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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
Introduction
In this unit, you will learn about communication processes, principles, and ethics.
In your personal life, in school, in the community and in your workplace later,
take note that effective communication is vital for success. Faced with people of
different beliefs, values, attitudes and backgrounds, communication processes,
principles, and ethics become necessary. In real world scenarios, you need to
engage in group discussions, make presentations and interact with different
people. If you do not have the necessary and purposive communication skills, you
will have a hard time relating with others in different situations. Your goal,
therefore, is to become a fully-developed, thoughtful and persuasive
communicator.
Every time you talk, you present:
Yourself
Your purpose
Your ideas; and
Information to others
If you:
- Are ambitious and want to move up the ladder of success;
- Wish to have a positive impact on others;
- Want to have your skills and talents recognized and rewarded;
Then strive to be a successful communicator NOW. Now is the time to equip
yourself with the mastery of the communication processes, principles and ethics
so that you will be prepared in your future jobs.
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
Learning Outcomes
What comes into your mind when you hear the word communication? Before
reading the definition of communication from different sources, write as many
words you could associate with the word communication using the concept
map below.
Communication
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
Learning Objectives
At the end the lesson, you are expected to:
1. discuss the importance of communication in different situations
2. share how communication helped in resolving issues you have
experienced in different situations
Presentation of Content
Importance of Communication
Family Community
Application
Work in groups with 3-4 members and choose one situation which you have
already experienced. Demonstrate how communication helped in resolving the
issue in the context you have chosen.
1. You have overspent your budgeted allowance for the week because of
unexpected expenses. Your mother usually does not give extra allowance.
Demonstrate how communication can help you persuade your mother to give
you additional budget.
2. Your teacher announced that those who have four to five absences in class
are in the brink of failing the subject. You are one of those who have
incurred those numbers of absences, but you think you have plausible
reasons for the absences. Demonstrate how communication will help you
persuade your teacher to excuse you from those absences.
3. The campus cashier has set a date for signing of students’ clearance but you
were not able to come because you were still on vacation. The clearance is a
requirement for your enrolment. Demonstrate how communication will help
you to let the cashier consider you and eventually sign your clearance.
4. Your best friend asks your help in a lesson he cannot understand but, you
cannot attend to him because you need to go home early. Demonstrate how
communication could help you explain your situation without offending him.
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
Feedback
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
school, in the community, or among your circle of friends. Your output will
be graded using the following rubrics:
Features 5 4 3 2
Expert Accomplished Capable Beginner
Quality of Piece was Piece was Piece had Piece had no
Writing written in an written in an little style or style or voice
extraordinary interesting voice Gives no new
style and voice style and Gives some information
very Voice new and very
informative and Somewhat information poorly
well organized informative but poorly organized
And organized
organized
Grammar, Virtually no Few A number of So many
Usage & spelling, spelling spelling, spelling,
Mechanics punctuation and punctuation punctuation
or punctuation or and
grammatical ns errors, grammatical grammatical
errors Minor errors errors that it
grammatic interferes with
al errors the meaning
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
Learning Objectives
Presentation of content
Study the pictures below and determine the type of communication being used.
1. Verbal communication
●It is a form of transmitting messages using word symbols in
representing ideas and objects which comes in two forms – oral and written.
●It includes a face-to-face interaction with another person, speaking
to someone on the phone, participating in meetings, delivering speeches
in programs and giving lectures or presentations in conferences.
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
c.It often complements the verbal message but also may contradict.
Examples – A nod reinforces a positive message among Americans and
Filipinos.
A wink or a frown may contradict a positive message.
d. It regulates interactions
Example – Hand gestures may signal a person to speak or not.
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
Application
Research Uses a wide variety of Uses a variety of relevant Uses some sources Uses few sources which No evidence of
relevant sources which sources which which begin to address do little to address the research.
successfully address the successfully address the the claim/thesis. Some claim/thesis. Few
claim/thesis. claim/thesis. sources are correctly sources are cited.
Sources are correctly Most sources are cited.
cited. correctly cited.
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
Feedback
In a whole sheet of paper, write a 5-7 sentence paragraph about how both verbal
and non-verbal gestures make a communication more effective. Your output
will be graded using the following rubric.
Source: ThoughtCom.com
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
Learning Objectives
Presentation of Content
Models of Communication
There are different conceptual models that represent human communication.
These models explain how communication takes place in different situations and
present the elements needed in order to complete the flow of communication. This
module presents at least three of the common models of human communication.
