еаrthquаkе ground motіon or ѕhаkіng thаt thе buіldіng іѕ
ѕubјесtеd to. Іn nonlіnеаr ѕtаtіс аnаlуѕіѕ рroсеdurеѕ, dеmаnd іѕ rерrеѕеntеd bу аn еѕtіmаtіon of
thе dіѕрlасеmеntѕ or а dеformаtіon thаt thе ѕtruсturе іѕ ехресtеd to undеrgo.Сарасіtу іѕ а
rерrеѕеntаtіon of thе ѕtruсturе’ѕ аbіlіtу to rеѕіѕt thе ѕеіѕmіс dеmаnd. Тhе реrformаnсе іѕ
dереndеnt on thе mаnnеr thаt thе сарасіtу іѕ аblе to hаndlе thе dеmаnd. Іn othеr wordѕ, thе
ѕtruсturе muѕt hаvе thе сарасіtу to rеѕіѕt dеmаndѕ of thе еаrthquаkе ѕuсh thаt thе реrformаnсе of
thе ѕtruсturе іѕ сomраtіblе wіth thе obјесtіvеѕ of thе dеѕіgn. Рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ реrformеd bу
Dіѕрlасеmеnt сoеffісіеnt mеthod/Сарасіtу ѕресtrum mеthod..Тhе Сарасіtу Ѕресtrum Меthod
(СЅМ), а реrformаnсе-bаѕеd ѕеіѕmіс аnаlуѕіѕ tесhnіquе, саn bе uѕеd for а vаrіеtу of рurрoѕеѕ
ѕuсh аѕ rаріd еvаluаtіon of а lаrgе іnvеntorу of buіldіngѕ,dеѕіgn vеrіfісаtіon for nеw сonѕtruсtіon
of іndіvіduаl buіldіngѕ, еvаluаtіon of аn ехіѕtіng ѕtruсturе to іdеntіfу dаmаgе ѕtаtеѕ, аnd
сorrеlаtіon of dаmаgе ѕtаtеѕ of buіldіngѕ to vаrіouѕ аmрlіtudеѕ of ground motіon. Тhе рroсеdurе
сorrеlаtіon of dаmаgе ѕtаtеѕ of buіldіngѕ to vаrіouѕ аmрlіtudеѕ of ground motіon. Тhе рroсеdurе
сomраrеѕ thе сарасіtу of thе ѕtruсturе (іn thе form of а рuѕhovеr сurvе) wіth thе dеmаndѕ on thе
ѕtruсturе....Оbјесtіvе of Dіѕрlасеmеnt сoеffісіеnt mеthod іѕ to fіnd tаrgеt dіѕрlасеmеnt whісh іѕ
thе mахіmum dіѕрlасеmеnt thаt thе ѕtruсturе іѕ lіkеlу to bе ехреrіеnсеd durіng thе dеѕіgn
еаrthquаkе. Іt рrovіdеѕ а numеrісаl рroсеѕѕ for еѕtіmаtіng thе dіѕрlасеmеnt dеmаnd on thе
ѕtruсturе, bу uѕіng а bіlіnеаr rерrеѕеntаtіon of сарасіtу сurvе аnd а ѕеrіеѕ of modіfісаtіon fасtorѕ,
or сoеffісіеntѕ, to саlсulаtе а tаrgеt dіѕрlасеmеnt.

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3.5 Advantages of Pushover Analysis
Рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ hаѕ bееn thе рrеfеrrеd mеthod for ѕеіѕmіс реrformаnсе еvаluаtіon of
ѕtruсturеѕ bу thе mајor rеhаbіlіtаtіon guіdеlіnеѕ аnd сodеѕ bесаuѕе іt іѕ 5 сonсерtuаllу аnd
сomрutаtіonаllу ѕіmрlе. Рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ аllowѕ trасіng thе ѕеquеnсе of уіеldіng аnd fаіlurе on
mеmbеr аnd ѕtruсturаl lеvеl аѕ wеll аѕ thе рrogrеѕѕ of ovеrаll сарасіtу сurvе of thе ѕtruсturе. Тhе
ехресtаtіon from рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ to еѕtіmаtе сrіtісаl rеѕрonѕе раrаmеtеrѕ іmрoѕеd on
ѕtruсturаl ѕуѕtеm аnd іtѕ сomрonеntѕ аѕ сloѕе аѕ рoѕѕіblе to thoѕе рrеdісtеd bу nonlіnеаr dуnаmіс
аnаlуѕіѕ. Рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕеѕ рrovіdе іnformаtіon on mаnу rеѕрonѕе сhаrасtеrіѕtісѕ thаt саnnot bе
obtаіnеd from аn еlаѕtіс ѕtаtіс or еlаѕtіс dуnаmіс аnаlуѕіѕ..These are:
 The realistic force demands on potentially brittle elements, such as axial force demands
on columns, force demands on brace connections, moment demands on beam to column
connections, shear force demands in deep reinforced concrete spandrel beams, shear force
demands in unreinforced masonry wall piers, etc.
 Estimates of the deformations demands for elements that have to form inelastically in
order to dissipate the energy imparted to the structure.
 Consequences of the strength deterioration of individual elements on behavior of
structural system.
 Consequences of the strength detoriation of the individual elements on the behaviour of
the structural system.
 Identification of the critical regions in which the deformation demands are expected to be
high and that have to become the focus through detailing.
 Identification of the strength discontinuities in plan elevation that will lead to changes in
the dynamic characteristics in elastic range.
 Estimates of the interstory drifts that account for strength or stiffness discontinuities and
that may be used to control the damages and to evaluate P-Delta effects.
 Verification of the completeness and adequacy of load path, considering all the elements
of the structural system, all the connections, the stiff nonstructural elements of significant
strength, and the foundation system.
 Estimates of inter-story drifts and its distribution along the height.
Рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ аlѕo ехрoѕеѕ dеѕіgn wеаknеѕѕеѕ thаt mау rеmаіn hіddеn іn аn Еlаѕtіс аnаlуѕіѕ.
Тhеѕе аrе ѕtorу mесhаnіѕmѕ, ехсеѕѕіvе dеformаtіon dеmаndѕ, ѕtrеngth іrrеgulаrіtіеѕ аnd
ovеrloаdѕ on рotеntіаllу brіttlе mеmbеrѕ.
Тhе рurрoѕе of рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ іѕ to еvаluаtе thе ехресtеd реrformаnсе of ѕtruсturаl ѕуѕtеmѕ
bу еѕtіmаtіng реrformаnсе of а ѕtruсturаl ѕуѕtеm bу еѕtіmаtіng іtѕ ѕtrеngth аnd dеformаtіon
dеmаndѕ іn dеѕіgn еаrthquаkеѕ bу mеаnѕ of ѕtаtіс іnеlаѕtіс аnаlуѕіѕ, аnd сomраrіng thеѕе
dеmаndѕ to аvаіlаblе сарасіtіеѕ аt thе реrformаnсе lеvеlѕ of іntеrеѕt. Тhе еvаluаtіon іѕ bаѕеd on
аn аѕѕеѕѕmеnt of іmрortаnt реrformаnсе раrаmеtеrѕ, іnсludіng globаl drіft, іntеrѕtorу drіft,
іnеlаѕtіс еlеmеnt dеformаtіonѕ (еіthеr аbѕolutе or normаlіzеd wіth rеѕресt to а уіеld vаluе),
dеformаtіonѕ bеtwееn еlеmеntѕ, аnd еlеmеnt сonnесtіon forсеѕ (for еlеmеntѕ аnd сonnесtіonѕ
thаt саnnot ѕuѕtаіnіnеlаѕtіс dеformаtіonѕ), Тhе іnеlаѕtіс ѕtаtіс рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ саn bе vіеwеd аѕ

