Chapter 1

Introduction

The Covid-19 epidemic had a wide range of severe consequences for global

economies and people. The covid-19 poses numerous challenges to the

agriculture sector’s long-term viability, which is particularly vulnerable due to the

requirement for food security. First and foremost, in order to design essential

solutions, it is vital to analyze and nappreciate the direct repercussions of the

present pandemic on agricultural and food systems. In order to adapt to the covid-

19 pandemic, agricultural systems' risks, vulnerability, resilience, and systemic

alterations must be better understood.

A year into the pandemic, the Government of the Philippines has eased

quarantine restrictions, with the majority of the country moving into a less

stringent community quarantine order. However, the economy is struggling to

recover from the effects of COVID-19 lockdowns. Agriculture is a particularly

hard-hit sector, not only because of the quarantine restrictions but also due to

three devastating typhoons.

Agriculture can and should play a key role in national economic recovery and,

more significantly, in assuring everyone's social and economic progress. To do

this, urgent policy reforms must be institutionalized and implemented with zeal.

The COVID-19 outbreak brought attention to the importance of agriculture in the

Philippine economy. The need for the country to be self-sustaining was

demonstrated when import and export fell to half due to strong social separation

policies. The administration wanted to strengthen the agriculture industry with this

in mind.

These initiatives have unquestionably had a significant impact on Agriculture is the

backbone of the Philippines economy. Agriculture is one of the most important

sectors in the economy. Can offer people with critical agricultural goods in order

to protect their livelihoods are the bedrock of a well-functioning society. As a

result, empirical research i nto the effects of COVID-19's influence on San Quintin's

agricultural sector, as well as the Philippine government's emergency steps to

mitigate these effects, are both necessary components of the ongoing COVID-fight.

It can not only help policymakers formulate good policies, but it can also give

information insights for future preventative efforts against comparable infectious

disorders.
It has the potential to modernize rice farming and agricultural mechanization,

cutting high production costs associated with human procedures such as land

preparation and harvesting. As a result of the epidemic, rice growers will be more

productive and earn more money. The epidemic has revealed which areas of the

industry require additional assistance and development. The present objective is for

the country to be food secure and resilient, with a focus on enabling farmers and

fisherfolk to flourish. Providing stronger support will enhance the country's food

production and availability, even in times of crisis.

Theoretical Framework

The focus of this research is on agricultural development. The improvement of

people's material and social well-being is the primary goal of agricultural

 development. As a result, it is frequently viewed as an integrated strategy to

improving the community's environment and people's well-being.

Millions of agricultural workers – waged and self-employed – while feeding the

world, regularly face high levels of working poverty, malnutrition and poor health,

and suffer from a lack of safety and labor protection as well as other types of

abuse. With low and irregular incomes and a lack of social support, many of

them are spurred to continue working, often in unsafe conditions, thus exposing

themselves and their families to additional risks. Further, when experiencing

income losses, they may resort to negative coping strategies, such as distress sale

of assets, predatory loans or child labor. Migrant agricultural workers are

particularly vulnerable, because they face risks in their transport, working and

living conditions and struggle to access support measures put in place by

governments. Guaranteeing the safety and health of all agri-food workers – from

primary producers to those involved in food processing, transport and retail,

including street food vendors – as well as better incomes and protection, will be

critical to saving lives and protecting public health, people’s livelihoods and food

security. While everyone is affected by the crises, smallholder farmers, micro-

agribusinesses, and agricultural cooperatives have had the most difficult time

recovering. The absence of transportation for raw materials and manufactured

goods has severely affected farm and company operations, resulting in a cascade

effect that has harmed the country's economic productivity.

Now is the time for global solidarity and support, especially with the most

vulnerable in our societies, particularly in the emerging and developing world.

Only together can we overcome the intertwined health and social and economic

impacts of the pandemic and prevent its escalation into a protracted humanitarian

and food security catastrophe, with the potential loss of already achieved

development gains.

