II

CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back Ground of the study

Since agriculture is the back bone of Ethiopian economy, the largest number of
population depends on farming .Agriculture has multifaceted contribution as a source of
input for industrial sector as a source of export as well as most important to provide
sufficient food for increasing number of a population. It is generally know that Ethiopia
with diversified agricultural resource which are considered to adequate and favorable for
development of agriculture and achievement of food security , has not managed to be
food self sufficient. It is large agricultural labor force, land live stock, ample water and
other resource which expands the potential food production but has failed to produce
enough food. Food insecurity incorporates low food in talk, variable access to food and
vulnerability of livelihood strategy that generates adequate food in time of good but not
resistant against shocks ( Mulat et.al, 1995).
These out comes correspond broadly to chronic, cyclical and transitory food in security
all are endemic to Ethiopia. The main triggers of food in security in Ethiopia are drought
and rain seasonality is the major cause of food in security. Structural factors contracting
to chronic food in security include poverty, which can be cause and consequence
( Befekadu and berhanu , 2000:176 ) .
Ethiopia has structurally food deficient since at least 1980 , in which the food gap rose
from 0.75 Million ton 1979./80 to 5 Million tons in 1980/84, falling to 2.6 Million tons in
1995/96 deposited record harvest ( IBID) . food insecurity in Ethiopia is derived from
dependence on undiversified livelihood based on low in put low put rain agriculture.
Ethiopia farmers done to produce enough food even in good rain fall year to meet
consumption requirements (World Vision, 2000). Since agriculture is the oldest
traditional practice of people of L/Dulecha woreda in East Wollega zone and largest
proportion of the people food consumption depend on agricultural sector.
The largest proportion of land cultivated in the woreda by small house hold. However,
the agricultural system that takes place in the woreda is not sufficient enough to feed the
population of the woreda.

L/Dulecha woreda is one of the vulnerable area in East Wollega zone where significant
size of the population is suffering from food in security. The extent of vulnerability and
food in security of the population of the woreda can be observed from unbearable burden
of natural and man made calamities should shouldered by the woreda , and subsequent
Socio – economic situation of the woreda.
Even though L/Dulecha woreda is the beneficiary of agriculture the trend of food
insecurity growth at higher alarming rate. The major obstacles of food security in the
woreda are inadequate rainfall degradation, climatic change and tradition mono crop
farming etc. From this obstacles traditional mono crop farming play great role to food
insecurity in the woreda (AWARDO).
More over L/Dulecha woreda and rural development office pointed out that depending on
unreliable and un productive rain fed agriculture may be determinant of food insecurity
in the woreda .
1. 2. Statement of the problem
The problem of food shortage in Ethiopia has been and still is the most important of the
Ethiopian Economy over the past tree decades, the country had depend on foreign aid of
massive amount. For the last 17 years, the country has import on average about 72,6000
metric tones of food grain per annum ( National food Security Strategy , 2002 ). This is
due to low performance of Ethiopian agriculture that contributes to food insecurity.
The number of drought affected population between 1981 and 1995 ranged from a
minimum of 2.53 Million in 1987 to 7.8 Million in 1992. The major drought affected
areas are:- Tigary , wollo , North gonder and Hararghe ( Befekadu and Berhanu ,
1999/000: 176).
As apart of the country , the causes for low productivity in East Wollega Zone Specially
L/Dulecha woreda was seen as in similar manner . This low productivity makes the
supply of agriculture below demand. So it to lead to food insecurity, that makes people to
depend on food relief. The woreda is one of the poorest and neediest area in southern
region (SNNPA food security strategy integrated policy in 1998). Even if there is no
available research study in the woreda, L/Dulecha woreda agricultural and rural
development office pointed out that causes of food crisis in L/Dulecha woreda is sever
and Complex.
The principal determinant which brought about failure to adequately feed the population
include , sever environmental degradation , rapid population growth out maneuvering
agriculture growth, lack of infrastructure, lack of food storage facilities and basic erase,
low productivity of agriculture resulting from in sufficient fertilizer used and poor
performance of agriculture .
As regards to general situation in zone, the gap between food production and requirement
of house hold level and zonal levels has been widened alarmingly. As L/Dulecha woreda
agricultural and rural development office pointed out that the main socio- economic
Consequences of in security are hunger and human disease, cattle loss, human death,
begin sale of their productive are some of them (AWARDO).
1.3 Research Question
In addition to this, the reason that initiated the researcher to conduct study on this specific
area was address the following basic research question.
 What are Socio – economic consequence of food shortage?
 What is the limitation in solving the problems of food in security in L/Dulecha
woreda?
 How alleviating the problem of food insecurity in L/Dulecha woreda?
1.1 Objective of the Study
The general Objective of the study is to determinants and consequences of agriculture in