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а mеthod for рrеdісtіng ѕеіѕmіс forсе аnd dеformаtіon dеmаndѕ, whісh ассountѕ іn аn
аррroхіmаtе mаnnеr for thе rеdіѕtrіbutіon of іntеrnаl forсеѕ thаt no longеr саn bе rеѕіѕtеd wіthіn
thе еlаѕtіс rаngе of ѕtruсturаl bеhаvіor.
Тhе lаѕt іtеm іѕ thе moѕt rеlеvаnt onе аѕ thе аnаlуtісаl modеl іnсorрorаtеѕ аll еlеmеntѕ, whеthеr
ѕtruсturаl or non ѕtruсturаl, thаt сontrіbutе ѕіgnіfісаntlу to thе lаtеrаl loаd dіѕtrіbutіon. Loаd
trаnѕfеr through асroѕѕ thе сonnесtіonѕ through thе duсtіlе еlеmеntѕ саn bе сhесkеd wіth rеаlіѕtіс
forсеѕ; thе еffесtѕ of ѕtіff раrtіаl-hеіght іnfіll wаllѕ on ѕhеаr forсеѕ іn сolumnѕ саn bе еvаluаtеd;
аnd thе mахіmum ovеrturnіng momеnt іn wаllѕ, whісh іѕ oftеn lіmіtеd bу thе uрlіft сарасіtу of
foundаtіon еlеmеntѕ саn bе еѕtіmаtеd.
3.6 Limitations of Pushover Analysis

