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Chinmay Raut Assistant Professor Universal College of Engineering
Chinmay Raut Assistant Professor Universal College of Engineering
Chinmay Raut
Assistant Professor
Universal College of Engineering
Data Communication
⚫ Before exchanging information, the creator and user of
the data should be agree how the information should be
presented?
⚫ An information that is presented in such a form is
called data.
⚫ Data communication can be defined as the exchange of
data between source and destination.
Characteristics of Data communication
⚫ Delivery
⚫ Accuracy
⚫ Timeliness
Components of Data communication
system
⚫ Message
⚫ Sender
⚫ Receiver
⚫ Protocol
⚫ Medium
Computer Network
⚫ A computer network is a set
of computers connected together for the purpose of
sharing resources.
⚫ The connection between computers can be done via
cabling, most commonly the Ethernet cable, or
wirelessly through radio waves.
⚫ Connected computers share recourses like access the
internet, printer, file server.
Goals of Computer Network
⚫ Sharing information
⚫ Increase the speed of communication
⚫ To reduce cost
⚫ To improve security
⚫ To provide access to remote location
⚫ To facilitate centralized management of recourses,
data, Software
Types of Networking Devices
⚫ Hub
⚫ Switch
⚫ Router
⚫ Repeater
⚫ Bridge
⚫ Gateway
Hub
⚫ Hub is a networking device which is used to connect
multiple network hosts.
⚫ A network hub is also used to do data transfer.
⚫ The data is transferred in terms of packets on a
computer network.
⚫ when a host sends a data packet to a network hub, the
hub copies the data packet to all of its ports connected
to.
Types of Hub
⚫ Active Hub
⚫ Passive Hub
Switch
⚫ Like a hub, a switch also works at the layer of LAN
(Local Area Network) but you can say that a switch is
more intelligent than a hub.
⚫ While hub just does the work of data forwarding, a
switch does 'filter and forwarding' which is a more
intelligent way of dealing with the data packets.
Router
⚫ A router is a device like a switch that routes data
packets based on their IP addresses.
⚫ Router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers
normally connect LANs and WANs together and have
a dynamically updating routing table based on which
they make decisions on routing the data packets.
Repeater
⚫ Job of repeater is to regenerate the signal over the
same network before the signal becomes too weak or
corrupted so as to extend the length to which the signal
can be transmitted over the same network.
⚫ An important point to be noted about repeaters is that
they do not amplify the signal.
Gateway
⚫ A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to
connect two networks together that may work upon
different networking models.
⚫ They basically work as the messenger agents that take
data from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to
another system.
⚫ Gateways are also called protocol converters and can
operate at any network layer. Gateways are generally
more complex than switch or router.
Bridge
⚫ A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a
repeater, with add on the functionality of filtering
content by reading the MAC addresses of source and
destination.
⚫ It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working
on the same protocol.
Network classification by their
Geography
⚫ LAN (Local Area Network)
⚫ MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
⚫ WAN(Wide Area Network)
Local Area Network
⚫ LAN is a group of computers connected to each other
in a small area such as building, offices.
⚫ LAN is used for connecting two or more personal
computers through a communication medium such as
cables.
⚫ It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware
such as hub, cables.
⚫ The data rate is faster.
Metropolitan Area Network
⚫ A Metropolitan area network is a network that covers
larger geographic area by interconnecting different
LAN to from a larger network.
⚫ Government agencies use MAN to connect to the
citizens and private industries.
⚫ In MAN various LANs are connected to each other
through the telephone exchange line.
Wide Area Network
⚫ A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a
large geographical area such as states or countries.
⚫ A WAN is quite bigger network than the LAN
network.
⚫ A WAN is not limited to single location, but it spans
over a large geographical area through telephone lines,
fibre optics cable or satellite links.
⚫ The internet is a biggest WAN in the world.
Topology
⚫ Network Topology is the schematic description of a
network arrangement, connecting various nodes(sender
and receiver) through lines of connection.
Types of topologies.
-Bus topology
-Star topology
-Ring topology
-Mesh topology
-Tree topology
Bus Topology
⚫ Bus topology is a network type in which every
computer and network device is connected to single
cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is
called Linear Bus topology.
⚫ Features of Bus Topology
-It transmits data only in one direction.
-Every device is connected to a single cable
Bus Topology
⚫ Advantages of Bus Topology
-It is cost effective.
-Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
-Used in small networks.
-It is easy to understand
⚫ Disadvantages of Bus Topology
-Cables fails then whole network fails.
-If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the
performance of the network decreases.
-Cable has a limited length.
-It is slower than the ring topology.
Ring Topology
⚫ It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as
each computer is connected to another computer, with
the last one connected to the first. Exactly two
neighbors for each device.
Ring Topology
⚫ Features of Ring Topology
-A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large
number of nodes, because if someone wants to send some
data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then
the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th
node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the
network.
-The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made
bidirectional by having 2 connections between each Network
Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology.
-In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and
data flow is in opposite direction in them. Also, if one ring
fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the network
up.
Ring Topology
⚫ Advantages of Ring Topology
-Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or
by adding more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens
can transmit data.
-Cheap to install and expand
⚫ Disadvantages of Ring Topology
-Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
-Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network
activity.
-Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.
Star Topology
⚫ In this type of topology all the computers are
connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is
the central node and all others nodes are connected to
the central node.
Star Topology
⚫ Features of Star Topology
-Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
-Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
-Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.
⚫ Advantages of Star Topology
-Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
-Hub can be upgraded easily.
-Easy to troubleshoot.
-Easy to setup and modify.
-Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can
work smoothly.
⚫ Disadvantages of Star Topology
-Cost of installation is high.
-If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the
nodes depend on the hub.
Mesh Topology
⚫ It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or
devices. All the network nodes are connected to each
other. Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to
link n devices.
Mesh Topology
⚫ Features of Mesh Topology
-Fully connected.
-Robust.
⚫ Advantages of Mesh Topology
-Each connection can carry its own data load.
-It is robust.
-Fault is diagnosed easily.
⚫ Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
-Installation and configuration is difficult.
-Cabling cost is more.
-Bulk wiring is required.
Tree Topology
⚫ It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to
it forming a hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical
topology. It should at least have three levels to the
hierarchy.
Tree Topology
⚫ Features of Tree Topology
-Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
-Used in Wide Area Network.
⚫ Advantages of Tree Topology
-Extension of bus and star topologies.
-Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
-Easily managed and maintained.
⚫ Disadvantages of Tree Topology
-Heavily cabled.
-Costly.
-If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
-Central hub fails, network fails.
Design issues for layers
The following are the design issues for the layers:
⚫ Reliability: It is a design issue of making a network that
operates correctly even when it is made up of unreliable
components.
⚫ Addressing: There are multiple processes running on one
machine. Every layer needs a mechanism to identify senders and
receivers.
⚫ Error Control: It is an important issue because physical
communication circuits are not perfect. Many error detecting and
error correcting codes are available. Both sending and receiving
ends must agree to use any one code.
⚫ Flow Control: If there is a fast sender at one end sending data to
a slow receiver, then there must be flow control mechanism to
control the loss of data by slow receivers. There are several
mechanisms used for flow control such as increasing buffer size
at receivers, slow down the fast sender, and so on. Some process
will not be in position to accept arbitrarily long messages. This
property leads to mechanisms for disassembling, transmitting
Design issues for layers
⚫ Multiplexing and De-multiplexing: If the data has to be
transmitted on transmission media separately, it is inconvenient
or expensive to setup separate connection for each pair of
communicating processes. So, multiplexing is needed in the
physical layer at sender end and de-multiplexing is need at the
receiver end.
⚫ Scalability: When network gets large, new problem arises. Thus
scalability is important so that network can continue to work
well when it gets large.
⚫ Routing: When there are multiple paths between source and
destination, only one route must be chosen. This decision is
made on the basis of several routing algorithms, which chooses
optimized route to the destination.
⚫ Confidentiality and Integrity: Network security is the most
important factor. Mechanisms that provide confidentiality
defend against threats like eavesdropping. Mechanisms for
integrity prevent faulty changes to messages.
Connectionless and Connection oriented
services
Sr. Connection oriented Connectionless
No.