food insecurity (in case of L/Dulecha woreda, east wollega zone)

The Specific Objective of the Study

1. To identify the factors that affect food security (i.e Educational level, land holding
size, farming mechanisms etc.)
2. To identify the major cause of food shortage
3. To identify Socio- Economic consequences of food shortage
4. To forward conclusion and recommendation.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The focus of the study is an assessment of Causes and Socio- Economic consequence of
food shortage in East Wollega Zone with particular reference to L/Dulecha woreda .
Moreover, the study addresses one of the poor agriculture performances, supply and
demand gap for food.
1.6. Significance of the Study
The significance of the study is it adds the knowledge and understanding of the matter at
land by providing information in L/Dulecha woreda. This can add to the existing
literature on food in security in Ethiopian as a whole, and help to enlighten concerned
stock holders about the status of the woreda. Scholars and researchers find out that the
result of this or related areas of the study are relevance in farther studies.
1.7 Limitation of the study
The main limitation of the study is lack of availability of relevant data and accurate
records for the analysis of some issues.
In addition unfairness of the respondent’s response and their habit towards questionnaires
and interviews were another obstacle that would challenges this research paper and also
the studies were constrained by financial and time constraints highly .
Despite all of the problems, much effort was taken place to come up with the accurate
and relativist information and finding with regards to food insecurity situation in East
Wollega zone with in particular reference to the case L/Dulecha woreda .
1.8 Organization of the study.
This paper is set to contain five chapters. The first chapter comes up with the
introductions part of the research. The second chapter deals with the literature review.
The third chapter deals with methodology of the study. The fourth chapter is the main
part which presents the finding and discussions of the study and the final chapter is
concerned with conclusion ideas and recommendation.

CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THEORTICAL LITERATUR
2.1.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
Since 1986, the world bank defined food security “access by people at all times to enough
food for acute and healthy life “ following this definition , lack of access of enough food
denoted as food insecurity ( world bank 1986:1)
In another paper “secured access at all times to sufficient food “has been identified as the
concept of the above definition ( Mulat et : al ,1995 ) .
This definition explicit focus on core concepts
 Sufficiency Defined as the calories required for active, acquired healthy life.
 “Access to food” through production, purchase, exchange or gift .
 “Security” defined by the balance between vulnerability , risk and insurance .
The idea of food security was presented for the first time at world food conference in
1974 . following a sharp rise in world prices over the previous two years , the stress was
laid on supply and how to require it ( EC and CTA, 1998 ) . Since the world food
conference , the perception of food in security as changed significantly , initially , food in
security was regarded as ( a temporally ) failure of aggregate food supply , notable of
domestic food production caused by a natural disaster such as drought or a food
Sijm..1999 ).
According to Sijm.. one of the major lessons of the past two decades however , has been
the key issue of food insecurity is not transitory , short fall of lack of food supply of the
international or regional level due to natural in cadent, but rather chronic lack of access to
food of the level of house hold and vulnerable grouped due to lack of purchasing power ,
or lack of entitlements to food .
As result, the focus of attention in both academic and policy circles has gradually shifted
from inadequate access to food at disaggregated or micro level ( Sijm . 1999) .