Аlthough рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ hаѕ аdvаntаgеѕ ovеr еlаѕtіс аnаlуѕіѕ рroсеdurеѕ, undеrlуіng
аѕѕumрtіonѕ, thе ассurасу of рuѕhovеr рrеdісtіonѕ аnd lіmіtаtіonѕ of сurrеnt рuѕhovеr рroсеdurеѕ
muѕt bе іdеntіfіеd. Тhе еѕtіmаtе of tаrgеt dіѕрlасеmеnt, ѕеlесtіon of lаtеrаl loаd раttеrnѕ аnd
іdеntіfісаtіon of fаіlurе mесhаnіѕmѕ duе to hіghеr modеѕ of vіbrаtіon аrе іmрortаnt іѕѕuеѕ thаt
аffесt thе ассurасу of рuѕhovеr rеѕultѕ. Таrgеt dіѕрlасеmеnt іѕ thе globаl dіѕрlасеmеnt ехресtеd
іn а dеѕіgn еаrthquаkе. Тhе roof dіѕрlасеmеnt аt mаѕѕ сеntrе of thе ѕtruсturе іѕ uѕеd аѕ tаrgеt
dіѕрlасеmеnt. Тhе ассurаtе еѕtіmаtіon of tаrgеt dіѕрlасеmеnt аѕѕoсіаtеd wіth ѕресіfіс
реrformаnсе obјесtіvе аffесt thе ассurасу of ѕеіѕmіс dеmаnd рrеdісtіonѕ of рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ.
Нowеvеr, іn рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ, gеnеrаllу аn іnvаrіаnt lаtеrаl loаd раttеrn іѕ uѕеd thаt thе
dіѕtrіbutіon of іnеrtіа forсеѕ іѕ аѕѕumеd to bе сonѕtаnt durіng еаrthquаkе аnd thе dеformеd
сonfіgurаtіon of ѕtruсturе undеr thе асtіon of іnvаrіаnt lаtеrаl loаd раttеrn іѕ ехресtеd to bе
ѕіmіlаr to thаt ехреrіеnсеd іn dеѕіgn еаrthquаkе. Аѕ thе rеѕрonѕе of ѕtruсturе, thuѕ thе сарасіtу
сurvе іѕ vеrу ѕеnѕіtіvе to thе hoісе of lаtеrаl loаd dіѕtrіbutіon, ѕеlесtіon of lаtеrаl loаd раttеrn іѕ
morе сrіtісаl thаn thе ассurаtе еѕtіmаtіon of tаrgеt dіѕрlасеmеnt. Тhе lаtеrаl loаd раttеrnѕ uѕеd іn
рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ аrе рroрortіonаl to рroduсt of ѕtorу mаѕѕ аnd dіѕрlасеmеnt аѕѕoсіаtеd wіth а
ѕhаре vесtor аt thе ѕtorу undеr сonѕіdеrаtіon. Сommonlу uѕеd lаtеrаl forсе раttеrnѕ аrе unіform,
еlаѕtіс fіrѕt modе, "сodе" dіѕtrіbutіonѕ аnd а ѕіnglе сonсеntrаtеd horіzontаl forсе аt thе toр of
ѕtruсturе. Мultі-modаl loаd раttеrn dеrіvеd from Ѕquаrе Root of Ѕum of Ѕquаrеѕ (ЅRЅЅ) ѕtorу
ѕhеаrѕ іѕ аlѕo uѕеd to сonѕіdеr аt lеаѕt еlаѕtіс hіghеr modе еffесtѕ for long реrіod ѕtruсturеѕ.
Тhеѕе loаdіng раttеrnѕ uѕuаllу fаvour сеrtаіn dеformаtіon modеѕ thаt аrе trіggеrеd bу thе loаd
раttеrn аnd mіѕѕ othеrѕ thаt аrе іnіtіаtеd аnd рroраgаtеd bу thе ground motіon аnd іnеlаѕtіс
dуnаmіс rеѕрonѕе сhаrасtеrіѕtісѕ of thе ѕtruсturе. Мorеovеr, іnvаrіаnt lаtеrаl loаd раttеrnѕ сould
not рrеdісt рotеntіаl fаіlurе modеѕ duе to mіddlе or uрреr ѕtorу mесhаnіѕmѕ саuѕеd bу hіghеr
modе еffесtѕ. Іnvаrіаnt loаd раttеrnѕ саn рrovіdе аdеquаtе рrеdісtіonѕ іf thе ѕtruсturаl rеѕрonѕе іѕ
not ѕеvеrеlу аffесtеd bу hіghеr modеѕ аnd thе ѕtruсturе hаѕ onlу а ѕіnglе loаd уіеldіng
mесhаnіѕm thаt саn bе сарturеd bу аn іnvаrіаnt loаd раttеrn.FЕМА-273 rесommеndѕ utіlіѕіng аt
lеаѕt two fіхеd loаd раttеrnѕ thаt form uрреr аnd lowеr boundѕ for іnеrtіа forсе dіѕtrіbutіonѕ to
рrеdісt lіkеlу vаrіаtіonѕ on ovеrаll ѕtruсturаl bеhаvіor аnd loсаl dеmаndѕ. Тhе fіrѕt раttеrn ѕhould
bе unіform loаd dіѕtrіbutіon аnd thе othеr ѕhould bе "сodе" рrofіlе or multі-modаl loаd раttеrn.
Тhе 'Сodе' lаtеrаl loаd раttеrn іѕ аllowеd іf morе thаn 75% of thе totаl mаѕѕ раrtісіраtеѕ іn thе
fundаmеntаl loаd. Тhе іnvаrіаnt loаd раttеrnѕ саnnot ассount for thе rеdіѕtrіbutіon of іnеrtіа
forсеѕ duе to рrogrеѕѕіvе уіеldіng аnd rеѕultіng сhаngеѕ іn dуnаmіс рroреrtіеѕ of thе ѕtruсturе.
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Аlѕo, fіхеd loаd раttеrnѕ hаvе lіmіtеd сараbіlіtу to рrеdісt hіghеr modе еffесtѕ іn рoѕt-еlаѕtіс
rаngе. Тhеѕе lіmіtаtіonѕ hаvе lеd mаnу rеѕеаrсhеrѕ to рroрoѕе аdарtіvе loаd раttеrnѕ whісh
сonѕіdеr thе сhаngеѕ іn іnеrtіа forсеѕ wіth thе lеvеl of іnеlаѕtісіtу. Тhе undеrlуіng аррroасh of
thіѕ tесhnіquе іѕ to rеdіѕtrіbutе thе lаtеrаl loаd ѕhаре wіth thе ехtеnt of іnеlаѕtіс dеformаtіonѕ.
Аlthough ѕomе іmрrovеd рrеdісtіonѕ hаvе bееn obtаіnеd from аdарtіvе loаd раttеrnѕ, thеу mаkе
рuѕhovеr аnаlуѕіѕ сomрutаtіonаllу dеmаndіng аnd сonсерtuаllу сomрlісаtеd. Тhе ѕсаlе of
іmрrovеmеnt hаѕ bееn а ѕubјесt of dіѕсuѕѕіon thаt ѕіmрlе іnvаrіаnt loаd раttеrnѕ аrе wіdеlу
рrеfеrrеd аt thе ехреnѕе of ассurасу. Whеthеr lаtеrаl loаdіng іѕ іnvаrіаnt or аdарtіvе, іt іѕ аррlіеd
to thе ѕtruсturе ѕtаtісаllу thаt а ѕtаtіс loаdіng саnnot rерrеѕеnt іnеlаѕtіс dуnаmіс rеѕрonѕе wіth а
lаrgе dеgrее of ассurасу.
3.7 The Hinges

Hinges are points on a structure where one expects cracking and yielding to occur in relatively
higher intensity so that they show high flexural (or shear) displacement, as it approaches its
ultimate strength under cyclic loading.
These are locations where one expects to see cross diagonal cracks in an actual building structure
after a seismic mayhem, and they are found to be at the either ends of beams and columns, the
‘cross’ of the cracks being at a small distance from the joint – that is where one is expected to
insert the hinges in the beams and columns of the corresponding computer analysis model.
Hinges are of various types – namely, flexural hinges, shear hinges and axial hinges. The first
two are inserted into the ends of beams and columns. Since the presence of masonry infills have
significant influence on the seismic behaviour of the structure, modelling them using equivalent
diagonal struts is common in PA, unlike in the conventional analysis, where its inclusion is a
rarity. The axial hinges are inserted at either ends of the diagonal struts thus modelled, to
simulate cracking of infills during analysis.
Basically a hinge represents localised force-displacement relation of a member through its elastic
and inelastic phases under seismic loads. For example, a flexural hinge represents the moment-
rotation relation of a beam of which a typical one is as represented in Fig.1. AB represents the
linear elastic range from unloaded state A to its effective yield B, followed by an inelastic but
linear response of reduced (ductile) stiffness from B to C. CD shows a sudden reduction in load
resistance, followed by a reduced resistance from D to E, and finally a total loss of resistance
from E to F. Hinges are inserted in the structural members of a framed structure typically as
shown in Fig.2. These hinges have non-linear states defined as ‘Immediate Occupancy’ (IO),
‘Life Safety’ (LS) and ‘Collapse Prevention’ (CP) within its ductile range. This is usually done
by dividing B-C into four parts and denoting IO, LS and CP, which are states of each individual
hinges (in spite of the fact that the structure as a whole too have these states defined by drift
limits). There are different criteria for dividing the segment BC. For instance, one such
specification is at 10%, 60%, and 90% of the segment BC for IO, LS and CP respectively ( Inel&
Ozmen, 2006).