1. Shannon - Weaver model
The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone
technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender,
channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person who
spoke, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the
phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also
recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a
telephone conversation, which they deemed noise. The noise could also mean the
absence of signal. In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model
or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in
natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/
sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of
communication views communication as a means of sending and receiving
information.
The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Social
scientists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the
following elements: An information source, which produces a message.
A transmitter, which encodes the message into signals. A channel, to which
signals are adapted for transmission. A receiver, which 'decodes' (reconstructs)
the message from the signal. A destination, where the message arrives. Shannon
and Weaver argued that there were three levels of problems for communication
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
within this theory. The technical problem: how accurately can the message be
transmitted? The semantic problem: how precisely is the meaning
'conveyed'? The effectiveness problem: how effectively does the received
meaning affect behavior?
In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver’s (1949) linear model
of communication and created the SMCR Model of Communication. The
Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of communication separated the
model into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars.
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
Wilbur Schramm (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact
that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the
message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge
and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may
take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form
depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication
content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target
can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or
group of beings). Communication can be seen as processes of information
transmission governed by three levels of semiotic rules: Syntactic (formal
properties of signs and symbols), Pragmatic (concerned with the relations
between signs/expressions and their users) and Semantic (study of relationships
between signs and symbols and what they represent). Therefore, communication
is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of
signs and a common set of semiotic rules.
This commonly held rule in some sense ignores auto communication, including
intrapersonal communication via diaries or self-talk, both secondary phenomena
that followed the primary acquisition of communicative competences within
social interactions.
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Unit 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
Application
You pair with a classmate and choose an activity to perform. You are expected to
demonstrate successful communication in this activity. You are given the freedom
to choose your topic in performing one of the following:
a. Telephone/cell phone conversation with a friend
b. Face-face conversation with a classmate
c. Father/mother- Son/daughter conversation
d. Suitor- ladylove conversation
e. Teacher- student conversation
f. Applicant - employer job interview
g. Subordinate-barangay official transaction
h. Friend-friend communication using notes/letters
i. interpreting signages posted in malls
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Feedback
Use the Role Play you have performed to answer the worksheet below:
Question Answer
1. What message did you convey/ get
in the process?
Rubric: 2 points each: 1 point for the correctness of information, and 1 point for
the mechanics and clarity of thought.
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Topic 4: Communication Principles
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. explain the seven principles of communication, and
2. point out how these principles of communication can be achieved.
Presentation of Content
Communication is the essence of human life and society. People are engaged
in communication most of the time. It is then important to make
communication effective. Communication becomes more meaningful if it is:
Source: https://expertprogrammanagement.com/2018/04/7-
cs-communication/
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Application
Feedback
Read the Editorial below and explain how the seven Cs of communication are
achieved.
Giving in to China
from: www.philstar.com
THERE IS certainly no doubt now that China’s invasion of the West Philippine
Sea is unstoppable. The defeatist stance of the Duterte administration fuels and
further emboldens China to occupy the atolls and reefs with the installation of
military facilities that can only be dismantled with might which the Philippines
does not have.
The conflict in South China Sea, in which the Philippines named West Philippine
Sea as within its Exclusive Economic Zone, involves China, the Philippines,
Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia. The impasse had become longstanding and,
worse, is turning into a powder keg, so to speak. The controversial waterway’s
strategic importance cannot be ignored as an international waterway where some
$5.3 trillion worth of goods move through the sea every year, according to the
United States Department of Defense.
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Aside from being a strategic maritime territory, the South China Sea is
estimated to hold 10 percent of the total global fisheries, 11 billion barrels of oil
reserve, and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas deposits.
With its booming economy and skyrocketing demand for raw materials for its
industry, China cannot give in to other claimants of the South China Sea
other than declaring war where the victor gets the spoils.
In 2012, the standoff between China and the Philippines happened in the
Scarborough Shoal which displayed China’s might and effectively took away the
Philippines’ control over it. With no other way to contest its claim, the Philippine
filed case before the United Nations Permanent Court of Arbitration. Philippine
won the case in 2016 with the ruling that essentially dismissed as illegal China’s
self-imposed 9-dash demarcation line as illegal.
Two years after the Philippine victory over the declared 9-dash line of China and
then presidential candidate Rodrigo Duterte’s theatrics to jet ski to Scarborough
Shoal to plant the Philippine flag there, China has almost completed the
militarization of the area in the West Philippine Sea with its facilities installed.