In November 1996 , the world food summit held in Rome made modification on the
world banks definition of food security and was described as follows “ Food Security
exists when ever person has physical and economic access at all times to health nutrition
food insufficient quantity to cover the needs of the daily ration and performance , in
order to live healthy and active life” (SiJm.. 1999:10).
Recent development in the basic concept of food security usually made a major
distinction between chronic ( permanent and transitory or temporary ) food in security .
According to Tekolly , 1997 , temporary food in security is a result of short term function
in production brought about by swings in households . in come , food consumption and
un available of food at the national and global levels.
Temporary food insecurity is the manifestation of a term lack of access to sufficient food
and can there fore be alimented or drastically reduce corrective stock – taking policies .
for instance , famine is the most sever form of temporary in security represent a state of a
continuously in adequate access to food accessioned by a term structure deficiency in
production and chronic in adequacy of purchasing power where the land is marginal ,
fertilizer is unknown , House holds farming less than one hector can be classified as
calorically food insecurity and also house holds experience shortage of draft animals and
cash to buy seed and fertilizer , landless , elderly, diseased, female headed , poor post to
relists , non farming and nearly established hoses hold added to this group (Befekadu and
Berhanu 1999/ 2000:76) .
Transitory food insecurity arises from drought, displacement of people and refugee
inflows . Pastoralists in general suffer from transitory food in security (IBID:176).
A seminar paper on food security published by European commission (EC) and Technical
center for agricultural and rural cooperation ( CTA, 1998). Stated that are dually the
concept of food security look on a subjective meaning than at the out set , integrating the
quality and diversity of needs from one individual to another , respect for local eating
habits beyond a purely quantitative approach “ a country enjoys food security when
peoples . fear of not having enough to eat is removed and most vulnerable groups namely
women and children in marginal areas ,have access to the food they want “ ( EC and
CTA, 1998:9).
2.1.2. Determinants of food security
According to international fund for agricultural development ( IFAD) technical paper,
1992 , number of inter related factors determine food security situation varying from
immediate factors which affect food supply around household level to basic factors
which condition the overall economic system of the country ( Mulat ,al,1995:8) the state
of house hold food security is generally affected by two major determinants availability
of food and accessibility to it. The formal is further influenced by the different source of
food availability in the house hold (Ibid).
Access to different resource and the pattern to social support have grater impact on
procurements strategies of food supplies.
According to Mulat , the basic resources which determine the possibility of increasing
intendments to good are like cash , labor , markets , and public services .
And the social support pattern which allows additional possibility of exploiting the
existing facilities and indigenous coping mechanisms against shocks in the society .
Above all the economic structure and political conditions of a given country and the
international economic environment highly determine the realization of house hold food
security (IFAD :1992).
2.1.3. Indicators of food insecurity
A number of indicators have been identified along with the development of the concept
of food security to make monitoring of food situation possible the utilization of the
indicators varies between the characteristics of the investigation , procedures and level of
aggregation .
In most cases , how ever , the purpose and depth of investigation gratefully influence the
use of indicators ( World Vision , 2000).
Assessment of food insecurity is difficult issue as there are no universally established
indicators which serve as a measuring tools. Food insecurity requires multidimensional
consideration since it is influenced by different inters related Socio – economic
environmental and political factors . Because of this problem assessing analyzing and
monitoring food insecurity follow diversified approaches , ranging from a mere
quantitative to a combination of both quantitive and qualitative measurements ( Mulat
et.al, 1995).
The different types of food insecurity are classified in to two main categories process and
outcome indicators.
The farmer provided an estimate of food supply and access situation and later sources as
proxies for good conception ( Frankan Borger 1992 as cited in Mulat et.al.1995).
According to mulat , the major indicators as food in security that mentioned above can be
described in the following two sections .
First , food supply indicators such as meteorological data , information on access to
resources , agricultural production data market information of food balance sheets ,
information on post damage institutional and market infrastructure and regional conflict .
Second , food access indicators which include land use practice , dietary change food of
food source, diversification of in come sources, diversification of livestock , livestock
sales of production asset , access to loans / creadit seasonal migration and distress
migration
2.2 Empirical literature
2.2.1 Critical factors behind Africans food crises and challenges
Based on different statistical and empirical evidence Tekolla , 1999, pointed out the
following as the critical factors behind African .s food crisis in effective agricultural
planning and policy strategies , paucity of resources population growth , inadequate
research and extension , weak marketing services per and post thrust food losses ,
crippled food security system , environmental degradation , limited technical capabilities
, political instabilities and armed conflict , poor inter – state co – operation , deficiency
institute on management (Tekolla , 1997).
2.2.2. Food Security Sources and caused of food in security
According to world vision Ethiopia , specific sources of food security ( food economy )
in Ethiopia include:-
A / food production ( mainly based on crop and live stock )
B/ Cash income from different sources ( Mainly market)
 Domestic trade including petty trading
 Sales of family labor ( waye employment )
 Rental in come
 International trade