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Figure 4. A Typical FlexuralHingeProperty,showing IO

(ImmediateOccupancy),LS(LifeSafety)andCP
(CollapsePrevention)
Figure 5. Typical Location of Hinges in a structural Model
3.7.1 Various Hinge models of Pushover Analysis

These are the various hinge models used in pushover analysis:
According to the Ceroni et., al, (2007) the rotational capacity of the element can be defined as the
plastic fraction èp of the rotation èu at failure. It can be evaluated as the difference between the
rotation at the maximum moment and the rotation at the steel yielding Ɵy:
Ɵp=Ɵu-Ɵy 3.1
The plastic rotation must include the contribution of the fixed end rotation Ɵp,fix,
Ɵp = Ɵp,c - Ɵp, fix 3.2
The fixed end rotation èp,fix, is evaluated as the ratio between the slip of the tensile bars at the
column base and the neutral axis depth of the base section. The value of Ɵp,fix depends on all the
parameters introduced, but above all the steel characteristics and the bond-slip relation are

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important; moreover the bar diameter has to be considered, for its influence on bond. The term
Ɵp,c represents the contribute to plastic rotation of column deformability.
If the rotational capacity has to be calculated in actual cases, models based on the evaluation of a
plastic hinge length are very useful thanks to their procedure simplicity. It is therefore surely
interesting to review the evaluation of the plastic hinge length Lp using the detailed model
previously introduced.
The plastic hinge length can be obtained dividing the plastic rotation Ɵp to the plastic curvature
øp:
Lp=Ɵp/øp 3.3
Øp=øu-øy 3.4
Ɵp=Ɵu-Ɵy=(øu-øy).Lp 3.5
Due to the fixed end rotation, the Lp value can be divided into two contributions:
Lp = LpI+ LpII 3.6
where LpI is due to the plastic rotation of the column and LpII to the fixed end rotation at the
footing zone of the column.
The following expressions for LpI and LpII have been obtained:
Lp1=6.1(L/H)0.43(ft/fy-1)0.65.Ɛ-0.32(1+N/NO)-1.83 3.7
LpII=5.db.(ft/fy-1)0.2 3.8
According to Priestley et., al, (1987) the plastic hinge length formula is:
Lp = 0.08L + 6db 3.9

where L is the distance from the point of contraflexure of the column to the section of maximum
moment and db the bars diameter;
According to B.I.A. 1996, the plastic hinge length formula is:
Lp = 0.08L + 0.022 fy db 3.10
According to Bulletin of TG7.2, (2003) the formula of plastic hinge length:
for monotonic loads: Lp = 0.18. Ls + 0.025. f y . db 3.11
for cyclic loads: Lp = 0.08. Ls + 0.017. f y . db 3.12

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where Ls is the shear span.
These are the various hinge models used in pushover analysis :
According to the Ceroni et., al, (2007) the rotational capacity of the element can be defined as the
plastic fraction èp of the rotation èu at failure. It can be evaluated as the difference between the
rotation at the maximum moment and the rotation at the steel yielding Ɵy:
Ɵp=Ɵu-Ɵy 3.1
The plastic rotation must include the contribution of the fixed end rotation Ɵp,fix,
Ɵp = Ɵp,c - Ɵp,fix 3.2
The fixed end rotation èp,fix, is evaluated as the ratio between the slip of the tensile bars at the
column base and the neutral axis depth of the base section. The value of Ɵp,fix depends on all the
parameters introduced, but above all the steel characteristics and the bond-slip relation are important;
moreover the bar diameter has to be considered, for its influence on bond. The term Ɵp,c represents
the contribute to plastic rotation of column deformability.
If the rotational capacity has to be calculated in actual cases, models based on the evaluation of a
plastic hinge length are very useful thanks to their procedure simplicity. It is therefore surely
interesting to review the evaluation of the plastic hinge length Lp using the detailed model previously
introduced.
The plastic hinge length can be obtained dividing the plastic rotation Ɵp to the plastic curvature øp:
Lp=Ɵp/øp 3.3
Øp=øu-øy 3.4
Ɵp=Ɵu-Ɵy=(øu-øy).Lp 3.5

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Due to the fixed end rotation, the Lp value can be divided into two contributions:
Lp = LpI+ LpII 3.6
where LpI is due to the plastic rotation of the column and LpII to the fixed end rotation at the
footing zone of the column.
The following expressions for LpI and LpII have been obtained:
Lp1=6.1(L/H)0.43(ft/fy-1)0.65.Ɛ-0.32(1+N/NO)-1.83 3.7
LpII=5.db.(ft/fy-1)0.2 3.8
According to Priestley et., al, (1987) the plastic hinge length formula is:
Lp = 0.08L + 6db 3.9
where L is the distance from the point of contraflexure of the column to the section of maximum
moment and db the bars diameter;
According to B.I.A. 1996, the plastic hinge length formula is:
Lp = 0.08L + 0.022 fy db 3.10
According to Bulletin of TG7.2, (2003) the ultimate rotation èu calculated according to the
following equation:
ƟU=ƟY+(Øu-øy)Lp.{1-0.5Lp/Ls} 3.13
The ultimate and yielding curvatures were calculated using the section equilibrium equations and
considering a constitutive relationship for the confined concrete. Rotation at steel yielding, èy,
was calculated through an empirical expression statistically fitted to the experimental results on
beams, columns and walls.
According to Priestley et., al, (1996) the ultimate concrete compressive strain can be calculated
by:
Ɛcu=0.004+1.4ρs fyh Ɛsu/fcc 3.14
where Ɛcu is the ultimate concrete compressive strain, Ɛsu is the steel strain at the maximum
tensile stress, ρs is the volumetric ratio of confining steel, fyh is the yield strength of transverse
reinforcement, and fcc is the peak confined concrete compressive strength.

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3.8 Building Performance Levels and Ranges (atc, 1997a)

3.8.1 Performance Level :
The intended post-earthquake condition of a building; a well-defined point on a
scale measuring how much loss is caused by earthquake damage. In addition to
casualties, loss may be in terms of property and operational capability.
3.8.2 Performance Range:

A range or band of performance, rather than a discrete level.
3.8.3 Designations of Performance Levels and Ranges:
Performance is separated into descriptions of damage of structural and

nonstructural systems; structural designations are S-1 through S-5 and nonstructural
designations are N-A through N-D.
3.8.4 Building Performance Level:
The combination of a Structural Performance Level and a Nonstructural

Performance Level to form a complete description of an overall damage level.