To date, China has already occupied the atolls and reefs the Philippines once
claimed before the aggressive invasion of China of the South China Sea using
the 9-dash line demarcation.
Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque tried to put the blame on the previous
administration of President Benigno Aquino III by saying that “the Aquino
administration did nothing” about the creeping invasion of China in the West
Philippine Sea. Roque obviously ignored that the previous Aquino
administration was persistent in pursuing its claims over the West Philippine Sea
which resulted in the Permanent Court of Arbitration’s ruling in our favor.
We cannot go to war with a superpower like China. But being in the international
community of nations, there are other ways to resist invasion and bullying by
more powerful nation. But with the attitude and stance of President Duterte
kowtowing to Chinese officials, like they are his bosses, no diplomatic protest
had been lodged against China.
Contrary to Roque’s putting the blame on the previous Aquino administration, the
Duterte administration is the one giving in to China, backtracking the gains
achieved by the Philippines’ claim over the West Philippine Sea handed by the
Permanent Court of Arbitration in 2016. What we can see in the way President
Duterte handles the issue in the West Philippine Sea is his allegedly treasonous
gesture of surrendering a part of our national patrimony without a whimper of
protest while it is being shamelessly being usurped right before our very eyes.
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Rubric: 2 points each: 1 point for the correctness and clarity of
information, and1 point for the mechanics and clarity of thought.
Additional 1 point if finished within the day, with a total of 15 points.
Learning Outcomes
Presentation of Content
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4. Ethical Communicators Use Information Properly.
Communicators have the responsibility to give and acquire adequate and
accurate information. As an ethical communicator, a respect for truth
means being informed on a topic before posing as any kind of authority
on the subject. We also need to consider the accuracy of the information
and the accuracy with which we use it. When we communicate, we expect
people to react in some way to what we say and do. When we use
inaccurate information to influence others, we cause difficulty for them
and for ourselves.
Application
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Rubric
3 2 1
Content Very informative and Somewhat Uninformative and very
well-organized informative and poorly organized
organized
2 1
Grammar, Virtually few spelling, punctuation or A number of spelling, punctuation or
Usage & grammatical errors grammatical errors
Mechanics
Feedback
Have you ever violated an ethics of communication? If you had, relate your
experience and tell how are you going to avoid the same mistake in the future.
If you haven’t, then explain what you did in order to avoid ethical issues in
communicating with others.
Features 5 4 3 2
Expert Accomplished Capable Beginner
Quality of Piece was Piece was Piece had Piece had no
Writing written in an written in an little style or style or voice
extraordinary interesting voice Gives no new
style and voice style and Gives some information
very Voice new and very
informative and Somewhat information poorly
well organized informative but poorly organized
And organized
organized
Grammar, Virtually no Few A number of So many
Usage & spelling, spelling spelling, spelling,
Mechanics punctuation and punctuation punctuation
or punctuation or and
grammatical ns errors, grammatical grammatical
errors Minor errors errors that it
grammatic interferes with
al errors the meaning
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Summary
In this chapter you have learned the Communication Process, Principles and
Ethics. You have discovered the importance of communication in the different
aspects of your life like in your family, in your community, in your school and in
even in your work place later on. It is also emphasized in this chapter that verbal
and non- verbal communication are both needed in achieving effective
communication. It is very important to note that participants of the
communication process must consider the Seven C’s which are Clarity of
thoughts, Conciseness, Coherence, Completeness, Concreteness, Correctness
and Courtesy. Lastly, this chapter introduced to you the Ethics of
communication which reminds you of the standards that you have to practice
when participating in a communication process.
Reflection
You are done with the first chapter of this module. Kindly go back to the
activities and lessons you have taken in this chapter and answer the following
questions. Limit your answers for each question to 5-7 sentences only.
1.Which of the topics in this chapter you had like/disliked most? Why?
2. Which of the activities in this chapter did you enjoy the most/the least? Why?
3. Which topic/topics in this chapter are you likely to share with others?
References
Montano-Harmon M.R. (2014) Developing English for Academic Purposes,
California State University, Fullerton
Manzano, B.A., Arador, MVP and Ladia MAp (2018). Purposive Communication
for College Freshmen. St. Andrews Publishing House, Plaridel, Bulacan
https://www.lanecc.edu/llc/speech/ethical-communication
https://ethiccomm.weebly.com/ethical-communication.html
https://expertprogrammanagement.com/2018/04/7-cs-communication
https://expertprogrammanagement.com/2018/04/7-cs-
communication/ www.Thought.Com
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