C/ Resolve of food ( stock ) other assets

D/ Institutional assistance program including credit support of food aid / relies
employment generation schemes (EGS). Food aid policy and related support
programmers
E/ Remittance, gift and
F/ Wild food (wild plants and animals including fish (world vision , 2000). In Ethiopia
situation, poor agricultural growth contribution of productive resource and income, rapid
population growth and urban migration are important underlying causes for growing
chronic food in security and poverty, such as drought, war and the growing refuse
problem are also the main causes of transitory food insecurity in Ethiopia like many other
African countries in appropriate governmental system or agencies have also been
important factors contributing to both chronic and transitory food insecurity in most
African countries including Ethiopia.
Per capital food production in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) including Ethiopia has been
declining over the last three decades. Production growth rate during tree decades
stagnated around – 0.6 percent in 1980-83 and gradually deiced to 6.2 percent in 1990
(FAO,1990).
As quoted in mulat et.al (1995) the international food policy research institute (IFPRI)
projected that by the year 2020,SSA will have food shortage and the net imports of basic
stables is estimated to be as high as 9-27. million metric tones . this clearly calls for the
formation as appropriate strategies . and polices to ensure food security for the growing
population . The gap between production and conception in most SSA countries included
by the slow down of the agricultural production growth rates .
The major cause for the slow growth rates of agriculture include various factors such as
un favorable climatic conditions and predominately traditional production system .
The number of hungry and malnourished people in Africa was in the vicinity of 80
million in early 1970s . In less than a decade and half , this number surged to 100million .
presently it is be lived to be with in range of 175- 200 million (FAO 1998, ) as cited as
Tekolla .

CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOJY OF THE STUDY
3.1 Data Sources
This research used both primary and Secondary Sources of data. The primary data was
gathered from a population of selected farmers in the woreda. Secondary data was
gathered from published and unpunished documents about the problem as well as from
relevant institution such as L/Dulecha woreda agricultural and rural development
office . In addition to this secondary data would be gathering from different research
papers that have been done on food insecurity.
Methods of Data Collection
The primary data of the study has been collected using self administered and structured
and interviews. This type of questioner is selected due to the following two reasons:-
First, it is structured to design question as per the data need of the research and to
minimize respondents. business.
Second, it is self administered and interview so that it is possible to translate question and
help respondents to easily understand and provided intended response. On the other hand
the secondary data will be collected by referring to different published and unpublished
documents .
Sampling Techniques
The types of data employed were both primary and secondary data. Primary data has
been collected through randomly selected house hold by interview questionnaires.
Researcher him self collected the survey data. Second dray data has been collected from
different publication and publication document. Regarding to questionnaires, the
sampling has been made with a size of 50 farmers were taken as a center of investigation
which believes to share their socio-economic variables commonly and it is economically
convenient.
3.4 Method of Data Analysis
The study was descriptive, which is a process of collecting organizing, summarizing,
into and presenting of both primary and secondary data having qualitative nature. The
data that are collected through close ended questionnaires would be put in percentage
computation and tables were employed in this research gap.