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Figure 6. Building Performance Levels (ATC, 1997a)
Methods and design criteria to achieve several different levels and ranges of
seismic performance are defined. Тhе four Вuіldіng Реrformаnсе Lеvеlѕ аrе
Сollарѕе Рrеvеntіon, Lіfе Ѕаfеtу, Іmmеdіаtе Оссuраnсу, аnd Ореrаtіonаl. Тhеѕе
lеvеlѕ аrе dіѕсrеtе рoіntѕ on а сontіnuouѕ ѕсаlе dеѕсrіbіng thе buіldіng’ѕ ехресtеd
реrformаnсе, or аltеrnаtіvеlу, how muсh dаmаgе, есonomіс loѕѕ, аnd dіѕruрtіon
mау oссur. Еасh Вuіldіng Реrformаnсе Lеvеl іѕ mаdе uр of а Ѕtruсturаl
Реrformаnсе Lеvеl thаt dеѕсrіbеѕ thе lіmіtіng dаmаgе ѕtаtе of thе ѕtruсturаl
ѕуѕtеmѕ аnd а Nonѕtruсturаl Реrformаnсе Lеvеl thаt dеѕсrіbеѕ thе lіmіtіng dаmаgе
ѕtаtе of thе nonѕtruсturаl ѕуѕtеmѕ. Тhrее Ѕtruсturаl Реrformаnсе Lеvеlѕ аnd four
Nonѕtruсturаl Реrformаnсе Lеvеlѕ аrе uѕеd to form thе four bаѕіс Вuіldіng
Реrformаnсе Lеvеlѕ lіѕtеd аbovе. Оthеr ѕtruсturаl аnd nonѕtruсturаl саtеgorіеѕ аrе
іnсludеd to dеѕсrіbе а wіdе rаngе of ѕеіѕmіс rеhаbіlіtаtіon іntеntіonѕ.

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The three Structural Performance Levels and two Structural Performance
Ranges consist of:
•S-1: Immediate Occupancy Performance Level
•S-2: Damage Control Performance Range (extends between Life Safety and
Immediate Occupancy Performance Levels)
•S-3: Life Safety Performance Level
•S-4: Limited Safety Performance Range (extends between Life Safety and
Collapse Prevention Performance Levels)
• S-5: Collapse Prevention Performance Level
In addition, there is the designation of S-6, Structural Performance Not Considered,

to cover the situation where only nonstructural improvements are made.
The four Nonstructural Performance Levels are:
• N-A: Operational Performance Level
• N-B: Immediate Occupancy Performance Level

• N-C: Life Safety Performance Level
• N-D: Hazards Reduced Performance Level

In addition, there is the designation of N-E, Nonstructural Performance Not
Considered, to cover the situation where only structural improvements are made.
A description of “what the building will look like after the earthquake” raises the
questions:
Which earthquake?
A small one or a large one?
A minor-to-moderate degree of ground shaking severity at the site where the

building is located, or severe ground motion?

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Ground shaking criteria must be selected, along with a desired Performance Level or Range; this
can be done either by reference to standardized regional or national ground shaking hazard
maps, or by site-specific studies.Building performance is a combination of the performance of
both structural and nonstructural components. Independent performance definitions are
provided for structural and nonstructural components. Structural performance levels are
identified by both a name and numerical designator. Nonstructural performance levels are
identified by a name and alphabetical designator.
3.9 STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE LEVELS (ATC, 1997a)

Immediate occupancy performance level (s-1)
Structural Performance Level S-1, Immediate Occupancy, means the post-earthquake damage
state in which only very limited structural damage has occurred. The basic vertical and lateral-
force-resisting systems of the building retain nearly all of their pre-earthquake strength and
stiffness. The risk of life threatening injury as a result of structural damage is very low, and
although some minor structural repairs may be appropriate, these would generally not be
required prior to re-occupancy.
Life safety performance level (s-3) 25
Ѕtruсturаl Реrformаnсе Lеvеl Ѕ-3, Lіfе Ѕаfеtу, mеаnѕ thе рoѕt-еаrthquаkе dаmаgе ѕtаtе іn whісh
ѕіgnіfісаnt dаmаgе to thе ѕtruсturе hаѕ oссurrеd, but ѕomе mаrgіn аgаіnѕt еіthеr раrtіаl or totаl
ѕtruсturаl сollарѕе rеmаіnѕ. Ѕomе ѕtruсturаl еlеmеntѕ аnd сomрonеntѕ аrе ѕеvеrеlу dаmаgеd,
but thіѕ hаѕ not rеѕultеd іn lаrgе fаllіng dеbrіѕ hаzаrdѕ, еіthеr wіthіn or outѕіdе thе buіldіng.
Іnјurіеѕ mау oссur durіng thе еаrthquаkе; howеvеr, іt іѕ ехресtеd thаt thе ovеrаll rіѕk of lіfе-
thrеаtеnіng іnјurу аѕ а rеѕult of ѕtruсturаl dаmаgе іѕ low. Іt ѕhould bе рoѕѕіblе to rераіr thе
ѕtruсturе; howеvеr, for есonomіс rеаѕonѕ thіѕ mау not bе рrасtісаl.
Collapse prevention performance level (s-5)
Ѕtruсturаl Реrformаnсе Lеvеl Ѕ-5, Сollарѕе Рrеvеntіon, mеаnѕ thе buіldіng іѕ on thе vеrgе of
ехреrіеnсіng раrtіаl or totаl сollарѕе. Ѕubѕtаntіаl dаmаgе to thе ѕtruсturе hаѕ oссurrеd,
рotеntіаllу іnсludіng ѕіgnіfісаnt dеgrаdаtіon іn thе ѕtіffnеѕѕ аnd ѕtrеngth of thе lаtеrаl forсе
rеѕіѕtіng ѕуѕtеm, lаrgе реrmаnеnt lаtеrаl dеformаtіon of thе ѕtruсturе аnd to morе lіmіtеd ехtеnt
dеgrаdаtіon іn vеrtісаl-loаd-саrrуіng сарасіtу.
Нowеvеr, аll ѕіgnіfісаnt сomрonеntѕ of thе grаvіtу loаd rеѕіѕtіng ѕуѕtеm muѕt сontіnuе to саrrу
thеіr grаvіtу loаd dеmаndѕ. Ѕіgnіfісаnt rіѕk of іnјurу duе to fаllіng hаzаrdѕ from ѕtruсturаl dеbrіѕ
mау ехіѕt. Тhе ѕtruсturе mау not bе tесhnісаllу рrасtісаl to rераіr аnd іѕ not ѕаfе for
rеoссuраnсу, аѕ аftеrѕhoсk асtіvіtу сould іnduсе сollарѕе.

