DATA COMMUNICATION

AND COMPUTER NETWORKS

(05101202)
Network Basics
◻ What is Network?
◻ Use of Network.
◻ Network Hardware
◻ Network Software
◻ Reference Model
Communication
Computer Network
Network Resources
Components of Computer Network

◻ Two or more computers

◻ Cables as links between the computers
◻ A network interfacing card(NIC) on each computer
◻ Switches
◻ Software called operating system(OS)
Applications of Computer Network
◻ A computer network is defined as the interconnection of
two or more computers. It is done to enable the
computers to communicate and share available
resources.
◻ Applications:

i. Sharing of resources such as printers

ii. Sharing of expensive software's and database
iii. Communication from one computer to another computer
iv. Exchange of data and information among users via
network
v. Sharing of information over geographically wide areas.
Importance and Advantages of
Computer Network
Types of Computer Network

Computer
Network

LAN MAN WAN

LAN
MAN
WAN
DIFF : LAN, MAN, WAN
Network Architecture
Peer to Peer Network
◻ In peer to peer network each computer is responsible for making
its own resources available to other computers on the network.
◻ Each computer is responsible for setting up and maintaining its own
security for these resources.
◻ Also each computer is responsible for accessing the required
network resources from peer to peer relationships.
◻ Peer to peer network is useful for a small network containing less
than 10 computers on a single LAN .
◻ In peer to peer network each computer can function as both client
and server.
◻ Peer to peer networks do not have a central control system.
◻ There are no servers in peer networks.
◻ Peer networks are amplified into home group.
Peer to Peer Network
Advantages and Disadvantages of
P2P Network
Client/Server Network
◻ In client-server network relationships, certain computers act as
server and other act as clients. A server is simply a computer, that
available the network resources and provides service to other
computers when they request it.
◻ A client is the computer running a program that requests the
service from a server. Local area network(LAN) is based on client
server network relationship.
◻ A client-server network is one n which all available network
resources such as files, directories, applications and shared
devices, are centrally managed and hosted and then are
accessed by client.
◻ Client serve network are defined by the presence of servers on a
network that provide security and administration of the network.
Client/ Server Network
Client/ Server Network
Types of Server
Types of Server
Reference Model
Physical Layer -1
◻ Transmission media, Magnetic media, Twisted pair ,
coaxial cable, Fiber optic , Wireless transmission,
Electromagnetic spectrum, Radio transmission,
Microwave transmission, Infrared, light wave.
The physical layer -II
◻ The Telephone system structure, Local loop,
Transmission impairment, Modem, Fibre in local loop
◻ Trunks and multiplexing, FDM, TDM, Switching,
Circuit switching, cross bar and space division
multiplexing
◻ Time division switching, Cellular radio, Cordless
phone, Analog phone, Advance telephone system,
Communication satellite, Geosynchronous satellite,
low-orbit satellite, satellite versus fiber.
Data Link Layer
◻ Design issues, Framing, Error control , Flow control,
Error-detection and correction static, Sliding window
protocol.
Network Layer
◻ Routing algorithm, Shortest path, Flooding, Flow
based, Distance vector, Link state , Hierarchical,
broadcast ,Multicast routing, Network layer in
internet, The IP protocol, IP address, subnets, internet
control protocol, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP,BGP,CIDR, IPV6.
Transport Layer
◻ Transport services, Element of transport protocol,
The internet transport protocol (TCP and UDP),
Congestion control, Principle of reliable data
transfer
Application layer
◻ Network security, DNS, Electronic Mail, The world
wide web.
Software Defined Networking framework
Software Defined Networking framework
◻ APPLICATION LAYER − SDN applications reside in the
Application Layer. The applications convey their needs for
resources and services to the control layer through APIs.
◻ CONTROL LAYER − The Network Control Software, bundled
into the Network Operating System, lies in this layer. It
provides an abstract view of the underlying network
infrastructure. It receives the requirements of the SDN
applications and relays them to the network components.
◻ INFRASTRUCTURE LAYER − Also called the Data Plane
Layer, this layer contains the actual network components. The
network devices reside in this layer that shows their network
capabilities through the Control to data-Plane Interface.
Network Components

◻ Interconnecting Devices
◻ Hub
◻ Switch
◻ Repeater
◻ Bridge
◻ Router
Hub

◻ A hub is an intermediate device that connects a

server with its clients through wires.
◻ It has multiple ports for clients and a single port
for the server.
◻ Hubs have the capability to receive data on any
port and transmit the same to all other ports. Eg.
Of broadcasting.
Switch

◻ When we do not have a broadcast network, we can

use a device called switch.
◻ It delivers the data only to its intended user in the
network.
◻ A switch allows more than one user to transmit and
receive at the same point of time.
◻ The complexity of a switch is higher than a hub, as it
needs to read and process the address of the packet
before sending it to a recipient.
◻ Switch increases network throughput as it supports
multiple communications in parallel.
Switch
Difference Between Hub and Switch
Repeater

◻ The signal strength reduces gradually as the

distance increases. Hence to transmit over long
distances, it is important to strengthen the signal
from time to time.
◻ Analog devices use amplifiers to strengthen the
signals, whereas digital devices use repeaters.
◻ Amplifiers makes the signal bigger, whereas
repeater reshapes the distorted signal by
removing noise.
Repeater
Bridge

◻ We can use switches to connect multiple segments of a network,

but we cannot use them to connect two or more networks.
◻ That’s why bridge is used to connect two or more networks.
Switch cannot distinguish one network from another.
◻ Switches do not have any intelligence to find out an efficient
path when a communication starts from one LAN and terminates
in another. That is why a bridge is used when two or more
networks are to be connected.
◻ It is used to provide broadcasting services.
◻ Bridge operates at data link layer, it forwards the frame
depending on the data link layer address irrespective of the
network layer content.
◻ Thus a bridge connecting two Ethernet networks forwards a
frame by looking at the Ethernet destination address
irrespective of its IP address.
Bridge
Router

◻ Bridge is used to connect a similar types of networks. It cannot be

used to join other types of networks. Eg. LAN connected with LAN.
◻ Routers are used which connect two or more networks at the network
layer.
◻ Network layer details are unique and are independent of the
networks the sender and receiver belong to. Eg. IP address of a
laptop remains unchanged regardless of whether it belongs to
Ethernet network or a wireless one.
◻ Node is a network has two addresses used for relaying the data
from the sender to the receiver, one is known as the physical address
(Ethernet address / Wireless card’s address) which is actually a data
link layer address where the bridge operates and the other is known
as the network layer address (IP address) where the router operates.
Router
Router

◻ A router though more flexible, is considerably slow

when compared to a bridge, because it needs more
processing time.
◻ Bridge can always work faster than a router, if we
want an Ethernet to Ethernet connection.