Objectives of the study

This research aims:

1. to determine the impact of pandemic in Agricultural Economic Development in

San Quintin, Pangasinan;

2. to determine how did pandemic affect the Agricultural Economic Development;

3. to assess the impact of pandemic in Agricultural Development.

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the impact of pandemic in agricultural economic development?

2 . How did pandemic affect the agricultural economic development?

3. What are the assessment to the impact of pandemic in agricultural

development?

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will benefit to these following specific people differently.

Students. It helps students to have an idea and knowledge on the impact of

pandemic in agricultural economic development

Teachers. This serves as a guide on how teacher handle the problem of agriculture while

pandemic.

Farmers. This study will be great help to business industries, agriculture, and community,

specially to the farmers and how to make a economic development in agriculture.

Scope and Delimitation

The purpose of this research is to elucidate the impact of pandemic in agricultural

economic development in San Quintin. This research also addresses the process of

how farmers in San Quintin create a solution to ensure the continued

development of the agricultural economy during the pandemic the study

participants will be farmers and students in San Quintin, Pangasinan.

The researchers estimate that this research study will be processed within 3 to 4

months and you to the circumstances caused by the unexpected covid-19

pandemic, the study will be limited and could possibly be conducted only through

an online medium or survey outputs. Furthermore, if the local government

prohibits a wider General Community Quarantine (GCQ), the researchers will

conduct safe research data collection in open areas to obtain more compelling

details about the study. However, the researchers will utilize face mask as well

as employ strict social distancing.

Definition of Terms
Agricultural - was the key development in the rise of sedentary human

civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that

enabled people to live in cities.

Covid-19 - an acute respiratory illness in humans caused by a coronavirus,

capable of producing severe symptoms and in some. cases .death, especially in

older people and those with underlying health conditions

Cultivation Process - is the process of tilling or loosening soil to prepare it for

planting

Development - is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the

addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.

Economic - is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and

consumption of goods and services.

Economic Viability - an assessment of economic viability is an evaluation of the

various economic effects that may result from the implementation of a particular

project.

Impact - the action of one objec.t coming forcibly into contact with another.

Machinery - an assemblage of machines or mechanical .apparatuses.

Pandemic - a disease prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the

whole world.
Production - the action of .making or manufacturing from components or raw

materials , or the process of being so manufactured.

Chapter 2

Preliminary Literature Review

Foreign Literature / Studies

According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (MARA 2020),

China’s top five export markets are the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN), Japan, Hong Kong of China, the European Union, and the United State,

with total export value of 54.53 billion USD, accounting for 68.9% of China’s total

agricultural exports. China’s major agricultural exports are labor-intensive products

such as aquatic products, vegetables, and tea (MARA 2020), hence they are of

great importance to China’s economic development and poverty reduction (Huang

et al. 2007). The significance of our study is that, we conducted a firm-level

survey in one of China’s largest agricultural exporting provinces for agricultural

exports of different product categories to different countries/regions. Moreover, as

COVID-19 adds to the uncertainty of the business operations, we also surveyed

firms’ attitudes and strategies under the impact of COVID-19. The results of this

study can offer guidance for businesses to steer away from the economic

recession, and provide implications for policy makers to drive towards the

economic recovery.

A study by Min, Zhang, and Li (2020) on Wuhan, the epicenter of the virus

in the PRC, also found that more than 80% of sample food suppliers had been

negatively affected by COVID-19. The decrease in revenues of food suppliers

because of the pandemic was affected by family size, household registration,

number of COVID-19 patients in the local community, food categories that the

suppliers sell, and food sources. The impact of the pandemic control measures on

different stages of the food supply chain also varied significantly. E-commerce

platforms played a more important role than the traditional supply chain in

guaranteeing food supply in Wuhan. Although the control measures affected local

food supply chains negatively, the effects were short term and were eliminated

with relaxed control measures on food transportation.