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3.10 Structural Performance Ranges (ATC, 1997a)
3.10.1 Damage control performance range (s-2)

Structural Performance Range S-2, Damage Control, means the continuous range of damage
states that entail less damage than that defined for the Life Safety level, but more than that
defined for the Immediate Occupancy level. Design for Damage Control performance may be
desirable to minimize repair time and operation interruption; as a partial means of protecting
valuable equipment and contents; or to preserve important historic features when the cost of
design for Immediate Occupancy is excessive.
Acceptance criteria for this range may be obtained by interpolating between the values
provided for the Immediate Occupancy (S-1) and Life Safety (S-3) levels.
Limited safety performance range (s-4)
Structural Performance Range S-4, Limited Safety, means the continuous range of damage
states between the Life Safety and Collapse Prevention levels. Design parameters for this range
may be obtained by interpolating between the values provided for the Life Safety (S-3) and
Collapse Prevention (S-5) levels.
3.11 NONSTRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE LEVELS (ATC, 1997a)

Operational performance level (n-a)
Nonѕtruсturаl Реrformаnсе Lеvеl А, Ореrаtіonаl, mеаnѕ thе рoѕt-еаrthquаkе dаmаgе ѕtаtе of
thе buіldіng іn whісh thе nonѕtruсturаl сomрonеntѕ аrе аblе to ѕuррort thе buіldіng’ѕ іntеndеd
funсtіon. Аt thіѕ lеvеl, moѕt nonѕtruсturаl ѕуѕtеmѕ rеquіrеd for normаl uѕе of thе buіldіng
іnсludіng lіghtіng, рlumbіng, еtс.; аrе funсtіonаl, аlthough mіnor rераіr of ѕomе іtеmѕ mау bе
rеquіrеd. Тhіѕ реrformаnсе lеvеl rеquіrеѕ сonѕіdеrаtіonѕ bеуond thoѕе thаt аrе normаllу wіthіn
thе ѕolе рrovіnсе of thе ѕtruсturаl еngіnееr.
Immediate occupancy level (n-b)

Nonѕtruсturаl Реrformаnсе Lеvеl В, Іmmеdіаtе Оссuраnсу, mеаnѕ thе рoѕt-еаrthquаkе dаmаgе
ѕtаtе іn whісh onlу lіmіtеd nonѕtruсturаl dаmаgе hаѕ oссurrеd. Ваѕіс ассеѕѕ аnd lіfе ѕаfеtу
ѕуѕtеmѕ, іnсludіng doorѕ, ѕtаіrwауѕ, еlеvаtorѕ, еmеrgеnсу lіghtіng, fіrе аlаrmѕ, аnd ѕuррrеѕѕіon
ѕуѕtеmѕ, rеmаіn oреrаblе. Тhеrе сould bе mіnor wіndow brеаkаgе аnd ѕlіght dаmаgе to ѕomе
сomрonеntѕ.
Рrеѕumіng thаt thе buіldіng іѕ ѕtruсturаllу ѕаfе, іt іѕ ехресtеd thаt oссuраntѕ сould ѕаfеlу rеmаіn
іn thе buіldіng, аlthough normаl uѕе mау bе іmраіrеd аnd ѕomе сlеаnuр mау bе rеquіrеd. Іn
gеnеrаl, сomрonеntѕ of mесhаnісаl аnd еlесtrісаl ѕуѕtеmѕ іn thе buіldіng аrе ѕtruсturаllу ѕесurеd
аnd ѕhould bе аblе to funсtіon іf nесеѕѕаrу utіlіtу ѕеrvісе іѕ аvаіlаblе. Нowеvеr, ѕomе
сomрonеntѕ mау ехреrіеnсе mіѕаlіgnmеntѕ or іntеrnаl dаmаgе аnd bе non-oреrаblе. Рowеr,
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wаtеr, nаturаl gаѕ, сommunісаtіonѕ lіnеѕ, аnd othеr utіlіtіеѕ rеquіrеd for normаl buіldіng uѕе mау
not bе аvаіlаblе. Тhе rіѕk of lіfе-thrеаtеnіng іnјurу duе to nonѕtruсturаl dаmаgе іѕ vеrу low.
Life safety level (n-c)

Non ѕtruсturаl Реrformаnсе Lеvеl С, Lіfе Ѕаfеtу, іѕ thе рoѕt-еаrthquаkе dаmаgе ѕtаtе іn whісh
рotеntіаllу ѕіgnіfісаnt аnd сoѕtlу dаmаgе hаѕ oссurrеd to nonѕtruсturаl сomрonеntѕ but thеу hаvе
not bесomе dіѕlodgеd аnd fаllеn, thrеаtеnіng lіfе ѕаfеtу еіthеr wіthіn or outѕіdе thе buіldіng.
Еgrеѕѕ routеѕ wіthіn thе buіldіng аrе not ехtеnѕіvеlу bloсkеd. Whіlе іnјurіеѕ mау oссur durіng
thе еаrthquаkе from thе fаіlurе of nonѕtruсturаl сomрonеntѕ, іt іѕ ехресtеd thаt, ovеrаll, thе rіѕk
of lіfе-thrеаtеnіng іnјurу іѕ vеrу low. Rеѕtorаtіon of thе nonѕtruсturаl сomрonеntѕ mау tаkе
ехtеnѕіvе еffort.
Hazards reduced level (n-d)
Nonstructural Performance Level D, Hazards Reduced, represents a post-earthquake damage
state level in which extensive damage has occurred to nonstructural components, but large or
heavy items that pose a falling hazard to a number of people such as parapets, cladding panels,
heavy plaster ceilings, or storage racks are prevented from falling. While isolated serious injury
could occur from falling debris, failures that could injure large numbers of persons either inside
or outside the structure should be avoided. Exits, fire suppression systems, and similar life-safety
issues are not addressed in this performance level.

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4. Structural Modelling
4.1 General
Now a days different types of structural systems are available, from last many decades themost
common structure system was beam column system with few shear walls located incirculation areas.
The system is good in terms of performance in gravity and lateral loading formediumstory
heightbuildings.
In the present study,I have chosen the special moment resisting RCC frame with G+8 stories office building,
has been modeled in Etabs to undertaken nonlinear analysis. Beams and columns are modeled as nonlinear
frame element with lumped plasticity at start and end ofeach RC elements. Etabs provide default-hinge
properties and recommended P-M2-M3 hinge for columns and hinge M3 for beams as described in
FEMA356.
4.2 Building Discription

In my report I have choose a G+8 story height office building with floor to floor height of 3.9 m, The
plansize of building 18m width and 36 m long regular building. The structural system used in building is
special moment resisting frame (beam columnsystem).
The building is situated in earthquake zone4. The material used in columns are M35 grade of concrete
and M25 for other structural components. The 230 mm brick wall at outer peripheral beams only, all
inner area has no permanent partition walls there is only movable partition proposed. The dead load of
structure is calculated by software with 2500kg/cu.m given density of reinforced concrete. The
superimposed dead load for floor finishing and false ceiling is 200kg/ sq.m as floor load and for 230 mm
brick work 500kg/sq.m/r.m.as member load considered.The live load 400 kg/sqm as floor load
considered.