CHAPTER FOUR
1. FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Socio – Economic conditions ( Situation)
As many studies indicate, in Ethiopia, small holding or family farms provide almost all
the agricultural output, and employ large number of population. The low productivity of
the society is linked with the size of land holding illiteracy of the society and the
mechanisms of production their engaged in
Table 4.1 The educational level Sample units
Educational Illiterate 1-4 5-8 9-12 Attending Total
level of higher
education
Level
Sample unit 24 14 9 3 0 50
Percentage 48 28 18 6 0 100

Source :- own survey ,2018

The fragmented land , with growing population of the country applying small scale and
traditional agriculture system on this fragmented land and rain full farming practices have
failed to produce food and contribute to poverty reduction and national food security .
The above table implies that mass of population are illiterate. As the table express, 48%
of the population is illiterate, i.e they cannot write and real. 28% can only attended grand
ranged from 1-4 and 6% of them only Attended grade ranged from 9-12( high school) .
Its over all implication is that the studied farmers felt that their low level of education has
adversely affected their production, which is manifested in their poor and traditional
performance. Most farmers are illiterates, this in turn, leads the farmer to use resources.
Improperly and insufficiently. So that, these and others leads to food insecurity.
Another indictor of low productive performance of the society is family size on which the
zone has recorded the highest average family size of 8 person per house hold.
The family size for the selected respondents was found to be between 5-10 person per
house hold.

Table 4.2 The number of respondents on family size

Family Size Sample Percentage

Unit
1-5 18 36
5-10 25 50
Above 10 7 14
Total 50 100

Source :- Own survey , 2018

The above table shows that 50% of the respondents answered that their family size
ranged between 5 to 10 persons per house hold. In addition some respondents said that
one person marries two or more than two women in woreda and each house ruled by one
husband. There fore it is possible to understand how much difficult it is to feed this high
family size with in one house hold by only one family heads of which most of them are
children as well as they are unable to produce adequate food for their basic needs .
4.1.1 Employment opportunity and source of Income
Agriculture is the dominant source of income of people living in rural area of L/Dulecha
zone. The result of population census in 2000 E.C shows that 90 percent of the total
population lives in rural area awhile the remaining of percent reside in urban areas .
And have the employment opportunity of the people in one way or the other mainly
depends up on agriculture.
Although reliable records are not available discussion in the woreda food security office
indicates that some persons are traders participate in petty trading such as grain and
livestock . Their supplementary economic activities to cover the growing food shortage
as a result of farm in adequacy and disaster induced to cover the growing headed house
holds and house wives also engaged in petty trading such as maize and teff manly on
market days in their locality because of partially survive of food insecurity that area .

Table 4.3 The economic activities of sample unit

Economic activity Sample Unit Percentage

Agriculture 35 70
Trade 6 12
Daily work 5 10
Civil servant 0 0
Other paid activity 4 8

Source :- Own survey , 2018

As the above table show that almost all of the respondents engaged in agriculture in
addition to this some of them are working in trade activities, those who have better
education a skills compare to others they involve in daily works and other paid activity
to generate some more income for their family . But all agriculture system is their main
stay of their subsistence way of living.
4.1.2. Land holding Size
Land holding size is considered as a critical production factor that determines the type
of crop grown and the size of crop harvest .
In silted zone, mainly farmers developed farm land through clearing forests and adding
for graze land.
Moreover, due to population pressure the size of land owned by each house hold is
declined over time. The problem seems very serious in highland ( dega and woinadega )
climatic zones . This is mainly due to high population pressure (Density) and high
irregular topography of the high land areas than kola. Thus, holding are larger in kola
agro – ecological zone as compared to that of the degas and woinadega areas for
instance , the available data obtained from AWADO indicates that in the kola area land
holding ranged between 1-1.75 hectares . In contrast the range in the wonadega area is
0.5-1 hectares.

Table 4.4 the sample respondents on land holding size.

Size of land Number of sample unit Percentage
holding in hectares
0- 0.25 7 14
0.25- 0.75 12 24
0.75-1.5 16 32
1.5-2.00 11 22
Above 2 4 8
Total 50 100

Source :- Own survey , 2018

In addition the available data shows that the average land holding of the rural household
in East wollega zone is 0.78 hectare of which 0.64 hectares is farming land and 0.4 is
grazing land. The average land holding in D/kane woreda is 0.65 hectares .The size of
land holding discussed in the table , tells us that 14% of the Sample unit have land size
of 0.25 hectars per household , 32% have between the class intervals 0.75 to 1.5 hectares
and only 8% have above 2-hectars per household .
This shows farmers have no sufficient land in comparison to their house hold members
size . So that, it is impossible to attain their food sufficiency. There fore , under
subsistence agriculture , holding size expected to play significant role in influence from
house holds security. Food Security sufficiency There fore, under subsistence
agriculture holding size expected to play significant role in influencing from house holds
food security . And hence, even if animal product keeping is also their important source
of food, their have no significant private grazing land .
As 64 % of the respondents answered , they have a private grazing land below 0.25
hectares . In addition most farmers use low technical base for animal production in
breading watering in providing health care. All these negatively treat the society food
security .

Table 4.5 Land size employed only for grazing

Land size employed only Number of sample Unit Percentage
for grazing
0-0.25 32 64
0..25-0.5 10 20
0.5-1.0 6 12
1.0-1.5 2 4
1.5-2.0 0 0
Above 2 0 0
Total 50 100
Source :- Own Survey , 2018
The table below indicates that almost all population used traditional and small scale
farming system, using their ans animal power . As 54% respondents reflect they use both
hand and oxen for ploughing . And 30 % of small holders in the study area use their hand
or stick for threshing their crops , specially for their important crop like maze and wheat .
also animals power used for threshing of crops 12% of the respondent use oxen / hors
food and 46% use both hand and oxen , horse for threshing.
Table 4.6 the farming mechanism of HHS
Type of Sample Unit Percentage Type of Sample Unit Percentage
plough threshing
tools Tools
Hand dug 9 18 Hand / stick 15 30
 Oxen 14 28 Oxen / horse 12 24
foot
Bothe hand 27 54 Both hand and 23 46
dug and oxen
oxen
Both oxen 0 0 Using 0 0
and mechanized
mechanized tools / oxen ,
tools horse
Mechanized 0 0 Mechanizes 0 0
tool only tools only

Total 50 100 Total 50 100

Source :- Own survey ,2018

Note :- HHS – house holds
The Other problem in the study area as well as in the zone the prevalence of crop disease
and insufficient provision of agriculture service to the farmer in the right time . That is
even it supplied after time, it is not distribute on time as a result in puts study in the
storage. For there more in some remote and underdeveloped kebeles, the supply of
fertilizer and other input is low due to weak infrastructural set up (especially road ) .
Table 4.7 agricultural production services

Agricultural Services Sample unit Percentage

Private (other farmer ) 12 24
Government 34 68
NGOS 4 8
Total 50 100

Source: - own survey , 2018

According to the same respondents, there is prevalence of crop disease in the area . These
diseases reduce the total yield from crop production and their value in the market and in
turn it causes shortage of food. The study area seriously suffers from insect pest and
others.
In addition from the above table 68% of the respondent replied their get agricultural
service from government institution and 24% receive assistance from private / other
farmers by agreeing to replay by additional amount in the next harvest time . and only 8%
of them get service from NGOS, this shows that there is no significant number of NGOS
in the study area as well as in the zone .

CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCULUSION
From finding of the study agriculture has played great role in the social and economic
aspect of people by creating employment opportunities and supplying food even though
agriculture is the base for peoples economic and social life its productivity is low . This is
because most of farmers are illiterate and use low technical base for production. In
addition in the study area poor infrastructural development is another factors for low
productivity of agriculture . More over the presence of large house hold size with poor
skills and most of them are children and fragmented land also negatively treat the
society’s food security .
This problem with topographic vulnerability of the area, climatic factors and over grazing
are identified as the reason for environmental degradation of the study area . This in
appropriate land use practices have great role for the decline of crop production and
deforestation is one of the major problems.
Thus, disaster related food short age in east wollega zone have resulted in serious socio –
economic problems such as hunger and human diseases cattle less and human death of
productivity assets migration and family separation ,begging shortage of farm in puts
sales of wood and dependency on food air .
Finally the paper tried to look at measures taken by the government and NGOs to
improve the problem of food insecurity . As matter of the fact the government in the
study area engaged in activity of supplementary feeding . More over, in times of serious
pest attack , chemicals have been distributed free of charge .

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
The agricultural sector is one engine of our economy it contributes much for the future
growth of the country. Nearly all of the population of Ethiopia either directly or
indirectly depends on agricultural food on all part of the country. Thus, the
improvement and modernization of agriculture through different measures will enable the
country to be self –sufficient in food based on the discussion made through out this paper
and observed food insecurity problem in the study area, the following recommendation
are forwarded.

 Attention should be given to intensive farming in order to increased productivity

per unit area through provision of agricultural in puts (such as fertilizer,
appropriate improved seeds, oxen , improved farm implements , etc) .
 Promoting agricultural extension based on water harvesting techniques and
providing technical support to improve the traditional irrigation system in order t
use existing water resource potential efficiently through small scale irrigation
scheme .
 Besides physical and Biological conservation measures creating awareness and
developing skills among peasant house hold to protect soil from erosion is very
important.
 The government and other concerned bodies should give attention to promote
in come generation activities (diversification of source of in come) through
 creating micro enterprises in rural areas .
 Provision of intensive training of agriculture to development agents and farmers
( that is , development of human resource capacity )
 Development of infrastructure such as rural and feeder roads for promoting
agricultural development.
 The government has to design land – use policy and implements in order to
minimize the current un wise utilization of land.
 Initiate diversification of production capacity of the Zone.

REFERENCES

Befekadu Degefa and Berhanu Nega ( 1999/2000), The Ethiopian Association Annual
report on the Ethiopian economy , VI.I AA, Ethiopia.

EC and CTA (1998); the EC, S food security strategy and ACP counries , seminar paper
on food security , Belgium .

FAO (1990) , food and agriculture organization of united nations , production year book
1990, vol.44, Rome, Italy .

Mulat Demeke, et.al (1995), food security nutration and poverity allevation in Ethiopia
problems and prospects – procceding of the first annual conference of the agricultural
socity of Ethiopia , A.A, Ethiopia .

Sijm . (1999) , food insecurity in ACP countries report and recommendation on CTA,
Wageningen , Netherlands.
Braun,,.Von and pavlino , (1990) , food in sub – saharaan Arica: Trends and policy
challenges for the 1990 s IFPR, Washington ,D.C
 RIFT VALLEY UNIVERSITY
NEKEMTE CUMPAS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

QUESTIONNAIRE
This questionnaire is organized by graduating student of Rift valley University under the
title, determinants and consequences of food insecurity, the case of L/Dulecha Woreda,
East wollega Zone. I am thanking full for your cooperation and promise you that the
information you deliver is going to be kept confidential. Thus, please fill the
questionnaire carefully so that your answer can contribute available analysis.
1. Sex Male Female
2. Level of education Illiterate
Grade 1-4
Grade 5-8
Grade 9-12
Higher education
3. Family Size
1-5 members
5-10 members
Above 10 members
Others
4. What is your occupation?
Agriculture
Trade
Daily work Civil Servant
 Others
5. How much hectares of land do your house hold have ?
0 – 0.25
0.25 - 0.75
0.75 -1.5
1.5 - 2
Above 2
6. Which ploughing practices do you use on your house hold have?
Hand dug
Oxen
Both hand dung and Oxen
Both Oxen and mechanized tools
Mechanized tools only
1. Which threshing practice do you use for your crops?
Hand /Stick
Oxen / horse foot
Both hand / oxen, horse foot
Mechanized tools/ Oxen. Horse
Mechanized tools only
2. How much of land use in currently forgrazing
0.25
0.25 -0.5
0.5 -1.00
1.00 – 1.50
1.50 – 2.00
Above 2
9. Is there crop disease here? Yes No
10. Is your answer is yes in question 9. what kind is the most serious ?
State some of the diseases .
11. From where you have got service for agricultural production ?
Private Service
From government sectors
NGOs
Others, Specify ---------------------------------------
12. What changes have occurred after receiving aid? State some of them
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13. What is the limitation in solving the problems of food insecurity in your woreda?
 Most farmers uneducated
 Lack of fertilizer storage in the woreda
 Expecting aid from government and NGO in every Year
 Few number of agricultural institution for seeds quality or improved
  Seed distribution
 Specify others ,-------------------------------------------------

14. What are socio – economic consequence of food shortage ?

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15. State your recommendation to alleviating the problem of food insecurity in your
areas --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.