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Folder Title: Research Proposal - Investigation of the Food Habits, Nutritional Status and Productivity
of Women Factory Workers in Jakarta - 1983 - 236.264

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 RESEARCH PROPOSAL

PROJECT: INVESTIGATION OF THE FOOD HABITS, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND

PRODUC'I'IVITY OF WOMEN FACTORY WORKERS IN JAKARTA

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS

1 Mrs Jill Mackilligin, MA

2 Dr Catherine Geissler, BDS, MS, PhD (Supervisor)

Department of Nutrition
Queen Elizabeth College
University of London
London W8

In cooperation with:

The Department of Nutrition

Faculty of Medicine
University of Indonesia
Jakarta

Supervisor: Dr Asmuni Rachmad

The Nutrition Research and Development Centre

Boger

Director: Dr Darwin Karyadi

The NationaJ. Institute of Industrial Hygiene

OccupationaJ. Health and Safety
Department of Manpower and Transmigration
Jakarta

Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Data Collection: 1983

RESEARCH SETI'ING

Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia

The project will form part of the preparation for a PhD thesis by
Mrs Jill Mackilligin under the supervision of Dr Catherine Geissler in
the Department of Nutrition, Queen Elizabeth College, University of
London.
 CONTENTS

Page

Background l
Summary of Background 4

General Objectives 5

Specific Objectives 5

Methodology 6

Plan of Operation 11

Budget 14

References 17

J
 BJ1 c;<:GROUND

Population

Indonesia, the fifth largest country in the world, is composed of about

13,000 islands of which about 6,000 are inhabited. The total population
for 1981 was estimated to be 152 million. Java is the most fertile island
of the archipelago but is severely overpopulated. 63% of Indonesia's
population live on only 7% of the entire yerritory and it has become the
most densely populnted area of the world.

The capital, Jakarta, is by far the largest city with a population of

approximately 5 million. In recent years, with migration from Java and
other islands, sprawling shanty towns have developed and Jakarta now meets
other villages and towns so the limits of the city are difficult to define.

About 83% of Indonesia's population is rural but the urban population has
been steadily increasing in common with most developing countries so that
the urban growth ratec projected for 1980-85 was 3.8% per annum and the
rural 2.4% per annum. However, the rates are now reducing due largely to
the success of the imaginative and energetic family planning programme.

National nutrition

The national nutritional problems* arc mainly protein energy malnutrition

in both adults and children, the most vulnerable group being the under-fives;

Vita.min A deficiency, again mainly the under-fives;

nutritional anae~~a., the most vulnerable group being pregnant women (46-
92 • 5% women) ;

goitre, tb ~ prev·.lence in the population being 30-90%, highest in East Java

North and Uest Sumatra and Bali, the most vulnerable age group is 12-18
year old girls.

Nutrition prograrume

The Government of Indonesia and some of the United Nations Agencies have
supported an applied nutrition programme for several years to tackle the
above problems. It started as a rurally based programme in Central Java
in the early 1950s. In 1965-66 it was reorganised and expanded to cover
a total of ight c ·it of twenty-seven provinces and in 1972/3 after
10
evaluation when it was agreed that the priority target Group should be
pregnant women and nursing mothers it was expanded further into cities
including Jakarta.

Economy

Two-thirds of the population is involved in agriculture. Rice is the

principal crop and great efforts are being made to make Indonesia self-
sufficient in rice. This aim is within sight of being realised.
Production of many other crops is also increasing, especially maize,
cassava and sugar.

* Source: Ministry of Health and Nutrition Research and Development

Cent:i.·e.
 - 2 -

The Gross Domestic Product (1980) was $67 billior?and economic growth
about 7.5% per annum, sustained mainly by the country's foreien exchange
earnings from oil, natural gas and primary commodities such as tin,
rubber, palm oil, coffee and timber. However, export earnings have
recently declined due mainly to the world recession and great efforts are
being made to reverse this trend by diversification, increased
manufacturing and processing industries within Indonesia and increased
non-oil exports.

The Government attaches high importance to creating industries in Java to

absorb not only the growing population but also the surplus from the
rural areas where there is virtually no land le:ft for further production.
It has established steel, aluminium, plastics and synthetic fibre
industries and cement and paper-making industries are being expanded.
Particular emphasis is laid on labour intensive industries and growth
areas include electrical and metal industries, wood processing, vehicle
production, textiles and food processing.

Labour

The National Labour Force Survey-1 in 1977 listed the urban labour force
from the age of 10 as 7,5 million composed of 5,3 million men and 2.2
million women. The labour force figures for Jakarta are 1.7 million of
which 1.3 million are men and 400,000 are women.

Unemployment, howe~er, is a major problem standing at 20% in cities and

30% in rural areas . When under-employment is also taken into account
30-40% of the entire labour force is either unemployed or under-employed.

The number of factory workers in Jakarta is estimated to be 264,844 men

and 71,723 women employed in 7,847 factories, (Departemen Tenaga Kerja Dan
Transmigrasi). Many factories are very small. Factories employing women
are in the following categorues: electrical; motor and motor bicycle
manufacturing; machine tools; glass; textiles, including clothing, weaving,
knitting and batik; plastics; detergents; pharmaceuticals and confectionery. 5

Related studies

Some studies have been done of various aspects of women workers in several
industrial sectors. These inelude:

1 A national stuay in 1978 of 1,213 factories and other work-sites on

Java, Sumatra and Bali, including 192 in Jakarta. Statistics available
include type of job, hours of work, wages, absenteeism, number of
children under and over 5 years, arrangements made for looking after
children while at work.

2 A later similar stuay 7 was done in 1979/80 of women manual workers in

Jakarta.

The Department of Manpower is carrying out annual studies or the

3 productivity of women workers. The research in 1979/80 included a
stuay of 152 women employed in 5 Ja§arta factories producing
4 confectionery, and secondly a study of 796 women in 21 factories,
when workers of below average productivity were either given a snack,
lunch and/or im~r9ved ventilation and effect on productivity recorded.
5 A similar study to the second one which this time included 1,500
women workers in 37 Jakarta factories was carried out in 1980/81 and
the work continues.
 - 3 -

6 In 1981 the Department's National Institute of Industrial Hygiene,

Occupational Health and Safety carried out a study of 39 female and
6 male workers in 5 factories in North Jakarta in which information
was gathered on nutritional status, family income, social, cultural
and educational background, caloric output at work e.nd in 24 hours,
food intake and food habits. The results are not yet published, but
it is known that many cases of anaemia were found and caloric intake
was often insufficient.

Each of these studies contains elements of interest to nutritional status,

food habits, productivity and interventions but none has fully investigated
the effects of nutritional status onproductivity nor the problems
experienced by women workers that may affect their nutritional health and
which may be amendable to appropriate interventions.

Nutrition of workers

Dr Suma.'mur, the Director of the National Institute of Iniystrial Hygiene,

Occupational Health and Safety has observed the following nutritional
problems of workers:

- Chronic protein energy malnutrition, causing underweight, reduces work

capacity.

- Iron deficiency.anaemia r 1~ults in low.productivity by worke:s· This

has been shown 1n a study of Indones1an road and construct1on
workers and in another study of plantation workers when the productivity
of non-anaemic labourers was found to be approximately 20% greater than
that of anaemic fellow labourers. 88% of adult male workers on a rubber
plant~ti~n in West Java had hookworm infestation and over 45% were
anaemic

Endemic goitre, due to a low intake of iodine, reduces productivity,

as well as having a serious effect on children born to mothers who are
suffering fro~ it, often resulting in stunted and/or mentally retarded
children.
Vitamin A deficiency may cause disturbance of vision of workers
resulting inaccidents especially when working in a dark room or at night.

Dr Suma'mur believes that the causes of these deficiences in workers are

mainly due to low income, ignorance, unfavourable food habits,
superstitious beliefE and the high prevalence of parasitic and bacterial
infections of the gastro-intestinal tract. He has observed that factory
workers who have the opportunity to take snacks during rest hours have
improved productivity and less work fatigue and that breakfast may have
an important effect on the productivity of day workers.

Factory workers can also be exposed to additional environmental risks

such as chemicals and psychologicial or stress factors from a bad
workine environment and unfavourable management-worker relations. All
tend tc lead to ill-health, loss of weight and low productivity, but
ma.y be improved by appropriate interventions. The distribution of
iron capsules · and anti-hookworm pills ti workers has been proved to
reduce anaemia and increase productivity 3 · To chose the most
appropriate intervention knowledge is required of the factors affecting
the workers food habits.

National food habit research

Research into food habits in Indonesia is limited. Given the s1ze and
 - 4 -

diversification of the population it is hardly surprising.

1 The most important recent study was unnertaken by Dr Mely Tnn

14
to
provide information in support of the implementation of the Applied
Nutrition Programme.

2 The other most sienificant source of information on food habits in

the last decade are studies carried out in 1975 by the School of
Medicine, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, in rural areas of East
Java to assess the prevalence and nature of nutritional deficiency
diseases.

3 Recent information on food habits in Jakarta is also linited, thoueh

a 1980 study by the Depr:i.rtment of Nutrition of the University of
Indonesia (Ma.tulessy et al) of nutrition deficiency diseases among
the under fives in a p or urban community in West Jakarta provided
valuable information. In under-fives from 225 households the
prevalence of PEM was 41%. Vitamin A deficiency 4% and an§~mia 77%.
20% of the m6th8rs of these children were working outside the home.

Need for further research

Dr Tan concludes that further research into food habits is required:

"a study of the social and cultural factors related with food
patterns and food habits should be done simultaneously with a
diet survey, a budget survey, a survey of the foodstuffs grown/
raised locally, and a survey of health conditions. We would
suggest that it is only this kind of approach which will
provide the information of all the relevant factors connected
with nutrition problems".

Summary of background

Various studies have shown that women in Indonesia face the worst
nutritional risks, especially regar~ing anaemia and goitre, greatly
reducing the quality of their life. Also their health status has a
crucial effect on the next generation of Indonesians.

Only a small proportion of Indonesia 1 s women ,~ark in factories, but

with the pressure to increase production and numerous new and expanding
industries, the numbers of women employed is likely to grow
dramatically in the next decade as the process of industrialisation and
urbanisation continues. Information provided now may be useful when
Government policy is being formulated and legislation planned.

To be competitive on world markets Indonesian industry has to be

efficient. Low productivity and high mobility of workers, absenteeism,
low quality of work, high accident rate all lower-this efficiency,
raise costs and reduce competitiven2ss. It is in the interests,
therefore, of employer and employee alike for improvements to be made.

Limited information is available on food habits ill Jakarta as so few

studies have been done. Information provided by this study may be
useful as background information for other nutrition research.

Emphasis will be on not only nutritional health status but on the

reasons for poor health and nutrition, including such factors as
environment,time allocation and food choice.
,-.
I
- 5 -
I

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

To provide information on the food habits of urba.n employed women. To

imrpove the health, nutritional status and prod~ctivity of women
factory workers in Indonesia, and suhsequently their families.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To carry out a survey of a sample of women manual factory workers in

Jakarta to establish their food habits, their social, cultural and
economic background, their broad health and nutritional status, and
their work, recreation and leisure pattern.

To gather information on the way of life of these women, such as how

they organise their life, how they spend their time when not at work,
their role in food preparation nnd distribution within the family and
their role in the upbringing of children; to investicate the diffculties
they encounter and what causes them stress.

To gather information at the place of work on productivity, accident

rate, trainine; and promotion schemes, health care, canteen nnd other
food purchasing facilities, hours of work, facilities for rest periods
and recreation.

To investigate the problems encountered by employers such as low

productivity, rising costs, accidents, absenteeism, rapid turnover of
workers, unfavourable employer/employee relations.

Havine gathered the above b.formn.tion and studied the resrlts of it,
and noted any sirnificant correlations, to make tentative suggestions
as to how improvements might be made and, in agreement with factory
owners, to select smaller samples within each factory for an inter-
vention study in order to try to prove the hypothes~s and make the
desired improvement inwhatever were identified as ~he main problems.

To report fully both to the owners of the factories usP.d in the study
and to other similar ones on the information gathered, the problems
encountered and possible saloti0ns.
 - 6 -

METHODOLOGY

Subjects

Factories in Jakarta have workforces of three distinct types: residential,

day workers and shift workers.

The residential workers tend to be youne, unmarried girls, who are often
recruited from the provinces and live in dormitories on the factory sites,
which tend to be on the outskirts of Jakarta. The day and shi~ workers
live in private acconunodation, often in kampungs either in the centre or
outskirts of the city.

The workers who are residential will have all their food provided by the
management, except when they are on leave. The day and shift workers may
have canteen facilities and some snacks provided, but it is likely that
most of their food will be consumed at home or brought from there, or
bougbt from vendors near the factory. Since there is likely to be only a
small element of food choice and little contact with the local community
and the residential workers, the i~plications of the study of food habits
of these workers is not so interesting as with day and shift workers.

Therefore it is proposed to limit the study to factories which employ day

and shift manual workers.

A total sample of 300 such workers will be taken composed as follows:

66 from each of three large factories (employing over 100 female

manual workers)

33 from each of three small factories (employing about 50 female

manual workers)

It is proposed that the three factories in each case should be selected

so that a range of types of factories is covered. These roughly fall into
three distinct types:

1 electrical, motor and motor bicycle,. manufacturing, metalwork,

machine tools and glass,

2 textiles, weaving, knitting, batik, clothing,

3 plastics, detergents, pharmaceuticals and confectionery.

All these factories would be in one of the 5 administrative areas

designated by the Department of Manpower which employ a total of 20,000
female manual works composed as follows:

Central: 10,968 West: 4,336

North: 1,769 East: 981
South: 1,618 Total: 19,672

It is planned on the basis of current information that all the factories

selected should come from the South area.

L _J
 - 7 -

The seltction of the factories to be studied, the S3JI1Ples and the

information to be gathered will be made in cooperation with fue National
Institute of Industrial Hygiene, Occupational Health and 81:1.fety, and
other relevant sections of the Department of Manpower ~nd Transmigration.

Data Collection

A Factory Owners

FactorJ owners will be interviewed by me&ns of a questionnaire including

details of workforce, type of work, productivity, absenteeism, accidents,
problems encountered by management, employer/employee relationships,
facilities offered to workers and environmental conditions.

Information will he gathered regarding energy output for each type of job
undertaken by women workers and also means of measuring the productivity
of workers will be studied and agreed on.

B Subjects

Three phases of data collection are planned:

1 Data Collection Phase One

This will be composed of questionnaires, anthropometrical measurements,

clinical examination, collection of specimens for laboratory analysis
for 300 women, followed by home visits concerning a sub-sample of the
300 women.

a Questionnaire to 300 women which will cover:

i Personal/demographic/social data

11 Medical history: morbidity, immunization against TB,

pregnancies, children

111 Economic behaviour: income and ~llocation of it

iv Health/morbidity, absenteeism, accident records

v Description of job, hours o~ work, environmental conditions

vi Recall of alloc tion of time: joh, travel, housework, food

collection, purchase, preparation,
eating
children/family
health, excercise, recreation,
self. sleep

vii Problems; can~es of stress

viii Food intake: 3 day assisted recall (including water and other
beverages)
 - 8 -

ix Food habits, including:

- food sources, CJst, daily me~l pattern incluling snacks and

water nnd beverages

- food preparation for Sl.lf, children c.nd other family members

- food distribution wi thi11 factory and family

- beliefs and taboJS concerning food

- income restraints on purchase of foods and types affected

- food preferences and food disliked

b Anthropometric measurer.x.nts

Each woman will then be examined by a Nutritionist who will record

the following information:

- height

- weight

- upper arm circumference

- skinfold thicknesses

c Clinical examination

The Nutritionist will examine each for signs of:

- endemic goitre (enlarged thyroid)

- Vitamin B deficiency (angular stomatitis)

- other vitamin deficiency

The Doctor will examine for signs of deficiency and illness.

He/she will take blood samples from each for annlysis.

d Laboratory analysis

The foll0wing analyses will be carried out:

- haemoglobin, haemntocrit, cell size - nll subjects

- serum vitamin 1 - subsa.r.iple

- stool parasites - subsa:ople

e Home visits

A subsample of vorkers will be visited at home. The following

information will be collected:

Housing and environmental conditions

Observation of food habits

I_ _ _ _
 - 9 -

- DLily time allocFtic u

- Anthropometric data on children under 5 years

2 Data Collection Phase Two

Two weeks after Labaran, a period of a month's daytime fasting

foll0wed by at least two days of feasting, there will be a second
phase of data collection. This will be taken frum either the whole
sample ( 300) or a reduced sample, whichever is to lje used for the
interventio!'l study . The foll owing will be taken as pre-intervention
baseline data:

a Body weight

b Blood sample for haemoglobin analysis

c Measure of productivity

3 Data Collection Phase Three

Following the Intervention Programme which will last three months,

the following information will be collected:

a Anthropometric measurements

b Blood sample for haemoglobin analysis

c Measurement of individual producti vi t;r of en.ch women in sample.

The Intervention Study

This will be planned with the factories concerned on the basis of results
achieved fro.n the analysis of the data. Dr Geissler will visit
Indonesia at this time. Choice of intervention will also take into
account previous research in Indonesi.<.1 sue 1, as that n!c:-:.tioned above, as
well as studies on productivity in other countries, such as those in
~he Phil~ppines, Ke~yaj_Sri Lanka and In~e and suggestions made by
1.nternat1.onal organ1.sat1.ons such as FAO.

Sue-samples of women workers will be takc:i, most likely on the basis of

three groups each composed of samples from one large and one small
factory and certain innovations will be made . The impact on both
nutritional status and productivity will be recorded. Such interven-
tions will depend on the nutritional deficiences discovered and the
other problems faced by workers and management.

Examples of such interventions could be:

1 Medical intervention, eg deworming pill and iron/B capsule

12
2 Change in food habits, eg snack containing nutrients in which workers
found to be deficient
or
alteration in food of meals/snacks

3 Change in daily pattern, eg introduction of rest/recreation facility

or organised transport by factory
or facility for children
 - 10 -

Personnel

1 Principal investigators:

Mrs Jill Mackilligin will conduct the research planninG, field research
in Indonesia afa1. the data analysis.

Dr Catherine Geissler will supervise and participate in the initial

planning in London, interven~ion planning in Indonesia, and in final
data analysis.

2 Three doctors to carry out medical examinations and take blood samples
will be recruited through the Department of Nutrition of the Faculty
of Medicine, Universit;r of Indonesia, Jakarta.

3 Technicians for laboratory analysis will be arranged with the doctors

and the Nutrition Research and Development Centre, Bogor.

4 Two part-time Research Assistants will be recruited early in the project:

they are likely to be Nutritionists or post-graduate students or
employees of the Department of Manpower.

If these Research Assistants arc not Nutritionists , two Nutritionists

will be recruited to assist durinc the three phases of data collection.

5 18 Indonesian interviewers who have some experience of nutritional and

sociological interviewing will be engaged tc assist in the completion
of the questionnaires and home visits, and additional training will be
given as necessary.

Data analysis

Preliminary analysis cf the dietary, he~lth and social data will be carried
out in Jakarta prior to the intervention. Final analysis will be done with
the assistance of a cumputer at tlit. Dep::i.rtment of Nutrition, Queen Elizabeth
College, University of London.

For dietary anaJysis the values for In,lonesian foods will be added fro:r:i the
Indonesian Food Tables to the cc:nputer programme at Q.11een Elizabeth College,
based on British Food Tables ( Mccance & '.-liddowson) .

Dissemination of results

1 A report on the findings and suggestions for improvements would be

distrilmted to the factory owners, the Department of Manpower and
Transmigration, the Department of Nutrition, University of Indonesia and
the Nutrition Development Centre at Boger.

2 The rese~r~h will be fully written in the form of a thesis as part of

requirements for a PhD degree, University of London.

3 Papers will be prepared for appropriate academic journals.

 - 11 -

PLAN OF OPERATION

1982

June Distribution of Research Proposal to potential Dor,ors.

July Presentation of Research Proposal of Lenbaga Ilmu
Pengetahuan Indonesia (Indonesian Institute of Sciences).
August Discussions with:
- National Institute of Industrial Hygiene, Occupational
Health and Safety, Department of f1anpower & Transmigration
- The Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Indonesia, Jakarta
- Nutrition Developrnent Research Centre, Bogor
- Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
- Other organisations and individuals.
September Recruitment of two Research Assistants (both part-tirne).
October Visiting of factories in order to select the six to be
used for the study, and to establish rnethod of rneasuring
\'K)rkers' individual productivity.
Selection of the six factories.
Selection of one additional factory to be used for testing
questionnaires.
Finalisation and translation of questionnaire for use with
factory O\\lllers and women workers.
November Trial interview with ov:ner and small sarr;ple of workers in
factory which is not one of the selected six to test
questionnaires.

Trial visit to howes of small sample of ~orkers to test

questionnaire and observation techniques.
Adaption of questionnaire to factory owners.
Visit to the six factories to interview O\',fler using
questionnaire, to select sample of workers and to establish
index of productivity for each of the workers selected.
December Adaption and printing of questionnaires for use when
interviewing wornen workers.
Selection of 18 interviewers (most likely Nutrition and
Sociology students or recent graduates).
Selection of Doctors (3), Laboratory Tachnicians (3) and also
two Nutritionists (if two Research Assistants are not
sufficient or qualified to do Anthropornetry).
 - 12 -

1983

January Training of interviewers.

Data Collection Phase One:
Interview with factory owners including data on
productivity. Three teams each comprising:
- Investigator or Research Assistant/Nutritionist
- 6 Interviewers
- 1 Doctor
- 1 Laboratory Technician
will each visit one large and one small factory and
interview and/or examine 66 and then 33 women Horkers
(approx).
In total 300 women will be interviewed by questionnaire
(1 week allowed, 17 women per interviewer).
On a subsequent visit the following will be collected:
i Anthropometrical data
ii Clinical data by medical examination
iii Blood sa~1es
iv Stool samples.
(Four days allo"~d, though likely two sufficient).
February Home visits will then be conducted on a sub-sample of 70
by the 18 interviewers, supervised by the investigator
and two Research Assistants. Two weeks will be al lowed
in which four 24-hour visits \'Jill be made by each.
Analysis of laboratory samples.
March Analysis of data collected in Phase One by Investigator
and Research Assistants.
April Visit by Dr Catherine Geissler, Nutrition Department,
QL~en Elizabeth College, University of London, to Jakarta
to review analysis and discuss alternative for Intervention
Pro gra lllllE! •
May/June Planning and preparation for Intervention Pr~gramne.
Laba ran
 - 13 -

July Data Collection Phase Two:

Two \'Jeeks after Labaran
i Anthropometric data weight ) on 300 or reduced
ii Blood sample haer:iogl obi n ) ion
~ample for intervent-

August/ Intervention Study most likely based on three groups of

September/ women from one large and one small factory.
October
November Data Collection Phase Three:
This will take place following intervention lasting three
months.
Anthroporretry - weight, skinfold thickness
Blood sample - Haemoglobin
~~asurement of individual productivity of each wo~an in
sample.
December Analysis of laboratory samples.
Preliminary analysis of results.
1984

January/ Analysis in Jakarta.

February
March onwards Analysis at Queen Elizabeth College using Mutrition
Departr.ient's computer.
Writing up of reports and thesis.
 - 14 -

BUDGET

1 Salaries

i) Principal Investigators

ii) 2 p~rt-time Indonesiar ~esearch Assistants

14 months ct average Rri 15,000 each per month
rtp 420,000 £ 360

iii) 2 Nutritionists (Indonesian)

Total of tr,ree weeks during three plrn.scs of
data collection
21 days at Rp 5,000 per (.n.y X 2
Rp 210,000 £ 180

iv) 3 Doctors
Total of two wee<{s during three phases of
data collection
21 days at Rp 5,500 per day X 3
Rn 346,500 £. 300

v) 3 Technicians
Total of three weeks durinG and after three
phases of data collection
21 days at Rp 4,500 per day X 3
Rp 283,500 £ 240

vi) 18 Interviewers
Total of one month for briefing, followed by
work during phase one of data collection·
21 days at Rp 3,000 per day X 18
Rp 1,296,000 £1,105

£2 , 185

2 Travel and Transport

i) 2 part-time Research Assistants

Travel to/from factcries,
aver[j,ging Rr 2,50C each per month
Rp 70,000 f, 60

ii) 2 Nutritionists
Travel to/from factories and supervision
of home-visits
21 days at Rp 750 per day X 2
Rp 31,500 £ 25

iii) 3 Doctors
Travel to/from factories
21 days at Rp 750 per day X 3
Rp 47,250 £ 40

iv) 3 Technicians
Travel to/from factories
11 11
University and Research
Centre in Bogar
21 d~ys at average of Rp 750 per day X 3
Rp 47,250 £ 40
..
- 15 -

v) 18 Interviewers
Travel to/from factories and to home visits
24 clays at average of Rr 500 per day X 18
Rp 216,000

vi) Investigator
Travel to and from Indonesia

Travel within Indonesia to factories,

Government Departments etc
Rp 300,000 £ 225

vii) Supervisory Investig~tor

Airfare London/Jakarta return £1,450

Subsistence for 3 weeks at £10 per day £ 210

Transport within Jakarta £ 100

£2,450

3 Equipment

i) Purchase of 3 skinfold calipers

,, " 3 personal scales £ 90
11 'J
11
..) height measures £ 30

" 11
18 dietary scales £ 540
11 11
3 measuring tapes £ lS

ii) Incentive for each :nember of sample

300 at Rp 500 each (purchase)
Additional incentive by purchase of
similar value for 70 in home visit
sample ie 70 at Rp 500 each
Rp 185,000 £ 160

iii) Intervention Programme

Examples:

1 a Anti-worm medicine for 100 people

(2 doses only) 15

b Iron and Vitamin B pills for 100 people

for 3 months £ 150

c Vitamin A pills for 100 people for

3 months £ 300

2 Snack Food for 100 people for 3 months

100 X Rp ::,0 for 100 days - Rp 5000, 00 £ 430

3 Equipment or equ~valent for new facility

Bp 500,000 £ 430

£2,400
 - 16 -

4 Laboratory An~J:ysis
i) 300 haemoglobin and hematocrit
3 times during project as 3 phases
costed at Rp 100 100 each
ie 300 X 2 X 3 X Rp 100
Rr luC,ooo £ 155

ii) 300 smears at n.n estimated cost of

Rp 600 each
Rp 18C,OOO £ 15'.;,

iii) 50 Vitamin A estimatio~s at

estimated cost of Rp 3,000
Rp 150,000 £ 130

iv) 300 stool samples at an estimated

cost of Rp 600 each
:1p 180,000 £ 155

£ 595

5 Administration

i) Stationery £ 50

ii) Duplicating £ 50

iii) Secretarial Assistance £ 100

iv) Postage and telephone £ 50

£ 300

6 Academic fees for PhD

1 year Gueen Elizabeth College, University
of London £1,500

TOTAL £9,380

_ j
 - 17 -

REFERENCES

1 Profil Statistik Ano.k Dan Ibu di Indonesia, Biru Pusat Statistik,

Jakarta, 1979.

2 Van Veen, Marjorie Scott, Nutrition·,.l Probl1c:TIS and Prcspects on

Java, FAO/WHO/UNICEF Proteii. Advisory Group, 17th PAG Meeting,
New York, May 1970.

3 Abecor Country Report, Indonesi~, distribut~J by Burcluys,

Dec 1979, Nov 1981.

4 Laporan Kegiatan Peln.ksanaan Proyek, Peningkutan Pero.nan Buruh

Wanita Di DKI Jakarta, Tahun Anggaran 1980/1981, Departemen Tenaga
Kerja Dan Transmigrasi R. I Kanter Wilayah, Jakarta.

5 Pengumpulan Data Tentang TenagEtKerja Wanita Di Beberapa Sek+or

Industri di II Daerah, Direktorat Jenderal, Perlindungan Dan
Perawatan Tenaga Kerja, Depa.rtemen Tanaga Kerja dan Transmisrasi
Proyek Pembinaan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Wanita dan Anak. 1978.

6 Laporan Kegiatan Pelaksanaan Proyek, Pening..~atan Buruh Wanita Di

Dki Jakarta, Tahun Anggatan 1979/80, Departemen Tenaga Kerja Dan
Transmigrasi R.I. Kantor Wilayah.

7 Laporan, Proyek Peningkatan Produktivitas Kerja Tenaga Kerja Wanita

1979 /80, Pus at Bina HiperkesDan Keselamatan Ker j a, Direktorat
Jenderal Bina Lindung Tenaga Kerja, Departemen Tenaga Kerja Dan
Transmigrasi, Jakarta.

8 Laporan, Proyek Peningkatan Produktivitas Kerja, Tenaga Kerja Wanita

Pusat Bina Hiperkes Dan Kesela.matan Kerja, Direktorat Jenderal Bina
Lindung Tenaga Kerja, Departemen Tenaga Kerja Dan Transmigrasi,
Jakarta, 1981.

9 World Bank Atlas, 1981.

10 Sajogyo, Usaha Perbaikan Gizi Keluarga. ANP Evaluation Study 1973

Summary Review of Findings and Recommendations.

11 Suma mur, Dr., P .K .. , M.Sc. "Occupational Nutrition, National

Institute of Industrial Hygiene, Occupational Health and Safety.

12 Samir S. Basta, B.Sc., Soekirman, M.S., Darwin Karyadi, M.D.,

and Nevin S. Scrimshaw, PhD., MD. "Iron Deficiency Anaemia and
the Productivity of Adult Males in Indonesia", The American Journal
of Clinical Nutrition 32: April 1979 pp 916-925.

13 Samir Sanad Basta, Iron Deficiency Ataemia and Labour Productivity

Food and Nutrition 3(4) 1977.

14 Mely Tan, Djumadias, Suharse, Julfita Rahardjo, Sutedjo, Suna.rdjo,

Social and Cultural Aspects of Food Patterns and Food Habits in
Five Rural Areas in Indonesia, National Institute of Economic Analysis
and Social Research (LEKNAS) LIPI, and Directorate of Nutrition,
Department of Health, Jakarta, 1970.
 - 18 -

15 East Java Nutrition Studies, Report 1, May, 1977; Report II, July
1978, School of Medicine, University Airlangga, Surabaya- Royal
Tropical Institute, Amsterdam.

16 Daftar Komposisi Bahan Makanan cleh Direktorat Gizi Departemen

Kesebatan R. I. Bhratara Karyn Aksara, Jakarta.

17 Mccance and Widdowson: The Composition of Foods, edited by A.A. Paul

and D.A.T. Southgate: 4th Revised Edition; HMSO.

18 Nutrition and Working Efficiency, FFHC Basic Study, FAO, Rome, 1962.
 The World Bank Group

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