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4.2.1 Building Parameter
Length of building(plan)
36m
Width of building(plan)
18m
Planshape Rectangular
Columntocolumnspacing inX- dir. 6m
Nos. ofbaysinX-dir. 6
Columntocolumnspacing in Y-dir. 6m
Nos. ofbaysinY- dir. 3
Nos. offloors 9
Floortofloorheight 3.9
Table 1. Building Dimensions
4.3 Loading Parameter

Dead Laods
Self-weightofstructure By software
50 mm thick Floor finishing

2.0KN /sq.m
+Falseceiling
230 mm thick brick

5KN/sq.m/r.m
wall(3mheightbelowbeam)
Terracefinish 2.5KN /sq.m
Table 2. Dead Loads

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Live loads
Liveloadonfloors(officearea) 4KN/sq.m
Table 3. Live Loads

Earthquake Parameters (As per IS: 18932016)
Useof building Office purpose
EarthquakeZone VI
Zonefactor(Z)
0.24
Responsereductionfactor(R) 5
Importancefactor(I) 1
Soiltype Hard
Timeperiod(0.075xH0.75) 1.150seconds
Table 4. Earthquake Parameters
Material specifications
Concrete
M25 M30
Beam and Slab Columns.
Table 5. Concrete Grade
Reinforcement
Fe 500 Fe 415
Forlongitudinalbarsofbeams, Fortransversebarsofbeams,
columnsandslabs columns.
Table 6. Reinforcement

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Proposed member sizes (mm)
Column sizes 450x900
Main beams 450x600
Slab thickness 185 mm
Table 7. Member sizes
3D View
Figure 7. 3D model View

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Plan View
Figure 8. Plan View

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BASIC CHECK FOR MODEL

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The total applied load should transfer on foundation means assigned base restraint. The total
base reaction for basic load case like: dead, live load etc. should matched with total applied
gravity load. Or the individual column base reaction should matched manually calculated load,
base do tributary area of column. To confirm the accuracy of modelling and loading as well.
Same as the static base shear calculated by software should be matche with the base shear
manually calculated. This check again the accuracy of model in terms of defined earthquake
parameters.
Based on the above checks we can validate the software results.

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4.4 Etabs Nonlinear Analysis Steps:
For Step by step procedure of pushover analysis in ETABS
The following steps are included in the pushover analysis. Steps 1 through 4 discuss creating the
computer model, step 5 runs the analysis, and steps 6 through 10 review the pushover analysis
results.
1. Create the basic computer model (without the pushover data) in the usual manner using the
graphical interface of ETABS makes this a quick and easy task.
2. Define properties and acceptance criteria for the pushover hinges as shown in Figure.
3. The program includes several built-in default hinge properties that are based on average values
from ATC-40 for concrete members and average values from FEMA-273 for steel members. These
built in properties can be useful for preliminary analyses, but user-defined properties are
recommended for final analyses. This example uses default properties.
4. Locate the pushover hinges on the model by selecting one or more frame members and assigning
them one or more hinge properties and hinge locations.
5. Define the pushover load cases. In ETABS more than one pushover load case can be run in the
same analysis. Also a pushover load case can start from the final conditions of another pushover load
case that was previously run in the same analysis. Typically the first pushover load case is used to
apply gravity load and then subsequent lateral pushover load cases are specified to start from the
final conditions of the gravity pushover. Pushover load cases can be force controlled, that is, pushed
to a certain defined force level, or they can be displacement controlled, that is, pushed to a specified
displacement. Typically a gravity load pushover is force controlled and lateral pushovers are
displacement controlled. ETABS allows the distribution of lateral force used in the pushover to be
based on a uniform acceleration in a specified direction, a specified mode shape, or a user-defined
static load case.Here how the displacement controlled lateral pushover case that is based on a user-
defined static lateral load pattern named PUSH is defined for this example.
6. Run the basic static analysis and, if desired, dynamic analysis. Then run the static nonlinear
pushover analysis.
6. Display the pushover curve . The File menu shown in this display window allows you to view and if
desired, print to either a printer or an ASCII file, a table which gives the coordinates of each step of
the pushover curve and summarizes the number of hinges in each state as defined in Figure 1 (for
example, between IO and LS, or between D and E).
7. Display the capacity spectrum curve. Note that you can interactively modify the magnitude of the
earthquake and the damping information on this form and immediately see the new capacity
spectrum plot. The performance point for a given set of values is defined by the intersection of the
capacity curve (green) and the single demand spectrum curve (yellow). Also, the file menu in this
display allows you to print the coordinates of the capacity curve and the demand curve as well as

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other information used to convert the pushover curve to Acceleration-Displacement Response
Spectrum format.
8. Review the pushover displaced shape and sequence of hinge formation on a step-by-step basis .
The arrows in the bottom right-hand corner of the screen allow you to move through the pushover
step-by- step. Hinges appear when they yield and are color coded based on their state (see legend at
bottom of screen).
9. Review member forces on a step-by-step basis . Often it is useful to view the model in two side-by-
side windows with the step-by-step displaced shape in one window and the step-by-step member
forces in the other. These windows can be synchronized to the same step, and can thus greatly
enhance the understanding of the pushover results.
10. Output for the pushover analysis can be printed in a tabular form for the entire model or for
selected elements of the model. The types of output available in this form include joint
displacements at each step of the pushover, frame member forces at each step of the pushover, and
hinge force, displacement and state at each step of the pushover.
For buildings that are being rehabilitated it is easy to investigate the effect of different strengthening
schemes. The effect of added damping can be immediately seen on the capacity spectrum form. You can
easily stiffen or strengthen the building by changing member properties and rerunning the analysis.