According to the Food Corporation of India (FCI), on 1 April 2020 food grains

totaled 77 million tons of cereals against a buffer supply requirement of 21 million

tons. As already mentioned in Section 3.3 and as indicated in Table 1, it was

decided to distribute 5 kg of free grains to people registered under the National

Food Security (NFS) Act to prevent issues with food security. It is estimated that

the FCI's stocks, with help from the government, may be freed up to aid

migrants registered under the schemes of different states (Verma, 2020).

Local. Literature / Studies

According to FAO, rice is the staple food of about 80% of Filipinos and is the

biggest contributor to energy intake. The effects of climate change have therefore

been felt even prior to the pandemic and this is evident by the numerous

occurrences of droughts, strong typhoons, rising temperatures, crop sensitivity,

rising seawater level, and other extreme events that have affected many of the

country’s rice fields and rice production systems. The Philippine Atmospheric,

Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) notes that an

average of 20 typhoons enters the Philippine Area of Responsibility annually with

some of them causing highly damaging landfall. Buna et al. (1996) found that

from 1968 to 1990, tropical cyclones and floods comprised 48% of the losses in

both rice and corn: 38% due to droughts and 18% due to pests and diseases

In an article by Pargana (2019), performer groups have argued consistently that

the already fragile rice sector will further be weakened by the pursuit of

liberalization without adequate government support for local agriculture. The

passage of the bill into a law would only serve to discourage farmers from

engaging in agriculture due to low incomes, and would reduce local rice

production. With the liberalization in place, traders have been hesitant in

purchasing palay from local farmers since imported rice is more low-priced.
In a study by Redfern et al. (2012), the subregion of Southeast Asia has a

humid tropical climate that is extensively covered in tropical forests, yet its rice

production systems have become increasingly threatened by the adverse effects

of climate change as a huge portion of the rice-growing areas are situated in

especially vulnerable regions. Southeast Asian countries have made major efforts

to build adaptive capacity, but this proved insufficient. The Philippines is one of

the countries in the sub-region whose rice sector is most affected by this

environmental crisis and this is exacerbated by other vulnerabilities such as low total

factor productivity and imports exceeding exports.

Chapter 3

Methodology
This chapter explains various methodologies that we're used in gathering data and

analysis which are relevant to the research.

Introductory Paragraph

Technical initiatives aimed at raising the degree of functional performance of the

infrastructure is required in the agriculture sector to improve physical resilience.

Agriculture-related organizations and institutions must take the required steps to

recover. Efforts should be made, taking into account the agricultural systems'

absorptive, adaptive, and regenerative characteristics. It is self-evident that market

forces operate involuntarily through price mechanisms. Reduce demand for uncommon

agricultural items and match supply and demand during the harvest season. The

epidemic and the prohibition on such price rises have harmed resilience.by reducing

their absorptive and adaptive capacity of agriculture systems The market price system

provides durability. Economic help and subsidies, on the other hand, allow farmers to

recover more quickly following a calamity. Are warmly received. Strong communities

grew up in this area.

Research Methodology
This chapter introduces the details of research, objectives of the study, data

gathering procedures, data gathering instruments.

Responden of the Study

The respondents of our study are the students of San Quintin High School

Educational Foundation Incorporated . They are the ones who have enough

knowledge to answer the problems posed in our study. They answered the

questionnaire that we gave to them with supplies the information that we need.

Research Instrument

The researcher initially distributed the survey questionnaire among the Junior

and Senior High students of San Quintin High School Educational Foundation
Incorporated. After the questionnaire was sent back to the researcher, the

responses analyzed and interpret.

Procedure of Data Gathering

The data for this research were collected using questionnaire. The survey wasn

created using qualified from related and individual questions formed by

researchers. The researchers looked for necessary resources that could helpm them

in their study. The survey was consisting of questions which were related mto

participants insights regarding the I mpact of Pandemic in Agricultural Economic

Development in San Quintin.