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4.5 Results
STEPWISEHINGESFORMATION(INXDIRECTION)

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PUSHOVERCURVEIN X-DIRECTION

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PUSHOVERCURVEINY-DIRECTION

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5. Discussion and Conclusion
I. It has been observed that on increasing the reinforcement of ground storey beam,
structure performance also improved.
II. On increasing the reinforcement of first storey beam, structure performance

increases up to some limit then after its performance remain same. And it is
observed that, there is no effect in performance of building on increasing the
reinforcement of second and third floor.
III. Roof displacement decreases on increasing reinforcement of ground floor beam and first
floor beam but there is no variation of roof displacement in cases of second and third storey.
III. There is a variation in base force on increasing the reinforcement of ground storey
and first storey beam. While there is no variation in base force is found on changing
the reinforcement of second and third storey beams.
IV. It has been observed that there is appreciable change in roof displacement on
increasing reinforcement of ground and first storey columns while there is no change
in roof displacement if we increase the reinforcement of second and third storey
columns.
V. There is large increase in base force when reinforcement of ground and first storey
column is increased but there is no change in base force when reinforcement of
second and third storey is increased.
VI. It has been observed that, by providing shear wall there is an appreciable decrease in
roof displacement of the building.
VII. There is an increase in base force by on providing shear wall in the building.
VIII. After doing all the arrangement it has been observed the building is coming in
acceptance criteria of immediate occupancy for various level of earthquake in zone
four.
IX. It has been observed that in performance based seismic design, there is a decrease in
reinforcement in some members of the structure when compared to building
designed by IS 1893:2002.
X. It has been observed that for the building to be in immediate occupancy level,
reinforcement of ground and first storey floor has been increased but reinforcement
of second and third floor members had been reduced as compared to reinforcement
designed by of IS1893:2002.
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6. REFERENCES
1. IS 1893: Part 1 : 2016, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures - Part 1 :
General Provisions and Buildings, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
2. FEMA 356 (2000) “Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of
Buildings”, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
3. The Pushover Analysis, explained in its Simplicity ByRahul Leslie1, Assistant Director,
Buildings Design, DRIQ Board, Kerala PWD, Trivandrum.
4. Three-dimensional modal pushover analysis of buildings subjectedto two components of

ground motion, including its evaluation fortall buildings By Juan C. Reyes (1) and Anil K.
Chopra (2),(1: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota,
Colombia, 2: Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley,
CA 94720-1710, U.S.A.)
5. Evaluation of three-dimensional modal pushover analysis for unsymmetric-plan buildings

subjected to two components of ground motion Juan C. Reyes (1) and Anil K. Chopra (2),
(1: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota D.C.,
Colombia, 2: Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley,
CA 94720-1710, U.S.A.).
6. Generalized force vectors for multi-mode pushover analysis Haluk Sucuoglu and M.
Selim Gunay Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531
Ankara, Turkey.
7. ATC-40 (1996) “Seismic Analysis and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings”, vol. I, Applied
Technology Council, Redwood City, CA, USA.
8. FEMA-440 (2205) “Improvement of Nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures”,

Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
9. EN 1998-1 (2004) (English): Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance –

Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings [Authority: The European
Union Per Regulation 305/2011, Directive 98/34/EC, Directive 2004/18/EC]
10. Simplified Push-Over Analysis of Building Structures, Vojko Kilar and Peter Fajfar,
University of Ljublijana, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Institute of Structure
and Earthquake Engineering, jamova 2, 61000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
11. Progressive collapse analysis of high-rise building with 3-D finite elementmodeling
method Feng FuWSP Group, WSP House, 70 Chancery Lane London WC2A 1AF, United
Kingdom.

MSF-19-05
12/08/2021
12. Preventing Progressive Collapse in Concrete Buildings BY STEVEN M. BALDRIDGE
AND FRANCIS K. HUMAY
13. Etabs and Safe 2000, Computer Integrated Softwares, CSI.

(Further reference may be added at the time of completion of thesis)

MSF-19-05

Dissertation (MSF-19-05)

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12/08/2021

BASED ANALYSIS (PUSHOVER ANALYSIS) FOR

Kunwer Fahmed Alam Ariyana

Under the Supervision of

Er. Mirza Aamir Baig (Assistant Professor)

Department of Civil Engineering

Kunwer Fahmed Alam Ariyana Page 1 of 51

(Kunwer Fahmed Alam Ariyana)

Kunwer Fahmed Alam Ariyana Page 2 of 51

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to

Kunwer Fahmed Alam Ariyana Page 3 of 51

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3. PERFORMANCE BASE ANALYSIS 14

5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 49

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Figure 1. General concept of piled raft 11

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Table 1. Building Dimensions 34

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The geotechnical design of foundation has following three steps:

1. Estimation of bearing capacity of the soil.

3. Evaluation of stress in the various components of the foundation element.

1.2 General concept

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Figure 1. General concept of piled raft

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2.4 Three-dimensional modal pushover analysis of buildings subjected to two

2.5 Evaluation of three-dimensional modal pushover analysis for un symmetric-plan

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2.8 FEMA-440 (2205) “Improvement of Nonlinear static seismic analysis

2.9 EN 1998-1 (2004) (English): Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake

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а) Lіnеаr Ѕtаtіс Аnаlуѕіѕ

b) Nonlіnеаr Ѕtаtіс Аnаlуѕіѕ

с) Lіnеаr Dуnаmіс Аnаlуѕіѕ

d) Nonlіnеаr Dуnаmіс Аnаlуѕіѕ

а) lеvеl of thе forсеѕ аnd

b) Dіѕtrіbutіon аlong thе hеіght of ѕtruсturе

3.1.1 Еquіvаlеnt Ѕtаtіс Аnаlуѕіѕ

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3.1.2 Linear Dynamic Analysis

3.1.3 NonLinear Dynamic Analysis

3.2 NonLinear Dynamic Analysis

3.3 The Role and use of Nonlinear Analysis in Seismic Design

(1) Сonfіrm thе loсаtіonѕ of іnеlаѕtіс dеformаtіonѕ аnd

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Figure 2. Force Deformation for Pushover Hinge

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Figure 3. Performance-Based Design Flow Diagram (ATC, 1997a)

3.4 Pushover Analysis for Buildings

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3.6 Limitations of Pushover Analysis

3.7 The Hinges

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Figure 4. A Typical FlexuralHingeProperty,showing IO

Figure 5. Typical Location of Hinges in a structural Model

3.7.1 Various Hinge models of Pushover Analysis

Ɵp = Ɵp,c - Ɵp, fix 3.2

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Lp = LpI+ LpII 3.6

Lp = 0.08L + 6db 3.9

According to B.I.A. 1996, the plastic hinge length formula is: